Maintenance Management: Transformers

SUSHMITA VERMA
(KGR13AP15)
B.F.TECH SEMESTER-VI

Introduction
Transformer is a static device which transforms a.c. electrical power from one voltage to
another voltage keeping the frequency same by electromagnetic induction.

Ideal Transformer
An ideal transformer is a theoretical, linear transformer that is lossless and perfectly
coupled; that is, there are no energy
losses and flux is completely
confined within the magnetic core.
Perfect coupling implies infinitely
high core magnetic permeability and
winding inductances and zero
net magneto motive force.
A varying current in the transformer's
primary winding creates a varying
magnetic flux in the core and a
varying magnetic field impinging on
the secondary winding. This varying
magnetic field at the secondary
induces a varying electromotive
force (EMF) or voltage in the
secondary winding. The primary and
secondary windings are wrapped
around a core of infinitely high
magnetic permeability so that all of
the magnetic flux passes through
both the primary and secondary windings. With a voltage source connected to the
primary winding and load impedance connected to the secondary winding, the
transformer currents flow in the indicated directions.
According to Faraday's law of induction, since the same magnetic flux passes through
both the primary and secondary windings in an ideal transformer, a voltage is induced in
each winding. The primary EMF is sometimes termed counter EMF. This is in
accordance with Lenz's law, which states that induction of EMF always opposes
development of any such change in magnetic field. The transformer winding voltage
ratio is directly proportional to the winding turns ratio. According to the law
of Conservation of Energy, any load impedance connected to the ideal transformer's
secondary winding results in conservation of apparent, real and reactive power.
A power transformer is a static piece of apparatus with two or more windings which, by
electromagnetic induction, transforms a system of alternating voltage and current into
another system of voltage and current for the purpose of transmitting electrical power.

Maintenance Management: Transformer

Page 2

Power transformers are getting larger in their capacity to meet increasing power
demand. So unexpected power demand due to transformer trouble may cause much
loss of production as well as inconvenience. Therefore it is essential to assure troublefree performance by a well-planned maintenance program. Daily or periodical
inspections will result in detecting abnormal conditions of a transformer and parts before
they cause any more serious troubles. A regular program of inspection should be
established and rigidly carried out for preventive maintenance of power transformers.

Inspection
General: The inspection items are classified into three categories:

Routine inspection: The routine inspection should be made, preferably daily, on

every transformer in service. Especially oil leak, oil temperature and/or winding
temperature, load current, ambient temperature and oil level in transformer
should be daily checked and recorded.

SNo. Subject
1.

Oil
temperature
and winding
temperature

2.

Oil level

Method

Action

Read indications of dial

and/or alcohol
thermometers, and
winding thermal relays, if
provided. Compare them
with the data previously
obtained.
When oil and/or winding
Temperature is much
higher or lower
considering load current
and ambient temperature.
Thermometers should be
inspected.

Check if indication of a
thermometer is correct or
not. If the temperature is not
correct, exchange with a
new one. If oil temperature
is too high due to dust and
other foreign materials on
the finned area of radiators
or the inner surface of
cooling water tube. In case
of water cooler type clean
up them. If indication of
thermometer is not correct,
check oil level in the sensor
pocket and adjust to correct
the level.
Read indication of the dial When the indicated oil level
oil level gauge on the
is constant with the
conservator with a
changing oil temperature,
telescope. Compare it with inspect the dial gauge and
the oil level-oil
check the actual oil level.
temperature curve for the
If the oil level is abnormal,
transformer. Oil level is
adjust it according to

Maintenance Management: Transformer

Page 3

deemed to be normal
when its difference is
within one graduation of
the gauge on the curve.

in bushing

3.

Oil leaks

4.

Abnormal
noise and
vibration

Check the oil level and oil

leakage on all oil-filled
bushings.
Check oil leaks visually
from radiators flanges,
pipes, and transformer
tank and so on.

Abnormal or unusual
noise, especially from oil
pump motors and fan
motors, should be
carefully listened to.
Abnormal vibration can be
checked comparatively
easily by hand.

5.

Silica gel
breather

Check the breathing

action in oil pot and
discoloration of silica gel
visually. Check the color
of oil in oil pot.

6.

Gas trapped
in buchholz
relay

Check whether any gas

trapped in buchholz relay
with telescope.

