WESTERN WEEDS

ADDITIONS, DELETIONS AND NAME CHANGES

Based on CALMs FloraBase
Please see www.calm.wa.gov.au/science/florabase.html
for the latest information on names
B.M.J. HUSSEY and S.G. LLOYD
List compiled December 2002
Based on information obtained from various sources including the
Department of Conservation and Land Management's FloraBase. Every effort
has been made to try to ensure that these amendments are accurate, however
any errors or omissions which may occur are the responsibility of the
authors. The authors acknowledge John Hosking for his useful comments on
the text.
FOREWORD
I was not involved in the first meeting to discuss publishing Western Weeds - a Guide to the Weeds of Western Australia, but apparently
debate raged as to whether 500 or 1 000 copies should be published. In the end, the committee made a very bold decision and 2 000
copies were printed in September 1997. All 2 000 copies were sold before Christmas of that year. This was beyond the wildest dreams
of the authors and committee members of the Society, and another 2 000 copies were printed. These also sold out, and now another
1 500 copies have been printed. In addition, Western Weeds was made available through the Plant Protection Society webpage. As with
all publications, some errors slipped through despite careful checking and in addition there have been many taxonomic changes since
the first printing. Any errors identified, name changes that have been made since 1997, and newly naturalised species have been added
here. Since incorporating these in the published text would have been prohibitively expensive, the Society decided to produce this
Update, which can be used to amend the text.
Several new weeds have been found in Western Australia and in other States since the first print run of Western Weeds. Some of these
are just another species to add to the list of exotic flora, but others are major threats. In the latter category are the Northern Australia
Quarantine Strategy (NAQS) targets Cleome rutidosperma found in Darwin; and Mikania micrantha, Clidemia hirta and Limnocharis
flava in Queensland. Also found in the NT were Neurada procumbens, a plant with a burr similar to caltrop; an orchid from Singapore
(Eulophia graminea), found pushing its way through bitumen and concrete in Darwin; and a new infestation of Mimosa pigra only
about 100km from the WA border.
Within Western Australia, there were several new species including three first records of naturalisation for Australia - Laperousia anceps,
Cyperus surinamensis and Hypericum canariense - the latter two causing extreme concern. One prickly acacia (Acacia nilotica) tree was
found in the Kimberley and destroyed. Several serious weeds were found in cultivation: Senegal tea (Gymnocoronis spilanthoides) was
found on sale at a pond supplier; orange hawkweed (Hieracium aurantiacum) was found at a nursery despite being prohibited by
AQIS; and two infestations of horsetail (Equisetum hyemale) were found at nurseries. Other species of concern are African Acacia spp.
that were in cultivation at the Perth Zoo. As well as the obvious environmental threat, these thorny trees have the potential to invade
important temperate agricultural areas including the grainbelt so were eradicated by authorities.
Two weeds long naturalised have come to the attention of authorities and the media since publication. The toxic chincherinchee
(Ornithogalum thyrsoides) was responsible for sheep deaths at Tambellup in 1999, the first record for this type of poisoning for WA.
Small seeded dodder (Cuscuta planiflora) had been known from bushland for some 25 years but, in a world first, was found attacking
canola and lupin crops near Geraldton in 2001.
All these new records show the importance of careful surveillance and in having any unfamiliar or unusual plants identified. And most
important of all is the collection of appropriate specimens for identification and vouchering by the WA Herbarium.

Western Weeds Nomenclature update

Foreword cont.
Other major developments have occurred since the publication of Western Weeds:
1
2
3
4
5
6

the National Weeds Strategy was launched;

the 20 Weeds Of National Significance were named;
the Weed Plan for Western Australia a new strategy in the war on weeds was launched in October 2001;
the Cooperative Research Centre for Weed Management Systems ended and was re-born as the Cooperative Research Centre
for Australian Weed Management;
the Australian Weeds Committee was revived and revamped; and
the Plant Protection Society hosted the 13th Australian Weeds Conference in Perth in September 2002 with some five hundred
delegates attending, including several high-profile international delegates.

