You are on page 1of 103

Challenging Disability: An Inclusive, Experiential,

and Multivalent Birth Center


Christopher R . Becker
Master of Architecture
May 20, 2016
Boston Architectural College
Date of Final Review:
December 10, 2015

Director of Thesis:

Ian F. Taberner, AIA

Thesis Advisor:

M. Russel Feldman, AIA

Authors Signature:

Design Critics:
Bob Hsiung
Morris Tyler
Hyacinth John
David Silverman

Christopher R. Becker

Client Expert: Eileen Amy, RN


Structural Consultant: Amir Mesgar, P.E.
Mechanical Consultant: Bruce MacRitchie, P.E.

Dana Rowan
Brien Baker
Arthur Cohen
Sarah Oakes

Table of Contents
Dedication............................................................................5
Appreciation.........................................................................5
Biographical Note.................................................................5
THESIS INTRODUCTION
Challenging Disability...........................................................7
Disability and the Person......................................................7
Technology and the Person..................................................7
Auxiliary Aid.........................................................................9
From Prosthetics to Bionics..................................................9
Architectural Aids...............................................................11
Maison a Bordeaux.............................................................11
Conventional......................................................................13
Universal.............................................................................13
Multivalent.........................................................................13
PROGRAM INTRODUCTION
Maternity & Birth Center...................................................15
Woman in Labor.................................................................15
What Women Want While Birthing....................................16
The Medical Model............................................................17
Patient Centered Care........................................................17
Program Requirements......................................................18
INTRODUCTORY REVIEW
Preliminary Space Program................................................19
Preliminary Site Analysis....................................................20
Introductory Review...........................................................23
PRELIMINARY DESIGN REVIEW
Preliminary Design Review.................................................26
Circulation..........................................................................30
Program Adjacency.............................................................30
Critic Comments.................................................................31
SCHEMATIC DESIGN REVIEW
Schematic Design Review...................................................33
Architectural Facilitators....................................................34
Centering Pregnancy..........................................................35
Flexible Spaces...................................................................37
Preliminary Systems...........................................................37

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT REVIEW


Design Development Review..............................................39
FINAL DESIGN
Final Design Review............................................................42
Concluding Remarks...........................................................43
Site Location.......................................................................44
Site Plan..............................................................................45
Site Accessibility.................................................................45
Maternity Center - Long Section........................................46
Birth Center - South Elevation............................................47
Birth Center - Long Section.................................................48
Maternity Center - Floor Plans...........................................50
Maternity Center - Reception.............................................50
Maternity Center - Perspectives........................................52
Birth Center - Sections........................................................54
Birth Center - Floor Plans...................................................55
Birthing House....................................................................56
Interior Materials...............................................................56
Hydrotherapy in Childbirth.................................................57
Structural Systems..............................................................59
Site Sustainability...............................................................59
Sustainable Mechanical Systems........................................61
THESIS PROPOSAL
Challenging Disability.........................................................63
Annotated Bibliography .....................................................95
APPENDIX
Site Model..........................................................................98
Birth House Model.............................................................99
Introductory Review Boards.............................................100
Resume.............................................................................103
Examining The Content Validity of the
Birthing Unit.....................................................................104
Hydrotherapy During Labor and Birth..............................106
Creating a Better Birth Environment................................112
3

Dedication
This thesis work is dedicated to my cousin Phillip
Hetman who in this year went home to be with our
Lord Jesus. Phil lived a remarkable life of 28 years
of which no physical, social, or attitudinal barriers
ever overcame the love and happiness with which
he shared to all those who knew him. I resolve to
never forget the lessons in patience, long suffering,
and enthusiasm for life that Phil imparted to me.
I also want to dedicate this work to my family
who has encouraged me through this sometimes
grueling five year journey. Benita and Gianna,
thank you for your love and encouragement.

Appreciation
Thanks are appropriate to those who helped me
put this thesis together, including Eileen Amy who
provided me with expert child birthing knowledge,
my coworkers Polly Welch and Emmanuel Andrade
who provided encouragement and critique, Russ
Feldman who provided excellent advice as Thesis
Advisor, and to my studio-mates Dan and Sumath
who always came with interest and thoughtful
suggestions. I also want to thank those who
provided special support over the years including
my parents, Iain Whitfield, and Hope Christian
Church.

Biographical Note
My family and I live in Melrose, Massachusetts.
Originally from Pennsylvania, I met my wife Benita
Samuel at Calvin College in Grand Rapids, Michigan.
Married in 2008, I traveled for the first time to India
to see Benitas home at the Himalayan foothills
where she grew up among students and elders at
the Sharp Memorial School for the Blind, Indias
first school for the blind. For the past several years
I have been working for the Commonwealth of
Massachusetts to ensure that programs, services,
and facilities are inclusive and accessible.
5

Zac Vawter scales the


103-Story Willis Tower in
Chicago with the help of a
mind controlled bionic leg.

Fig. 1 Brian Kersey. Online Source: Huffington Post. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013


/09/26/zac-vawter-seattle-bionic-leg_n_3997616.html (accessed November 2015

Challenging Disability
What is meant by Challenging Disability? The
term is quite loaded with many possible meanings.
Challenging Disability is about re-examining our
understanding of what disability is, where and why
it occurs, and how architecture in particular has a
role to play in how we perceive disability.

Disability and the Person


Often, it is difficult for people to see past disability
to a persons essential self. People who study
disability suggest disability is more a combination
of social, political, economic, and physical
environments that discriminate than it is solely
about a persons medical needs or bodily state. This
has profound implications for architectural practice.
In order to provide a more inclusive environment,
architects and designers must always consider the
diverse group of people they are designing for so as
not to unwittingly exclude anyone from society.

Technology and the Person


From medical implants to mobile phones,
technology is changing how we behave as human
persons. Technology is also changing how we
observe disabled bodies. The iphone with its many
capabilities has made navigation much easier for
persons who are blind. The integration of robotic
prosthetics with nervous system in the human body
have allowed people to walk, run, and dance where
they once could not. Technology is increasingly
integrated with the human body, acting as
precedent for how architecture can also contribute
to the human person.

Fig. 2 Top Left. Author


unknown. Online
Source: http://
www.medaudio.ru/
articles/267.htm.
(accessed November
2015)
Fig. 3 Top Right.
Author unknown.
Online Source: https://
commons.wikimedia.
org/wiki/File:Madame_
de_Meuron.jpg
(accessed November
2015)
Fig. 4 Bottom Left.
Inventor: Stephane
Bedard and PierreOlivier Roy. Online
Source: http://www.
google.com/patents/
US20040111163.
(accessed November
2015)
Fig. 5 Bottom Right.
James Ducan Davidson.
Online Source: https://
www.bostonglobe.
com/lifestyle/
names/2014/03/19/
photos-adriannehaslet-davis-dancesrhumba-ted-conference/
JDoLb4GBVmfDB22Aau
6JEN/story.html?pic=2
(accessed November
2015)

Auxiliary Aid
An auxiliary aid helps a person with some
impairment enjoy and participate equally in
everyday activities. The hearing aid is a common
auxiliary aid which has been used in one form
or another for centuries. Often auxiliary aids
are designed to be hidden. However, in the past
and present, they have also been thoughtfully
fashioned to add to ones style and persona.
It is not always necessary to hide architectural
aids that assist persons with disabilities. Nor is
it necessary for these devices to be used for only
one purpose. A great precedent of a pleasing
and thought provoking architectural aid was the
installation of Water Lifts at the Duke of York steps
by Matthew Lloyd Architects during the London
Festival of Architecture 2010 (see Thesis Proposal).

From Prosthetics to Bionics


Unique to our time in the development of auxiliary
aids, is the disappearance of the auxiliary part of
the equation. Consider the work being undertaken
by MIT professor Hugh Herr and his team of
technology gurus. They are developing prosthetics
that not only mimic the structure of a limb, but also
mimic the biological function through integration
of electrodes and actuators with biological tissue.
Whether visible or not, the aid is no longer simply
an auxiliary piece, it is actually integral to the
whole. Nothing is more compelling in supporting
this claim then watching Adrianne Haslet-Davis
dance the rumba on national television with the
aid of a Bionics prosthetic. Haslet-Davis lost her
biological leg as a result of the Boston Marathon
bombing on April 15, 2013.

private, intimate space. The multi-functional nature of the lift redefines our concept of what we w
otherwise consider as an accessibility feature.

lift is not the only element that gives particular attention to the needs of the users. Typical
siderations of privacy and common space are evident on all levels. Views into and out of the b
unrestrained on the ground level but highly selective in the upper floor. Views through the po
dows are provided at multiple elevations and would seem to accommodate viewing from seve
The lift is not the only element that gives particular attention to the needs of the users. Typical
age considerations
points.
of privacy and common space are evident on all levels. Views into and out of the bu

are unrestrained on the ground level but highly selective in the upper floor. Views through the por
windows are provided at multiple elevations and would seem to accommodate viewing from sever
vantage points.

10

25
25

n accessibility feature.
he ground floor
is a common space and when at the top becomes a very
accessibility
feature.
The multi-functional nature of the lift redefines our concept of what we would
n accessibility feature.

Architectural Aids

Section - Maison a Bordeaux


private space
family space
service space

Ramps, handrails, automatic doors, conveyance


systems; all are examples of architectural aids
employed to provide access to people with
disabilities to the built environment. However,
these devices dont necessarily assist everyone.
Neither are they tailored to specific needs. Less
frequently do they inspire awe.

Maison a Bordeaux
The Maison a Bordeaux by Rem Koolhaas was

ement that gives particular attention to the needs ofinvestigated


the users.as Typical
an early precedent to examine how
ment
that
gives
particular
attention
to
the
needs
of
the
users.
Typical
can integrate
the needs of individuals
y and common space are evident on all levels. Viewsarchitecture
into and out
of the building
in
a
unique
and
intuitive
way.
The house employs a
and common
space
are selective
evident on
and
out of the
the porthole
building
ground
level but
highly
in all
thelevels.
upper Views
floor. into
Views
through
platform without walls as both a lift for conveyance
ement
thatelevations
gives
particular
attention
the
needs
theviewing
users.
Typical
level
but highly
selective
in
theto
upper
floor. of
Views
through
thespace
porthole
tround
multiple
and
would
seem
to
accommodate
from
several
and an
architectural
that morphs as it travels
ymultiple
and common
spaceand
arewould
evident
on all
Viewsfrom
into
andtoout
ofThe
thelift,
building
elevations
seem
to levels.
accommodate
viewing
from
several
level
level.
an architectural aid,
beenthrough
redefinedthe
in an
interesting and expressive
ground level but highly selective in the upper floor. had
Views
porthole
way satisfying the users desire for complexity
t multiple elevations and would seem to accommodate
fromthe
several
whileviewing
also meeting
physical need for access.
The design, despite obvious flaws, works on
multiple levels to provide this type of personalized
transformation of architectural aids. Further
analysis of the Maison a Bordeaux can be found in
the Thesis Proposal.

