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I. INTRODUCTION
0
0
0 0
0
0
0 0
(2)
0
Where,
.
(4)
(1)
Fig. 1. The three phase controlled rectifier used in the proposed system.
(5)
3
2
0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0
0
(6)
(7)
B. Vector Decoupling Technique
Two nested loops have been utilized to realize DC voltage
and input current control simultaneously. The outer loop is for
controlling the DC bus voltage. In this loop, the proposed
smart controller is utilized. Whereas, in the inner loop current
control is realized. PI controllers have been tuned and utilized
in controller. As we used the d-q transformation, PI controllers
are now working on three DC signals, which helps eliminating
steady state errors.
Moreover, in order to enhance the performance of current
control loop, the decoupling term (wLid) and (wLiq) have been
included while calculating the rectifiers input voltages for
and
, respectively. These voltages are the
modulation signals for the PWM technique. The equations
used in building the controller are given by (8) and (9),
(8)
(9)
Figure (2) shows a block diagram of the controller used in
this paper.
(a)
Fig. 5. Currents of the grid connected to the DC system under study, (a) simulation results, (b) experimental results.
(b)
(a)
Fig. 6. Unity power factor operation of the proposed controlled rectifier, (a) simulation results, (b) experimental results.
(b)
(a)
Fig. 7. Controlled rectifiers response to a load step change, (a) simulation results, (b) experimental results.
(b)
Ia
Va (Volts), Ia (Amps)
(a)
(b)
Fig. 8. Controlled rectifiers response to output voltage reference change, (a) experimental results, (b) simulation results.
Va
100
0
-100
2.1
2.15
2.2
2.25
2.3
2.35
2.1
2.15
2.2
2.25
Time (Sec)
2.3
2.35
1A
3A
Idc (Amps)
4
3
2
1
0
Idc
Ia
Va
Va (Volts), Ia (Amps)
(a)
(b)
Fig. 9. Controlled Bi-directional response to DC current reference change 1-3 Amps, (a) experimental results, (b) simulation results.
100
0
-100
4.45
4.5
4.55
4.6
4.65
4.7
4.45
4.5
4.55
4.6
Time (Sec)
4.65
4.7
1A
Idc (Amps)
3A
2
1
0
Ia
Va
Va (Volts), Ia (Amps)
Idc
(a)
(b)
Fig. 10. Controlled Bi-directional response to DC current reference change 3-1 Amps, (a) (a) experimental results, (b) simulation results.
100
0
-100
1.95
2.05
2.1
2.15
2.2
2.25
2.3
2.35
1.95
2.05
2.1
2.15
Time (Sec)
2.2
2.25
2.3
2.35
-3 A
-1 A
Idc (Amps)
0
-1
-2
-3
-4
Idc
(a)
(b)
Fig. 11. Controlled Bi-directional response to DC current reference change (-3)-(-1) Amps, (a) experimental results, (b) simulation results.
V. CONCLUSIONS
In this paper, a DC distribution system has been designed
and implemented. Different aspects related to such design
have like, DC bus voltage control grid connectivity have been
addressed. The system under study is dependent mainly on
sustainable energy sources. The main contributions of this
paper can be summarized as follows:
V a (Volts), Ia (Amps)
Va
Ia
200
100
0
-100
-200
2.05
2.1
2.15
2.05
2.1
2.15
2.2
2.25
2.3
2.35
2.4
2.25
2.3
2.35
2.4
Idc (Amps)
-3 A
0
-2
-4
Idc
3A
2.2
Time (Sec)
Ia
Va (Volts), Ia (Amps)
(a)
(b)
Fig. 12. Controlled Bi-directional response to DC current reference change (-2)-(3) Amps, (a) simulation results, (b) experimental results.
Va
100
0
-100
4.7
4.75
4.8
4.85
4.9
4.7
4.75
4.8
Time (Sec)
4.85
4.9
3A
-3 A
Idc (Amps)
Idc
2
0
-2
-4
(a)
(b)
Fig. 13. Controlled Bi-directional response to DC current reference change (3)-(-3) Amps, (a) simulation results, (b) experimental results.
[6]
[7]
[8]
3. vector decoupling controlled SPWM bi-directional ACDC/DC-AC converter has been designed and implemented
allow power sharing between the AC and DC grids.
