Engineering Standards

Standard

4925
Page

1 of 6
STANDARD FOR PURCHASE OF
INDUCTION PIPE BENDS

Issue Date

Rev. No.
Date

1.

03/88
2
08/93

SCOPE
This standard covers the requirements for the procedure qualification and induction bending of steel pipe for use in
natural gas pipelines. Pipe to be bent may be supplied by either the Company or the Manufacturer as specified in
the purchase documents or specification sheet herein.

2.

CODES AND STANDARDS

2.1

The pipe used for bending shall meet the requirements of API 5L, as modified by Company Engineering
Standard 4905 or an applicable ASTM standard referenced by 49 CFR Part 192 and mutually agreed to by
the Company and the Manufacturer. In addition, for grades X60 and higher, the pipe shall contain a
minimum of 0.020% niobium and shall have a minimum carbon equivalent (CE) of 0.34%. Maximum
CE shall be 0.42%.

2.2

Pipe bends shall meet the requirements of International Pipe Association Voluntary Induction Bending
Standard (IPA-VIBS-86) and this standard.

3.

PRE-PRODUCTION REQUIREMENTS
Manufacturer shall submit, or have on file with the Company, the following for approval prior to making
production bends.

4.

3.1

A procedure qualified for making pipe bends meeting the requirements of this standard using pipe from
the same heat and of the same size, wall thickness and grade specified herein. The manufacturing
procedure shall be either qualified by testing in accordance with Section 4 of this standard or one
previously qualified by the Manufacturer.

3.2

Details of the manufacturing procedure qualification testing, including the results of the non-destructive
inspection and mechanical testing of the trial bend.

3.3

Details on dimensional changes caused by the bending process.

3.4

Proposed shipping and handling procedures and shipping schedule for finished bends.

PROCEDURE QUALIFICATION TESTING

4.1

General
4.1.1

The Manufacturer shall perform procedure qualification testing of each bend size, wall
thickness and grade combination to be produced.

4.1.2

One pipe selected from the same heat from which pipes for bending were manufactured shall
be bent using the bending procedure and thermal and mechanical treatments that will be
applied to the production bends.

4.1.3

The finished test bend must meet the mechanical test requirements below and the nondestructive inspection requirements in Section 6 of this standard. See illustration below of
required mechanical test samples and locations.

* Indicates revised paragraph, this Rev. No.

Standard

Engineering Standards

4925
Page

2 of 6
STANDARD FOR PURCHASE OF
INDUCTION PIPE BENDS

Issue Date

03/88
2
08/93

Rev. No.
Date

No. & Type Specimens Each Location

(1) 2 tensile
1 set of 3 Charpy
2 DWTT (if specified)
1 hardness
(2) 2 tensile
1 set of 3 Charpy
2 DWTT (if specified)
1 hardness
(3) 4 tensile (2 top & 2 bottom)
2 sets of 3 Charpy on weld seam
1 set of 3 Charpy on body (top or bottom)
4 DWTT (if specified, 2 top & 2 bottom)
1 hardness
(4) 2 tensile
1 set of 3 Charpy
(5) 2 sets of 3 Charpy on weld seam

4.3
*

Outside
Radius
(1)

(4)

(3) Neutral
Axis
(2) Inside
Radius
(5)

Longitudinal Weld Seam

4.2.1

The actual yield strength shall not exceed the yield strength as reported on the pipe mill test
by more than 15 ksi and shall not be less than the specified minimum yield strength.

4.2.2

The ratio of yield to tensile strength shall not exceed 0.90.

4.2.3

Transverse weld tensile test requirements shall apply to all longitudinal, spiral and
circumferential welds and shall meet the yield and ultimate strength requirements and 75% of
the elongation requirements of API 5L as modified by Engineering Standard 4905.

Charpy Impact Tests for Pipe Body Bends

4.3.1

Three (3) Charpy V-notch transverse specimens shall be cut from each of the following three
(4) locations: the areas of maximum bending on the inside and outside radius areas, from the
top or bottom neutral axis and one tangent end.

