European Union

EU redirects here. For other uses, see EU (disam- and the G-20. Because of its global inuence, the Eubiguation).
ropean Union has been described as a current or as a
potential superpower.[24]
The European Union (EU) is a politico-economic
union of 28 member states that are located primarily
in Europe.[11][12] It covers an area of 4,324,782 km2 , 1 History
with an estimated population of over 508 million. It
operates through a hybrid system of supranational and Main articles: History of the European Union and
intergovernmental decision-making.[13][14] Its institutions History of Europe
are: the European Council, the Council of the European
Union, the European Parliament, the European Commission, the Court of Justice of the European Union, the
European Central Bank, and the European Court of Au- 1.1 Preliminary (194557)
ditors.
The EU has developed an internal single market through
a standardised system of laws that apply in all member
states. Within the Schengen Area, passport controls have
been abolished.[15] EU policies aim to ensure the free
movement of people, goods, services, and capital,[16] enact legislation in justice and home aairs, and maintain
common policies on trade,[17] agriculture,[18] sheries,
and regional development.[19] The monetary union was
established in 1999 and came into full force in 2002. It
is currently composed of 19 member states that use the
euro as their legal tender.
The EU traces its origins from the European Coal and
Steel Community (ECSC) and the European Economic
Community (EEC), formed by the Inner Six countries in
1951 and 1958, respectively. In the intervening years, the
community and its successors have grown in size by the
accession of new member states and in power by the addition of policy areas to its remit. The Maastricht Treaty
established the European Union under its current name in
1993 and introduced European citizenship.[20] The latest
major amendment to the constitutional basis of the EU,
the Treaty of Lisbon, came into force in 2009.

Robert Schuman proposing the Coal and Steel Community on 9

May 1950.

After World War II, European integration was seen as

an antidote to the extreme nationalism which had devastated the continent.[25] The 1948 Hague Congress was a
pivotal moment in European federal history, as it led to
the creation of the European Movement International and
of the College of Europe, where Europes future leaders
would live and study together.[26] 1952 saw the creation of
the European Coal and Steel Community, which was declared to be a rst step in the federation of Europe.[27]
The supporters of the Community included Alcide De
Gasperi, Jean Monnet, Robert Schuman, and Paul-Henri
Spaak.[28]

Covering 7.3% of the world population,[21] the EU in

2014 generated a nominal gross domestic product (GDP)
of 18.495 trillion US dollars, constituting approximately
24% of global nominal GDP and 17% when measured
in terms of purchasing power parity.[22] Additionally, 26
out of 28 EU countries have a very high Human Development Index, according to the UNDP. In 2012, the EU was
awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.[23] Through the Common
Foreign and Security Policy, the EU has developed a role
in external relations and defence. The union maintains 1.2 Treaty of Rome (195792)
permanent diplomatic missions throughout the world and
represents itself at the United Nations, the WTO, the G8, In 1957, Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the
Netherlands and West Germany signed the Treaty of
1

HISTORY

In 1973, the Communities enlarged to include Denmark

(including Greenland, which later left the Community in
1985, following a dispute over shing rights), Ireland, and
the United Kingdom.[34] Norway had negotiated to join at
the same time, but Norwegian voters rejected membership in a referendum. In 1979, the rst direct elections to
the European Parliament were held.[35]
Greece joined in 1981, Portugal and Spain following in
1986.[36] In 1985, the Schengen Agreement paved the
way for the creation of open borders without passport
controls between most member states and some nonmember states.[37] In 1986, the European ag began to
be used by the Community[38] and the Single European
Act was signed.
The continental territories of the member states of the European
Union (European Communities pre-1993), coloured in order of
accession.

In 1990, after the fall of the Eastern Bloc, the former

East Germany became part of the Community as part of a
reunied Germany.[39] With further enlargement planned
to include the former communist states, as well as Cyprus
Rome, which created the European Economic Commu- and Malta, the Copenhagen criteria for candidate memnity (EEC) and established a customs union. They also bers to join the EU were agreed upon in June 1993.
signed another pact creating the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom) for co-operation in devel1.3 Maastricht Treaty (1992present)
oping nuclear energy. Both treaties came into force in
1958.[28]
The EEC and Euratom were created separately from
ECSC, although they shared the same courts and the
Common Assembly. The EEC was headed by Walter
Hallstein (Hallstein Commission) and Euratom was
headed by Louis Armand (Armand Commission) and
then tienne Hirsch. Euratom was to integrate sectors in
nuclear energy while the EEC would develop a customs
union among members.[29][30]
Through the 1960s, tensions began to show, with France
seeking to limit supranational power. Nevertheless, in
1965 an agreement was reached and on 1 July 1967 the
Merger Treaty created a single set of institutions for the
three communities, which were collectively referred to as
the European Communities.[31][32] Jean Rey presided over The euro was introduced in 2002, replacing 12 national currencies. Seven countries have since joined.
the rst merged Commission (Rey Commission).[33]
The European Union was formally established when the
Maastricht Treatywhose main architects were Helmut
Kohl and Franois Mitterrandcame into force on 1
November 1993.[20] The treaty also gave the name
European Community to the EEC, even if it was referred
as such before the treaty. In 1995, Austria, Finland, and
Sweden joined the EU. In 2002, euro banknotes and coins
replaced national currencies in 12 of the member states.
Since then, the eurozone has increased to encompass
19 countries. In 2004, the EU saw its biggest enlargement to date when Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Estonia,
Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia and
Slovenia joined the Union.[40] In 2007, Romania and
Bulgaria became EU members. The same year, Slovenia
adopted the euro,[40] followed in 2008 by Cyprus and
In 1989, the Iron Curtain fell, enabling the union to expand fur- Malta, by Slovakia in 2009, by Estonia in 2011, by Latvia
ther (Berlin Wall pictured).
in 2014 and by Lithuania in 2015.

2.1

Member states

Mont Blanc in the Alps is the highest peak in the EU.

2009, the Lisbon Treaty entered into force.

On 1 December 2009, the Lisbon Treaty entered into

force and reformed many aspects of the EU. In particular, it changed the legal structure of the European Union,
merging the EU three pillars system into a single legal entity provisioned with a legal personality, created a permanent President of the European Council, the rst of which
was Herman Van Rompuy, and strengthened the position
of the High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy.[41] In 2012, the EU received the
Nobel Peace Prize for having "contributed to the advancement of peace and reconciliation, democracy, and human
rights in Europe."[42][43] In 2013, Croatia became the 28th
EU member.[44][45][46]

The EUs member states cover an area of 4,423,147

square kilometres (1,707,787 sq mi).[lower-alpha 3] The
EUs highest peak is Mont Blanc in the Graian Alps,
4,810.45 metres (15,782 ft) above sea level.[47] The lowest points in the EU are Lammefjorden, Denmark and
Zuidplaspolder, Netherlands, at 7 m (23 ft) below sea
level.[48] The landscape, climate, and economy of the EU
are inuenced by its coastline, which is 65,993 kilometres
(41,006 mi) long.
Including the overseas territories of France which are
located outside the continent of Europe, but which are
members of the union, the EU experiences most types
of climate from Arctic (North-East Europe) to tropical (French Guyana), rendering meteorological averages
for the EU as a whole meaningless. The majority of
the population lives in areas with a temperate maritime
climate (North-Western Europe and Central Europe), a
Mediterranean climate (Southern Europe), or a warm
summer continental or hemiboreal climate (Northern
Balkans and Central Europe).[49]