Fig. 6 Maison a Bordeaux.


Hans Werlemann. Online
Source: http://www.archdaily.
com/104724/ad-classics-maisonbordeaux-oma. (accessed
November 2015)

25
25
25

11

Challenging Disability:
An Inclusive, Experiential, and Multivalent Birth Center

In order to adequately address the many factors that result in


discriminatory environments, we must challenge generic and reductive
measures instead favoring systems that provide for multivalent, inclusive,
and experiential architecture.

sion

Degree of Inclu

Architecture moves us. It can comfort us or intimidate us; it can enlighten us or mystify us; it
can bring joy or tear at our hearts. Architecture moves us by touching three layers of memory.
Through primal space it can touch our deepest emotional core; evoking shadow memories of
the womb, the cave, the forest, and light. It can recall memories of culture, or our place in
the historical world. Personal memories add overlays of subjective meanings, as buildings are
associated with events in our lives.
- Christopher Egan, Architect, San Antonio

12

Conventional
Building codes and standards are based on
accepted conventions that prescribe minimum
requirements for the health, safety, and inclusion
of building occupants. Accessibility regulations
have provided substantial improvements in making
buildings work for more people. However, codes
and standards alone only go so far. Technical
requirements often do not take wide ranging
needs into consideration. They are specific in how
they address users needs and in their specificity,
sometimes discriminating against users that dont
fit the norm.

Universal
The concept of universal design, as formalized by
Ron Mace and accepted and developed by many
around the world, has greatly improved designers
awareness and approach to designing for diverse
users. Universal designs are adaptable in that they
seek to reach the needs of the broadest possible
users by being flexible and intuitive. A critique of
universal design is that often designers will seek
a lowest common denominator. Applying the
principles of universal design in this way can have
the effect of making designs generic or banal. As
an example, consider the automatic sliding door.
This entrance device will work for just about
anyone, however there is no user interaction with
the environment and emotive experience is lost.

Multivalent
Perhaps the best way to provide inclusive
environments is to consider the multivalent
aspect of great design. Often great architecture
is compelling because of the many challenges
the design presents to the user; social, political,
historical, aesthetic, and even physical. Challenging
architecture is by nature diverse. It causes the
user to ponder upon it. A multivalent architecture
will also go beyond adaptive use and expand
into designed elements that facilitate the user by
meeting the user where they are.
13

access to

89%

control of sight

98%

access to

84%

same room

97%

access to

76%

ambulation space
access to

98%

69%

partner comfort
access to

96%

61%

control of light

94%

ow
er
ed

Dilation
excitement emp
Mood & Intensity

14

is

an
x

ious I c
an d th
o

id e

fat
gu
ed

rest

str
on
g

ys

ul

Ia

sta
yb
ym

Stages of Labor: Movement and Mood

ju

to 50%
Fig. 7 Puget Soundaccess
Midwives
and Birth Center, LLC. Sawyers Birth Story
Author unknown. Online Source: http://nerdandhealthnut.blogspot.com/2013/07/sawyersNewburn, Mary, and Debbie Singh. Creating a Better Birth Environment. Womens views about the design and facilities
in maternity
units: a national survey. London:
The National Childbirth
Trust, 2003. http://www.nct.org.uk/sites/default/
birth-story.html
(accessed
November
2015)
files/related_documents/BBE_report_311003.pdf.

Maternity & Birth Center

str
on
g

ju

The birthing center was an ideal program to work


out the thesis of Challenging Disability because
while pregnancy is not in and of itself a disability,
most women will experience temporary or
permanent major life adjustments as a result of
childbirth. Since every woman labors differently,
the program challenges the designer to think
broadly in terms of how the architectural decisions
may impact a diverse group of people with varying
individual needs. The emotional journey alone
can vary significantly based on circumstance,
personality, and culture from a joyous occasion
with a party of supporters to a solitary, somber, or
spiritual reflective time. A multivalent design will
assist, adapt, and facilitate the birthing experience
for diverse uses through emotive space and time.

Ia

reathe
st b
dazed

rt
ale

hold me

this is my baby

Woman in Labor
A woman in labor undergoes many shifts in mood
Graphic adapted from the following source:
and intensity of pain during contractions, pushing
Esali Birth. Esali Births Transformation of Labor Diagram. 2013. https://esali9.files.wordpress.com/2013/09/eb-laborthe baby closer to the moment of birth as herprogression.png.
cervix dilates. Careful architectural considerations
have the ability to influence the process of birth
and facilitate labor. Allowing room for movement
is essential while giving birth. Other environmental
stimuli can regulate the mothers mood by
providing positive brain activity.
15

Survey: What women want and had


access to during childbirth.
What Women Want While Birthing...
Survey: What women want and had

vs. what woman had access to based on a 2003


access
to during
survey
by the
Nationalchildbirth.
Childbirth
clean
roomTrust in the UK* 99%

access to

89%

clean room

control of sight

89%

access to

98%

84%

control of sight

98%

access to

84%

same room

97%

access to

76%
97%

same room
access to

76%

ambulation space
ambulation
access to space69%
access to

partner comfort
access to

98%
98%

69%

partner comfort

access to

Family/Su

99%

access to

61%

96%

96%

61%

control of light

control of light

94%

94%

access
access
to to
50%50%
16

Newburn,Mary,
Mary,
and
Debbie
Singh.
Creating
a Better
Birth Environment.
views
* Newburn,
and
Debbie
Singh.
Creating
a Better
Birth Environment.
WomensWomens
views about
the about
design the
and design
facilitiesand facilities

inmaternity
maternityunits:
units:
a national
survey.
London:
The National
Childbirth
Trust,
2003. http://www.nct.org.uk/sites/default/
in
a national
survey.
London:
The National
Childbirth
Trust, 2003.
http://www.nct.org.uk/sites/default/
files/related_documents/BBE_report_311003.pdf.
files/related_documents/BBE_report_311003.pdf.

The Medical Model and Patient Centered

The Medical
Model
The Medical Model
and Patient
Centered Care
Patient

The Medical

Provider

Labor and delivery has been dominated in the


past century by the medical model which greatly
improved risks associated with child birth.
However, the medical model also shifted cultural
understanding of birth from a natural process
to one requiring strict monitoring and medical
intervention. Critics of the medical model
Modelclaim
andthat
Patient
Centered
Care
the provider
displaces the
patient as
the center of care. This can be investigated in
architectural relationships.

sional/Support

The Medical Model and Patient Centered Care

fessional/Support

eathe

Patient Centered Care


Placing patients at the center of care includes
meeting the patients physical, mental, social,
spiritual, as well as medical needs. This model
may be conceived as intersecting and overlapping
disciplines centered in support of the patient.
Architectural forms can facilitate the integrated
nature of patient centered care.

Patient
17

had

MA DPH Regulations, 105CMR


Sections 142.400 142.485

Massachusetts Department of Public Health Regulations 105CMR


Family/Support

Professional/Support

Mother/Support

99%

89%

98%

4%

97%

98%

96%

94%

the design and facilities


nct.org.uk/sites/default/

Program Requirements

18

is

ous I
can
d o th

str
on
g

d Mood

sta
yb
ym

ju

t breathe
s
The State of Massachusetts has a set of regulations that governs how Birth
Centers operate which
de extends into architectural space. The required spaces can
i
s
be conceived iny three groups
family support spaces, mothers support
fat including
spaces, and professional support
spaces.
gu
ed
rest
ul I a

dazed

rt
ale

Utility

Reception

Admin.

Records

Amb.
Bay

Lab /
Med
Store
Exam
Exam

Exam

Exam

Classroom

Exam

Exam

Classroom

Recovery Suite

Delivery Room

Movement Studio

Recovery Suite

Delivery Room

Storage

Common Space

Recovery Suite

Delivery Room

Clinician
Office

Clinician
Office

Nursey

Family Support

Delivery Room

300sf

50ft

Building Support

Professional Support

7,900s.f.

5,000s.f.

8,000s.f.

100sf

10ft

8,800s.f.

200sf

30ft

Based on the Massachusetts regulations


for birth centers, I developed a preliminary
space program. It was important to
conceptualize these spaces as locations
where the family, the community,
professionals, and the building could support
the laboring mother and facilitate the birth.

Community Support

500sf

Library

Delivery Room

Mechanical

Clinician
Office

Conference

Delivery Room

PRELIMINARY SPACE PROGRAM - 36,000sf Gross (23,00sf Net)

Circulation

100sf

Preliminary Space Program

S = spa
t = toilet

19

Preliminary Site Analysis


WATER BODY

The site is located alongside the northwest corner


of the Middlesex Fells Park in Winchester, MA. In
this location the conservation land is squeezed
between the North Reservoir Dam and Highland
Avenue. A small slice of residential area lies
between these two edge conditions. On the west
side of Highland Avenue at the top of the hill is
Winchester Hospital.

DENSE CANOPY
SITE SELECTION
WINCHESTER HOSPITAL
CONSERVATION BOUNDARY
PATH OF TRAVEL

Many miles of trails provide for walking in the


natural environment. The park is a great location
for observing the changing of seasons. The passage
of time is experienced through observing light and
shadow, movement in the trees and leaves, and
animals in their natural habitat. The experiential
qualities of nature provide an excellent setting to
turn attention away from the pain and stress of
childbirth.

EASY
MODERATE
DIFFICULT
100 SCALE

The topographical changes on the site, the


residential neighborhood, and the adjacent
conservation land provide constraints which the
design will need to respond to in order to fit in
harmoniously with its surroundings.

NORTH BORDER ROAD

150

DANA A
V

ENUE

5%
20

7%

3%

7%

RDER ROAD

NORTH BO
70 90
110 130
DAN
A AV
E.

Middlesex Fells
Conservation Land

x 180

13

NORTH

HIG

HLA

ND

AVE
N

UE

North
Reservoir

HIGHLAND AVENUE

6%

9%

4%

80
21

Early thoughts on
programming were centered
around the mother and
baby. Programs that
were considered to have
supportive functions were
placed in relation to the
center. These programs
included environmental
supports, professional
supports, community
supports, and architectural
or utility supports. Certain
programs were thought to
be overlapping and others
discrete.

22

Introductory Review
February 19, 2015 - The goal for the introductory
review was to introduce the thesis concept, intent,
methods of inquiry, and terms of criticism. Most of
these areas of exploration were developed in the
previous Thesis Proposal semester. Several design
precedents were given. A preliminary site analysis
was also presented. The panel was interested in
how I would manipulate the site to achieve the
thesis intent. Some expressed interest in why a
topographically challenging site was chosen for
a project with the stated goal of inclusion and
accessibility. Overall, the panel encouraged further
exploration in how environmental factors may play
a role in giving birth. It was suggested that I work
with a client that has expert knowledge of the
process of childbirth.
Other paraphrased notes taken from critics at the
introductory review:
I appreciate the thesis idea and program. I suggest
that you look more into the environmental effects
and how they impact a persons [mood]. Sensory
aspects...this needs to be done analytically.
What is the natural system [referring to the site
context]. How natural is it? Is it a scavenger
landscape? If so, what are you going to...[place in
it]?
Be clear what your attitude is toward your thesis.