Maintenance Management: Transformer

instructions.
If the oil level shows low, in
case of rubber bag or
diaphragm type, damage of
rubber bag or diaphragm is
suspected. If oil level of
OLTC is abnormal, breaking
of seal between OLTC and
transformer is suspected.

If oil leaks are due to

gasket, tighten bolts or
exchange gasket. In case of
oil leaks from welded parts,
apply adhesive material or
weld again on the leaking
part.
When oil pump or fan motor
is getting noisier, exchange
the bearings with new ones.
When any supporters, pipes
and other parts are vibrating
due to lose bolts, tighten
them.
If the breathing action is not
satisfactory, check choking
such as filter in oil pot.
If the color of silica gel
became to pink from blue
(or became too dark green
from orange) from upper
side check air leaks and fix
it up. If the oil color in oil pot
blackened, replace with new
oil.
If any gas trapped in the
relay, the transformer
should be stopped for
investigation including
accumulated gas analysis.

Page 4

7.

Appearance
Bolt
connection
Discoloration

Dust

Check any looseness of

bolt connection visually.

When any loose bolts are

found, tighten them.

Check visually that all

connections are normal
without any discoloration
due to local heating.
Inspect visually for dust,
especially on radiators.

When any connections

show signs of having been
hot, clean and tighten bolts
and nuts.
Clean up dust if it may
reduce cooling capacity of
radiators.
Re-painting is
recommendable once every
five years. Anti-rust and final
paint should be applied after
rubbing off rust and old
paint.
If any dew is found, dry it
out, and ensure space
heaters are in use if they are
provided.

Rust

Inspect visually for rust,

especially on radiators.

Dew

Inspect visually for dew in

the terminal box, control
cabinets and protective
relays.

Note: In case of a self-cooled transformer, there is some difference between top and
average oil temperatures depending on loading conditions and ambient temperature.
Strictly speaking, the average oil temperature should be referred to for checking oil
level.

Periodical inspection: The periodical inspection should be made each item, at

least once every six months to once every three years in order to ascertain the
good performance of a transformer and its parts. Most of the periodical
inspections should be made in detail when the transformer is de-energized.

SNo. Subject

Method

1.

Breather silica
gel
(Once every
six months)

Check the discoloration of

silica gel in breather due
to moisture in breathed
air.

2.

Insulation oil
Dielectric
strength
(Every one
year)

Action

If the color of silica gel has turned

to pink from blue (or turned to
dark green from orange) by more
than two thirds of total quantity,
dry out or exchange it. If the color
of silica gel has turned to pink by
more than two thirds of total
quantity, dry out or exchange it.
Measure dielectric
If any measured values are not
strength with an oil tester
satisfactory, filtering and/or
and confirm it is more than degassing of insulating oil are
recommended.
40 kV/2.5 mm gap.

Maintenance Management: Transformer

Page 5

Moisture
content in oil
(Every one
year)

3.

4.

5.

Fan motors
and/or oil
pump motors
(At least once
every two
years)

In case of:
Cooler
of watercooled type
(At least once
every two
years)
Control panel
and terminal
box and
cables. (Once
every one
year)

Measure moisture content

in oil with Automatic
Coulometric Karl-Fischer
Titration method and
confirm that it is
satisfactory to the criteria.
Measure insulation
resistance of fan motors
and/or oil pump motors
with a 500V megger.

(Criteria of Transformer oil)

TR. Voltage
M. Content
69kV >
35 ppm 25
69kV~230kV
ppm
TR. Voltage > M. Content
345 kV
20 ppm
If insulation resistance is less than
2M, check balancing of load
currents of three phase and dry
out the interior of fan motors.

Check if temperature rise

of oil pump motors cases,
based on oil temperature,
is less than 10 deg. C.
Check scale deposit on
the inside of the cooling
tube to reduce the water
flow required, resulting in
excessive heating of a
transformer at normal
load.
Check the water-tightness
of a control cabinet and a
terminal box.

If it is more than 10 deg. C, check

its insulation resistance, winding
resistance and three phase
balancing of load current.
If any characteristics are not
satisfactory, shorten inspection
interval of coolers. If any heavy
scale is found on the inside of the
cooling tubes, clean them up.

Ascertain the tightness of

all control wiring
connections.
Operate all switches,
annunciators and lamps to
observe proper functions
according to schematic
diagrams.
Measure insulation
resistance of cable with
500V megger. Check any
crack or abrading on
cable insulation.

Tighten the loose bolts.

