18.

1 SOLUTIONS

1427

CHAPTER EIGHTEEN
Solutions for Section 18.1
Exercises
1. Positive, because the vectors are longer on the portion of the path that goes in the same direction as the vector field.
2. Negative because the vector field points in the opposite direction to the path.
3. Positive, because the vector field points in the same direction as the path.
4. Zero, because, by symmetry, the positive integral along the left half of the path cancels the negative integral along the
right half.
5. Negative, because the vector field points in the opposite direction to the path.
6. Zero, because the positive contributions on the upper half of the path cancel the negative contributions on the lower half
of the path.
~ is perpendicular to the curve at every point along it,
7. Since F

~ d~r = 0.
F

~ = 2~j and is parallel to the curve. Thus,

8. At every point along the curve, F

~ d~r = 2 Length of curve = 2 5 = 10.

F

~ is a constant vector field and the curve is a line,

9. Since F

~ d~r = F
~ ~r , where ~r = 7~j . Therefore,
F

~ d~r = (3~i + 4~j ) 7~j = 28

F

~ is perpendicular to the line, the line integral is 0.

10. Since F
11. Only the ~i -component contributes to the integral, so

~ d~r = 6 Length of path = 6 (7 3) = 24.

F

12. The path is along the y-axis, so only the ~j -component contributes to the line integral. Since C is oriented in the ~j
direction, we have
Z
(x~i + 6~j ~k ) d~r = 6 Length of path = 6 8 = 48.
C

13. At every point, the vector field is parallel to segments ~r = x~i of the curve. Thus,

~ d~r =
F

6
2

x~i dx~i =

6
2

x2 
xdx =
= 16.
2 2

~ does not contribute to the line integral. Since ~r = x~i , we have

14. The ~j -component of F

~ d~r =
F

6
2

(x~i + y~j ) dx~i =

6
2

x2 
= 16.
xdx =
2 2

1428

Chapter Eighteen /SOLUTIONS

~ is parallel to ~r . Suppose r is the distance from the point (x, y) to the origin, so k~r k = r.
15. At every point on the path, F

~
~
Then F ~r = kF kk~r k = rr. At the start of the path, r = 22 + 22 = 2 2 and at the end r = 6 2. Thus,

~ d~r =
F

6 2

2 2

62

r2 
= 32.
rdr =
2 22

16. The path is parallel to the z-axis, so the vector field is perpendicular to the path at every point. Thus, the line integral is 0.
17. Since the curve is along the y-axis, only the ~j component of the vector field contributes to the integral:

(2~j + 3~k ) d~r =

2~j d~r = 2 Length of C = 2 10 = 20.

18. The vector field x~i + y~j + z~k points radially outward and is everywhere perpendicular to the unit circle. Thus, the line
integral is 0.

Problems
19. (a) See Table 18.1.
Table 18.1
(x, y)

~ (x, y)
F

(0, 1)

~i
~
i + ~j

(1, 1)
(2, 1)
(3, 1)
(4, 1)
(4, 0)

~i + 4~j
~i + 9~j
~i + 16~j


3

(4, 2)
(4, 3)

3~i + 16~j

2
1

16~j

~i + 16~j
2~i + 16~j

(4, 1)


6

Figure 18.1

(b) See Figure 18.1.

(c) From the point (0, 1) to the point (4, 1), the x-component of the force field is always 1, i.e., it is pushing the
object backward with a constant force of 1. Thus, the work done on that part of the path is 1 4 = 4, because
only the horizontal component of the force field contributes to work.
From the point (4, 1) to the point (4, 3), the y-component of the force field is always 16, so it is pushing the
object forward with force of 16. Thus, the work done on that part of the path is 16 4 = 64, because only the vertical
component of the force field contributes to work.
So the total work done is 4 + 64 = 60.
R
~ d~r is a sum of the line integrals of F
~ over each of its three straight segments, which we can compute
20. The integral C F
separately:

