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15. Differentiate between the terms sporadic disease, endemic disease, epidemic
disease, and pandemic disease give examples of each.
- Sporadic disease: occurs occasionally in a population
- Typhoid fever
- Endemic disease: constantly present in a certain population
- Common cold
- Epidemic disease: disease acquired by many hosts in a given area in a short time
- Influenza
- Pandemic disease: epidemic disease that occurs worldwide
- AIDS
16. Differentiate between the terms acute disease, chronic disease, and subacute
disease and give an example of each.
- Acute disease: symptoms develop rapidly but last for only a short time
- Influenza
- Chronic disease: disease develops more slowly bodys reactions may be less
severe but the disease is likely to continue or recur for long periods
- Infectious mononucleosis, tuberculosis, hepatitis B
- Subacute disease: disease with symptoms that are intermediate between acute
and chronic
- Subacute sclerosing panensephalitis
17 What is meant by latent disease? Give two examples.
- Disease characterized by a period of no symptoms when the pathogen is inactive
causative agent then becomes active to produce symptoms of the disease
- Shingles varicella virus
- Epstein-Barr virus
18. Differentiate local infection and systemic infection.
- Local infection: pathogens are limited to a small area of the body
- Boils and abscesses
- Systemic infection: microorganisms or their products are spread throughout the
body by the blood or lymph
- Measles
19. What is meant by focal infection?
- Systemic infection that began as an infection in one place
- Can arise from areas such as teeth, tonsils, or sinuses
20. Differentiate the following terms:
Sepsis
- Toxic inflammatory condition arising from the spread of microbes, especially
bacteria or their toxins, from a focus of infection
Septicemia
- Blood poisoning: systemic infection arising from the multiplication of pathogens in
the blood
- Common example of sepsis
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Bacteremia
- Presence of bacteria in the blood
Viremia
- Presence of viruses in blood
Toxemia
- Presence of toxins in the blood (tetanus)
21. Differentiate primary and secondary infection.
- Primary infection: acute infection that causes the initial illness
- Secondary infection: caused by an opportunistic pathogen after the primary
infection has weakened the bodys defenses
22. Define subclinical infection.
- Doesnt cause any noticeable illnesses
23. List and compare the 5 stages of disease development.
1) Incubation period
- Interval between initial infection and first appearance of any signs or symptoms
- Time depends on the specific microorganisms involved, its virulence, number of
infecting microorganism, resistance of the host
2) Prodromal period
- Characterized by early, mild symptoms of disease general aches and malaise
- Relatively short period
3) Period of illness
- Disease is most severe
- Person exhibits over signs and symptoms of disease
- Number of white blood cells may increase or decrease
- Generally patients immune response and other defense mechanisms overcome
the pathogen and period of illness ends
- If disease not successfully over come (or successfully treated) patient dies
during this period
4) Period of decline
- Signs and symptoms subside
- During this phase patient is vulnerable to secondary infection
- Phase may last from less than 24 hours to several days
5) Period of convalescence
- Person regains strength and body returns to its prediseased state recovery has
occurred
24. Define reservoir (reservoir of infection):
- A continual source of infection
- Required for disease to perpetuate itself
- Can be living organism or inanimate object that provides pathogen with adequate
conditions for survival and multiplication and an opportunity for transmission
- Human, animal, or nonliving
25. Define carrier.
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- Organism (usually refers to humans) that harbors pathogens and transmits them to
others
- Principle living reservoir of human disease is human body itself
26. Define zoonosis. Using Table 14.2, list 5 zoonoses that you have heard of before
and name the reservoirs.
- Disease that occurs primarily in wild and domestic animals but can be transmitted
to humans
1) Influenza
- Swine, birds
2) Rabies
- Bats, skunks, foxes, dogs, raccoons
3) West Nile encephalitis
- Horses, birds
4) Anthrax
- Domestic livestock
5) Plague
- Rodents
6) Lyme disease
- Field mice
7) Malaria
- Monkeys
27. Give two examples of nonliving reservoirs.
- Soil
- Water
28. What are the three principal routes of disease transmission? Name and describe
each.
1) Contact transmission: spread of disease agent by direct contact, indirect contact,
droplet transmission
2) Vehicle transmission: transmission of disease agents by a medium (water, food,
air, blood, body fluids, drugs, and IV fluids)
3) Vectors: animals that carry pathogens from one host to another
- Arthropods are most important group
- Transmit disease by mechanical transmission or biological
transmission
29. Describe and give several examples of diseases that are transmitted by direct
contact.