23

24

SITE ANALYSIS

HIGHWAY
ROADWAY
COMMUTER RAIL
PEDESTRIAN TRAIL
MULTI-USE TRAIL

DENSE DEVELOPMENT
MODERATE DEVELOPMENT
LIGHT DEVELOPMENT
SPARSE DEVELOPMENT

SITE SELECTION
NODES
LANDMARKS

25

Preliminary Design Review


March 26, 2015 - For the
Preliminary Design Review
I presented three different
schematic designs which I had
been working through in the
weeks prior. These schematics
were highly influenced by the
site characteristics including
the topographical challenges
and the neighboring buildings.
The guest critics appreciated
the effort to fit the building in
with its surroundings. It was
suggested that more attention
be given to the spaces within
the building and specifically
how the thesis idea was
informing the design. The
following pages illustrate
the three schematic design
options presented.

THIRD FLOOR

SECOND FLOOR

FIRST FLOOR

LOWER LEVEL

FAMILY SUPPORT
COMMUNITY SUPPORT
PROFESSIONAL SUPPORT
BUILDING SUPPORT

SECTION A
26

PRODUCED

L PRODUCT

100'

PRODUCED BY AN AU

60'

SITE AREA = 61,500sf


FOOTPRINT = 22,070sf
GROSS AREA = 44,500sf
OPEN SPACE = 64%
FAR = <1.0

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

100'
60'

ORDER R
OAD

100'

NORTH B

HIGHLAND AVENUE

NORTH BORDER ROAD

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

100'
HIGHLAND AVENUE

150

60'
100'

DANA AVEN
UE
SECTION B

7%

3%

7%

80
6%

9%

4%

TIONAL PRODUCT

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

DANA AVENUE

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

SECTION A

27

PRODUCED BY AN AUTO

DUCATIONAL PRODUCT

100'

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUC

60'

SITE AREA = 61,500sf


FOOTPRINT = 18,850sf
GROSS AREA = 59,650sf
OPEN SPACE = 70%
FAR = <1.0

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

100'
60'

RDER RO
AD

100'

NORTH B
O

HIGHLAND AVENUE

NORTH BORDER ROAD

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

100'

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

DANA AVENUE

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

SECTION A

HIGHLAND AVENUE

150

60'
100'

DANA AVEN
UE

28

7%

3%

7%

80
6%

9%

4%

ODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

SECTION B

PRODUCED BY AN AUTO

DUCATIONAL PRODUCT

100'

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK ED

60'

SITE AREA = 61,500sf


FOOTPRINT = 22,352sf
GROSS AREA = 39,650sf
OPEN SPACE = 64%
FAR = <1.0

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

100'
60'

RDER RO
AD

100'

NORTH B
O

HIGHLAND AVENUE

NORTH BORDER ROAD

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

100'
HIGHLAND AVENUE

150

60'
100'

DANA AVEN
UE
SECTION B

7%

3%

7%

80
6%

9%

4%

ESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

DANA AVENUE

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

SECTION A

29

Circulation
Circulation in medical facilities is highly
specific and often includes separate
circulation routes for patients, medical
professionals, and utilities. Providing
a more integrated circulation system
was a goal in order to provide care that
was centered on the mother and family.
A central spine from which programs
branched off from was developed.
Initially, it was thought that this path
could be a ramp weaving up sloping site.
This concept was developed further into
the final design.

Program Adjacency
In the preliminary design, groupings
of programs were put together
that provided for overlap and cross
connections between the mother, other
community members, and professionals.
These spaces were though of as
supportive spaces for prenatal care as
well as labor and delivery.

30

Critic Comments
The following are a few of the
comments made at the Preliminary
Design Review:
Raising the elevation of the spaces is
very desirable. Natural light is very
good/natural for birth and those
who are part of the process.
Identify what other qualities are
desirable for birthing.
Consider movement between
facilities during normal routines and
emergencies.
The location presents a challenge
that will require architecture to
solve.

31

32

Schematic Design Review


March 26, 2015 - A single design was
presented at the schematic design
review which included a lower building
for maternity care and an upper building
for birthing. By this review I had a good
sense of how to connect these buildings by
working with the existing topography. A
main feature in making this scheme work
included the exterior pathway and ramp
system along the south side of the lower
building. The plaza in the middle of the
buildings acts as a node and connector to
both the park and the buildings on the site.
The following comments were made:
Progress has been made on the site
planning, now turn your attention to the
birthing spaces.
You have taken on two difficult challenges; a
complex program and a difficult site. Trying
to reconcile both will require elevating the
important things over the less important.
Prioritize your goals. What is most
important? Mulitvalence implies addressing
all, b ut its okay to work ideas at different
levels of completion.

33

Architectural Facilitators

N
34

Architectural facilitators are constructions


that aid persons in the use and enjoyment
of an architectural space. These facilitators
are fundamental to creating an inclusive and
multivalent environment. In the sketches
above, I was testing out facilitators to use in
the final design including a common warm
wall to orient users and environmental
conditions for the birthing space.

Centering Pregnancy
In typical maternity care settings, a woman
will meet alone with their obstetrician or
midwife about a dozen or so times in the nine
months leading up to birth. These prenatal
appointments can be as short as 15 minutes.
Often women will sit in a waiting room for ten
minutes to half an hour for their appointment.
Some women forgo these appointments for a
variety of reasons, which can be detrimental to
their health and the health of their baby.
The Centering Pregnancy model groups
about 8- 10 women together in prenatal
appointments and typically meets for 90
minutes a session. Mothers learn about their
pregnancy together and benefit from mutual
aid. Providers are able to spend more time
with their patients. This model has proven
benefits in better health outcomes, promotes
self care and creates community.
This project incorporates the Centering
Pregnancy model for prenatal care. The
sketches on this page diagram space tailored to
the Centering Pregnancy model.

35

36

Flexible Spaces

Preliminary Systems

Early schematic designs conceptualized the


birth house as a flexible space where the
birthing room would be joined by two family
rooms, one on the same level and one a floor
below to provide flexibility for family size
and other related factors. Working with the
two levels in an accessible way was thought
to provoke a challenging design concept. In
the end, the birthing house remained a single
level mainly because the change in topography
was not great enough to make the two level
scheme viable without significant alterations
to the existing landscape. Instead, the birthing
house was designed to contain two birthing
suites.

Preliminary structural systems included


the use of concrete foundation walls,
a steel frame, and composite slab
decks and roofs. A forced air system
circulates regulated air to all levels. A
natural gas boiler heats the air. Cooling
is provided by rooftop evaporative
cooling. The southern exposure
provides daylighting and helps warm
interior spaces in the winter. In the
summer, the south facing facade is
shaded by thick vegetation provided by
the adjacent conservation land.

37

view from the cafe to plaza

CARETAKER REST AREA



3rd Level
PRENATAL YOGA STUDIO

2nd Level

38

INFANT NURSERY

4th Level

KITCHEN AND CAFE



2nd Level
PUBLIC PLAZA

2nd Level

BIRTHING HOUSES

2nd Level

Design Development Review


October 1, 2015 - In the first Design Development
Review a single schematic with basic programmatic
functions and internal and external circulation
paths was presented. The larger lower building
is a Maternity Center for prenatal appointments.
The upper building includes the Birth Center and
Birthing Houses. The upper and lower buildings
are connected by a collection of spaces including
an internal lobby space, an outdoor public plaza,
and a kitchen and cafe. Public access to the plaza
is provided from Highland Avenue by a ramp that
follows the southern face of the Maternity Center.
This path continues into the nature preserve.
Critics at this review were pleased to see a final
schematic that incorporated the programmatic
requirements with the site context. The following
suggestions were given:
Clarify where users enter and exit the building.
How do people know where to go and when?
What are the materials and feel of the building;
institutional, spiritual, or home-like?
Keep an interactive design between the two main
buildings. Let each building inform the other.

view from the elevator lobby to plaza

39

40

Challenging Disability: An Inclusive, Experiential,


and Multivalent Birth Center
FINAL DESIGN
Date of Final Review:
December 10, 2015

41

Final Design Review


December 10, 2015 - In the final design review I presented
my completed project, Challenging Disability: An Inclusive,
Experiential, and Multivalent Birth Center. The thesis
premise of creating an environment that facilitates the
process of labor and delivery physically, emotionally,
and spiritually was displayed through presentation
of architectural ideas in plans, sections, elevations,
perspectives, diagrams, and physical models. Several of
my colleagues and invitees were able to attend. Many
of the critics expressed enthusiasm about the overall
concept of creating a center for birthing which takes into
account the laboring mother and family at its core not
only in program but in architectural constructs. At least
one critic suggested that the powerful idea of multivalence appeared evident, and could be strengthened
by a carefully constructed diagram showing where those
moments happen in the building.

Maternity Center
42

Birth Center
Concluding Remarks
One important idea in this thesis was to display how a
multivalent design can be inclusive and evocative. Multivalence suggests very contextual design ideas which
often include complex interrelationships between the
users, the site, program, tectonics, scale, and a variety of
other architectural considerations. Sometimes decisions
are made which challenge the norm, such as creating an
intimate environment for birthing mixed with some very
public functions. Because of similar juxtapositions, I believe
this project was able to challenge preconceived ideas on
disability and childbirth in ways that may not have been
uncovered otherwise.
In working out this thesis, there was a constant challenge to
balance attention between the ideas surrounding disability
and the program of birthing. Often, the birthing program
took over as the more tangible thing to work with, which did
not always benefit the thesis intent. Part of the challenge
in working out this thesis included the chosen constraints
of a difficult site and complex program. However, in the
end I believe it is because of these constraints that the
project achieved the stated goals of challenging disability
and creating an inclusive, experiential, and multivalent Birth
Center.
43

Site Location
A narrow, sloping site was chosen
on Highland and Dana Avenues
in Winchester, Massachusetts.
The residential neighborhood
boarders the Middlesex Fells
nature preserve. A respite from
the urban neighborhoods that
surround it, the site is located
only seven miles from Boston
and Cambridge. Within walking
distance is the panoramic views
of the North Reservoir. The
Winchester Hospital is located
at the top of the Hill on Highland
Avenue.

WINCHESTER
HOSPITAL
CAMBRIDGE

BOSTON

(7 miles)

(7 miles)

BLUE HILLS

NORTH RESERVOIR

MIDDLESEX FELLS
PARK / CONSERVATION

DA
NA
AVE
.
H

VE.
A
D
LAN

HIG

44

3/64" = 1'-0"

Site Plan
The long and narrow lot combined with
the topographical challenges of the site
drove certain aspects of the design. An
exterior path through the site provides a
public route through the site and into the
Middlesex Fells park land. An alternate
route to the inaccessible sidewalk along
Highland Avenue, the path presses into and
is protected by the South facing side of the
building. At the center of the site is a large
open plaza which acts as a gateway to the
conservation lands beyond.