PQ

~ d~r = P~Q F
~ = (4~i + 2~j ) ~i = 4
F

QR

~ d~r = QR
~ F
~ = (~i + 2~j ) (2~i ~j ) = 4
F

RS

~ d~r = RS
~ F
~ = (2~i 2~j ) (3~i + ~j ) = 8
F

~ d~r = 4 4 8 = 8.
F

1429

18.1 SOLUTIONS

21. Since itR appears that C1 is everywhere perpendicular to the vector field, all of the dot products in the line integral are zero,
~ d~r 0. Along the path C2 the dot products of F
~ with ~
hence C F
ri are all positive, so their sum is positive and
R1
R
~ d~r <
~ d~r . For C3 the vectors ~
~ , so the dot
we have
F
F
ri are in the opposite direction to the vectors of F
C1

C2

~ ~
products F
ri are all negative; so,

C3

C3

~ d~r < 0. Thus, we have

F
~ d~r <
F

C1

~ d~r <
F

C2

~ d~r
F

22. The force has no horizontal component. Therefore the (positive) work done in the first half of C 1 will be exactly canceled
by the (negative) work done in the second half, so the total work over the path C 1 is zero. The same holds true for C2 ,
~ is constant and because the horizontal part of C2
again by virtue of the vertical symmetry of the path and the fact that F
contributes zero work. For C3 , the total work will be greater than zero, since the diagonal part of C 3 is in the same general
~ and the horizontal part of C3 contributes zero work.
direction as F
23. The line integral along C1 is positive; the line integrals along C2 and C3 appear to be zero.
24. The line integral along C1 appears to be zero, the line integral along C2 is positive, and the line integral along C3 is
negative.
25. The line integral along C1 is negative, the line integral along C2 is negative, and the line integral along C3 appears to be
zero.
26. The line integral along C1 appears to be 0, the line integral along C2 is negative, and the line integral along C3 is positive.
~ and 10~i is positive if a > 0. There are no restrictions on b and c.
27. The dot product of F
~ does not contribute to the line integral. Since the line integral of y~i around C is negative, for the
28. The ~k component of F
~ to be positive, we need a < 0. No restriction on c is needed.
line integral of F
~ is in the same direction as C if b > 0, so we want b < 0. No restriction is needed on c.
29. The vector field F
30. For any value of a, the vector field ay~i ax~j is perpendicular to the vector ~i + ~j + ~k which is in the direction of C.
~ is in the direction of C if the coefficient of ~k is positive, that is, if
Thus a can take any value. The ~k component of F
c > 1.
31. The line C is parallel to the z-axis, so a~i + b~j does not contribute to the line integral. Thus, there are no restrictions on
~ and ~k is negative if c > 3.
a and b. The dot product of F
32. The vector field is F (~r ) = ~r . See Figure 18.2. The vector field is perpendicular to the circular arcs at every point, so

Also, since it is radially symmetric,

So,

C1

C2

=
C

~ d~r =
F

C3

~ d~r =
F

+
C1

+
C2

~ d~r = 0.
F

C4

~ d~r .
F
+

C3

= 0.
C4

y
y
2
2

C4

C4
1

1
C1
2C 3
3

1
2

C1

C2

x
2

C3

1
C2
2

Figure 18.2

Figure 18.3

1430

Chapter Eighteen /SOLUTIONS

~ (x, y) ~r (x, y) = 0
33. This vector field is illustrated in Figure 18.3. It is perpendicular to C 2 and C4 at every point, since F
and C2 and C4 are radial line segments, then

C2

~ d~r =
F

C4

~ d~r = 0.
F

Since C3 is longer than C1 , and the vector field is larger in magnitude along C3 , the line integral along C3 has greater
absolute value than that along C1 . The line integral along C3 is positive and the line integral along C1 is negative, so

~ d~r =
F

C3

~ d~r +
F

C1

~ d~r > 0.
F

See Figure 18.3.