The EUs population is highly urbanised, with some 75%

of inhabitants (and growing, projected to be 90% in seven
member states by 2020) living in urban areas. Cities are
Main article: Treaties of the European Union
largely spread out across the EU, although with a large
grouping in and around the Benelux. An increasing perThe following timeline illustrates the integration that has centage of this is due to low density urban sprawl which
led to the formation of the present union, in terms of is extending into natural areas. In some cases, this urban growth has been due to the inux of EU funds into a
structural development driven by international treaties:
region.[50]

1.4

Structural evolution

2.1 Member states

Geography

Main article: Geography of the European Union

Main article: Member state of the European Union

Through successive enlargements, the European Union
has grown from the six founding statesBelgium,
France, West Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, and the
Netherlandsto the current 28. Countries accede to the
union by becoming party to the founding treaties, thereby
subjecting themselves to the privileges and obligations
of EU membership. This entails a partial delegation of
sovereignty to the institutions in return for representation
within those institutions, a practice often referred to as
pooling of sovereignty.[51][52]

The 65,993 km (41,006 mi) coastline dominates the To become a member, a country must meet the
European climate (Cyprus).
Copenhagen criteria, dened at the 1993 meeting of the

GEOGRAPHY

Map of the European Union in the world with overseas countries

and territories and outermost regions.

European Council in Copenhagen. These require a stable

democracy that respects human rights and the rule of law;
a functioning market economy; and the acceptance of the
obligations of membership, including EU law. Evaluation of a countrys fullment of the criteria is the responsibility of the European Council.[53] No member state has
ever left the Union, although Greenland (an autonomous
province of Denmark) withdrew in 1985.[54] The Lisbon
Treaty now contains a clause providing for a member to
leave the EU.[55]
There are six countries that are recognized as
candidates for membership:
Albania, Iceland,
Macedonia,[lower-alpha 4] Montenegro, Serbia, and
Turkey,[56] though Iceland suspended negotiations in
2013.[57] Bosnia and Herzegovina and Kosovo are
ocially recognised as potential candidates,[56] with
Bosnia and Herzegovina having submitted a membership
application.

Viru Bog in Lahemaa National Park in Estonia, a protected habitat under the Habitats Directive

and biotechnology.[63] According to the Institute for European Environmental Policy, environmental law comprises over 500 Directives, Regulations and Decisions,
making environmental policy a core area of European
politics.[64]
European policy-makers originally increased the EUs capacity to act on environmental issues by dening it as a
trade problem.[65] Trade barriers and competitive distortions in the Common Market could emerge due to the different environmental standards in each member state.[66]
In subsequent years, the environment became a formal
policy area, with its own policy actors, principles and procedures. The legal basis for EU environmental policy was
established with the introduction of the Single European
Act in 1987.[64]

The four countries forming the European Free Trade

Association (EFTA) are not EU members, but have
partly committed to the EUs economy and regulations:
Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway, which are a part
of the single market through the European Economic
Area, and Switzerland, which has similar ties through
bilateral treaties.[58][59] The relationships of the European
microstates, Andorra, Monaco, San Marino, and the
Vatican include the use of the euro and other areas of cooperation.[60] The following 28 sovereign states (of which
the map only shows territories situated in and around Europe) constitute the European Union:[61]

2.2

Environment

Further information: European Commissioner for the

Environment and European Climate Change Programme
In 1957, when the EEC was founded, it had no environmental policy.[62] Over the past 50 years, an increasingly
dense network of legislation has been created, extending
to all areas of environmental protection, including air pollution, water quality, waste management, nature conservation, and the control of chemicals, industrial hazards

A black stork, a protected species under Regulation (EC) No.

338/97

Initially, EU environmental policy focused on Europe.

More recently, the EU has demonstrated leadership in
global environmental governance, e.g. the role of the EU
in securing the ratication and coming into force of the
Kyoto Protocol despite opposition from the United States.
This international dimension is reected in the EUs Sixth
Environmental Action Programme,[67] which recognises
that its objectives can only be achieved if key interna-

3.2

Governance

tional agreements are actively supported and properly implemented both at EU level and worldwide. The Lisbon
Treaty further strengthened the leadership ambitions.[68]
EU law has played a signicant role in improving habitat
and species protection in Europe, as well as contributing to improvements in air and water quality and waste
management.[64]
Mitigating climate change is one of the top priorities
of EU environmental policy. In 2007, member states
agreed that, in future, 20% of the energy used across
the EU must be renewable, and carbon dioxide emissions have to be lower in 2020 by at least 20% compared to 1990 levels.[69] The EU has adopted an emissions
trading system to incorporate carbon emissions into the
economy.[70] The European Green Capital is an annual
award given to cities that focuses on the environment, energy eciency and quality of life in urban areas to create
smart city.

Politics

Main article: Politics of the European Union

The European Union operates according to the principles
of conferral (which says that it should act only within
the limits of the competences conferred on it by the
treaties) and of subsidiarity (which says that it should act
only where an objective cannot be suciently achieved
by the member states acting alone). Laws made by the
EU institutions are passed in a variety of forms. Generally speaking, they can be classied into two groups:
those which come into force without the necessity for national implementation measures (regulations) and those
which specically require national implementation measures (directives).[71]

3.1

Constitutional nature

constitutional law has been much debated. It began life

as an international organisation and gradually developed
into a confederation of states. However, since the mid1960s it has also added several of the key attributes of a
federation, such as the direct eect of the law of the general level of government upon the individual[72] and majority voting in the decision-making process of the general level of government,[73] without becoming a federation per se. Scholars thus today see it as an intermediate
form lying between a confederation and a federation, being an instance of neither political structure.[74] For this
reason, the organisation is termed sui generis (incomparable, one of a kind),[75] although some argue that this
designation is no longer valid.[76][77]
The organisation has traditionally used the terms Community and later Union to describe itself. The diculties of classication involve the dierence between national law (where the subjects of the law include natural
persons and corporations) and international law (where
the subjects include sovereign states and international organizations). They can also be seen in the light of diering European and American constitutional traditions.[76]
Especially in terms of the European tradition, the term
federation is equated with a sovereign federal state in
international law; so the EU cannot be called a federation at least, not without qualication. It is, however,
described as being based on a federal model or federal
in nature; and so it may be appropriate to consider it a
federal union of states, a conceptual structure lying between the confederation of states and the federal state.[78]
The German Constitutional Court refers to the EU as
a Staatenverbund, an intermediate structure between a
Staatenbund (confederation of states) and a Bundesstaat
(federal state), consistent with this concept.[79] This may
be a long-lived political form. Andrew Moravcsik claims
that the EU is unlikely to develop further into a federal
state, but instead has reached maturity as a constitutional
system.[80]

3.2 Governance

Further information: Treaties of the European Union

The classication of the EU in terms of international or Main articles: Institutions of the European Union and
Legislature of the European Union
National Parliaments

National Governments

Heads of
state / government

European
4
Central Bank

European Court
3
of Auditors

European Court
3
of Justice

Council
2
of Ministers

European
Council3

President

President

European
1
Parliament

Legislation

European
3
Commission

President

Enfranchised people (according to the electoral laws of each country)

Legislative branch

elects / appoints / decides on 1: Elections are every 5 years. The right to vote may be dierent depending on the country

Executive branch

membership

Judicial branch

proposes

2: State chamber. Convenes in varying composition depending on the policy area.