80

90

100

110

15 SETBACK
(all sides)

VISITOR/STAFF
PARKING
(20 spaces)

plaz
a

120

Site Accessibility

55

ER

VISITOR
PARKING
(8 spaces)

87

90

SITE AREA = 70,500sf.


BUILDING AREA = 30,000sf.

60

110

MIDDLESEX FELLS
DCR PROPERTY
PATH TO HOSPITAL
VIA HIGHLAND AVE.

(distance from site = 0.1 mile


max running slope = 12%)

PATH TO HOSPITAL
VIA MIDDLESEX FELLS
(length from site = 0.4 mile
average slope < 5% )

The site can be accessed by car or


pedestrian path way. During prenatal
care, patients may park in the visitor lot on
Highland Avenue. A level pathway enters
the Lower Level of the Maternity Center.
When visiting for birth, the patient may park
in the parking lot on Dana Avenue where
the entrance is level. Visitors who are not
patients can access the site from Highland
Avenue and North Boarder Road.
A primary consideration in the site plan was
to provide an accessible route alternative
to the Hospital via Highland Avenue which
includes a steep slope. To do this, a gently
sloping combination of paths and ramps
weaves through the site and into the park
land. While this distance it longer than via
Highland Avenue, it provides an accessible
alternative and access to the park system
which would otherwise not exist.

PUBLIC
PARKING
(9 spaces)

100
100

NO
RTH

57

80

90

100

70

BO

RD

80

AVEN
U

RO
AD

DAN
A

120

350

85

STAFF
PARKING
(5 spaces)

115

75

LAND
AV

ENUE

70

HIGH

120

easy pedestrian path (slope <5%)


SCALE 3/64" = 1'

100

moderate pedestrian path (slopes 5%-8%)


45

difficult pedestrian path (slopes 5%-8%)

Maternity Center
Long Section
positive audible and
visual distractions

patient satisfaction with


the birthing environment

What providers say makes a


good birthing environment.*
noise reduction
measures for privacy

acuity-adaptable
rooms for care and
comfort

Upper Level
9 lab/med storage
10 private exam rooms
11 provider lounge

mid level
5 Centering Pregnancy
6 public plaza
7
cafe
8 kitchen

lower level
1 reception
2 retail corner
3 mechanical room
4 laundry room

10

11

46

*Source: Healthcare Environmental Terms And Outcome Measures: An Evidence-Based Design by Anjali Joseph, Ph.D.;
Eileen Malone, RN; Debajyoti Pati, Ph.D.; Xiaobo Quan, Ph.D. Published by The Center for Health Design, November 2011

Birth Center
South Elevation

standing seam metal roof

vertical wood clapboard siding

Brick veneer foundation walls.

Fig. 8,9 & 10. Above. Sofia Borges and Sven Ehmann. Print Source: Hide and Seek: The Architecture of Cabins and Hideouts, September 2014.

47

Birth Center
Long Section
connecting hallway to the Maternity Center

exterior

B 52

4
4

Birth Center
1

nursery
2

ambulatory hall
3

family room
4

birthing house

resting corner
5

48

interior

control of views,
daylighting, and
ventilation

control over birthing


space with access to
care when desired

What are women looking for in a


birth center?*

partner comfort

access to the same room for labor,


delivery, and bonding

*Source: National Childbirth Trust. Policy Briefing Midwife-led Units. Authors unknown.
Published November 2011.

49

Maternity Center
Floor Plans
Expectant couples are initiated to the building
program through the Maternity Center. The
entrance to this building is at the lower end
of the site on Highland Avenue. The couple
is greeted at the reception area and may
browse the retail corner while waiting for
their clinician or group to start. Individual and
group prenatal services are located on the mid
and upper floors.
The Maternity Center serves as an accessible
gateway to the Middlesex Fells Park from
Highland Avenue. Public toilets are provided
at the main entrance where an exterior
pathway leads visitors and park goers to the
plaza level. Indoor and outdoor tables and
seating are provided.

50

maternity center - reception

Storage

DN

El.

El.
Lobby

Office
El.
Yoga
Studio

Lockers

SEC

Exam

Group Space

TIO

N-

mid level
5 Centering Pregnancy
6 public plaza
cafe
7
8 kitchen

Storage

20'

circulation and
public use space
Centering Pregnancy
program space

El.

El.

UP

back of house
function space

SEC
1

El.

TIO

N-

UP

lower level
1 reception
2 retail corner
3 mechanical room
4 laundry room
20

51

51

20'

Maternity Center
Perspectives

lobby and hallway to the Birth Center


52

mid level elevator lobby

lower level elevator lobby


53

Birth Center
Sections

utilities

1
2
3
4
5

water/ heating
water/ potable
water/ gray
oxygen supply

nursery
ambulatory hall
family room
birthing house
resting corner

The sketch above shows an early schematic for the birth


house. The final design retains the sight lines from inside
and out providing views and privacy.

SECTION C

SECTION - B

54

Birth Center
Floor Plans
vertical circulation
to Maternity Center

emergency egress

2
KITCHEN

KITCHEN

ROOF
HATCH

5
KITCHEN

SECTION - B

emergency egress

4
4

Supportive
Community Space
Birthing House
and Family Space
Provider Space
and Nursery

55

Birthing House
1

Designed to provide for environmental


comfort and flexible nesting spaces,
the birthing house can accommodate
up to four adults overnight. The cozy
and private space provides for ample
circulation and movement during labor.
Mothering women can choose where
to labor whether in a bed, in a tub, or
anywhere in-between.

2
3
4
5
6
7

sitting area
kitchenette
bathroom
bedroom
shower/tub
deck
path to trails

Interior Materials
1

furnishing

birth
1/4"=

detail work

The image above and to the right show early


sketches of the birthing house providing multiple
arrangements for assisting with birth.

interior walls
5

composite image
56

Fig. 11 Bottom Left. The Building Information Foundation Rts. Print Source: Finnish
Sauna: Design and Construction. August 2014.

Hydrotherapy in Childbirth
The child-birthing community is warming to the
long practiced use of hydrotherapy during labor
and/or delivery which has proven benefits that
include pain management and stress reduction
(see appendix, Hydrotherapy During Labor and
Birth). A calming and relaxing space is created
by natural materials and references to nature.

The birthing tub has an integrated,


smooth, wood transfer board which
is especially useful for those with
low mobility.

Controlled views of the natural


surroundings provide positive focus
during delivery.

57

METAL CAP
WOOD BLOCKING

MEMBRANE ROOF

BRICK FACADE

RIGID INSULATION

RIGID INSULATION

W18 - STEEL BEAM

METAL STUD

W21 - STEEL GIRDER

PLYWOOD SHEATHING

ALUMINUM MULLION

FILL INSULATION

HEATING ELEMENT

GYPSUM BOARD

COMPOSITE DECK

CENTERING
PREGNANCY

OPEN STAIR WELL

CONCRETE SLAB
CRUSHED GRAVEL
EARTH FILL
14 FOUNDATION WALL
CONCRETE FOOTER

SECTION - A
58

CONSULT ROOM

STEEL DECKING

MATERNITY SHOP

GROUP SPACE

PROVIDER OFFICES

BRICK TIES

VEGETATED
MEMBRANE ROOF

STANDING SEAM
METAL ROOF

A
58

Structural Systems

ROOF HATCH

The overall program is structurally divided


into multiple buildings including the lower
Maternity Center, the upper Birth Center,
and three Birthing Houses each including
two Birthing Suites. The Maternity Clinic
has concrete foundation walls that support
concrete block shear walls and a steel frame.
Curtain walls of brick, rigid insulation, glass
and aluminum mullions are supported by the
frame as well as the composite decking for
the floor and insulated roof. Vertical concrete
shafts provide support for elevator conveyance
and stairs. The upper buildings have similar
foundation walls but are majority stick frame.

CONCRETE BLOCK
VERTICAL SHAFTS

NATURE VIEWS

STEEL COLUMNS
AND GIRDERS
STICK FRAME
BIRTHING HOUSES

PLAZA
BOILER

CONCRETE BLOCK
SHEAR WALLS

BIRTH CENTER
ENTRANCE

egress

egress

14 CONCRETE
FOUNDATION WALL

PUBLIC PLAZA
ENTRANCE

CY
GEN
R
E
EM S
S
EGRE

MATERNITY
CENTER ENTRANCE

Site Sustainability

59

The southern orientation of the buildings benefits


from natural features on the site to block sun
exposure during summer. Thinning vegetation
provides warmth from the sun exposure during
winter. Vegetative roofs reduce water run-off and
heat island effects.

Maternity Care
Building

Birthing House

fan
sun
shading
intake
air

intake
air

60

exhaust
intake
ventilation

operable
window

exhaust air

potable
water

Sustainable Mechanical Systems


A goal for the Birthing House suites was to create
as much thermal comfort as possible by combining
passive systems, automated systems, and manual
systems to control heating, cooling, light exposure,
and ventilation all while remaining energy efficient
and friendly to the environment, mother, and baby.
Due to the southern orientation of the birthing
suites take advantage of the cool shaded breezes
in summer and warming sun in winter. Radiant
flooring keeps the mothers body warm from the
feet up as a ceiling fan allows adjustable cooling
from above. An energy recovery ventilator (ERV)
provides a continuous fresh supply of outdoor air
while remaining efficient by transferring energy
from the exiting air. The larger spaces in the Birth
Center and the Maternity Center are heated and
cooled on demand by a Variable Air Volume (VAV)
delivery system. Energy for this system is provided
by a natural gas boiler. Energy is removed by closed
loop rooftop evaporators.