4.3.2

The specimens shall be tested in accordance with ASTM A370 at the specified temperature
and shall meet the specified notch toughness properties.

4.4

Charpy Impact Tests for Longitudinal Welds

4.4.1

Samples shall consist of two (2) sets of three (3) transverse specimens from the longitudinal
seam taken from each of the following two (2) locations: the top or bottom neutral axis in the
bend and in one tangent end.

4.4.2

One set of samples shall be prepared with through-wall oriented notches in the center of the
weld; the other set shall be prepared with through-wall oriented notches lying as much as
possible in the heat affected zone.

4.4.3

The specimens shall be tested in accordance with ASTM A370 at the specified temperature
and shall meet the specified notch toughness properties.

4.5

Drop Weight Tear Tests

* Indicates revised paragraph, this Rev. No.

Engineering Standards

Standard

4925
Page

3 of 6
STANDARD FOR PURCHASE OF
INDUCTION PIPE BENDS

Issue Date

Rev. No.
Date

4.6

5.

03/88
2
08/93

4.5.1

When specified, drop-weight-tear tests shall be conducted in accordance with API 5L. For
pipe having nominal wall thickness greater than 0.75 inch, the test procedure shall be subject
to approval by the Company.

4.5.2

Two (2) specimens shall be cut from each of following four (4) locations: the area of
maximum bending on the inside and outside radius areas and the top and bottom neutral axis.

4.5.3

The specimens shall be tested at the specified temperature and, unless specified otherwise, the
average shear area of two (2) specimens from any sample location shall not be less than 60%.

4.5.4

Energy absorbed by each specimen during drop-weight-tear tests shall be reported.

Hardness Tests
4.6.1

Micro hardness traverses shall be performed using a 500g load on one (1) specimen from each
of the following four (4) locations: the area of maximum bending in the inside and outside
radius areas and the top and bottom neutral axis.

4.6.2

For all welds, the macro and micro hardness of the weld metal and heat affected zone shall not
exceed a maximum Vickers hardness of 280 Hv10 or equivalent.

BENDING PROCEDURE
5.1

All production bends shall be made in accordance with qualified and approved procedures.

5.2

The seam weld of longitudinally welded pipe shall be located at the neutral axis of the finished bend. If
seamless pipe is used, it shall be inspected for wall thickness variations and the thickest part of the pipe
wall shall be oriented to the outside of the bend.

5.3

Unless specified otherwise, all pipe shall be grit blasted prior to bending.

6.

INSPECTION
6.1

Bends shall be free of loose mill scale, foreign matter, oil or grease and shall be clean and dry for final
inspection.

6.2

Defects and Defect Repair

Each pipe bend shall be inspected for injurious defects. Definition and allowable repair of injurious
defects shall be in accordance with API 5L as modified by Engineering Standard 4905. All repaired areas
shall be inspected using liquid penetrant or magnetic particle inspection.

6.3

Liquid Penetrant or Magnetic Particle Inspection

Each production bend shall be examined using liquid penetrant or magnetic particle techniques for surface
defects on the inside and outside radius areas. The finished bend shall contain no surface cracks.

6.4

Ultrasonic Inspection

* Indicates revised paragraph, this Rev. No.

Engineering Standards

Standard

4925
Page

4 of 6
STANDARD FOR PURCHASE OF
INDUCTION PIPE BENDS

Issue Date

Rev. No.
Date

03/88
2
08/93

All welds shall be 100% inspected after bending using an ultrasonic tech nique. Equipment, reference
standards and acceptance criteria shall be in accordance with API 5L.

7.

6.5

Hardness Tests

Each production bend shall be hardness tested. Surface hardness readings shall be taken after final heat
treatment in each circumferential quadrant at the beginning of the heat zone, at the end of the heat zone
and in the center of the sweep (12 hardness readings per bend). The inside and outside radius areas of the
pipe bend and any start-stop areas shall be visually examined to detect irregularities in the pipe bend
curvature which may indicate hard spots. The hardness of the pipe body shall not exceed 280 H v10 or
equivalent.