Each country is represented by one member per department
3: Each country is represented by one member
4: The European Central Bank is composed of representatives of the national central banks.
Its Board is elected by the European Council on the proposal of the Council of Ministers

Political system of the European Union

The European Union has seven institutions: the European

Council, the Council of the European Union, the
European Parliament, the European Commission, the
Court of Justice of the European Union, the European
Central Bank and the European Court of Auditors. Competence in scrutinising and amending legislation is shared
between the Council of the European Union and the European Parliament, while executive tasks are performed
by the European Commission and in a limited capacity
by the European Council (not to be confused with the
aforementioned Council of the European Union). The
monetary policy of the eurozone is determined by the European Central Bank. The interpretation and the applica-

3 POLITICS

tion of EU law and the treaties are ensured by the Court of

Justice of the European Union. The EU budget is scrutinised by the European Court of Auditors. There are also
a number of ancillary bodies which advise the EU or operate in a specic area.
Institutions of the European Union [81]

Tasks for the President of the European Council are ensuring the external representation of the EU,[84] driving consensus and resolving divergences among member
states, both during meetings of the European Council and
over the periods between them.
The European Council should not be mistaken for the
Council of Europe, an international organisation independent of the EU based in Strasbourg.

t
e
3.2.1

over controversial issues and policies. It acts externally as a "collective head of state" and raties important documents (for example, international agreements
and treaties).[83]

European Council

3.2.2 Council of the European Union

The Council of the European Union (also called the
Council[85] and the Council of Ministers, its former
title)[86] forms one half of the EUs legislature. It consists
of a government minister from each member state and
meets in dierent compositions depending on the policy
area being addressed. Notwithstanding its dierent congurations, it is considered to be one single body.[87] In
addition to its legislative functions, the Council also exercises executive functions in relations to the Common
Foreign and Security Policy.
3.2.3 European Parliament

President of the European Council, Donald Tusk

The hemicycle of the European Parliament in Strasbourg

The European Council gives political direction to the

EU. It convenes at least four times a year and comprises
the President of the European Council (currently Donald
Tusk), the President of the European Commission and
one representative per member state (either its head of
state or head of government). The High Representative
of the Union for Foreign Aairs and Security Policy (currently Federica Mogherini) also takes part in its meetings.
It has been described by some as the Unions supreme
political authority.[82] It is actively involved in the negotiation of treaty changes and denes the EUs policy
agenda and strategies.

The European Parliament forms the other half of the EUs

legislature. The 751 Members of the European Parliament (MEPs) are directly elected by EU citizens every
ve years on the basis of proportional representation. Although MEPs are elected on a national basis, they sit according to political groups rather than their nationality.
Each country has a set number of seats and is divided into
sub-national constituencies where this does not aect the
proportional nature of the voting system.[88]

The European Parliament and the Council of the European Union pass legislation jointly in nearly all areas unThe European Council uses its leadership role to sort der the ordinary legislative procedure. This also applies
out disputes between member states and the institu- to the EU budget. The European Commission is accounttions, and to resolve political crises and disagreements able to Parliament, requiring its approval to take oce,

3.3

Budget

having to report back to it and subject to motions of cen- 3.3 Budget

sure from it. The President of the European Parliament
(currently Martin Schulz) carries out the role of speaker Main article: Budget of the European Union
in Parliament and represents it externally. The President
and Vice-Presidents are elected by MEPs every two and
a half years.[89]

3.2.4

European Commission

The 2011 EU budget (141.9 bn)[91]

Cohesion and competitiveness for growth and employment (45%)
Direct aids and market related expenditures (31%)
Rural development (11%)
EU as a global partner (6%)
Administration (6%)
Citizenship, freedom, security and justice (1%)
The EU had an agreed budget of 120.7 billion for
the year 2007 and 864.3 billion for the period 2007
2013,[92] representing 1.10% and 1.05% of the EU-27s
GNI forecast for the respective periods. By comparison, the United Kingdoms expenditure for 2004 was estimated to be 759 billion, and France was estimated to
have spent 801 billion. In 1960, the budget of the then
European Economic Community was 0.03% of GDP.[93]
Commission President, Jean-Claude Juncker

In the 2010 budget of 141.5 billion, the largest single expenditure item is "cohesion & competitiveness"
with around 45% of the total budget.[94] Next comes
"agriculture" with approximately 31% of the total.[94]
"Rural development, environment and sheries" takes up
around 11%.[94] "Administration" accounts for around
6%.[94] The "EU as a global partner" and "citizenship,
freedom, security and justice" bring up the rear with approximately 6% and 1% respectively.[94]

The European Commission acts as the EUs executive

arm and is responsible for initiating legislation and the
day-to-day running of the EU. The Commission is also
seen as the motor of European integration. It operates as
a cabinet government, with 28 Commissioners for dierent areas of policy, one from each member state, though
Commissioners are bound to represent the interests of the The Court of Auditors is legally obliged to provide the
Parliament and the Council with a statement of assurEU as a whole rather than their home state.
One of the 28 is the President of the European Com- ance as to the reliability of the accounts and the[95]legalmission (currently Jean-Claude Juncker) appointed by the ity and regularity of the underlying transactions. The
proposals on nancial legisEuropean Council. After the President, the most promi- Court also gives opinions and[96]
lation
and
anti-fraud
actions.
The Parliament uses this
nent Commissioner is the High Representative of the
to
decide
whether
to
approve
the
Commissions handling
Union for Foreign Aairs and Security Policy, who is exof
the
budget.
ocio a Vice-President of the Commission and is also
chosen by the European Council.[90] The other 26 Commissioners are subsequently appointed by the Council of
the European Union in agreement with the nominated
President. The 28 Commissioners as a single body are
subject to a vote of approval by the European Parliament.

The European Court of Auditors has signed o the European Union accounts every year since 2007 and, while
making it clear that the European Commission has more
work to do, has highlighted that most of the errors take
place at national level.[97][98] In their report on 2009

4 LEGAL SYSTEM

the auditors found that ve areas of Union expenditure,

agriculture and the cohesion fund, were materially affected by error.[99] The European Commission estimated
in 2009 that the nancial impact of irregularities was
1,863 million.[100]

3.4

Competences

EU member states retain all powers not explicitly handed

to the European Union. In some areas the EU enjoys
exclusive competence. These are areas in which member states have renounced any capacity to enact legislation. In other areas the EU and its member states share
the competence to legislate. While both can legislate,
member states can only legislate to the extent to which
the EU has not. In other policy areas the EU can only
co-ordinate, support and supplement member state action
but cannot enact legislation with the aim of harmonising
national laws.[101]
That a particular policy area falls into a certain category of competence is not necessarily indicative of
what legislative procedure is used for enacting legislation
within that policy area. Dierent legislative procedures
are used within the same category of competence, and
even with the same policy area.