Room temp.
exposed surfaces

Radiant

Birthing Tub

61

62 - THESIS PROPOSAL

Challenging Disability

Challenging Disability:
Challenging Disability:

THESIS PROPOSAL

An Inclusive, Experiential, and Multivalent Birthing Center


An Inclusive, Experiential, and Multivalent Birthing Center

Christopher Becker
December 9, 2014
Christopher
Becker College
Boston Architectural
December
2014
Masters of 9,
Architecture
Thesis Proposal
Boston Architectural College
Masters
of Architecture
Ian Taberner
Thesis
Thesis Proposal
Program Director
Ian
Taberner
James
Nuzum
Thesis
Director
Thesis Program
Seminar Instructor
James
Nuzum
Susan Twomey
Thesis
Instructor
Thesis Seminar
Studio Instructor
Susan Twomey
Thesis Studio Instructor

Zac Vawter at the Willis Tower, Chicago


3

Photo: Brian Kersey, AP


Zac Vawter at the Willis Tower, Chicago

THESIS PROPOSAL - 63

Photo: Brian Kersey, AP

64 - THESIS PROPOSAL

Table of Contents

Thesis Summary
Abstract
Thesis Statement
Methods of Inquiry & Terms of Criticism
Program Selection
Site Selection
Case Studies
Sketch Problem
Building Systems Integration
Health and Wellness Contribution
Schedule
Annotated Bibliography

THESIS PROPOSAL - 65

Thesis Summary
Christopher Becker
Christopher.becker@the-bac.edu
617-922-5096
Challenging Disability: An Inclusive, Experiential, and Multivalent Birthing Center
Abstract:
Disability as an idea is evolving. Commonly thought of as a physical condition, disability extends beyond
functional biology and includes social and environmental factors. Accessibility regulations have
increased functionality of the environment for a limited percentage of users primarily focusing of issues
of physical mobility. Universal design advocates have attempted to reach a broader range of users.
While an improvement over generic accessibility code requirements, universal designs often require the
user to adapt to the designed product in a reductive way. Recognizing the success of universal models,
this project attempts to challenge notions on how diverse users can participate in a program facilitated
by an inclusive, experiential, and multivalent design. The Birthing Center is an ideal program to
challenge notions on disability and the built environment. The complex physical, social, emotional, and
spiritual nature of pregnancy and labor complicates concepts on disability. The program provides fertile
ground to evaluate how thoughtful design can better facilitate the birthing experience for a diverse
range of users.
Thesis Statement:
In order to adequately address the many factors that result in discriminatory environments, we must
challenge generic and reductive measures instead favoring systems that provide for multivalent,
inclusive, and experiential architecture.
Methods of Inquiry:
Evaluate how architectural facilitators and environmental stimuli can better suit diverse users.
Critique accessibility design standards and universal principles in addressing diverse users.
Discover how technical advances and social developments are challenging notions on disability.
Terms of Criticism:
Do facilitators and stimulations provide for a more fulfilling user experience?
Do spaces and constructions assist, adapt, and facilitate according to the diversity of users?
Does the architectural language and experience challenge and contribute to notions on
disability?
Building Typology:
Health and Wellness, Birthing Center: education, labor, delivery, and recovery services for
diverse users.
Approximate program size: 25,000 35,000 sf.
Site and Location:
A 60,000sf parcel borders the scenic Middlesex Fells Park. Situated between the North Reservoir and the
Winchester Hospital complex, the site is topographically challenging but sensually rewarding.

66 - THESIS PROPOSAL

Abstract
Challenging Disability is about reinvestigating our understanding of architecture and its relation to
diverse users. Prior to working as a disability rights advocate, I had little concept of the close
relationship between architecture and disability. I knew that buildings were required to be accessible
according to code requirements. I also knew that universal design methodologies were useful in
creating more inclusive environments. However, I had little understanding for the difference between
these two concepts, their strengths, and their limitations. The goal of this thesis is an attempt to
reinvestigate and challenge my own notions on disability and architecture.
In the middle of this degree program I encountered a phenomenal life changing event, the birth of my
first child. When I was thinking about this thesis topic in relation to my recent life experience, I knew
that a birthing center was an excellent choice in program. Pregnancy and labor are not usually
associated with disability; however, the immediate functional realities are quite similar. While some
women may experience only minor life adjustments during pregnancy, others may have their world
totally reorganized. One thing that I learned through witnessing the process of pregnancy, labor, and
delivery first hand is that the environment has a significant effect on the experience of the birthing
mother. All too often this relationship is ignored.
English artist Alison Lapper is well aware of the common tendency to define a person based on
disability. Faced with criticism during her own pregnancy, Lapper has become a popular symbol for
overcoming adversity. Her figure, cast by Marc Quinn has been placed in prominent exhibits worldwide.
Often women in a similar situation to Lapper face discrimination or disapproval in childbirth, some of it
by the built environment.
An inclusive birthing center will provide a supportive environment for laboring mothers and their
support communities regardless of physical, sensory, or mental difference. Unlike accessible design and
universal design, a multivalent approach will assist, adapt, and facilitate the birthing experience for
diverse users through spatial relationships and architectural constructions.

Alison Lapper Pregnant by Marc Quinn


7

THESIS PROPOSAL - 67

Thesis Statement
Often we think of disability as something known and measurable. In fact, disability is ever present but
very difficult to define. There are probably over a dozen separate disability theories that attempt to
address the question of disability.
For the greater part of the last two centuries, disability has been understood through a medical/physical
model. This model characterized a disabled person as someone whos physical, sensory, or mental
characteristics differed from a prescribed norm (Johnstone, 16-18). Practitioners who ascribed to the
medical model understood disability as something that could be solved through prescribed treatment
(ex. symptomatic therapy or medication) or by assistive technologies (ex. prosthetics or mobility
devices).
Architecture is inextricably linked to disability. Advocates in the disability rights movement properly
diagnosed one of the major sources of disability, environmental barriers. The evolving social model of
disability suggests that disability occurs when a person encounters some form of discriminating
environment. Architectural barriers are a prime culprit.
Initially, designers tasked with addressing barriers approached the issue through the medical model of
disability. Accessibility requirements were prescribed to buildings and often applied as afterthoughts.
While providing a level of access previously unavailable, designs based on technical requirements were
specific to only a specific group, usually pertaining to the wheelchair user.
Technical requirements in the accessibility codes are highly specific to people using wheelchairs for
mobility. They include ramp slope maximums, reach ranges, and clear widths. Assistive devices such as
the elevator, hand railings, and grab bars are added to strategic locations. Overall, the architectural
elements are discrete and often seem out of place. The use of these features draws unwanted attention
further strengthening isolation. A majority of these conventional regulations fail to address persons
who are deaf or blind. There is no consideration given to chemical sensitivity, spatial phobias, or any
other mental or social responses.

A conventional door that meets the technical requirements of


accessibility regulations but is too specific to assist all users.

68 - THESIS PROPOSAL

Advocates and well intentioned designers soon became aware of the inadequacy of relying on code
requirements for inclusive spaces. The Universal Design (UD) movement proposed an intentional design
thinking to consider the broadest range of possible users throughout all phases of the design process
(Erkilic, 194). Products of UD tended to reform the medical-specific style of objects for a more formalist
and generic appearance. A goal of UD was to make products appealing to all users rather than call out
differences.
The UD movement has made significant advances in how we conceptualize inclusive spaces, however, it
is not without criticism. The generic nature of Universal products becomes problematic for some people
who could in reality benefit from specific references to their disability (ex. a person who is blind benefits
from detectable warnings). Often Universal designs require the user to adapt to the product, rather
than the product adapting to the user. Finally, end products often lead to solutions that reduce sensory
experience in exchange for generic consumption.

A universal entry with level landings inside and out has a sliding glass
door that automatically opens with no users interaction required.
The intent of this thesis is not to suggest that conventional accessibility requirements or UD is somehow
faulty or inadequate. This is partly true because a successful or failed design will always depend on how
these design systems are applied, either with careful thought or with blatant disregard. More
importantly this thesis is intended to suggest that disability is a complex concept, and therefore our
architectural systems should be equally complex and thoughtful. A multivalent (Jenks) approach to
architectural design is needed to address the complexities of diverse user groups in the built
environment. Designers must take an activist approach in addressing diversity and environments.
Designs should facilitate participation and inclusion in the architectural program.

THESIS PROPOSAL - 69

Above are two inclusive, experiential, and multivalent entrances.


Original photos by Michael Pearn (left) and Travaasa Resorts right.

Multivalent architecture acts as a catalyst on the mind, provoking wholly new interpretations which, in
however small a way, affect the individual. The range, delicacy and complexity of meanings which exist
in a multivalent work have an analogous effect on the mind that interacts with them. Ultimately, we are
transformed by what we experience
Charles Jenks, from The Language of Post-Modern Architecture

70 - THESIS PROPOSAL

10

Methods of Inquiry and Terms of Criticism


MOI: Evaluate how architectural facilitators and environmental stimuli can better suit diverse users.
Architectural facilitators could be devices that assist users in accessing a building such as an elevator or a
handrail. They could also be spatial relationships that provide intimate proportions for people who
benefit from feeling supported as a result of traumatic stressors. Environmental stimulations that would
benefit diverse users could include the sound of lapping water, dry or damp atmosphere, or gentle
indirect light. These architectural devices might provide calming stimulations to a brain cancer patient,
supportive spaces for a mother during labor, or adaptable elements for a person with limited mobility.
TOC: Do these facilitators and stimulations provide for more fulfilling user experience?

Sketch of Thermal Baths in Vals, Switzerland. Peter Zumthor.

11

THESIS PROPOSAL - 71

Methods of Inquiry and Terms of Criticism

MOI: Provide critique on accessibility design standards and universal principles in addressing diverse
users.
Too often we are confronted with buildings that have so many technical devices, systems, and features
that all sense of experience is lost. The simple task of traveling through a doorway can cause unease for
no apparent reason. There are automatic doors, hot air blowers, double door vestibules, bright artificial
lighting, security cameras, the list goes on. Technical aspects of design are important but applied
without careful consideration and planning degrades the experience of using and occupying a building.
The same can be said for accessibility features. Too often, they are unnecessary distractions. If
originally designed with a diverse range of users these additional requirements may not be necessary.
At the same time, there are real physical needs for buildings to assist the user, and not just the user who
happens to have a disability.
TOC: Do spaces assist, adapt, and facilitate according to the diversity of users?

72 - THESIS PROPOSAL

12

Methods of Inquiry and Terms of Criticism


MOI: Discover how other disciplines such as bionics and developing social trends are challenging our
notions on disability.
Case Study: The Biomechatronics Research Group / MIT Media Lab; Director, Hugh Herr, PhD

Photo by Brian Snyder/Reuters


Hugh Herr, Director of the MIT Biomechatronics Research Group (BRG) has pioneered the effort at
creating innovative technologies that are redefining our understanding of disability. BiOM systems are
more than just your ordinary prosthetics. They are a complex integration of biology, mechanics, and
electronics. These prosthetics are integrated into the body and respond to nerve stimulations to
communicate with actuators that move the prosthetic to mimic human movement. I believe this body
of work by the BRG has huge implications for our understanding of disability and how architecture
should be responding to these changes in technology and the human body. My thesis will be informed
by a closer look at what is being accomplished at the BRG.
TOC: Does the architectural language and experience challenge and contribute to notions on disability?