The Plant Protection Society committee and members have made an important decision about the name and future direction of the
Society. During this year, the name of the Society will be changed back to the Society's original name of Weeds Society of Western
Australia.

Sandy Lloyd
President, Plant Protection Society of WA (Inc.)
February 2003

NAME CHANGES, DELETIONS AND ADDITIONS

N.B. additions are plants confirmed as naturalised
FERNS AND GYMNOSPERMS
Page

Previous name, as used

in Western Weeds

Current name

Newly noted, or
confirmed naturalised
Azolla pinnata

12

12, 13

Sphaeropteris cooperi

Information
fronds regularly pinnate,
both Azolla spp. may be
native

Cyathea cooperi

MONOCOTYLEDONS
Page

Previous name, as used

in Western Weeds

Current name

Newly noted, or
confirmed naturalised
Crinum moorei
(in family ARACEAE)
Arum italicum

18
18
20, 21
20

Asparagus crispus

24

Cyperus hamulosus
Vallisneria americana
Babiana disticha

28, 29
32, 33
32
32, 33
32, 33
32, 33
34
34
35
36
36

Babiana stricta
Gynandriris setifolia
Hexaglottis lewisiae
Homeria flaccida
Homeria miniata
Homeria ochroleuca
Ixia viridiflora
Moraea pavonis
Ixia x viridiflora
Sisyrinchium iridifolium
Sparaxis grandiflora

Bindoon to Wokalup
creekline, Dardanup

Asparagus declinatus
Asparagus plumosus

28
28, 29

Information

Babiana nana

rampant vine, Perth and

Bunbury
small annual, curry smell,
pastoral areas
now not considered native
two-lipped flower, Perth,
Albany and Busselton

Babiana angustifolia
Moraea setifolia
Moraea lewisiae
Moraea flaccida
Moraea miniata
Moraea ochroleuca
Ixia polystachya
delete
Ixia polystachya
includes Meelup population
Sparaxis bulbifera
2

Western Weeds Nomenclature update

MONOCOTYLEDONS cont.
Page
36, 37
36
38, 39
42
42
44
44
44, 45
46
46
46
46, 47
48, 49
56
56

Previous name, as used

in Western Weeds
Watsonia bulbillifera

Monadenia bracteata

Arrhenatherum elatius
var. bulbosum
Avena sterilis subsp.
ludoviciana
Avena strigosa
Axonopus compressus
Bromus lanceolatus
Bromus molliformis
Bromus sterilis
Catapodium rigidum
Cenchrus setiger
Festuca nigrescens

Current name

Newly noted, or
confirmed naturalised

Information

Watsonia knysnana

Perth, Waterloo, Albany

Aristida ramosa

Coastal Plain and

Perth Hills

Watsonia meriana var.

bulbillifera
Disa bracteata

Arrhenatherum bulbosum
Avena sterilis
delete
Axonopus affinis
delete
Bromus hordeaceus
delete
Demazeria rigida
Cenchrus setigerus
Glyceria declinata

56

Hordeum distichon

60

Mibora minima

60
60

Oryza rufipogon

60
62

Panicum maximum

64
64
69
69, 70
70

Pennisetum polystachion
Pentaschistis thunbergii
Setaria gracilis
Setaria verticillata
Sporobolus indicus var.
capensis

Panicum antidotale

delete
spreading annual aquatic,
Gingin and Denmark
annual in disturbed sites,
south-west
delete record, not in
Western Australia
may be native
rhizomatous perennial to
2m, Kimberley and
Midwest

Urochloa maxima
Paspalum fasciculatum

stoloniferous perennial to
3m, Kimberley and Pilbara

71

Themeda quadrivalvis

72

Urochloa maxima

tufted annual to 1.2 m,

Kimberley
rhizomatous perennial to
3m, Kimberley, Pilbara
coast
may be native

73

Pennisetum pedicellatum
Pentaschistis pallida
Setaria parviflora
Setaria italica
Sporobolus africanus