The EU has legal personality, with the right to sign agreements and international treaties.[103]
Under the principle of supremacy, national courts are required to enforce the treaties that their member states
have ratied, and thus the laws enacted under them,
even if doing so requires them to ignore conicting
national law, and (within limits) even constitutional
provisions.[lower-alpha 8]

4.1 Courts of Justice

The judicial branch of the EUformally called the Court
of Justice of the European Unionconsists of three
courts: the Court of Justice, the General Court, and the
European Union Civil Service Tribunal. Together they
interpret and apply the treaties and the law of the EU.[104]
The Court of Justice primarily deals with cases taken by
member states, the institutions, and cases referred to it
by the courts of member states.[105] The General Court
mainly deals with cases taken by individuals and companies directly before the EUs courts,[106] and the European
Union Civil Service Tribunal adjudicates in disputes between the European Union and its civil service.[107] Decisions from the General Court can be appealed to the
Court of Justice but only on a point of law.[108]

The distribution of competences in various policy areas

between Member States and the Union is divided in the
following three categories:
4.2

Fundamental rights

Legal system

Further information: European Union law, Treaties of the

European Union and Charter of Fundamental Rights of
the European Union
The EU is based on a series of treaties. These rst es-

The ceremony of the 1990 Sakharov Prize awarded to Aung

San Suu Kyi by Martin Schulz, inside the Parliaments Strasbourg
hemicycle, in 2013.

The Court of Justice, seated in Luxembourg.

The treaties declare that the EU itself is founded on the

values of respect for human dignity, freedom, democracy,
equality, the rule of law and respect for human rights, including the rights of persons belonging to minorities ...
in a society in which pluralism, non-discrimination, tolerance, justice, solidarity and equality between women
and men prevail.[109]

tablished the European Community and the EU, and then

made amendments to those founding treaties.[102] These
are power-giving treaties which set broad policy goals and
establish institutions with the necessary legal powers to
implement those goals. These legal powers include the In 2009 the Lisbon Treaty gave legal eect to the Charter
ability to enact legislation[lower-alpha 6] which can directly of Fundamental Rights of the European Union. The charaect all member states and their inhabitants.[lower-alpha 7] ter is a codied catalogue of fundamental rights against

9
which the EUs legal acts can be judged. It consolidates many rights which were previously recognised by
the Court of Justice and derived from the constitutional
traditions common to the member states.[110] The Court
of Justice has long recognised fundamental rights and has,
on occasion, invalidated EU legislation based on its failure to adhere to those fundamental rights.[111]
Although signing the European Convention on
Human Rights (ECHR) is a condition for EU
membership,[lower-alpha 9] previously, the EU itself
could not accede to the Convention as it is neither a state[lower-alpha 10] nor had the competence to
accede.[lower-alpha 11] The Lisbon Treaty and Protocol 14
to the ECHR have changed this: the former binds the
EU to accede to the Convention while the latter formally
permits it.
Although, the EU is independent from Council of Europe, they share purpose and ideas especially on rule of
law, human rights and democracy. Further European
Convention on Human Rights and European Social Charter, the source of law of Charter of Fundamental Rights
are created by Council of Europe. The EU also promoted
human rights issues in the wider world. The EU opposes
the death penalty and has proposed its worldwide abolition. Abolition of the death penalty is a condition for EU
membership.[112]

Since the creation of the EU in 1993, it has developed

The borders inside the Schengen Area between Germany and

Austria

its competencies in the area of freedom, security and

justice, initially at an intergovernmental level and later
by supranationalism. To this end, agencies have been
established that co-ordinate associated actions: Europol
for co-operation of police forces,[114] Eurojust for cooperation between prosecutors,[115] and Frontex for cooperation between border control authorities.[116] The EU
also operates the Schengen Information System[15] which
provides a common database for police and immigration authorities. This co-operation had to particularly
be developed with the advent of open borders through
4.3 Acts
the Schengen Agreement and the associated cross border
The main legal acts of the EU come in three forms: crime.
regulations, directives, and decisions. Regulations be- Furthermore, the Union has legislated in areas such
come law in all member states the moment they come as extradition,[117] family law,[118] asylum law,[119] and
into force, without the requirement for any implementing criminal justice.[120] Prohibitions against sexual and nameasures,[lower-alpha 12] and automatically override con- tionality discrimination have a long standing in the
icting domestic provisions.[lower-alpha 6] Directives require treaties.[lower-alpha 14] In more recent years, these have been
member states to achieve a certain result while leaving supplemented by powers to legislate against discriminathem discretion as to how to achieve the result. The de- tion based on race, religion, disability, age, and sexual
tails of how they are to be implemented are left to mem- orientation.[lower-alpha 15] By virtue of these powers, the
ber states.[lower-alpha 13] When the time limit for imple- EU has enacted legislation on sexual discrimination in
menting directives passes, they may, under certain con- the work-place, age discrimination, and racial discrimiditions, have direct eect in national law against member nation.[lower-alpha 16]
states.
Decisions oer an alternative to the two above modes of
legislation. They are legal acts which only apply to specied individuals, companies or a particular member state.
They are most often used in competition law, or on rulings
on State Aid, but are also frequently used for procedural
or administrative matters within the institutions. Regulations, directives, and decisions are of equal legal value
and apply without any formal hierarchy.[113]

5 Foreign relations

Main articles: Foreign relations of the European Union,

Common Foreign and Security Policy and European External Action Service
Foreign policy co-operation between member states
dates from the establishment of the Community in 1957,
when member states negotiated as a bloc in international
trade negotiations under the Common Commercial pol4.4 Area of freedom, security and justice icy.[121] Steps for a more wide ranging co-ordination in
foreign relations began in 1970 with the establishment
Further information: Area of freedom, security and jus- of European Political Cooperation which created an intice
formal consultation process between member states with

10

FOREIGN RELATIONS

the EU is the High Representative of the Union for Foreign Aairs and Security Policy who speaks on behalf
of the EU in foreign policy and defence matters, and
has the task of articulating the positions expressed by
the member states on these elds of policy into a common alignment. The High Representative heads up the
European External Action Service (EEAS), a unique EU
department[125] that has been ocially implemented and
operational since 1 December 2010 on the occasion of
the rst anniversary of the entry into force of the Treaty
of Lisbon.[126] The EEAS will serve as a foreign ministry
and diplomatic corps for the European Union.[127]
The EU participates in all G8 and G20 summits. (G20 summit in
Seoul)

Besides the emerging international policy of the European Union, the international inuence of the EU is also
felt through enlargement. The perceived benets of bethe aim of forming common foreign policies. It was not, coming a member of the EU act as an incentive for both
however, until 1987 when European Political Coopera- political and economic reform in states wishing to full
tion was introduced on a formal basis by the Single Eu- the EUs accession criteria, and are considered an imporreform of European forropean Act. EPC was renamed as the Common Foreign tant factor contributing to the
[128]:762
[122]
merly
Communist
countries.
This inuence on the
and Security Policy (CFSP) by the Maastricht Treaty.
internal aairs of other countries is generally referred to
as "soft power", as opposed to military hard power.[129]

5.1 Military
Main article: Military of the European Union
The predecessors of the European Union were not

NATO Summit 2006 in Riga, Latvia.

devised as a military alliance because NATO was

largely seen as appropriate and sucient for deHigh Representative of the Union for Foreign Aairs and Security fence purposes.[130] 22 EU members are members of
Policy, Federica Mogherini
NATO[131] while the remaining member states follow
policies of neutrality.[132] The Western European Union,
The aims of the CFSP are to promote both the EUs a military alliance with a mutual defence clause, was disown interests and those of the international community banded in 2010 as its role had been transferred to the
as a whole, including the furtherance of international co- EU.[133]
operation, respect for human rights, democracy, and the According to the Stockholm International Peace Rerule of law.[123] The CFSP requires unanimity among search Institute (SIPRI), the United Kingdom spent $61
the member states on the appropriate policy to follow on billion on defence in 2014, placing it fth in the world,
any particular issue. The unanimity and dicult issues while France spent $53 billion, the sixth largest.[134] Totreated under the CFSP sometimes lead to disagreements, gether, the UK and France account for approximately 40
such as those which occurred over the war in Iraq.[124]
per cent of EUs defence budget and 50 per cent of its milThe coordinator and representative of the CFSP within itary capacity.[135] Both are ocially recognised nuclear