Maintenance Management: Transformer

If the rubber gasket is worn out,

exchange it with a new one.

If any part maloperates, adjust or

exchange them with new one.

If such defect is found, put tape

on it or exchange it with new one.

Page 6

6.

Protective
relays
(Once every
two years)

oil temperature indicator

dial oil gauge
Buchholz relay
sudden pressure relay
pressure relief device
winding temperature indicator
oil flow indicator
gas detector
differential pressure relay
leak detector

Insulation
resistance
(Once every
two years)

Measure insulation
resistance of protective
relays including their
wirings with a 500V
megger.
Operation
Operation tests should be
made only when
protective relays operated
even if no troubles of a
transformer occurred.
Connections
All connections outside of
(Occasionally) a transformer should be
inspected to see whether
they are in good
conditions without any
discoloration, which
indicates hot connection.

7.

When the insulation resistance is

less than 2M, check dews in the
terminal box.
The cause of a maloperation
should be investigated by
operation tests according to
instruction books for protective
relays.
Any connection that shows signs
of having been hot should be
thoroughly cleaned and bolted
together tightly.

Additional inspection items: Some additional inspections or measurements of

electrical characteristics of a transformer are recommended as preventive
maintenance actions and when any transformer trouble should be investigated
thoroughly.

SNo.

Subject

Method

Action

1.

Insulation oil
Analysis of gas
dissolved in oil

After a transformer is
put into service, a
periodic analysis of gas
dissolved in oil is
recommended at least
every six months.
Using an appropriate
airtight container, oil

When the quantities of

combustible gases are
obtained, evaluations can be
made to a probable location
and type of trouble, which may
be present in a transformer.

Maintenance Management: Transformer

Page 7

2.

Insulation
resistance of
transformer
windings

3.

Ratio test

4.

Winding
resistance

should be taken from

the transformer. The
dissolved gas should be
extracted from the oil
and analyzed.
Measure the insulation
resistance between a
pair of windings, and
between each winding
and ground with a
1,000 or 2,000 volt
megger at a periodical
inspection. The megger
test should be made to
check if the transformer
is in suitable condition
for operation or
application of the
dielectric test.
Measure the ratio of a
transformer by two
voltmeter methods or
with a ratio tester.
If the transformer has
taps, the turn ratio
should be measured for
all taps as well as for
the full winding. The
test voltage may be
between 100 and 200V
at the rated frequency.
Measure the winding
resistance by bridge
method or by drop-ofpotential method. If oil
pumps are provided,
they should be
operated during
measuring winding
resistance. The oil
temperature should be
also recorded at the
same time. In case of
low voltage and large
capacity delta winding
(Ex. Generator

Maintenance Management: Transformer

The insulation resistance is

subject to wide variation with
temperature, humidity and
cleanness of bushing
porcelains. It may be low due
to the leakage current through
the weakest point of inferior
insulation, in which case gases
dissolved in oil should be
analyzed.

Compare the test results with

those in the test report.
If it is difficult to measure
because of fluctuation of
voltmeter pointer or because of
unbalance of a bridge circuit,
more detailed investigation
should be made.

If the winding resistance,

corrected to a specified
temperature, is different from
the data obtained previously,
more detailed investigation
should be made.

Page 8

5.

Excitation
current at low
voltage

6.

Impedance
voltage

7.

Bushing current
transformer

transformer), there is a
very difficult to measure
the winding resistance
precisely and needs to
pay careful
consideration for
judgment.
Measure the excitation
current at low voltage
(100-200 volts) applied
on the lower voltage
winding with other
windings being opencircuited. The voltage
wave shape should be
sinusoidal.
[note 1]
Measure the
impedance voltage at
low current (5-10
amperes) applied on
the higher voltage
winding with lower
voltage winding being
short-circuited.
[note 3]
Excitation current and
winding resistance
should be measured in
the same way as items
4 and 5.

If the measured excitation

current is much larger than the
original data at installation,
more detailed investigation
should be made.
[note 2]

If the measured impedance

voltage is much different from
the original data at installation,
more detailed investigation
should be made.

Same as above 4 and 5.

Note 1:
The ammeter should be connected
inside of voltmeter as shown below
to avoid error due to high
impedance measurement.

Maintenance Management: Transformer

Page 9

Note 2: If the measured values satisfy an expression below, the transformer may not
get serious injury such as layer shorting.