~ (x, y) ~r (x, y) = 0
34. This vector field is illustrated in Figure 18.4. It is perpendicular to C 2 and C4 at every point, since F
and C2 and C4 are radial line segments, then

C2

~ d~r =
F

C4

~ d~r = 0.
F

Since C3 is longer than C1 , and the vector field is larger in magnitude along C3 , the line integral along C3 has greater
absolute value than that along C1 . The line integral along C1 is positive and the line integral along C3 is negative, so

~ d~r =
F

C3

~ d~r +
F

C1

~ d~r < 0.
F

See Figure 18.4.

35. Since it does not depend on y, this vector field is constant along vertical lines, x = constant. Now let us consider two
points P and Q on C1 which lie on the same vertical line. Because C1 is symmetric with respect to the x-axis, the tangent
~ has only
vectors at P and Q will be symmetric with respect to the vertical axis so their sum is a vertical vector. But F
~ (~r (P ) + ~r (Q)) = 0. As F
~ is constant along vertical lines (so F
~ (P ) = F
~ (Q)),
horizontal component and thus F
we obtain
~ (P ) ~r (P ) + F
~ (Q) ~r (Q) = 0.
F
Summing these products and making k~r k 0 gives us

C1

~ d~r = 0.
F

~ d~r = 0.
The same thing happens on C3 , so C F
3
Now let P be on C2 and Q on C4 lying on the same vertical line. The respective tangent vectors are symmetric with
respect to the vertical axis hence they add up to a vertical vector and a similar argument as before gives
~ (P ) ~r (P ) + F
~ (Q) ~r (Q) = 0
F
and

and so

See Figure 18.5.

C2

~ d~r +
F

C4

~ d~r = 0
F

~ d~r = 0.
F

18.1 SOLUTIONS

1431

y
y

2
2

C4

C4

C4

C1
x
1

C3

x
2

C3

C2

C1

C1 2

3
C3

1
C2

Figure 18.4

C2

Figure 18.5

Figure 18.6

~ (x, y) is perpendicular to the position vector ~r (x, y) = x~i + y~j because

36. First of all, F
~ (x, y) ~r (x, y) =
F

xy
xy
+ 2
= 0.
x2 + y 2
x + y2

~ is inversely proportional to the distance from the origin because

Also the magnitude of F
~ (x, y)k =
kF

x2 + y 2
1
=
.
x2 + y 2
k~r (x, y)k

~ is perpendicular to C2 and C4 and therefore

So F

C2

~ d~r =
F

C4

~ d~r = 0.
F

~ has the same direction as the tangent vector which is approxiSuppose R is the radius of C3 . On C3 , the vector field F
mated by ~r , so we have
~ ~r = kF
~ k k~r k = 1 k~r k.
F
R
When all these products are summed and the limit is taken as k~r k 0, we get

~ d~r = 1
F
R
C3
=

C3

kd~r k

1
(length of C3 ) = measure of the arc C3 in radians.
R

~ is in the opposite direction to the tangent vector

Similarly, suppose r is the radius of C1 . On C1 , the vector field F
which is approximated by ~r . Hence we have

~ d~r = 1
F
r
C1

C1

kd~r k

1
= ( (length of C1 )) = (measure of C1 in radians).
r

Since C1 and C3 have the same measure in radians, we have

~ d~r =
F

C1

=
See Figure 18.6.

~ d~r +
F

C2

~ d~r +
F

+ 0 + (+ ) + 0 = 0.
2
2

C3

~ d~r +
F

C4

~ d~r
F

1432

Chapter Eighteen /SOLUTIONS

37. (a) See Figure 18.7.