11

Collectively, the EU is the largest contributor of foreign aid in the

world. [140] [141]
An A400M military transport aircraft built by Airbus Group SE
(Societas Europaea; Latin: European company)

weapon states holding permanent seats on the United Nations Security Council.
Following the Kosovo War in 1999, the European Council agreed that the Union must have the capacity for autonomous action, backed by credible military forces, the
means to decide to use them, and the readiness to do so, in
order to respond to international crises without prejudice
to actions by NATO. To that end, a number of eorts
were made to increase the EUs military capability, notably the Helsinki Headline Goal process. After much
discussion, the most concrete result was the EU Battlegroups initiative, each of which is planned to be able to
deploy quickly about 1500 personnel.[136]
EU forces have been deployed on peacekeeping missions
from middle and northern Africa to the western Balkans
and western Asia.[137] EU military operations are supported by a number of bodies, including the European
Defence Agency, European Union Satellite Centre and
the European Union Military Sta.[138] Frontex is an
agency of the EU established to manage the cooperation between national border guards securing its external
borders. It aims to detect and stop illegal immigration,
human tracking and terrorist inltration. In December
2015 the European Commission presented its proposal
for a new European Border and Coast Guard Agency
having a stronger role and mandate along with national
authorities for border management. In an EU consisting of 28 members, substantial security and defence cooperation is increasingly relying on collaboration among
all member states.[139]

5.2

Humanitarian aid

Further information: ECHO (European Commission)

The European Commissions Humanitarian Aid and
Civil Protection department, or ECHO, provides
humanitarian aid from the EU to developing countries.
In 2012, its budget amounted to 874 million, 51% of

the budget went to Africa and 20% to Asia, Latin America, the Caribbean and Pacic, and 20% to the Middle
East and Mediterranean.[142]
Humanitarian aid is nanced directly by the budget (70%)
as part of the nancial instruments for external action
and also by the European Development Fund (30%).[143]
The EUs external action nancing is divided into 'geographic' instruments and 'thematic' instruments.[143]
The 'geographic' instruments provide aid through the
Development Cooperation Instrument (DCI, 16.9 billion, 20072013), which must spend 95% of its budget on overseas development assistance (ODA), and from
the European Neighbourhood and Partnership Instrument
(ENPI), which contains some relevant programmes.[143]
The European Development Fund (EDF, 22.7 bn,
20082013) is made up of voluntary contributions by
member states, but there is pressure to merge the EDF
into the budget-nanced instruments to encourage increased contributions to match the 0.7% target and allow
the European Parliament greater oversight.[143]
However, ve countries have reached the 0.7% target:
Sweden, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Denmark and
the United Kingdom.[144][145] In 2011, EU aid was 0.42%
of the EUs GNI making it the worlds most generous aid
donor.[146] The previous Commissioner for Aid, Louis
Michel, has called for aid to be delivered more rapidly,
to greater eect, and on humanitarian principles.[147]

6 Economy
Main articles: Economy of the European Union and
Regional policy of the European Union
The ve largest economies in the world according to the
IMF by nominal GDP in 2014.[148]
The European Union has established a single market
across the territory of all its members representing 508
million citizens. In 2014, the EU had a combined GDP
of 18.640 trillion international dollars, a 20% share of

12
global gross domestic product by purchasing power parity (PPP).[149] As a political entity the European Union is
represented in the World Trade Organization (WTO). EU
member states own the estimated largest net wealth in the
world, equal to 30% of the $223 trillion global wealth.

6 ECONOMY
of Independent States (TACIS). TACIS has now become part of the worldwide EuropeAid programme.
EU research and technological framework programmes
sponsor research conducted by consortia from all EU
members to work towards a single European Research
Area.[159]

6.1 Internal market

Main article: Internal market
Two of the original core objectives of the European Eco-

GDP (in PPS) per inhabitant by NUTS 2 regions in 2013.

19 member states have joined a monetary union known

as the eurozone, which uses the Euro as a single currency. The currency union represents 338 million EU
citizens.[150] The euro is the second largest reserve currency as well as the second most traded currency in the
world after the United States dollar.[151][152][153]
A standardised passport design, displaying the name of the mem-

Of the top 500 largest corporations in the world meaber state, the national arms and the words European Union
sured by revenue in 2010, 161 have their headquarters given in their ocial language(s). (Irish model)
in the EU.[154] In 2016, unemployment in the EU stood
at 8.9%[155] while ination was at 2.2%, and the current nomic Community were the development of a common
account balance at 0.9% of GDP.
market, subsequently renamed the single market, and a
There is a signicant variance for GDP (PPP) per capita customs union between its member states. The single
within individual EU states. The dierence between market involves the free circulation of goods, capital,
the richest and poorest regions (276 NUTS-2 regions people, and services within the EU,[150] and the customs
of the Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics) union involves the application of a common external tarranged, in 2014, from 30% of the EU28 average to i on all goods entering the market. Once goods have
539%, or from 8,200 to 148,000 (about US$9,000 been admitted into the market they cannot be subjected
to US$162,000).[156]
to customs duties, discriminatory taxes or import quotas,
Structural Funds and Cohesion Funds are supporting the as they travel internally. The non-EU member states of
development of underdeveloped regions of the EU. Such Iceland, Norway, Liechtenstein and Switzerland partici[58]
regions are primarily located in the states of central and pate in the single market but not in the customs union.
EU is covered by legislation harsouthern Europe.[157][158] Several funds provide emer- Half the trade in the
[160]
monised
by
the
EU.
gency aid, support for candidate members to transform
their country to conform to the EUs standard (Phare, Free movement of capital is intended to permit moveISPA, and SAPARD), and support to the Commonwealth ment of investments such as property purchases and buy-

6.2

Monetary union

13

ing of shares between countries.[161] Until the drive towards economic and monetary union the development of
the capital provisions had been slow. Post-Maastricht
there has been a rapidly developing corpus of ECJ judgements regarding this initially neglected freedom. The free
movement of capital is unique insofar as it is granted
equally to non-member states.
The free movement of persons means that EU citizens can
move freely between member states to live, work, study
or retire in another country. This required the lowering of
administrative formalities and recognition of professional
qualications of other states.[162]
The free movement of services and of establishment allows self-employed persons to move between member
states to provide services on a temporary or permanent
basis. While services account for 6070% of GDP, legislation in the area is not as developed as in other areas.
This lacuna has been addressed by the recently passed
Directive on services in the internal market which aims to
liberalise the cross border provision of services.[163] According to the Treaty the provision of services is a residual freedom that only applies if no other freedom is being
exercised.