Urochloa subquadripartita

DICOTYLEDONS
Page
76
78
80
82
82
88, 89
90

Previous name, as used

in Western Weeds
Micropterum papillosum
Lampranthus multiradiatus
Amaranthus hybridum
Schinus areira
Ciclospermum leptophyllum
Ambrosia artemisiifolia
Argyranthemum
foeniculaceum

Current name

Newly noted, or
confirmed naturalised

Information

Micropterum papulosum
Albany
Amaranthus hybridus
Schinus molle var. areira
Cyclospermum leptophyllum
Ambrosia psilostachya
Argyranthemum frutescens

Western Weeds Nomenclature update

DICOTYLEDONS cont.
Page
94
94
96

Previous name, as used

in Western Weeds
Conyza albida
(under Cotula australis)
Solvia pterosperma
Cynara scolymus

Current name

Information

Delairea odorata

climber, yellow flowers,

garden escape, Perth,
Albany

Erigeron karvinskianus

annual, white flowers,

southwest

Solidago canadensis

perennial, yellow, garden

escape, southwest

Conyza sumatrensis
Soliva pterosperma
Cynara cardunculus subsp.
flavescens

96

96, 97
96

Dimorphotheca ecklonis
-

Osteospermum ecklonis

102

Oligocarpus calandulaceus

102,
103
104

Osteospermum
calandulaceum
Osteospermum
clandestinum
-

108, 109
118
124
128
128

Vernonia cinerea
Hymenolobus procumbens
Senna tora
Arenaria serpyllifolia
Cerastium diffusum

Tripteris clandestina

Cyanthillium cinereum
Hornungia procumbens
Senna obtusifolia
Arenaria leptoclados

128

Kalumburu, Argyle

Cerastium pumilum

128
128
128
129

Cerastium semidecandrum
Herniaria hirsuta

129
130

Petrorhagia velutina

134
134, 135

Kochia scoparia
Salsola kali

Illecebrum verticillatum

Dunsborough
delete, not in Western
Australia

Spergula pentandra

Northern Wheatbelt and

Murchison

Petrorhagia nanuteuilii
Petrorhagia dubia

Bassia scoparia
Salsola tragus

Hypericum canariense

Convolvulus erubescens

this species includes a

complex of native and
naturalised taxa
Bremer Bay, Albany,
Greenbushes, Bridgetown,
Mt Barker

Convolvulus angustissimus
Cuscuta planiflora

136

Evolvulus nummularius

136
138, 139
138

Cotyledon orbiculare

Ipomoea nil

140
142

Aeonium castello-paviae
Eremocarpus setiger DP

Aeonium haworthii

146, 147
148
148
148

Jatropha gossypifolia

Jatropha gossypiifolia

Shark Bay to Eastern

Goldfields
blue creeping perennial,
Kununurra
Kimberley

Cotyledon orbiculata
Crassula decumbens

widespread in southwest
of Western Australia
no longer declared
(delete DP)

Aeschynomene americana
Alysicarpus ovalifolius
Centrosema pubescens

delete, not in Western

Australia
Jurien and coast from
Busselton to Albany

Cerastium balaericum
Herniaria cinerea

134

136
136

Newly noted, or
confirmed naturalised

Centrosema pascuorum
4

Kalumburu, Kununurra
Kimberley

Western Weeds Nomenclature update

DICOTYLEDONS cont.
Page
149
150, 151
151
152
154

Previous name, as used

in Western Weeds
Clitoria ternata
Genista canariensis
Genista sp.
Lotus suaveolens

Newly noted, or
confirmed naturalised

Clitoria ternatea
Genista monspessulana
Adenocarpus complicatus
Lotus subbiflorus

Medicago praecox

154
154, 155
156
158
162
162

Melilotus alba
Melilotus indica
Melilotus messanensis
Sutherlandia frutescens
Trifolium pilulare

164
168
170
174, 175
175
175
175

Centaurium maritimum
Lavendula angustifolia
Mentha x spicata
Lagunaria patersonii
Lavatera arborea
Lavatera cretica
Lavatera plebeia var.
tomentosa
Acacia baileyana

188, 189

Oenothera sp. (described

left-hand column, p. 188
and photo right centre,
p. 189)

delete, mis-identification
Mentha spicata
Lagunaria patersonia
Malva dendromorpha
Malva linnaei
Malva australiana
Acacia sp.

