Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Characteristics
Wastewater Treatment
How human make use of nature
Chemical constituents
Biological constituents
Organic Proteins,
carbohydrates, fats, oil
& grease, pesticides,
phenols, surfactants,
VOC, organic priority
pollutants.
Inorganic pH,
chlorides, alkalinity,
Chlorides, nitrogen,
phosphorus, heavy
metals.
Gases N2, O2, CO2,
H2S, NH3, CH4
Pathogenic organisms
(1) Bacteria
(2) Viruses
(3) Protozoa
(4) Helminths
APHA 22 edition
Standard Methods for
the Examination of
Water and
Wastewater
Standard measurement for
2000 Physical & aggregate
properties
4000 Inorganic metallic
constituents
5000 Aggregate organic
constituents
9000 Microbial
Examination
https://www.standardmethod
s.org/
Physical
Properties
Temperature
Definition:
Indirect parameter to evaluate drinking water and wastewater, but very important for
natural surface water.
Source:
(1) Ambient temperature.
(2) Disposal of hot industrial wastewater (i.e. POME disposal at 90C)
Impact:
(1) Affect aquatic life (i.e. warm water accelerate algae growth) and suitability for
beneficial uses.
(2) Affect settling characteristics of water processes (i.e. mixing, sedimentation).
(3) Temperature will affect water physical properties (i.e. viscocity, density, gas solubility)
and reaction rates (i.e. biological, chemical).
(4) DO reduction as temperature increased (Whipple DO data).
Measurement:
(1) In-situ temperature probe.
Application:
40C (Standard A and B of EQA 1974) for sewage, industrial and leachate discharge.
Physical
Properties
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(1)
(2)
(1)
Color
Definition: Pure water is colorless. Natural waters colored by impurities. Apparent color
caused by suspended solids (SS). True color caused by dissolved solids after SS removal.
Source:
Yellowish chocolate color of natural water when natural waters mixed with tannins,
humic acid found in decaying leaves.
Reddish color from underground caused by the presence of iron oxide.
Wastewater changed color from gray to dark gray and ultimately black due to the
formation of metallic sulfides, as the sulfides produced anaerobically reacted with metals
in wastewater.
Some other colors (i.e. red blood) might caused by the constituents in industrial
wastewater.
Impact:
Aesthetically, colored waters are unacceptable.
May cause carcinogenic or mutanogenic (DNA altering) due to chlorinating the organic
compounds that caused the colorings.
Measurement:
Comparative method with standard color solution. Unit: TCU (True Color Unit), Hazen.
Application: 100 ADMI (Standard A) and 200 ADMI (Standard B) for industrial and leachate
discharge. None in sewage discharge.
Physical
Properties
Odor
Odorous compound
Odor, quality
Amines
Fishy
Ammonia
Ammoniacal
Diamines
Decayed flesh
Hydrogen Sulfide
Rotten eggs
Decayed cabbage
Skunk
Organic sulfides
Rotten cabbage
Skatole
Fecale matter
Physical
Properties
Turbidity
Turbidity meter
Physical
Properties
Solids
Definition: All the matter in wastewater that remains as residue upon evaporation at
103 to 105C.
Source:
(1) Contain organic/inorganic particulates i.e. biological solids such as algal cell, bacteria.
Impact:
(1) Undesirable due to its bitter taste.
(2) Will provide adsorption site for chemical/biological agents.
(3) Some solids may be pathogenic organisms causing diseases.
Measurement:
(1) Total solids burning them at 103 to 105C.
(2) Settleable solids settling them in Imhoff cone in a 60-minute period.
(3) Filterable solids filtering them through a glass-fiber filter (Whatman GF/C) with pore
size of 1.2 m.
(4) Volatile solids burning them in furnace at 550C.
Application:
50 mg/L SS (Standard A, EQA 1974) and 100 mg/L (Standard B) for sewage, industrial and
leachate discharge.
Chemical
Constituents
Organic Matter
Definition:
(1) Composed of a combination of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus and iron
may also be present.
(2) OM exists in a form of protein, carbohydrates, fats, oils & grease, surfactants, organic priority
pollutants, VOCs, pesticides, phenols.
(3) Two main components (a) easily degradable (b) not easily degradable (i.e. refractory, recalcitrant)
(4) Easily degradable organics through (a) utilization as food by microorganisms (b) oxidation (c)
reduction (d) aerobic processes (e) anaerobic processes
Source:
(1)
Originated from plants and animal.
(2)
Synthesis of organic compounds.
Impact:
(1)
Contaminate the receiving waters.
Measurement:
(1) BOD Test (2) COD Test (3) TOC (Total Organic Carbon) Test (4) SOUR Test
Application:
(1) 20 mg/L BOD and 120 mg/L of COD (Standard A, EQA 1974) and 50 mg/L BOD and 200 mg/L COD
(Standard B) for sewage discharge.
(2) 20 mg/L BOD (Standard A, EQA 1974) and 50 mg/L BOD (Standard B) for industrial discharge.
(3) 20 mg/L BOD and 400 mg/L COD (Standard B) for leachate discharge.
Carbohydrates (25-50%)
Include sugars, starches, cellulose and wood fibers.
Contains C, H and O.
Surfactants
Mainly from
synthetic
detergent.
Org. Priority
Pollutants
Either
carcinogenic,
mutagenic,
teratogenic or
acute toxic.
VOCs
Organic compounds
that have a boiling
point < 100C or a
vapor pressure
>1mm Hg (i.g. vinyl
chloride).
Pesticides
Phenols
From
agricultural
and parks
surface runoff.
Mainly
from
petroleum
products.
COD
test
BOD
test
TOC
test
SOUR
test
= initial DO
= final DO
= Decimal fraction of sample in 300 mL bottle
ultimate BOD
= remaining BOD at time t
=
Thus, 5-day BOD means 5
=
= ( )
= of wastewater
= 1
6
= 1
6
Or, in linear form
1
3
2
3
6 1/3
t +
Y axis =
X axis =
Slope =
2
3
6 1/3
Y interception =
1/3
1/3
60(
)
( )
2
)
.