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

(iv)

Figure 18.7
(b) For (i) and (iii) a closed curve can be drawn; not for the others.
38. (a) The path C is a line segment, tangent to T~ = ~i + ~j at every point. Because the path C is on the line y = x we have
~ (x, y) = 2~i 2~j on C. Hence T~ F
~ = 0, which shows that C and F
~ are perpendicular at every point of C. The
F
Rangle between them in /2.
~ d~r = 0 because F
~ and C are perpendicular at every point of C.
(b) C F

39. (a) The path C is a line segment, tangent to T~ = ~i + ~j at every point. Because the path C is on the line y = x we have
~ (x, y) = 2~i + 2~j = 2T~ on C. Thus F
~ is tangent to C at every point and points in the direction of the orientation
F
~ is 0.
of C. The angle between C and F

~ k = k2~i + 2~j k = 2 2.
(b) On C we have kF

~ is everywhere tangent to C in the direction of the orientation

(c) The path C has length 5 2.Since the vector field F
and of constant magnitude 2 2 we have
Z

~ d~r = kF
~ k Length of C = 2 2 5 2 = 20.
F
C

40. The line integral is defined by chopping the curve C into little pieces, C i , and forming the sum

X
Ci

~ ~r .
F

When the pieces are small, ~r is approximately tangent to Ci , and its magnitude is approximately equal to the length of
~ and ~r are almost parallel, the dot product is approximately equal to the
the little piece of curve Ci . This means that F
product of their magnitudes, i.e.,
~ ~r m (Length of Ci ).
F
When we sum all the dot products, we get

X
Ci

~ ~r
F

X
Ci

= m

m (Length of Ci )

(Length of Ci )

Ci

= m (Length of C)

18.1 SOLUTIONS

1433

~ (x, y) = y~j and the path C is the line from (0, 1) to (0, 1).
41. See Figure 18.8. The example chosen is the vector field F
~ ~r cancel out along C to give 0 for the line
Since the vectors are symmetric about the x-axis, the dot products F
integral. Many other answers are possible.
y

(0, 1)

(0, 1)

Figure 18.8

~ d~r = 0 for every closed curve C. Pick any two fixed points P1 , P2 and curves C1 , C2 each going from
42. Suppose C F
P1 to P2 . See Figure 18.9. Define C2 to be the same curve as C2 except in the opposite direction. Therefore, the curve
formed by traversing
C1 , followed by C2 in the opposite direction, written as C1 C2 , is a closed curve, so by our
R
~ d~r = 0. However, we can write
assumption, C C F
1

~ d~r =
F

C1 C2

~ d~r
F

C1

C2

~ d~r
F

since C2 and C2 are the same except for direction. Therefore,

so

C1

~ d~r
F

C1

C2

~ d~r =
F

~ d~r = 0,
F

C2

~ d~r .
F

Since C1 and C2 are any two curves with the endpoints

P1 , P2 , this gives the desired result namely, that
R
R fixing endpoints
~ d~r . In other words, the value of the integral
~ d~r does not
and direction uniquely determines the value of C F
F
C
depend on the path taken. We say the line integral is path-independent.
P2
C1

C2

P1

Figure 18.9
43. Pick any closed curve C. Choose two distinct points P1 , P2 on C. Let C1 , C2 be the two curves from P1 to P2 along C.
See Figure 18.9. Let C2 be the same as C2 , except in the opposite direction. Thus, C1 C2 = C. Therefore,

~ d~r =
F

C1 C2

~ d~r =
F

C1

~ d~r
F

C2

~ d~r
F

1434

Chapter Eighteen /SOLUTIONS

since C2 and C2 differ only in direction.