216
226
228

Perth to Balingup

(in ONAGRACEAE)
Gaura lindheimeri

Perth, Bunbury, spreading

along roadsides

(in PIPERACEAE)
Peperomia pellucida
Persicaria lapathifolia

sprawling annual, Broome

wet sites, Perth, Kimberley

Bacopa monnieri

Perth

Linaria maroccana
Nemcia strumosa

garden escape, Perth to

Bunbury
garden escape, south-west

Phyla canescens

central wheatbelt

Oenothera jamesii

Rumex acetosella
Rumex vesicarius

Acetosella vulgaris
Acetosa vesicaria

Calandrinia menziesii
Reseda luteola
Rubus hillii
Rubus selmeri
Hedyotis corymbosa

Calandrinia ciliata
Reseda lutea
Rubus rugosus
Rubus bellobatus
Oldenlandia corymbosa

Bellardia trixago
Dischisma capitata

Bartsia trixago
Dischisma capitatum

Parietaria cardiophylla

Acacia mearnsii
should be in family
AIZOACEAE, p. 76
Nymphaea macrosperma

196
199
200, 201
200, 202,
203
202
207
210
210
210, 211
214
214, 215
214
214

delete, not naturalised

twiner, purple, Armadale,
Kojonup

Centaurium spicatum

Galenia pubescens
Nymphaea gigantea

prostrate annual, wheatbelt

and Coastal Plain
delete, not in Western
Australia

Melilotus albus
Melilotus indicus
Melilotus siculus
Lessertia frutescens
Vicia villosa

186
186

Information

Gidgegannup
Medicago littoralis

154

179
180
182

Current name

Parietaria cardiostegia

Western Weeds Nomenclature update

ADDITIONS AND CHANGES TO APPENDIX A LIST OF DECLARED PLANTS THAT ARE NOT
ESTABLISHED IN WESTERN AUSTRALIA
For the latest information on Declared Plants, see:
www.agric.wa.gov.au/programs/app/dec_pl/
or contact the nearest office of the Department of Agriculture
Family
Equisetaceae

Name
Equisetum spp.

Alismataceae
Poaceae
Asteraceae

Sagittaria platyphylla
Aegilops cylindrica
Gymnocoronis spilanthoides

Cabombaceae
Caesalpiniaceae
Martyniaceae
Mimosaceae
Mimosaceae

Cabomba caroliniana
Senna obtusifolia
Martynia annua
Acacia nilotica
all Acacia spp. not native to
Australia except A. farnesiana
all Orobanche spp. except
O. minor and O. cernua var.
australis

Orobanchaceae

Comments
the whole genus has now been declared, though only E. hyemale has
been found in cultivation, small infestations at Wanneroo and
Bedfordale are subject to eradication
naturalised in Perth and Albany, subject to eradication
not known to be naturalised anywhere in Australia
found in cultivation in Perth and Margaret River, all known plants have
been destroyed
has been found in cultivation, all known plants destroyed
now at Kalumburu and Argyle in the Kimberley
previously included in Appendix B, not recorded from WA
one plant found in the Kimberley and destroyed
the African species A. erioloba, A. karroo and A. xanthophloea have
been removed from Perth Zoo
O. ramosa is only known to be in South Australia where it is subject to
eradication

ADDITIONS AND CHANGES TO APPENDIX B LIST OF PLANTS RECORDED FROM WESTERN AUSTRALIA,
BUT DOUBTFULLY NATURALISED
(OR FOUND AT VERY FEW SITES)
MONOCOTYLEDONS
Family
Agavaceae
Alliaceae
Araceae
Cyperaceae
Iridaceae
Iridaceae
Iridaceae
Poaceae
Poaceae
Poaceae
Poaceae
Poaceae
Poaceae
Poaceae
Poaceae
Poaceae
Poaceae
Poaceae
Poaceae