6.2

Monetary union

Main articles: Eurozone and Economic and Monetary

Union of the European Union
The creation of a European single currency became an The seat of the European Central Bank in Frankfurt. 19 of the
ocial objective of the European Economic Community 28 EU member states have adopted the euro as their legal tender.
in 1969. In 1992, having negotiated the structure and
procedures of a currency union, the member states signed
the Maastricht Treaty and were legally bound to full the
agreed-on rules including the convergence criteria if they
wanted to join the monetary union. The states wanting to
participate had rst to join the European Exchange Rate
Mechanism.
In 1999 the currency union started, rst as an accounting
currency with eleven member states joining. In 2002, the
currency was fully put into place, when euro notes and
coins were issued and national currencies began to phase
out in the eurozone, which by then consisted of 12 member states. The eurozone (constituted by the EU member
states which have adopted the euro) has since grown to
19 countries.[164][lower-alpha 17]
Since its launch the euro has become the second reserve
currency in the world with a quarter of foreign exchanges
reserves being in euro.[165] The euro, and the monetary
policies of those who have adopted it in agreement with
The Eurozone (blue) represents 338 million people. The euro is
the EU, are under the control of the European Central the second largest reserve currency in the world.
Bank (ECB).[166]
The ECB is the central bank for the eurozone, and thus
controls monetary policy in that area with an agenda to tional central banks and is controlled by its General Counmaintain price stability. It is at the centre of the European cil, consisting of the President of the ECB, who is apSystem of Central Banks, which comprehends all EU na- pointed by the European Council, the Vice-President of

14

6 ECONOMY

the ECB, and the governors of the national central banks the uranium, of which less than 3% is produced in the
of all 28 EU member states.[167]
EU.[171]
The European System of Financial Supervision is an
institutional architecture of the EUs framework of nancial supervision composed by three authorities: the
European Banking Authority, the European Insurance
and Occupational Pensions Authority and the European
Securities and Markets Authority. To complement this
framework, there is also a European Systemic Risk Board
under the responsibility of the ECB. The aim of this nancial control system is to ensure the economic stability
of the EU.[168]

The EU has had legislative power in the area of energy

policy for most of its existence; this has its roots in the
original European Coal and Steel Community. The introduction of a mandatory and comprehensive European
energy policy was approved at the meeting of the European Council in October 2005, and the rst draft policy
was published in January 2007.[172]
The EU has ve key points in its energy policy: increase
competition in the internal market, encourage investment
and boost interconnections between electricity grids; diversify energy resources with better systems to respond
to a crisis; establish a new treaty framework for energy
co-operation with Russia while improving relations with
energy-rich states in Central Asia[173] and North Africa;
use existing energy supplies more eciently while increasing renewable energy commercialisation; and nally
increase funding for new energy technologies.[172]

To prevent the joining states from getting into nancial

trouble or crisis after entering the monetary union, they
were obliged in the Maastricht treaty to full important
nancial obligations and procedures, especially to show
budgetary discipline and a high degree of sustainable economic convergence, as well as to avoid excessive government decits and limit the government debt to a sustainable level.
The EU currently imports 82% of its oil, 57% of its natural gas[174] and 97.48% of its uranium[171] demands. Because of Europes dependence on Russian energy the EU
is attempting to diversify its energy supply.[175]
6.3 Energy
Main article: Energy policy of the European Union

6.4 Infrastructure
Further information: European Commissioner for Transport, European Commissioner for Industry and Entrepreneurship and European Investment Bank
The EU is working to improve cross-border infras-

Consumed energy (2012)[169]

Renewable (dom. prod.) (7%)
Nuclear[lower-alpha 18] (dom. prod.) (13%)
Coal/Lignite (dom. prod.) (10%)
Gas (dom. prod.) (9%)
Gas (import) (14%)
Oil (dom. prod.) (6%)
Oil (import) (33%)
Other (dom. prod.) (1%)
Other (import) (7%)

The resund Bridge between Denmark and Sweden is part of the

Trans-European Networks.

tructure within the EU, for example through the TransEuropean Networks (TEN). Projects under TEN include
the Channel Tunnel, LGV Est, the Frjus Rail Tunnel, the
resund Bridge, the Brenner Base Tunnel and the Strait
In 2006, the EU-27 had a gross inland energy consump- of Messina Bridge. In 2010 the estimated network covtion of 1,825 million tonnes of oil equivalent (toe).[170] ers: 75,200 kilometres (46,700 mi) of roads; 78,000 kilo270 marAround 46% of the energy consumed was produced metres (48,000 mi) of railways; 330 airports;
[176][177]
itime
harbours;
and
210
internal
harbours.
[170]
within the member states while 54% was imported.
In these statistics, nuclear energy is treated as primary Rail transport in Europe is being synchronised with the
energy produced in the EU, regardless of the source of European Rail Trac Management System (ERTMS),

6.6

Competition

an initiative to greatly enhance safety, increase eciency

of trains and enhance cross-border interoperability of rail
transport in Europe by replacing signalling equipment
with digitized mostly wireless versions and by creating
a single Europe-wide standard for train control and command systems.

15
tain minimum price levels. To dispose of surplus stores,
they were often sold on the world market at prices considerably below Community guaranteed prices, or farmers
were oered subsidies (amounting to the dierence between the Community and world prices) to export their
products outside the Community. This system has been
criticised for under-cutting farmers outside Europe, especially those in the developing world.[184] Supporters
of CAP argue that the economic support which it gives
to farmers provides them with a reasonable standard of
living.[184]

The developing European transport policies will increase

the pressure on the environment in many regions by the
increased transport network. In the pre-2004 EU members, the major problem in transport deals with congestion and pollution. After the recent enlargement, the new
states that joined since 2004 added the problem of solving Since the beginning of the 1990s, the CAP has been
accessibility to the transport agenda.[178] The Polish road subject to a series of reforms. Initially, these reforms
network was upgraded such as the A4 autostrada.[179][180] included the introduction of set-aside in 1988, where
The Galileo positioning system is another EU infras- a proportion of farm land was deliberately withdrawn
tructure project. Galileo is a proposed Satellite naviga- from production, milk quotas and, more recently, the
tion system, to be built by the EU and launched by the 'de-coupling' (or disassociation) of the money farmers
European Space Agency (ESA). The Galileo project was receive from the EU and the amount they produce (by
launched partly to reduce the EUs dependency on the the Fischler reforms in 2004). Agriculture expenditure
US-operated Global Positioning System, but also to give will move away from subsidy payments linked to spemore complete global coverage and allow for greater ac- cic produce, toward direct payments based on farm size.
This is intended to allow the market to dictate production
curacy, given the aged nature of the GPS system.[181]
levels.[182] One of these reforms entailed the abolition
of the EUs sugar regime, which previously divided the
sugar market between member states and certain African6.5 Agriculture
Caribbean nations with a privileged relationship with the
EU.[185]
Main article: Common Agricultural Policy
The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) is one of the

6.6 Competition
Further information: European Union competition law
and European Commissioner for Competition
The EU operates a competition policy intended to
ensure undistorted competition within the single
market.[lower-alpha 20] The Commission as the competition
regulator for the single market is responsible for antitrust
issues, approving mergers, breaking up cartels, working
for economic liberalisation and preventing state aid.[186]
Vineyards in Romania; EU farms are supported by the CAP, the
largest budgetary expenditure.

long lasting policies of the European Community.[182]

The policy has the objectives of increasing agricultural
production, providing certainty in food supplies, ensuring
a high quality of life for farmers, stabilising markets, and
ensuring reasonable prices for consumers.[lower-alpha 19] It
was, until recently, operated by a system of subsidies
and market intervention. Until the 1990s, the policy accounted for over 60% of the then European Community's annual budget, and as of 2013 accounts for around
34%.[183]