But C1R and C2 have the same endpoints (P1 and P2 ) and same direction (P1
R
~ d~r =
~ d~r . Therefore,
to P2 ), so by assumption we have C F
F
C
1

~ d~r =
F

C1

~ d~r
F

C2

~ d~r = 0.
F

44. Figure 18.10 shows the wind velocity vectors on each side of the square, where the speed is v meter/sec on the south
side and (v 12) meter/sec on the north side. The circulation is the sum of the line integrals along the four sides of the
square. The line integrals along the eastern and western edges are both zero, since the wind velocity is perpendicular to
these edges. The integral to the right along the south side equals (1000 km)(v meter/sec) = v 10 6 meter2 /sec, and
the integral to the left along the north side equals (1000 km)((v 12) meter/sec) = (v 12) 10 6 meter2 /sec.
Total circulation = v 106 + (v 12) 106 = 1.2 107 meter2 /sec.
(v 12) meter/sec

1000 km

1000 km

v meter/sec

Figure 18.10: Wind velocity across a

square
~ , we expect the answer to be negative.
45. Let r = k~r k. Since ~r points outward, in the opposite direction to F

~ d~r =
F

GM m~r
d~r =
r3

10000
8000

GM m
dr
r2

10000


GM m 
1
1
=
GM
m
=

r 8000
10000
8000

= 2.5 105 GM m.

~ , we expect a negative answer. We take the upper

46. Let r = k~r k. Since ~r points outward, in the opposite direction to F
limit to be r = , so the integral is improper.

~ d~r =
F

= lim

GM m~r
d~r =
r3

8000

GM m
dr
r2

GM m
1
GM m 
1

dr = lim

= lim GM m
2

b
b
r
r
b
8000
8000
8000
b

GM m
8000

~ , so the force applied in moving the particle against the field is

47. The force of the field on the particle at each point is E
~ , so
E
Z
~ d~r
E
(P ) =
C

where C is a path from P0 to P .

18.1 SOLUTIONS

1435

~
48. Any point P which is a units from
R the origin can be reached from P0 by a path C lying on the sphere of radius a. Since E
~
is perpendicular to the sphere, C E d~r = 0, so (P ) = 0. On the other hand, if P does not lie on the sphere of radius a,
it can be reached by a path consisting of two pieces, C1 and
R C2 , one lying on the sphereR of radius a and one going straight
~ d~r 6= 0, since E
~ is parallel
~ d~r = 0 as before, but
E
along a line radiating from the origin (see Figure 18.11). C E
C2
1
R
R
~ d~r .
~
E
E d~r =
to C2 and always points out. Thus, if C is the path consisting of C1 followed by C2 , we have

C2

~ d~r is always positive or always negative along the path C which joins P 0 to P . Hence the set of points with
Thus C E
potential zero is the sphere of radius a.
P

z
C2
C1

P0
y

Figure 18.11

49. In Problem 48 we saw that the surface where the potential is zero is a sphere of radius a. Let S be any sphere centered at
the origin, and let P1 be a point on S, and C1 a path from P0 to P1 . If P is any point on S, then P can be reached from
P
R 0 by a path, C, consisting of C1 followed by C2 , where C2 is a path from P1 to P lying entirely on the sphere, S. Then
~ d~r = 0, since E
~ is perpendicular to the sphere. So
E
C
2

(P ) =

~ d~r =
E

~ d~r
E

C1

C2

~ d~r =
E

C1

~ d~r = (P1 ).
E

Thus, is constant on S. The equipotential surfaces are spheres centered at the origin.
50. (a) Suppose P is b units from the origin. Then P can be reached by a path, C, consisting of two pieces, C 1 and C2 , one
lying on the sphere of radius a and one going straight along a line radiating from the origin (see Figure 18.11). We
~ ~r = 0 on C1 , and, writing r = k~r k, we have E
~ ~r = ||E
~ ||r on C2 , so
have E
(P ) =

= 0

~ d~r =
E
b
a

C1

~ d~r
E

~ || dr = 0
||E

b
a

C2

~ d~r
E

Q 1
dr
4 r2

Q 1 b
Q 1
Q 1
=

.
 =
4 r a
4 b
4 a

Let P be the point with position vector ~r . Then

(~r ) =

Q 1
Q 1
+
.
4 a
4 ||~r ||

(b) If we let a in the formula for , the first term goes to zero and we get the simpler expression
(~r ) =

Q 1
.
4 ||~r ||