IR Rated current
IM Measured current
VR Rated voltage
VM Measured voltage

Note 3: The shorting cable should be more than 100mm2 in its section and be as
shorter as possible in its length, to avoid measuring error.

Maintenance Management: Transformer

Page 10

Maintenance: The Effective Investment

Maintaining assets is essential to optimize equipment uptime, guarantee safety of
infrastructure and ensure effective return-on investment. Maintenance and repair plans
must be carried out by a qualified field service supervisor with the required technical
level.
Possible Impacts of Lack of Maintenance
New
20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Baseline data not recorded, commissioning errors missed

Failure to detect early problems within warranty period
Oil oxidation begins
OLTC contacts wear(medium and heavy loads)
Weathering and UV take effect
Trends in condition not observed
Corrosion in severe environment
Visible effects of weathering and UV
Transducers go out of calibration
Fan and pump bearing wear
Trends in condition not observed
Gaskets and seals lose resilience, oil leaks manifest
Oil decay products affect paper insulation
Weathered paint, edge and spot corrosion
Missed opportunity to intercept accelerated ageing
Missed benefits of implementing a mid life intervention
Uncertainty about remaining life
Oxidation and hydrolysis enters accelerated ageing stage
Paper DP drops, sometimes prematurely
OLTC and bushing failure rates increase
Paint system protection fails
Expect sludge if oil has been in poor condition
Exposure causes device malfunctions
Wiring and cable insulation
Bad oil leaks need regular topping up
Dielectric withstand diminishes(moisture)
Expensive failure (often bushing or OLTC)

Maintenance Management: Transformer

Page 11

Transformer Assessment and Maintenance Strategy

LEVEL 1
Oil sampling
and testing
External
condition
Historical
data for oil
history,
electrical test
Results in
services
history. This
assessment
provides
some basic
indication of
the
transformers
current
condition,
including
indicative
internal
conditions.
Based on

LEVEL 2
In addition to level 1,
our experts
undertake routine
electrical test during
a short outage. It
provides an
assessment of the
transformers
condition, including
electrical state of
bushings and
windings. Internal
conditions that is
clamping, sludge,
etc., are not
indicated. This
information allows
experts to judge the
transformers
remaining lifetime,
but not conclusively.
The expert report will
highlight deviations
from expected

Maintenance Management: Transformer

LEVEL 3
In addition to level
2, our experts
undertake internal
examination.

LEVEL 4
Bases on the
assessment level 1
to 3, Alstom Grid
experts recommend
specific equipment
This solution
for online
provides current
monitoring of critical
condition with good
parameters. The
insight into the
continuous watch
electrical and
over transformers
physical state of
allows experts to
bushings and
develop a predictive
windings. The
maintenance
monitoring of
strategy for the
strategic assists
asset. In addition,
identifies early
the estimation of
warning signs
remaining asset
which may
lifetime provides
jeopardize
information to plan
transformer
a replacement
operating
efficiently.
conditions. It is the
best method to
If necessary, the
determine the
transformers can
Page 12

qualified
engineering
analysis of
historical
data, the
report will
detail
additional
assessment
and urgent
maintenance
needed. It
also defines
the
maintenance
scope for
future
scheduled
outages. It is
ideal for noncritical
transformers
Condition
analysis
report

electrical parameters
and detail where
further investigations
are required.

Deviations
analysis
report

Maintenance Management: Transformer

remaining
transformer lifetime
and any necessary
rectification work.

Life
assessmen
t report

use a specific
online monitoring
system device to
control some
parameters
remotely.

Strategic
operational
report

Page 13

Maintenance of Parts and Materials

SNo. Material and Parts Maintenance Frequency

1.

Grease of fan motors

Grease them up once a year,

with the grease gun.

2.

Porcelain insulator such

as bushing, lightning
arrester, supporting
insulator
Cooler
Radiator type

Cleaning should be done

periodically. Interval depends on
actual circumstance condition at
site.
Recommended cleaning
frequency is once every two
years.
Dust and other foreign
materials, accumulated on the
finned area, should be blown out
to maintain the efficiency of the
cooler.
Internal compartment check and
cleaning should be done once
every two years.
Repainting should be done once
every five years.
Bursting plate is recommended
to be replaced once every five
years.
Expected life is ten years.
Expected life is three years,
when bearing is sealed type.
(only fan motors)

3.

4.
5.

6.

7.