The Competition Commissioner, currently Margrethe

Vestager, is one of the most powerful positions in the
Commission, notable for the ability to aect the commercial interests of trans-national corporations.[187] For
example, in 2001 the Commission for the rst time prevented a merger between two companies based in the
United States (GE and Honeywell) which had already
been approved by their national authority.[188] Another
high-prole case against Microsoft, resulted in the Commission ning Microsoft over 777 million following
nine years of legal action.[189]

7 Demographics

The policys price controls and market interventions led

to considerable overproduction. These were intervention Main article: Demographics of the European Union
stores of products bought up by the Community to main-

16

7 DEMOGRAPHICS

As of 1 January 2015, the population of the European Union is about 508.2 million people.[7] In 2013,
5,075,000 live births were registered and 4,999,200
deaths. The net migration to the EU was +653,100. In
2010, 47.3 million people lived in the EU, who were born
outside their resident country. This corresponds to 9.4%
of the total EU population. Of these, 31.4 million (6.3%)
were born outside the EU and 16.0 million (3.2%) were
born in another EU member state. The largest absolute
numbers of people born outside the EU were in Germany
(6.4 million), France (5.1 million), the United Kingdom
(4.7 million), Spain (4.1 million), Italy (3.2 million), and
the Netherlands (1.4 million).[190]

7.1

Urbanisation

The EU contains 16 cities with populations of over one

million. Besides many large cities, the EU also includes
several densely populated regions that have no single core
but have emerged from the connection of several cites and
now encompass large metropolitan areas. The largest are
Rhine-Ruhr having approximately 11.5 million inhabitants (Cologne, Dortmund, Dsseldorf et al.), Randstad
approx. 7 million (Amsterdam, Rotterdam, The Hague,
Utrecht et al.), Frankfurt Rhine-Main approx. 5.8 million (Frankfurt, Wiesbaden et al.), the Flemish Diamond
approx. 5.5 million (urban area in between Antwerp,
Brussels, Leuven and Ghent), Upper Silesia approx. 5.3
million (Katowice, Ostrava) and resund approx. 3.7
million (Copenhagen, Malm).[191]

7.2

ken language in the EU, being spoken by 51% of the

EU population when counting both native and non-native
speakers.[202] German is the most widely spoken mother
tongue, being spoken by 16% of the EU population. 56%
of EU citizens are able to engage in a conversation in a
language other than their mother tongue.[203] Most ofcial languages of the EU belong to the Indo-European
language family, except Estonian, Finnish, and Hungarian, which belong to the Uralic language family, and Maltese, which is a Semitic language. Most EU ocial languages are written in the Latin alphabet except Bulgarian, which is written in the Cyrillic alphabet, and Greek,
which is written in the Greek alphabet.[204] These are the
three ocial scripts of the European Union.[205]
Besides the 24 ocial languages, there are about 150
regional and minority languages, spoken by up to 50
million people.[204] Although EU programmes can support regional and minority languages, the protection of
linguistic rights is a matter for the individual member
states. The European Charter for Regional or Minority
Languages ratied by most EU states provides general
guidelines that states can follow to protect their linguistic heritage.
The European Day of Languages is held annually on 26
September and is aimed at encouraging language learning
across Europe.

7.3 Religion

Languages

Main article: Languages of the European Union

Among the many languages and dialects used in
the EU, it has 24 ocial and working languages:
Bulgarian, Croatian, Czech, Danish, Dutch, English,
Estonian, Finnish, French, German, Greek, Hungarian,
Italian, Irish, Latvian, Lithuanian, Maltese, Polish,
Portuguese, Romanian, Slovak, Slovene, Spanish, and
Swedish.[197][198] Important documents, such as legislation, are translated into every ocial language.
The European Parliament provides translation into all
languages for documents and its plenary sessions.[199]
Some institutions use only a handful of languages as internal working languages.[200] Catalan, Galician, Basque,
Scottish Gaelic and Welsh are not ocial languages of
the EU but have semi-ocial status in that ocial translations of the treaties are made into them and citizens of
the EU have the right to correspond with the institutions
using them.

Self described religion in the European Union (2012)[206]

Catholic (48%)
Protestant (12%)
Orthodox (8%)
Other Christian (4%)
Non believer/Agnostic (16%)
Atheist (7%)
Muslim (2%)
Other religion/None stated (3%)

Language policy is the responsibility of member states,

but EU institutions promote the learning of other The EU is a secular body with no formal connection to
languages.[lower-alpha 21][201] English is the most widely spo- any religion. The Article 17 of the Treaty on the Func-

7.5

Health care

17

tioning of the European Union recognises the status under national law of churches and religious associations
as well as that of philosophical and non-confessional
organisations.[207]
The preamble to the Treaty on European Union mentions the cultural, religious and humanist inheritance of
Europe.[207] Discussion over the draft texts of the European Constitution and later the Treaty of Lisbon included
proposals to mention Christianity or God, or both, in the
preamble of the text, but the idea faced opposition and
was dropped.[208]
Christians in the EU are divided among members of
Catholicism (both Roman and Eastern Rite), numerous Protestant denominations, and the Eastern Orthodox
Church. In 2009, the EU had an estimated Muslim population of 13 million,[209] and an estimated Jewish population of over a million.[210] The other world religions of
Buddhism, Hinduism and Sikhism are also represented in
the EU population.
According to new polls about religiosity in the European Union in 2012 by Eurobarometer, Christianity is
the largest religion in the European Union, accounting for Erasmus Programme logo, representing the European student exchange.
72% of the EU population.[206] Catholics are the largest
Christian group, accounting for 48% of the EU population, while Protestants make up 12%, Eastern Orthodox life.[214]
make up 8% and other Christians make up 4%.[211]
There are now similar programmes for school pupils and
Eurostat's Eurobarometer opinion polls showed in 2005 teachers, for trainees in vocational education and trainthat 52% of EU citizens believed in a God, 27% in ing, and for adult learners in the Lifelong Learning Prosome sort of spirit or life force, and 18% had no form gramme 20072013. These programmes are designed
of belief.[212] Many countries have experienced falling to encourage a wider knowledge of other countries and
church attendance and membership in recent years.[213] to spread good practices in the education and training
The countries where the fewest people reported a reli- elds across the EU.[215][216] Through its support of the
gious belief were Estonia (16%) and the Czech Repub- Bologna Process, the EU is supporting comparable stanlic (19%).[212] The most religious countries were Malta dards and compatible degrees across Europe.
(95%, predominantly Roman Catholic) as well as Cyprus
and Romania (both predominantly Orthodox) each with Scientic development is facilitated through the EUs
about 90% of citizens professing a belief in God. Across Framework Programmes, the rst of which started in
the EU, belief was higher among women, older people, 1984. The aims of EU policy in this area are to
those with religious upbringing, those who left school at co-ordinate and stimulate research. The independent
15 or 16 and those positioning themselves on the right European Research Council allocates EU funds to European or national research projects.[217] EU research and
of the political scale.[212]
technological framework programmes deal in a number
of areas, for example energy where the aim is to develop
a diverse mix of renewable energy to help the environ7.4 Education and science
ment and to reduce dependence on imported fuels.[218]
Main articles: Educational policies and initiatives of the
European Union and Framework Programmes for Re7.5 Health care
search and Technological Development
Basic education is an area where the EUs role is limited to supporting national governments. In higher ed- Further information: Healthcare in Europe
ucation, the policy was developed in the 1980s in pro- Although the EU has no major competences in the
grammes supporting exchanges and mobility. The most eld of health care, Article 35 of the Charter of Funvisible of these has been the Erasmus Programme, a uni- damental Rights of the European Union arms that
versity exchange programme which began in 1987. In its A high level of human health protection shall be enrst 20 years, it has supported international exchange op- sured in the denition and implementation of all Union
portunities for well over 1.5 million university and college policies and activities. The European Commission's
students and has become a symbol of European student Directorate-General for Health and Consumers seeks to

18

8 CULTURE
Acropolis and Colosseum, symbols of the GraecoRoman world
Cultural co-operation between member states has been
a concern of the EU since its inclusion as a community
competency in the Maastricht Treaty.[226] Actions taken
in the cultural area by the EU include the Culture 2000
7-year programme,[226] the European Cultural Month
event,[227] the MEDIA Programme,[228] and orchestras
such as the European Union Youth Orchestra.[229]

European Health Insurance Card.