VI. REFERENCES
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[9]
[10]
[11]
[12]
[13]
[14]
[15]
[16]
IEEE PES Winter Meeting, New York, NY, USA, pp. 789-794, Jan.
2002.
Y. Li, and C. Kao An Accurate Power Control Strategy for PowerElectronics interfaced Distributed Generation Units Operating in a LowVoltage Multibus Microgrid, IEEE Trans. on Power Electronics, vol.
24, no. 12, pp. 2977-2988, Dec. 2009.
J. Hammerstrom, AC Versus DC Distribution Systems --- Did We Get
Right?, IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting, 2007, pp.
1-5
K. Engelen, E. L. Shun, P. Vermeyen, L. Pardon, R. Dhulst, J. Driesen
and R. Belmans, The Feasibilty of Small-Scale Residential DC
Distribution Systems IEEE Industrial Electronics Conf., IECON, 2006,
pp. 2618-2623
Nilsson and A. Sannino, Efficiency analysis of low- and medium
voltage dc distribution systems, IEEE PES General Meeting, 2004.
Salomonsson and A. Sannino, Low-Voltage DC distribution system for
commercial power systems with sensitive electronic loads, IEEE Trans.
on power delivery, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 1620-1627, July 2007
D. Salomonsson, L. Soder and A. Sannino, Protection of low voltage
DC microgrids, IEEE Trans. on power delivery, vol. 24, no. 3, pp.
1045-1053, July 2009
M. E. Baran and N. R. Mahajan, DC Distribution for industrial
systems: opportunities and challenges, IEEE Trans. on industrial
applications, vol. 39, no. 6, pp. 1596-1601, November/December 2003
Sannino, G. Postiglione and M. H. J. Bollen, Feasibility of a DC
network for commercial facilities, IEEE Trans. on industry
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K. Engelen, E. L. Shun, P. Vermeyen, L. Pardon, R. Dhulst, J. Driesen
and R. Belmans, The feasibilty of small-scale residential DC
distribution Systems IEEE Industrial Electronics Conf., IECON, 2006,
pp. 2618-2623
M. Brenna, E. Tironi and G. Ubezio, Proposal of a local dc distribution
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P. Mattavelli, L. Rossetto, G. Spiazzi and P. Tenti, General-purpose
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8
Ahmed Mohamed (El-Tallawy) was born in Minia,
Egypt in 1984. He received his B.Sc. degree from
the Faculty of Engineering, Minia University,
Minia, Egypt in 2006. From 2006 to 2009, he was a
research/teaching assistant in the Faculty of
Engineering, Minia University. He received the
M.Sc. degree from the Faculty of Engineering,
Minia University, Minia, Egypt in 2009. He is
currently a research assistant in the Electrical and
Computer Engineering Department, College of
Engineering and Computing, Florida International
University, Miami, Florida, USA. His current research interests are DC
Distribution, Renewable Energy Systems and Electrical Power Systems.
Energy Systems Research Laboratory, Electrical and Computer Engineering
Department, College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Florida
International University, 10555 W Flagler Street, Room EC-3925, Miami,
Florida 33174, USA, T +1 305-348-6194, Cell +1 786-975-4524.
.
Mohamed Elshaer was born on August 18, 1989,
in Alexandria, Egypt. In 2010, he received the
Bachelor of Science degree in Electrical
Engineering from the Electrical Engineering
Depart., Florida International University, Miami,
Florida, USA. From 2007 to 2008 he worked in
Hamilton Sundstrand Worldwide Repair Company,
Florida, USA. In the summer of 2008 he joined the
Office of Naval Research, Philadelphia, USA, there
he worked on the development of the finite
difference time domain for electromagnetic simulations. In fall 2008 he joined
the Energy Systems Research Laboratory at Florida International University,
Miami, Florida. He started by working on solving EMI issues of
electromagnetic fields using Finite element method. Then he started working
toward solving significant issues related to connectivity of renewable energy
sources in the DC distribution infrastructure. He started M.Sc degree in 2010
at Florida International University. He is currently a research assistant in the
Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Collage of Engineering and
Computing, Florida International University, Mimi, Florida, USA. His current
research interests are Renewable Energy Systems, Electrical Power Systems
and machine drives.