Forced air type

Water cooled
type

Paint for transformer

external tank
Bursting plate of
transformer
Bearing of fan motors
and oil pump motors

Gasket (Corkneoprene)
Thermometer
(Oil, winding)
Pressure relay
(Water, nitrogen,
sudden pressure
relay, water/oil
differential
pressure relay)
Rubber bag or
diaphragm in
conservator

Expected life is ten years.

Expected life is 15 years.

Maintenance Management: Transformer

Remarks
It is not necessary
when a bearing is
sealed type.
According to
insulation book
With compressed
air and/or water.

Exchange with
new ones, if a
motor becomes
noisy due to
broken bearings.
Exchange with
new gaskets, if oil
leaks from gasket
are serious.

If any damage of
rubber bag or
diaphragm is
suspected,
Page 14

8.

De-energized tap
changer

Operate de-energized tap

changer more than once a year
when the transformer is out of
service

exchange with
new one.
Internal inspection
is recommendable
before operation
of the de
energized tap
changer, if the deenergized tap
changer is not
operated more
than one year.

OLTC Diverter Oil Maintenance:

Permissible
value
Location of on-load tap
changer
Breakdown voltage

Water content

40 kV/2.5 mm gap

30 ppm

30 kV/2.5 mm gap

40 ppm

Installed to line side

including delta winding
Installed to neutral side

Maintenance Management: Transformer

Page 15

Trouble Shooting
If any protective relay gives an alarm, investigate its causes as shown below:
No
1

Relay
Dial type thermometer

Function

Cause and Action

The dial type thermometer indicates

1.Overloading

the top oil temperature and highest

2. Insufficient efficiency of cooler

oil temperature experienced. It gives

units due to dust and other

an alarm when oil temperature gets

foreign materials accumulated

to the alarm setting (80 for

on the finned area or due to a

example).

heavy scale in the water-cooling

Thermal relay for oil

The thermal relay detects and

temperature or winding

indicates maximum oil or winding

temperature

temperature of a transformer.
It also has protective functions to
give an alarm or tripping signal, and
automatic functions to control
cooling system.

coils.
3. Maloperation of thermometer or
thermal relay due to their own
defects.
4. If indication of thermometer is
not correct, check oil level in the
sensor pocket and adjust to
correct oil level.

Oil flow indicator

The magnetic oil flow indicator

checks the operating condition of an
oil pump. When an oil pump stops,
the pointer returns to the stop
position and the micro-switch

1.Trouble of oil pump motor

2.Trouble of wiring connection to
oil pump motor
3. Radiator valves are shut off.
4. Inverse of power phase
sequence.

contact closes to give an alarm.

4

Oil level gauge-dial type

The dial type oil level gauge

indicates the oil level in a
conservator of an oil-immersed
transformer.
When the oil level comes down to
the bottom of a conservator, its
pointer indicates zero and give an
alarm.

Maintenance Management: Transformer

1.Shortage of oil
2.Abnormally low ambient
temperature in winter season
3.Oil leakage
4. Damage of rubber bag or
diaphragm in conservator.
5. If oil level of OLTC is abnormal,
breaking of seal between the
OLTC and transformer is
suspected.

Page 16

Relay Function
If any protective relay operates, investigate the cause of a trouble according to the
following relays functions.

Sno.

Relay

Function and Investigation

1.

Buchholz relay
First stage

The first stage of a Buchholz relay detects the gas

formation due to minor troubles in transformer tank.
Rubber bag or diaphragm type conservator;
Stop operation of the transformer immediately, and
carry out gas analysis of accumulated gas and
dissolved gas in oil and internal inspection of the
transformer because a local heating and/or arc
discharge is suspected.
Breather type and/or nitrogen gas sealed type
conservator;
Check if abnormal gas are exist or not by gas
analysis of the transformer gas and dissolved gas
in oil.
As the result, if abnormal gas are detected, stop
operation of the transformer and carry out of
internal inspection. The type and location of trouble
may be predicted by gas analyses of oil.
Note: Nitrogen gas dissolved in oil could
supersaturate and accumulate in the relay and
actuate the relay when oil-temperature drops
rapidly on a cold day in case of a gas-sealed
transformer.
The second stage of a Buchholz relay detects the
rushing oil due to a serious trouble in the
transformer tank.
If other protective relays, such as over-current relay
of differential relay operate at the same time, a
serious internal damage is suspected.
The sudden oil pressure relay detects the high rate
of oil pressure increase in a transformer tank due
to the gas generation and oil vapor caused by
serious troubles. In case of correct operation, the
transformer operation should be stopped.
[In case of nitrogen sealed conservator]
The sudden pressure relay detects the high rate of
nitrogen pressure increase in a tank due to the gas
generation and oil vapor caused by serious
troubles in the transformer tank.