Name
Furcraea selloa
Allium orientale
Syngonium podophyllum
Cyperus surinamensis
Babiana tubulosa
Iris laevigata
Laperousia anceps
Avena abyssinica
Axonopus fissifolius
Cynodon nlemfuensis
Echinochloa frumentacea
Ehrharta pusilla
Eleusine coracan
Eragrostis pilosa
Panicum schinzii
Paspalum fasiculatum,
should be P. fasciculatum
Paspalum notatum
Puccinellia gigantea
Tribolium obliterum

Common Name
oriental onion
arrowhead plant
painted petals
narrow-leaf carpet grass
Siberian millet
Indian millet
soft lovegrass
sweet panic

Known location
Nippering, Perth
Quairading
Albany
Wyndham
Perth
Albany
Kalbarri
crop weed, Cervantes, Mt Barker
Kimberley
Kimberley
Kimberley, Mt Barker, Harvey
Merredin, Northcliffe
Busselton
Kimberley
Tambellup
now regarded as naturalised

Bahia grass
-

Kimberley, Perth
Moodiarrup
Manjimup

Name
Barleria prionitis
Galenia pubescens

Common Name
barleria
galenia

Known location
Kimberley
Perth

DICOTYLEDONS
Family
Acanthaceae
Aizoaceae

Western Weeds Nomenclature update

DICOTYLEDONS cont.
Family
Amaranthaceae
Amaranthaceae
Apiaceae
Apocynaceae
Asclepidaceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Brassicaceae
Cactaceae
Cactaceae
Cactaceae
Caesalpiniaceae
Caesalpiniaceae
Caesalpiniaceae
Caryophyllaceae
Caryophyllaceae
Caryophyllaceae
Caryophyllaceae
Chenopodiaceae
Chenopodiaceae
Clusiaceae

Name
Celosia argentea
Pupalia micrantha
Anthriscus caucalis
Nerium oleander
Orbea variegata
Artemesia absinthum
Gazania rigens
Leontodon hispidus
Matricaria recutita
Tagetes erecta
Tagetes minuta
Hirschfeldia incana
Cylindropuntia tunicata
Opuntia lindheimeri
Opuntia vulgaris
Delonix regia
Senna multijuga
Senna obtusifolia
Cerastium vulgare
delete Lychnis coronaria
delete Silene apetala
Spergularia bocconii
Atriplex undulata
Scleroblitum atriplicinum
Hypericum androsaemum

Common Name
Chinese cockscomb
burr chervil
oleander
stapelia, carrion flower
wormwood
gazania
rough hawksbit
scented mayweed
African marigold
stinking Roger
Buchan weed
Lindheimer prickly pear
prickly pear
flamboyante, poinciana
golden shower
Java bean, sicklepod
mouse-eared chickweed
Boccone's sand-spurry
wavy-leaf saltbush
purple goosefoot
-

Convolvulaceae
Convolvulaceae
Convolvulaceae
Convolvulaceae
Crassulaceae
Cucurbitaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Martyniaceae
Martyniaceae
Meliaceae
Mimosaceae
Oxalidaceae
Passifloraceae
Piperaceae
Polygonaceae
Polygonaceae
Salicaceae
Sapindaceae

Convolvulus sabatius
Ipomoea batatas
Ipomea carnea
Ipomoea triloba
Bryophyllum delagoense
Cucumis melo
Acalypha ?lanceolata
Euphorbia hyssopifolia
Crotalaria agatiflora
Desmodium triflorum
Indigofora sessiliflora
delete Martynia annua DP
Proboscidea louisianica DP
Azadirachta indica
Acacia nilotica DP
Oxalis caprina
Passiflora edulis
Peperomia pellucida
Polygonum bellardii
Polygonum capitatum
Salix humboldtiana
Dodonaea viscosa CV
purpurea
Grewia asiatica
Verbena aristigera
Verbena officinalis

sweet potato
morning glory
pink convolvulus
mother of millions
melon
Queensland bird flower
tropical trefoil
smallfruit devil's claw
purpleflower devil's claw
neem
prickly acacia
goat's foot, wood sorrel
passionfruit
knotweed
Chilean willow
hop bush

