Aerodynamics

Boundary-Layer Approximations
Pressure gradient effect
Shape of the velocity profile

u
1 p
u
1 dp

s
u s
x
u dx
Aplication of Bernoullis equation along a streamline
in the interior of the boundary-layer neglecting friction
dp
Pressure gradient
effect increases with the decrease
dx
of u

Masters of Mechanical Engineering

Aerodynamics

Boundary-Layer Approximations
Pressure gradient effect
Shape of the velocity profile

1 dp
2u
= 2
dx
y

2u
=
2

2 dU e
u
y
, =
with u =
and =
Ue

dx

Second derivative at the wall is defined by the

pressure gradient
Masters of Mechanical Engineering

Aerodynamics

Boundary-Layer Approximations
Pressure gradient effect
Shape of the velocity profile

2u
=
2

=0u =0
=1 u =1

u
=0

2u
=0
2

u = 2 2 + 3 2 + 3 3 4
6
3

Masters of Mechanical Engineering

Aerodynamics

Boundary-Layer Approximations
Pressure gradient effect
Shape of the velocity profile
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6

0.5

=-12
=-6
=0
=12 (w=0)
=24

0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0

Masters of Mechanical Engineering

0.25

0.5

0.75

Aerodynamics

Boundary-Layer Approximations
Pressure gradient effect
Shape of the velocity profile

dp
dx
Adverse

>0

Favourable

<0

C f (1)

(1) Cf is equal to zero at a separation point

Masters of Mechanical Engineering

Aerodynamics

Boundary-Layer Approximations
Pressure gradient effect
In zero pressure gradient, momentum diffusion is
responsible for the growth of the boundary-layer
Continuity equation
y
u v
u
+
= 0 v = dy
0
x y
x

Outer flow

dU e
1 dp

=
dx
U e dx
Masters of Mechanical Engineering

Aerodynamics

Boundary-Layer Approximations
Pressure gradient effect
Effect of convection on the growth rate ()

dp
dx
Adverse

>0

Favourable

<0

Masters of Mechanical Engineering

Aerodynamics

Boundary-Layer Approximations
Pressure gradient effect
Combined effects

dp
dx
Adverse

>0

Favourable

<0

(1) Cf is equal to zero at a separation point

Masters of Mechanical Engineering

C f (1)

Aerodynamics

Boundary-Layer Approximations
Thwaitess method

- von Krmns integral equations

d
H + 2 dU e C f
+
=
dx
U e dx
2
- Wall boundary conditions

u
U
= e l
y y =0

2u
U
2 = 2e

y y =0

Reference length
Reference velocity Ue
Masters of Mechanical Engineering

Aerodynamics

Boundary-Layer Approximations
Thwaitess method

- Pressure gradient parameter,

2 dU e
=
dx
- Parameter related to the shear-stress at the wall, l

l=

Masters of Mechanical Engineering

U eC f
2

Aerodynamics

Boundary-Layer Approximations
Thwaitess method

- Thwaites hypothesis

l = l ( )

H = H ( )

- Using it in von Krmns integral equation

U e d 2
= 2{ [H ( ) + 2] + l ( )} F ( )
dx

Masters of Mechanical Engineering

Aerodynamics

Boundary-Layer Approximations
Thwaitess method
- Fit to experimental data

F ( ) = 0,45 6
Masters of Mechanical Engineering

Aerodynamics

Boundary-Layer Approximations
Thwaitess method

d 2U e6
= 0,45U e5
dx
- Integrating

U = 0,45 U e5 dx + ( 2U e6 )0
2

Masters of Mechanical Engineering

6
e

Aerodynamics

Boundary-Layer Approximations
Thwaitess method

1. Calculate

U = 0,45 U e5 dx + ( 2U e6 )0
2

6
e

2. Calculate

2 dU e
=
dx

Masters of Mechanical Engineering

Aerodynamics

Boundary-Layer Approximations
Thwaitess method

3. Calculate H and l from

0,018

0,22 + 1,402 +
0,107 +
l=
0,22 + 1,57 1,82

0,0731

2,088 +
0,14 +
H =
2,61 3,75 + 5,242

Masters of Mechanical Engineering

0,09 < 0
0 < 0,25
0,09 < 0
0 < 0,25

Aerodynamics

Boundary-Layer Approximations
Thwaitess method

4. Calculate * and Cf from H and l

Flow Separation w = 0, C f = 0, l = 0

l = 0 = 0,09

Masters of Mechanical Engineering