- Person-to-person transmission: direct transmission of an agent by physical contact
between its source and a susceptible host no intermediate object is involved
- Most common forms are touching, kissing, sexual intercourse
- Viral respiratory tract disease (common cold and influenza)
- Staphylococcal infections
- Hepatitis A
- Measles
- Scarlet fever
- STDs
- AIDS
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- Infectious mononucleosis
30. Define fomite. Give several examples of fomites.
- Nonliving object involved in the spread of an infection indirect contact
transmission
- Tissues
- Towels
- Bedding
- Diapers
- Drinking cups
- Eating utensils
- Toys
- Money
- Thermometers
- Contaminated syringes
31. Describe droplet transmission and give several examples.
- Contact transmission in which microbes are spread in droplet nuclei (mucus
droplets) that travel only short distances
- Discharged into the air by coughing, sneezing, laughing, or talking travel less
than 1 meter from reservoir to the host
- Influenza
- Pneumonia
- Pertussis (whooping cough)
32. Define vehicle transmission, list three types of vehicle transmission and give an
example of a disease that is transmitted by each.
1) Waterborne transmission: pathogens usually spread by water contaminated with
untreated or poorly treated sewage
- Cholera, waterborne shigellosis, leptospirosis
2) Foodborne transmission: pathogens generally transmitted in foods that are
incompletely cooked, poorly refrigerated, or prepared under unsanitary conditions
- Food poisoning, tapeworm infestation
3) Airborne transmission: spread of agents of infection by droplet nuclei in dust
that travel more than 1 meter from the reservoir to the host
- Microbes spread by droplets that may be discharged in fine spray from
mouth and nose during coughing and sneezing
- Droplets small enough to remain airborne for prolonged periods
- Measles
- Tuberculosis
33. Define vector.
- Arthropod that carries disease-causing organisms from one host to another
34. List the vectors for each of the following diseases:
Malaria
Anopheles (mosquito)
West Nile Encephalitis
Culex (mosquito)
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
Dermacentor andersoni and other species (tick)
Lyme Disease
Ixodes spp. (tick)
Canine heartworm
Dirofilaria immitis (mosquito)
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Bubonic plague
Epidemic typhus
35. Define nosocomial infection. What term now replaces this term?
- Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs): develops during a stay at a health care
facility and was not present at the time the patient was admitted
36. What three factors play a role in the development of healthcare-associated
infections? (see Fig. 14.9)
1) Microorganisms in healthcare-associated environment
2) Compromised host
3) Chain of transmission
37. How many deaths result annually in the U.S. due to nosocomial infections?
- 20,000
38. Give examples of three most prevalent groups of microorganisms that cause
nosocomial infections. (see Table 14.4- be sure to look at the percentages)
1) Staphylococcus aureus: surgical wound
2) Clostridium difficile: diarrhea after abdominal surgery
3) Enterococcus spp.: bloodstream
39. Name the 3 most common sites (body sites) of nosocomial infections. (table 14.5)
1) Surgical site infections
2) Lower respiratory infections
3) Gastrointestinal infections
40. Define emerging infectious disease, and list 5 factors that contribute to the
emergence of these diseases.
- Diseases that are new or changing, showing an increase in incidence in recent
past, or a potential to increase in the near future
1) New strains may result from genetic recombination between organisms
2) New serovar (distinct variations within species of bacteria or virus) may result
from changes in or evolution of existing microorganisms
3) Widespread, sometimes unwarranted, use of antibiotics and pesticides
encourages growth of more resistant populations of microbes and the insects and
ticks that carry them
4) Global warming and changes in weather patterns may increase the distribution
and survival of reservoirs and vectors resulting in introduction and dissemination
of diseases such as malaria and Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome
5) Known diseases (chikungunya/dengue and West Nile virus) may spread to new
geographic areas by modern transportation
6) Previously unrecognized infections may appear in individuals living or working in
regions undergoing ecological changes brought about by natural disaster,
construction, wars, expanding human settlement
7) Animal control measures may affect incidence of disease
- Increase in Lyme disease in recent years could be due to rising deer
populations resulting from killing of deer predators
8) Failures in public health measures may be contributing factor to emergence of
previously controlled infections
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43. For each of the following diseases, name the reservoir and indicate the most
frequent mode of transmission (direct contact, indirect contact [fomite], droplet,
food borne, waterborne, airborne, or vector). If vector-borne, name the vector. In
the box naming the disease, list the name of the etiologic agent (genus and
species). Indicate which of these diseases would be considered zoonoses.
Disease
Reservoir
Transmission
Typhoid Fever
Salmonella
typhi
Human
Waterborne
Lyme Disease
Borrelia
burgdorferi
* Zoonosis
Malaria
Plasmodium
spp.
Humans
Shigellosis
Shigella species
Humans
Strep throat
Streptococcus
pyogenes
Humans
Droplet
Salmonella
Gastroenteritis
Salmonella
enterica
*Zoonosis
West NileEncephalitis
Flavivirus
*Zoonosis
Animals
Foodborne
Animals
Cholera
Vibrio cholerae
Water
Waterborne
Soil
Tetanus
Clostridium
tetani
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