Known location
Kuri Bay
Kimberley
Capel
old gardens, southwest
Kalgoorlie
old gardens, southwest
Albany
Walpole
Coorow
Perth, Northampton
Nannup, Wagin
Hamelin Bay
Menzies
Geraldton
Perth
Koolan Island
Koolan Island
Kalumburu
Albany
not naturalised
in main text
Ravensthorpe
Wickepin
Ravensthorpe
not naturalised, mis-identification,
should be H. canariense - see main
table
Perth
Kimberley, Perth
Kununurra
Broome, Oombulgurri
Abrolhos
Kimberley
Perth
Howatharra, Perth
Perth, Augusta
Kimberley
Port Hedland
not naturalised
also Carnarvon
Broome
Kimberley
Perth, Australind
Nannup
Broome
Wheatbelt
Manjimup
Perth
Augusta, Busselton

phassa
Mayne's pest
vervain, common verbena

Kimberley
Perth
Ludlow

Tiliaceae
Verbenaceae
Verbenaceae

Western Weeds Nomenclature update

ADDITIONS and CHANGES TO APPENDIX C FURTHER READING

BOOKS
Identification
Title
More crop weeds
Bush Invaders of South-East Australia. A guide to
the identification and control of environmental
weeds found in South-East Australia.
Environmental Weeds. A Field Guide for
SE Australia.
Southern Weeds and their control.

Management
Title
The biology of Australian Weeds, Volume 2

Plants of Importance to Australia - a checklist.

Noxious weeds of Australia

Bushland Weeds - A practical guide to their
management

Author
M.R. Moerkerk and
A.G. Barnett
A. Muyt

Publisher
R.G. & F.J. Richardson, Victoria

Date
1998

R.G. & F.J. Richardson, Victoria

2001

K. Blood

C.H. Jerram Science Publishers,

Victoria
Department of Agriculture,
Western Australia

2001

Publisher
R.G. & F.J. Richardson, Victoria

Date
1998

R.G. & F.J. Richardson, Victoria

2001

CSIRO Publishing

2001

Environmental Weeds Action

Network, Western Australia

2003

J.H. Moore and

J.R. Wheeler

Author
F.D. Panetta,
R.H. Groves and
R.C.H. Shepherd (Eds)
R.C.H. Shepherd,
R.G. Richardson and
F.J. Richardson (Eds)
W.T. Parsons
and E.G. Cuthbertson
K. Brown and
K. Brooks

2002

INTERNET SITES
Organisation/Title
Plant Protection Society of WA (Inc.)
Department of Agriculture, including State Weed Plan for WA

URL
http://members.iinet.net.au/~weeds/
www.agric.wa.gov.au
www.agric.wa.gov.au/swp
www.weeds.crc.org.au

Cooperative Research Centre for Australian Weed

Management (Weeds CRC)
Department of Conservation and Land Management
(FloraBase)
CSIRO (bridal creeper biological control)
Environmental Weeds Action Network of WA (Inc.)
Global Compendium of Weeds
RG & FJ Richardson
Weedbuster Week
Weeds Australia
(National Weeds Strategy, Weeds Of National Significance
and Australian Weeds Committee)

www.calm.wa.gov.au/science/florabase.html
www.ento.csiro.au/bridalcreeper
http://members.iinet.net.au/~ewan/
www.hear.org/gcw
www.weedinfo.com.au
www.weedbusterweek.info.au
www.weeds.org.au

CORRECTIONS TO INDEX
Name
bindii
Paspalum fasciculatum
rosy dock

Page
94, 104
235
202

Name
Schinus areira
Soliva pterosperma

Page
82
94, 104