13

THESIS PROPOSAL - 73

Program
In choosing a program, my main goal was to select an environment that would be experienced by a
broad range of individuals with differing physical and emotional conditions. In order to fully address
both emotional and physical needs it was important that the program carry a broad range of
multisensory capabilities. Simultaneously, the program needed to be specific enough to address
intimate and personal needs
Birthing Centers have been gaining widespread popularity among couples who wish to have safe,
natural, and intimate birthing experiences. The primary user, the laboring mother, challenges our
preconceived notions of disability. However, she may not be the only user that experiences disabling
environments during the process of labor. The unique requirements of a birthing center and its
diversity of users is an ideal program to challenge our understanding of disability and explore inclusive,
experiential, and multivalent environments.
Practical programmatic requirements include:
o Intimate, sensory environments for laboring couples
o Functional environments for supporting members
o Supporting environments for physical and emotional transition
o Site characteristics that support the above programmatic requirements
There are many different types of birthing centers available to couples. Some birth centers closely
mimic a home birth environment. At The Farm Midwifery Center in Tennessee was founded by home
birth and midwifery pioneer Ina May Gaskin. Cottages are available for short term or extended rental.
Couples are paired with a midwife for labor and delivery.
Alternatively, the Cambridge Birth Center, affiliated with Cambridge Hospital, is located in renovated
single family home in an urban context. The center accommodates several couples at a time. Providers
work closely with the affiliated hospital located across the street.
At the other end of the spectrum, some large hospitals and specialty have reworked their maternity
wards to more closely resemble changing demands. At the Nicollet Womens Center in Minnesota,
labor, deliver, and recovery rooms are based on spa like hospitality. Suites support alternative birthing
methods such as water birthing.

From left to right: The Farm Midwifery Center Earth Shelter, The Cambridge Birthing Center, and the
Nicollet Womens Center. Photo credits are attributed to each of the above listed organizations.

74 - THESIS PROPOSAL

14

Program
Massachusetts Department of Public Health regulations, 105CMR define what programmatic
requirements must be provided at birth centers. The diagram below shows a summary version of the
legal requirements. The programming is based on four basic users, the birthing mother, family, and
clinical workers. The medical model tends to require hierarchy, specification, and separation of spaces.
The medical model also tends to put clinical considerations at the center of the model.

based on MA DPH Regulations, 105CMR, Sections 142.400 142.485

15

THESIS PROPOSAL - 75

Program
The Womb
Nestled in the confined cabin of the rocking dory, the sleeping child was safe and warm from the
ranging sea just beyond the thin shelled hull. The hull, pinned by several sturdy bulkheads, separated
the cold and turbulent waters and sealed in the stale, salty, life giving, ocean air. The warm glow of the
swinging lantern flickered and danced through the thin film of the cabin portal and fell upon the wet
and weathered face of the sailor. The light kept the sailor alive and alert knowing that her child's fate
lay in her resolve against the tempest; resting beneath the sea in the bowels of her vessel.
The womb is the most sacred place on earth. It is a marvel of biological architecture. It contains the
mystery of life and delivers generation after generation. The womb is well adapted to carry whatever
nature holds for it whether its content is small or large or comes in multiples. The womb reacts to,
responds to, and nourishes its inhabitant.
It is reasonable to suggest that the space in which labor takes place should mirror the performance of
the womb. The womb is full of subtle, multi-sensory experiences. Light penetrates the uterine walls
providing life's first clues to time and space. Sound travels through its membranes and is recognized as
comforting audible tones. Even changes in diet provide variety in taste through the amniotic fluid.
These supporting principles can take place in architectural space outside the womb as well. Such a
space will provide emotional support during the process of labor, delivery, and acclimation to the
beginning of life.

Concept model: wire, cloth, and cardboard. 12x12x8.

76 - THESIS PROPOSAL

16

Program
In order to provide an inclusive, experiential, and multivalent birthing center, it is important to consider
the range of possible users. To be as inclusive as possible, the program should accommodate the needs
of women who may have significant challenges in labor and delivery as well as those who may have less
difficulty. This most likely will require a range of supports including some level of medical supports.
However, as a whole, the birthing center should be distinct from a typical maternity ward providing as
much supports for natural birthing as possible.
Birthing is a community effort. While most of the attention will remain on the birthing mother, it is
important to consider the many people involved in the birthing process. Supportive family members
should be included as much as possible to the extent that is granted by the laboring mother. The clinical
providers are equally important and should be integrated as much as possible into the program. A
patient centered model will allow integration of all team members toward the single goal of a safe and
compassionate birthing experience. It may be beneficial to explore how the mother can actively seek
out services rather than services being brought to the mother. This proactive approach may be
beneficial in promoting the natural birthing process through movement and intuition while enabling the
mother to make her own choices during delivery.
A majority of programed spaces will overlap and have detailed and complex relationships to one
another. This will aid in bringing the community of supporters together for a common goal. Intimate
spaces particularly for the moments leading up to the birth and just afterward will have greater degrees
of privacy. Family spaces will also provide degrees of privacy.

17

THESIS PROPOSAL - 77

Program

Program Sheet
Activity

NSF Totals

Mother/Baby Suite
6 x 800 = 4,800sf
Delivery Room......600sf
Toilet....40sf
Spa..160sf
Family Support
7,000sf
Recovery Suites 4 @ 1,200sf
Common Space.3,000sf
Community Support
5,000sf
Movement Studio...1,600sf
Classrooms (20 occ.)..........2 @ 800sf
Conference Room ..800sf
Library ....800sf
Nursery ..800sf
Professional Support
5,000sf
Admin Offices....800sf
Reception .600sf
Records ..400sf
Lab and Med Store ....800sf
Exam Rooms 6 @ 200sf
Clinician Offices .3 @ 400sf
Utility
1,900sf
Waste, Laundry, Clean Storage ER equipment, Ambulance Port
Subtotal
25,000sf
Circulation = 20% of Subtotal.5,000sf
Mechanical = 20% of Subtotal + Circulation6,000sf.
GSF = 36,000sf

78 - THESIS PROPOSAL

18

Health and Wellness


Much of our cultural understandings of health and wellness are attached to a mythical metric known
as the normal. Normal body temperature is 98.6 degrees F. Normal BMI is 18.5 to 25.0. Early
childhood growth is charted on a normalized curve. These are certainly powerful tools to help
diagnose health problems. However, normalcy is not a good predictor for overall health and wellness.
Often normalcy is difficult, impossible or unnecessary to define.
Building codes are configured for the normal user. Even accessibility codes have a normalizing bias to
them. Often a building is thought to be accessible if someone using a wheelchair is able to reach all
interior spaces. Less developed, is navigation and orientation for the person who is blind, has low
vision, has limited hearing or has a brain based disability for example. While universal design develops
a product that attempts to accommodate the widest range of possible users. Often this design process
reduces sensory and cultural experience in order to do so.
More compelling is the possibility for architecture to adapt to and challenge a diverse user group. A
generic level entry may be enhanced by a slight change in topography that gives the experience of
ascending or descending. A change in acoustical quality at the entrance may provide the sense of
threshold that would otherwise be a barrier. By challenging our architecture to adapt and respond to
diverse users, we can more effectively incorporate a broader group of people into a healthy society.
In the majority of literature, natural birthing is considered only an option for normal pregnancies with
no perceived complications. Assume in this case that the barriers to this mother having a natural birth
are simply that the architecture to support her desired method of birthing and the expertise in assisting
that birth is unavailable. It is possible that the problem is not the persons disability but a lack of
supportive knowledge and architecture to include her. Providing the architecture is half the battle in
creating more inclusive environments and possibilities.
Careless design is only one of many structural barriers to a more inclusive society. Consider the specific
example of birthing. While birthing has occurred through natural processes for thousands of years, the
last century has normalized the process and delivery of birth. This normalization has been beneficial in
many ways. It has made birthing safe to mothers, who based on some physical condition, would
otherwise be at high risk for complications. Yet for many reasons a woman may desire a more natural
birth. This experience is largely unavailable to women with disabilities because of either medical
professional attitudes towards disability, physical realities that complicate a safe delivery, or
unsupportive physical environments (Rogers, 101-103).
A goal for this project is to identify how careful design considerations can encourage a more inclusive
group of users in the birth center program. Most birthing centers emphasize natural processes over
more controlled medical ones. For this thesis, it will be necessary to re-evaluate the possibilities for a
more inclusive and complex birth center model.

34

THESIS PROPOSAL - 79

SITE

MIDDLESEX FELLS PARK

TOWN OF WINCHESTER

NORTH RESERVOIR

80 - THESIS PROPOSAL

20

Site Analysis
The selected site is located alongside the Northwest corner of the Middlesex Fells Park in Winchester,
MA. In this location the conservation land is squeezed between the North Reservoir Dam and Highland
Avenue. A small slice of residential area lies between these two edge conditions. On the west side of
Highland Avenue is the Winchester Hospital.
The park system provides many miles of trails for walking and although only seven miles from Boston,
one is immediately transformed to a more serene setting at the edge of the Fells. The reservoir provides
a visual relief from the otherwise dense urban and suburban environments of greater Boston. The park
system is a great location for observing the changing of seasons or even a rainy day from the inside of a
dry and warm space.
In my process of site selection I gave primary consideration to open space and natural environments.
The experiential qualities of nature provide an excellent setting for the process of labor and delivery
which tend to induce high levels of stress. Simply providing an open window to the sky or to the colorful
tree tops could be enough to calm oneself back into the labor mantra.

MIDDLESEX FELLS PARK

The proposed site is located on Highland Avenue on a strip of 60,908sf of land which is currently under
development. Access can also be created to the site from North Border Road. Due to the difficult
topography it may be necessary to negotiate a land purchase from the Town for an additional 25,000sf.
This property is owned by the Town of Winchester and is not part of the Middlesex Fells Park.
21

THESIS PROPOSAL - 81

Site Analysis
A second consideration, counterintuitively, was to select a site with some challenges to inclusion.
Locating the birthing center in the heart of Boston on a flat site with easy access to transportation and
walkable sidewalks would make perfect business sense. However, choosing a challenging site from the
standpoint of physical accessibility will force the design to respond to these changes. Therefore, a site
was chosen with some topographical challenges.
Socio-economically, Winchester is certainly not the most inclusive town. However, looking beyond the
immediate setting, there are diverse communities within a twenty minute drive including Malden,
Everett, Woburn, Somerville, Boston, and Burlington. It is highly likely that people from these
communities will consider the birthing center in Winchester over their local hospitals.
We can also apply the concept of inclusivity to the built environment. Strong communities are often
made of up diverse uses. This diversity at the urban scale may include a mixture of zoning, open space,
institutional, and industrial settings. Density of use is inclusive when varied. Strong communities
benefit from centers of dense commerce as well as residential breathing room. The semi-urban radius
around the site provides all of the above conditions.

82 - THESIS PROPOSAL

22

Case Study Masion a Bordeaux

The Maison a Bordeaux is located on a hill in Floirac beyond the city center. The house was designed by
Rem Koolhaas as a planned retreat away from city life and into the bucolic suburb for a client and his
family. In the middle of the design process, the client, a father of two children, was in a car accident
which resulted in a severe disability that affected his mobility. As the story goes, to the surprise of
many, following this incident the man declared, he wanted Koolhaas to design a complex house rather
than something simple.

Exterior photograph of the Maison a Bordeaux. Koolhaas: Houselife.