Second stage

2.

Sudden oil pressure

relay

3.

Sudden pressure relay

Maintenance Management: Transformer

Page 17

4.

Pressure relief device

5.

OLTC protective relay

6.

Differential relay

7.

Over current relay and

ground fault relay

The pressure relief device operates when the

pressure in the relief vent rises abnormally high
enough to reach the pressure of approximately
0.7kg/cm2 caused by serious failure in a
transformer.
It also operates when the pipe of air breather is
choked so as to increase the pressure in the relief
vent.
OLTC protective relay detects some faults in
diverter of on-load tap changer.
Check the following items;
1.Fault of diverter insert
2.Fault of whole of OLTC
Malfunction of OLTC relay due to normal
deterioration.
The differential relay detects the difference
between the input current and the output current of
a transformer converted by a current transformer. It
also operates sometimes with the inrush current
when a transformer is excited.
These relays detect faults in the electrical system
including transformers.

Relation between Dielectric Strength and Amount of Water In Insulating Oil

Maintenance Management: Transformer

Page 18

Allowable Value of Transformer Insulation Resistance

Maintenance Management: Transformer

Page 19

Acid Value Criteria

No

Acid value (mg

KOH/g)

Less than 0.2

From 0.2 to 0.4

Filter or
exchange

in earlier stage

More than 0.4

with new oil.

immediately

Action
Good

Cooling Water Characteristics

No

Test item

Criteria

Hydrogen ion
concentration

Electrical conductivity

3
4
5
6

Chlorine ion
Total hardness
Sulfuric acid ion
M-Alkalinity

(C1 )
(CaCO3)
(SO4 )
(CaCO3)

Less than 100 ppm

Less than 150 ppm
Less than 200 ppm
15 60 ppm

7
8
9
10

Sulfur ion
Ammonium ion
Total iron ion
Silica

(S )
(NH4+)
(Fe+++)
(SiO2)

undetectable
undetectable
Less than 0.5 ppm
Less than 30 ppm

(PH)

6.0 8.0 at 25C

Less than 500 (/cm) at
25C

Maintenance Management: Transformer

Page 20

Resistivity Criteria of Insulation Oil, at 80 degree centigrade

Power Factor Criteria of Insulation Oil, at 80 degree centigrade

Combustible Gas and Type of Fault with Dissolved Gas Analysis of Insulating Oil

Maintenance Management: Transformer

Page 21

Combustible Gas Levels for Maintenance

Actions for Safety and Quality

SNo.
1.
2.

Working condition
Exterior check
Electrical test and remedial work

Actions for safety

Be careful not to approach live parts.

Maintenance Management: Transformer

De-energize the transformer by

circuit breakers and line
switches.
Ground the line terminals of the
transformer.
Attach caution tags not to
operate switches for circuit
breakers and line switches.
De-energize the control
cabinets for coolers and tap
Page 22

3.

When internal inspection is to be

made

4.

After inspection work

Maintenance Management: Transformer

changer by AC and DC
switches.
Attach caution tags on switch
boxes.
Same as above accept the following
additional items.
Replace nitrogen gas completely
with dry fresh air, if it was filled
in the transformer.
Make sure there is 18% or more
oxygen to sustain life in a
transformer tank.
Make sure your pockets are
empty.
Take off a wrist watch and any
other accessories on your body.
List up name and quantity of all
tools to be brought into a
transformer tank.
Spread out clean cloth on coil
groups when repairing.
Protect lamps with guards not to
break them in a tank.
Be careful not to drop any tool
and foreign material into the
transformer.
Secure all tools with hand lines. Any
metallic item dropped into a
transformer must be removed to
prevent serious trouble in future.
Make sure all foreign materials
are clear before closing manhole
and energizing.
Check the quantity of all tools
brought out from a tank.
Remove the grounding wires on
the line terminals of the
transformer.

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Reference:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformer
tanddproducts.com/.../3.%20Maintenance%20Manual_TD-TSP-00042A..
www.electrical4u.com/maintenance-of-transformer/
https://www.gegridsolutions.com/.../Transformer-lifecyclemanagement-

Maintenance Management: Transformer

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