6.6

Dimensional Tolerances
6.6.1

The outside diameter of the pipe bend shall not be reduced in any circumferential plane by
more than 2.5% of the nominal pipe diameter and shall meet the requirements of API 5L for a
distance of 4 inches from each end.

6.6.2

The maximum difference between any two outside diameter measurements in any
circumferential plane shall not exceed 5% of the specified diameter and shall not exceed 1%
of the specified diameter within 4 inches of the pipe end.

6.6.3

Completed bends shall have a wall thickness that is not less than the minimum permitted by
API 5L for the wall thickness specified for the bend.

PLANT ACCESS
7.1

Company may specify and perform additional tests to be performed by the Company, the Manufacturer or
a third party agency to verify compliance with this standard.

7.2

Manufacturer shall provide Company representatives reasonable access to pipe, inspection instruments or
machinery pertinent to the work covered by this standard.

7.3

Inspection by the Company or its agents shall not relieve the Manufacturer of responsibility for meeting
the requirements of this standard.

* Indicates revised paragraph, this Rev. No.

Engineering Standards

Standard

4925
Page

5 of 6
STANDARD FOR PURCHASE OF
INDUCTION PIPE BENDS

Issue Date

Rev. No.
Date

8.

03/88
2
08/93

HYDROSTATIC TESTING
When specified, the manufacturer shall test each finished pipe bend to a pressure that will result in a
circumferential stress equivalent to 90% of the specified minimum yield strength without leakage or impairment to
serviceability of the pipe bend. The test pressure shall be maintained and recorded for a period of five (5) minutes.
The ends of the pipe bend shall be restrained in a manner to prevent deformation of the bend during hydrostatic
testing.

9.

MARKING
The following information shall be painted on the inside surface of each bend.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.

10.

Company Purchase Order No.

Manufacturer's name or mark
Outside diameter in inches
Wall thickness in inches
Pipe grade in ksi
Pipe mfr. and heat number
Bend radius in feet
Bend angle in degrees
If applicable, stress relief (SR) and stress relief temp. (e.g. SR 1150)
Test pressure, if hydrostatic test specified

DAMAGES
Manufacturer shall reimburse Company for fair value of the pipe as documented by pipe purchase order, including
applicable transportation, for bends fabricated by the manufacturer not meeting the requirements of this standard
and for pipe damaged while under the control and care of the Manufacturer.

11.

DOCUMENTATION
11.1

Records of the results of all non-destructive testing and the pipe mill test report for any pipe supplied by
the Manufacturer shall be supplied to the Company.

11.2

Manufacturer shall certify in writing to the Company, upon completion of the order, that the pipe bends
furnished were manufactured in accordance with the applicable qualified and approved procedures and
meet all applicable specifications.

* Indicates revised paragraph, this Rev. No.

Engineering Standards

Standard

4925
Page

6 of 6
STANDARD FOR PURCHASE OF
INDUCTION PIPE BENDS

Issue Date

Rev. No.
Date

SPECIFICATION SHEET
Location:
Project:
Prepared By:
Date:
Purchase Order No.

Revision:

Requisition No.
Project No.
Approved By:
Revised Date:
P.O. Date:

SERVICE REQUIREMENTS
Item Number
Tag Number
Service Fluid
Pipe
Quantity Delivered (ft)
Size (inches O.D.)
Wall Thickness (inches)
Grade
Manufacturing Process
Pipe Bends
Quantity Required (No.)
Bend Radius (feet)
Bend Angle (degrees)
Wall Thickness
End Finish
SUPPLEMENTAL REQUIREMENTS
Test Temperature (F)
DWTT Required (yes/no)
Avg. Shear Area (%)
Charpy V-Notch Energy
Specimen (1/2, 2/3, Full)
Specimen Min. (ft-lbs)
3-Specimen Avg. (ft-lbs)
OPTIONAL REQUIREMENTS
Test Temperature (F)
DWTT Required (yes/no)
NOTES
1. Pipe purchase specification (ES 4905) and mill test report to be provided by Company.
2.
3.

* Indicates revised paragraph, this Rev. No.

03/88
2
08/93