I can only speculate as to what this man was declaring when he made this statement, but based on the
designed result, I am led to believe that he did not want the house to limit or define him in any way.
This sentiment mirrors many people who experience difference or discrimination based on social and
environmental constructs they encounter. It is common for people who have some limited mobility or
other obvious disability to have their difference called out by the context that they are situated in. For
example, a person who uses a wheelchair for mobility may have to enter a separate entrance because
the primary entrance has a set of stairs in front of it. A person who is walking up a short flight of stairs
may have a less arduous route than someone who has difficulty climbing stairs. A person with leg
braces may have to take a circuitous route which may in actuality require more effort than the route
with stairs.

23

THESIS PROPOSAL - 83

The Maison a Bordeaux is comprised of three distinct house levels stacked one on top of the other. The
subterranean
is utilitarian
with aof
fullthree
kitchen,
service
rooms,
a tv parlor.
level The
The Maison alevel
Bordeaux
is comprised
distinct
house
levelsand
stacked
one onThe
topground
of the other.
appears
very open
egalitarian.
walls disappear
into anand
open
enclosed
with alevel
subterranean
leveland
is utilitarian
withItsa glass
full kitchen,
service rooms,
a tvporch
parlor.
The ground
lightweight
curtain
on an overhead
track.disappear
This levelinto
showcases
public
life of with
the house.
appears very
open mounted
and egalitarian.
Its glass walls
an openthe
porch
enclosed
a
The
floor overhead
encasedon
in aandense
shell.track.
It contains
the personal
quarters.
The
mass
balances
lightweight
curtain ismounted
overhead
This level
showcases
the public
life
of the
house.
delicately
the site.
Nothing
any special
accommodation
disability.
The floor over
overhead
is encased
inindicates
a dense shell.
It contains
the personalfor
quarters.
The mass balances
delicately over the site. Nothing indicates any special accommodation for disability.

24

84 - THESIS PROPOSAL

24

It is the inner workings of the house that reveal the critical considerations particular to the intended
user. While a series of stairs are provided in the building, the signature method of vertical access is by
way of a generously sized platform that raises and lowers on a hydraulic column. This is not an ordinary
lift. It has no walls, and no ceiling. Its size is comparable to a small study or bedroom. The fact that it
has no walls and no ceiling allows it to become an integral part to each living space in addition to an
assistive device. When lowered to the extreme bottom, the subterranean void is filled with light from
above. When raised to the ground floor is a common space and when at the top becomes a very
private, intimate space. The multi-functional nature of the lift redefines our concept of what we would
otherwise consider as an accessibility feature.

The lift is not the only element that gives particular attention to the needs of the users. Typical
considerations of privacy and common space are evident on all levels. Views into and out of the building
are unrestrained on the ground level but highly selective in the upper floor. Views through the porthole
windows are provided at multiple elevations and would seem to accommodate viewing from several
vantage points.

25

THESIS PROPOSAL - 85

As is the case with many great buildigs, the Maison a Bordeaux is not without its problems. At the time
of the filming of the popular documentary HouseLife the structure required a full set of maintenance
experts, technitians, and diagnostics experts just to keep the insides dry. The short film, which follows a
day in the life of Guadelupe the aging housekeeper, chronicalls these deficiencies as well as other
oddities of the house. The house is by no means the quintessential model of accessibility. While the lift,
when it is working, provides barrier free access to all levels, the stairs are another story all together.
Even the most adept climber would take care traversing them. All of its deficiencies aside, the design by
Koolhaas takes great strides at challenging our conceived notions of what a house should look like,
particularly in light of the tragic events in the life of its owner.

In Domus 966, artist Petra Blaisse revisited the Maison a Bordeaux through an interior rennovation. The
rennovation included installing designed curtains and other furnishing throughout the house. According
to author, Niklas Maak, Blaiss work mirrors the ingenuity of the architects design by, disolving
boundaries and mobilizing formerly static elements(Maak). Just as Koolhass utilized the moving floor,
Blaisse provides furnishings that drifts between interior space and the outside. Standing on the exterior
porch under the massive weight of the upper level, the curtain flows freely. The support is spectacularly
hidden and the laws of physics seem to have been redefined. The moving curtain provides a tactile,
sensory expirience, perhaps one that would delight someone with limited visual accuity just as well as a
person who is fully sighted.

86 - THESIS PROPOSAL

26

This redefinition is important. Not only in terms of architectural ingenuity but in terms of the physical
and social realities of users, particularly persons with disabilities. Too often, architectural design has
been an oppressive force in disabling users. Whether it is the stair in front of the entry door, the more
subtle inaccessibility of an overwhelming space, a cacophony of visual stimuli, or any other number of
oppressive self-serving forces. The Maision a Bordeaux teaches us that architecture does not have to be
conventional, universal, or banal. A very contextual, challenging design, a multivalent architecture, is
capable of communicating among a diverse user group with differing needs and abilities.

27

THESIS PROPOSAL - 87

Building Technology

Case Study 2: Waterlift, Duke of York Steps, London Festival of Architecture 2010
Matthew Lloyd Architects. Photo by Matthew Lloyd Architects
The Duke of York Steps in central London near Trafalgar Square is listed as a Grade I historic
monument. The stairs are also a tremendous barrier for anyone who has difficult climbing stairs.
Matthew Lloyd Architects proposed an ingenious installation to the problem of access and historic
preservation.
The Waterlift is entirely powered by solar energy and uses water weights and battery backup. The
series of lifts are self-supported and do not require any modifications to the historic materials. Most
compelling is the social context that the lift is situated in.
It is common for accessibility features to put persons with disabilities on display unnecessarily. The
lifts, while very prominent and visible, actually draw attention away from the user and toward the
architectural context. One user stated that operating the lift gave him a positive sense of being an
important actor on a center stage rather than being ushered in privately through a back entrance, as is
often the case with access.
The viewer is confronted with the concept of sustainability as a holistic topic that includes the body,
the environment, and the social context. I believe that this project speaks directly to the intent of my
thesis in challenging our perspective on architectural accessibility and disability as a social
construction and the implications of that reality.

88 - THESIS PROPOSAL

33

Thesis Advisor, Client, and Resources

The following people and organizations may be assisting me in developing my thesis and program:
Client: Baby + Co.
Currently operating in two states, Baby + Co. provides clinical services in pregnancy, labor,
delivery, and postpartum care. Birthing and wellness classes are also provided. Baby + Co. is
currently looking to expand their services to the Northeast.
www.babyandcompany.com
Brian DiSanto
Controller
Fifth Floor, 45 Prospect St.
Cambridge, MA 02139
bdisanto@babyandcompany.com
617-510-5327
Carla Hackett
Director of Site Development
chackett@babyandcompany.com
Thesis Advisor:
Based on feedback from the Thesis Proposal Exhibition and Review I think I would benefit from
the following Thesis Advisors:
Bob Hsiung, FAIA
Ralph Jackson, FAIA
Resources:
Institute for Human Centered Design. Boston.
American Association of Birth Centers. Perkiomenville, PA.

35

THESIS PROPOSAL - 89

Sketch Problem

What would an entrance to an inclusive, expiriencial, and multivalent birthing center look like? This is
the question I asked myself thoughout the 24 hour sketch problem assigned. The brief was to sketch an
entrance informed by the proposed thesis. Prior to the sketch problem, I had already performed some
analysis on generic entrances. These sketches show possible entrnaces to an exisiting historic building.
The accessible entrance is achieved by the addition of a ramping sytem which bypasses the monolithic
stairs. This option provides an accessible route to the entrnace but the paths are separate and unequal.
The universal entrance cuts clear through the historic structure, requires significant alterations to the
building, and alters the historic expirience. An inclusive, expiriential, and multivalent entrnace is left as
a question mark in this series of sketches. For the thesis proposal sketch problem, I was given an
oppourtunity to detail the questionmark.

Sketch Model: Wire mesh coverd with cotton cloth on a cardboard base, approximately 12x12x6.

90 - THESIS PROPOSAL

28

Top: Site plan for entrance sketch problem.


Bottom: Perspective sketch of entrance.

29

THESIS PROPOSAL - 91

Plan and Elevation of the entrance

92 - THESIS PROPOSAL

30

Cross section of the entrance sequence and interior reception space

31

THESIS PROPOSAL - 93

Schedule of Reviews
Introductory Review February 2015
In the first review I will clearly present my thesis proposal, site selection, and program selection. I will
need to have a clear understanding of terms of criticism and methods of inquiry. Definitions should be
well defined, understandable and used fluidly. It will be important to clearly define what inclusive,
experiential, and multivalent means in architectural terms. Feedback from the introductory review will
be used to inform and strengthen the thesis.
Preliminary Review March 2015
In the second review I will present a concise thesis concept, site, and program based on feedback from
the introductory review. In order to prepare for the preliminary review I will need to clarify the exact
nature of the program and how it fits the site and social context. A few schematic options should be
included to encourage discussion on how the thesis concept is coming through in site and program
implementations. Schematic material may include site analysis drawings, concept models, program
research, and architectural case studies.
Schematic Review May 2015
In this last review of the Thesis I semester, I will present a single scheme for an inclusive, experiential
and multivalent birth center. To achieve this I will need to show architectural and programmatic
elements in concept and detail. This can be done through sketches, diagrams, models, and select
detailed drawings. In the schematic review, evidence of material, structure, construction, and systems
should be present.
Design Development Review September 2015
The first Thesis II review should include a fully conceptualized thesis, program, site, and building. It will
be important to include detailed, scaled drawings and models. Section drawings and models will show
material connections, structure, spatial relations, and program. Elevation drawings will show interior
and exterior furnishings and materials. Draft renderings will express sensory aspects which support the
thesis.
Final Thesis Review November 2015
The last review will consist of finalized work including presentation boards, presentation models, and
Thesis book.

94 - THESIS PROPOSAL

36

Annotated Bibliography
Beesley, Phillip, Omar Khan, and Michael Stacy, eds. Acadia 2013: Adaptive Architecture. Unknown:
ACADIA and Riverside Architectural Press, 2013. Print.
rd
This is a compilation of project from the Proceedings of the 33 Annual Conference of the Association
for Computer Aided Design in Architecture. Broken down into section of Tex-Fab Skin, Materials,
Energy, Interactive, Information, Robotics (ect.), Structures, Design Posters, and Poster Research, the
projects listed provide a catalog of possible architectural interventions that could contribute to an
adaptive and flexible architecture for diverse user groups. It is a visual and information source for
possible geometries that would complement my thesis.
Eberhard, John P. Brian Landscape: The Coexistence of Neuroscience and Architecture. Oxford: Oxford University
Press, 2009.
This book is written by an architect who has dedicated a lot of his work and research in an effort to
understand how the mind perceives architecture and how that relates to experience. This work relates to
my thesis in that it suggests that disabling environments are partly so because of how the mind relates to
architectural space. Eberhard provides several hypotheses on how the human mind comprehends
architectural environments and calls the reader to consider experiences of architecture in the human
mind.
Goldberg, Gale B. Birth Center: A Working Method for Designing a Maternity Health Care Facility. M.Arch Thesis.
ed. Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Architecture, 1979. Print.
This comprehensive thesis project lays out detailed programming requirements for a natural birthing
center. This thesis will be helpful in identifying programmatic requirements to consider. I will need to be
careful not to simply copy these program requirements. Rather, I will use this resource as a starting
point and critically review ideas according to my particular thesis and context.
Jenks, Charles. The Language of Post-Modern Architecture. London: Academy Editions, 1977. 306-09. Print.
A term which I use heavily in this thesis is multivalent. I was searching for this concept in architectural
theory and found it in Jenks writings. So, while I may have been thinking along the same lines, I must
attribute this term to Jenks as I believe he may have been the first to use it widely in an architectural
context.
Johnston, David. An Introduction to Disability Studies. 2ndnd ed. New York, NY: David Fulton Publishers, 2005. 1618. Print.
This general education book provides a brief and concise catalogue of the history and direction of
disability studies. It is a resource that will be used to investigate my thesis accurately. The thesis heavily
relies on disability theory.
Lemoine, Louise. Koolhaas: Houselife. 2nd.nd ed. Paris: Beka & Partners, 2010. N. pag. Print.
This source is both a book and a movie that gives insight into the peculiar house in Bordeaux. I used this
book as a source for my case study examples.

37

THESIS PROPOSAL - 95

Lifchez, Raymond. Rethinking Architecture: Design Students and Physically Disabled People. Berkeley:
University of California Press, 1987. Print.
A pioneering book in terms of addressing architectural attitudes toward disability, this is a foundational
book in my developing understanding of disability as a social construct and how architectural thinking
can challenge the status quo. This book is a basis for the spirit of my thesis however, may be less
applicable in practical architectural solutions as much of the book is dedicated to teaching pedagogy.
Erkilic, Mualla. "Conceptual Challenges Between Universal Design and Disability in Relation to the Body
Impairment, and the Environment: Where Does the Issue of Disability Stand in the Philosophy of UD?" METU
JFA 2011.2 (2011): 181-203. Web. 10 Dec. 2014.
This is an essay on the benefits and shortfalls of Universal Design which the author suggests avoids
some realities of disability. I found this to be a well thought out article that asks difficult questions
about design, disability, and the built environment.
Maak, Niklas. "Fifteen years after the Rem KoolhaMaison Bordeaux: A textile revisitationas/OMA project,
through a series of equally simple but radical gestures in textile, Petra Blaisse/Inside Outside has
transfor." Domus 2013.2 (2013). Web. 10 Dec. 2014.
Maak provides a look at the work of interior designer Petra Blaisse and her work on the redesign of the
Maison a Bordeaux. This short essay is a compelling read and hints at architectural devices that provide
assistive, adaptive, and experiential sitautions for diverse users.
Pearn, Michael. "The Attitudes of Disabled and Able-Bodies Visitors to Heritage Sites: A Case Study of Devon and
Cornwall."www.arasites.org/mpearn/mpearnphd.html. Post date unknown. Web. 10 Dec. 2014.
Pearn provides a very detailed case study on tourism and historic adaptation. Specifically he addresses
cultural attitudes toward disability and the built environment. This article is worth revisiting to
determine whether architectural facilitators are discussed.
Rogers, Judith. The Disabled Woman's Guide to Pregnancy and Birth. New York, NY: Demos Medical Publishing,
2006. Print.
This is a practical resource for women experiencing pregnancy and birth with a disability. The resources
provide specific obstacles and challenges that mothers with disabilities may encounter. I will rely
heavily on this resource to identify what architectural facilitators would benefit this user group.
Wendell, Susan. The Rejected Body, Chapter 2: The Social Construction of Disability. New York: Routledge. 1996.
This author critiques our contemporary understanding of disability through the framework of feminist
theory. Chapter two specifically addresses how disability is largely based on social constructions that
discriminate against certain user groups that appear to differ from a normative concept. This work is just
one reference in a body of theoretical work on disability which supports my thesis. Theoretical
components of my thesis will rely heavily on ideas such as those presented by this author and her
contemporaries.

38

96 - THESIS PROPOSAL

APPENDIX

APPENDIX - 97

Site Model

NORTH
11x17 site model made of CNC cut foam base and hand carved balsa block

98 - APPENDIX

Birth House Model

24x1810 sectional model of balsa


wood, foam board, cardboard, and
insulation board

APPENDIX - 99

Introductory Review Boards

IMAGINE
VALS THERME BATHS HOLISTIC MATERNAL WELLNESS
AS

PETER ZUMTHOR

100 - APPENDIX

AND

BIRTHING CENTER

VALS, SWITZERLAND

SACRED AND SENSUAL


PARTURATION SPACES
other notable works by Peter Zumthor:
Saint Benedict Chapel
Sumvitg, Switzerland

Steilneset Memorial
Vard, Norway

Image references top to bottom, right to left :


http://static.guim.co.uk/sys-images/Guardian/Pix/pictures/2009/4/13/1239659964619/Peter-Zumthors-thermal-sp-001.jpg
Vals Therme by Tim Brown Architecture, https://www.flickr.com/photos/43355952@N06/galleries/72157626442180288#photo_2659152772
http://www.dailyicon.net/magazine/wp-content/uploads/2008/05/vals87.jpg
http://www.wbarchitectures.be/medias/reduced_1/Administrators/WB_020__Vals_.jpg
http://www.dailyicon.net/tag/religious-experience/
Patrick Tantra, https://www.flickr.com/photos/cmyk100dpi/5095045416/in/gallery-43355952@N06-72157626442180288/
http://homeli.co.uk/therme-vals-spa-by-peter-zumthor/
Laetitia Casta by Dominique Issermann, http://www.dominiqueissermann.com/#!laetitia-casta-book/c19nm
Sketches by Peter Zumthor, http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-4ojZ75R2wwc/TvS7ZhtKpnI/AAAAAAAAAL0/NL3hVVdiqIU/s1600/z3.jpg

Bruder Klaus Field Chapel


Mechernich, Germany

http://ad009cdnb.archdaily.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/52153a6ee8e44e4ee3000058_ad-classics-saint-benedict-chapelpeter-zumthor_untitled_6813530352_o-528x351.jpg
http://static.dezeen.com/uploads/2011/12/dezeen_Steilneset-Memorial-by-Peter-Zumthor-and-Louise-Bourgeois_3a.jpg
http://www.architravel.com/architravel_wp/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/bruder-klaus-chapel_kentriki.jpg
https://m1.behance.net/rendition/modules/22549365/disp/234b6ab5ebd66482a6caa2cdf819ffd8.jpg
http://vardorestored.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Steilneset-4-1200x675.jpg
http://www.baukunst-nrw.de/bilder/full/424_419620.jpg
http://www.douban.com/note/191583263/
http://uwarch-belog.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/MACKEYalden_05feb14_image5.jpg
http://hicarquitectura.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/001.jpg
Laetitia Casta by Dominique Issermann, http://www.dominiqueissermann.com/#!laetitia-casta-book/c19nm

Challenging Disability:

An Inclusive, Experiential, and Multivalent Birthing Center

In order to adequately address the many factors that result in


discriminatory environments, we must challenge generic and reductive
measures instead favoring systems that provide for multivalent, inclusive,
and experiential architecture.

Methods of Inquiry:
Evaluate how architectural
facilitators and environmental
stimuli can better suit diverse
users.
Critique accessibility design
standards and universal principles
in addressing diverse users.
Discover how technical
advances and social developments
are challenging notions on
disability.
Terms of Criticism:
Do facilitators and stimulations
provide for a more fulfilling user
experience?
Do spaces and constructions
assist, adapt, and facilitate
according to the diversity of users?
Does the architectural language
and experience challenge and
contribute to notions on disability?

Christopher Becker
Introductory Review
February 12, 2015

CONVENTIONAL

UNIVERSAL

MULTIVALENT

Boston Architectural College


Russell Feldman, AIA
Zac Vawter at the Willis Tower, Chicago
Photo: Brian Kersey, AP

Thesis Advisor

APPENDIX - 101

102 - APPENDIX

Resume
Christopher Becker

85 West Wyoming Ave. Unit 3, Melrose, MA 02176

EDUCATION

(617) 922-5096

christopher.becker@the-bac.edu

Boston Architectural College


Candidate for Master of Architecture
Calvin College
Bachelor of Arts in Interdisciplinary Studies
- Art History, International Development, and Mathematics
- Semester abroad: Budapest, Hungary

SKILLS

Boston, MA
Graduating 2015
Grand Rapids, MI
5/2006

Design & Technical Skills


- Concept diagramming via drawings, presentation boards, and digital media
- Computer drafting and modeling via Revit 2014, AutoCAD 2014, SketchUp, and Rhino
- Proficiency in Adobe CS
Professional Attitude, Organizational, & Communication Skills
- Systematic approach to problem solving
- Creative abilities in data collection and management
- Logistical skills in performing field and office tasks

EXPERIENCE

Commonwealth of MA, Division of Capital Asset Management and Maint.


Regional Planner, Accessibility Compliance Coordinator
- Provide project specific technical assistance on accessibility requirements
- Review existing condition and post construction accessibility audits
- Review SD, DD, and CD drawings for accessibility compliance
- Develop tools and systems for tracking accessibility projects Statewide

Boston, MA
2/2014-current

Commonwealth of Massachusetts, Office on Disability


Boston, MA
Accessibility Specialist
08/2012-12/2014
- Provide technical assistance on state access code and ADA requirements
- Manage the nationally acclaimed Community Access Monitor Program
- Assist clients with design reviews, site reports, and dispute resolution
Commonwealth of MA, Division of Capital Asset Management
Accessibility Coordinator
- Created comprehensive accessibility surveys to monitor compliance
- Survey existing buildings for MAAB compliance
Prometric Test Center
Test Center Administrator
- Administer testing programs according to corporate policy
- Assist client testing while protecting security and confidentiality
Claystone Clinical Associates
Administrative Assistant
- Developed systems for organizing superior's schedules
- Managed billing software and procedures
Warren Lightning Rod Company
Master Installer, Designer, and Testing Specialist
- Followed design drawings and adhered to code for installed systems
- Operated field contracts for system installations

Boston, MA
9/2011-6/2012

Boston, MA
11/2009 -9/2011

Grand Rapids, MI
11/2008 11/2009

Collingswood, NJ
6/2002-8/2008

Engineering Ministries International


USA, China, and Cambodia
Architectural Intern
Fall 2006
- Collaborated with interdisciplinary design teams
- Partnered with locals in culturally sensitive community development projects
- Organized travel and trip procedures for design teams
RELATED

Spring Practicum Marc Truant and Associates


Managed RFP for 120 Blackstone Street; preconstruction planning

INTERESTS

BSA EPNET chair holder 2009-2011; BSA affiliate member; AIAS member since 2003;
international culture, food, and history; sailing, skiing, track and field; pen and ink drawing.

Cambridge, MA
Spring 2010

APPENDIX - 103

You might also like