(French version pictured)

The European Capital of Culture programme selects one

or more cities in every year to assist the cultural development of that city.[230] 53 EU cities have been part of this
initiative up to 2016.

align national laws on the protection of peoples health,

on the consumers rights, on the safety of food and other
products.[219][220][221]
Health care in the EU is provided through a wide range
of dierent systems run at the national level. The systems
are primarily publicly funded through taxation (universal
health care). Private funding for health care may represent personal contributions towards meeting the nontaxpayer refunded portion of health care or may reect
totally private (non-subsidised) health care either paid out
of pocket or met by some form of personal or employer
funded insurance.
All EU and many other European countries oer their citizens a free European Health Insurance Card which, on a
reciprocal basis, provides insurance for emergency medical treatment insurance when visiting other participating European countries.[222] A directive on cross-border
healthcare aims at promoting co-operation on health care
between member states and facilitating access to safe
and high-quality cross-border healthcare for European
patients.[223][224][225]

8.1 Sport

Main articles: Sport policies of the European Union and

Sport in Europe

Sport is mainly the responsibility of the member states or

other international organisations, rather than of the EU.
However, there are some EU policies that have had an
impact on sport, such as the free movement of workers,
8 Culture
which was at the core of the Bosman ruling that prohibited national football leagues from imposing quotas on
Main articles: Culture of Europe, Western culture and foreign players with European citizenship.[231] The Treaty
Cultural policies of the European Union
of Lisbon requires any application of economic rules to
take into account the specic nature of sport and its structures based on voluntary activity.[232] This followed lobbying by governing organisations such as the International
Olympic Committee and FIFA, due to objections over
the application of free market principles to sport, which
led to an increasing gap between rich and poor clubs.[233]
The EU does fund a programme for Israeli, Jordanian,
Irish, and British football coaches, as part of the Football
4 Peace project.[234]
Association Football is the most popular sport in almost
all EU countries. Club teams from the EU are the highest paid in the world. Other team sports like rugby, ice
hockey, basketball, cricket, handball, volleyball and water
polo are also popular in some member states.

8.3

8.2

Media

Symbols

Main article: Symbols of Europe

19
Community leaders in 1985 and has since been played on
ocial occasions.[237]
Besides naming the continent, the Greek mythological
gure of Europa has frequently been employed as a
personication of Europe. Known from the myth in
which Zeus seduces her in the guise of a white bull, Europa has also been referred to in relation to the present
Union. Statues of Europa and the bull decorate several
of the Unions institutions and a portrait of her is seen on
the 2013 series of Euro banknotes. The bull is, for its
part, depicted on all residence permit cards.[238]
Charles the Great, also known as Charlemagne (Latin:
Carolus Magnus) and later recognized as Pater Europae (Father of Europe),[239][240][241][242][243] has a
symbolic relevance to Europe. The Commission has
named one of its central buildings in Brussels after
Charlemagne and the city of Aachen has since 1949
awarded the Charlemagne Prize to champions of European unication.[244] Since 2008, the organisers of this
prize, in conjunction with the European Parliament, have
awarded the Charlemagne Youth Prize in recognition of
similar eorts by young people.[245]

8.3 Media
Main articles: Media freedom in the European Union
and Cinema of Europe
Media freedom is a fundamental right that applies to all
member states of the European Union and its citizens,
as dened in the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights as
well as the European Convention on Human Rights.[246]:1
Within the EU enlargement process, guaranteeing media
freedom is named a key indicator of a countrys readiness to become part of the EU.[247]
Clockwise from top left: The European ag seen at the
occasion of the 2004 enlargement; the reliquary bust of
Charlemagne (c. 1350); Europa and the bull, depicted as
the personication of Europe in a 1700 map.
The ag of the Union consists of a circle of 12 golden
stars on a blue background. The blue represents the West,
while the number and position of the stars represent completeness and unity, respectively.[235] Originally designed
in 1955 for the Council of Europe, the ag was adopted
by the European Communities, the predecessors of the
present Union, in 1986.
United in Diversity was adopted as the motto of the Union
in the year 2000, having been selected from proposals
submitted by school pupils.[236] Since 1985, the ag day
of the Union has been Europe Day, on 9 May (the date
of the 1950 Schuman declaration). The anthem of the
Union is an instrumental version of the prelude to the
Ode to Joy, the 4th movement of Ludwig van Beethoven's
ninth symphony. The anthem was adopted by European

9 See also
Future enlargement of the European Union
Outline of the European Union
Foreign relations of the European Union

European Union Wikipedia book

10 Notes
[1] Not including outermost regions.
[2] .eu is representative of the whole of the EU; member states
also have their own TLDs.

20

[3] This gure includes the extra-European territories of

member states which are part of the European Union and
excludes the European territories of member states which
are not part of the Union. For more information see
Special member state territories and the European Union.
[4] Referred to by the EU as the former Yugoslav Republic
of Macedonia.
[5] On 3 October 1990, the constituent states of the former
German Democratic Republic acceded to the Federal Republic of Germany, automatically becoming part of the
EU.
[6] See Article 288 (ex Article 249 TEC) of the Treaty on the
Functioning of the European Union, on eur-lex.europa.eu
[7] According to the principle of Direct Eect rst invoked
in the Court of Justices decision in Van Gend en Loos v
Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen, Eur-Lex (European Court of Justice 1963). See: Craig and de Brca,
ch. 5.
[8] According to the principle of Supremacy as established
by the ECJ in Case 6/64, Falminio Costa v. ENEL [1964]
ECR 585. See Craig and de Brca, ch. 7. See also:
Factortame litigation: Factortame Ltd. v. Secretary of
State for Transport (No. 2) [1991] 1 AC 603, Solange
II (Re Wuensche Handelsgesellschaft, BVerfG decision of
22 October 1986 [1987] 3 CMLR 225,265) and Frontini
v. Ministero delle Finanze [1974] 2 CMLR 372; Raoul
George Nicolo [1990] 1 CMLR 173.
[9] It is eectively treated as one of the Copenhagen criteria,
Assembly.coe.int. It should be noted that this is a political
and not a legal requirement for membership. Archived 26
June 2008 at the Wayback Machine.
[10] The European Convention on Human Rights was previously only open to members of the Council of Europe
(Article 59.1 of the Convention), and even now only states
may become member of the Council of Europe (Article 4
of the Statute of the Council of Europe).
[11] Opinion (2/92) of the European Court of Justice on Accession by the Community to the European Convention
for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental
Freedoms 1996 E.C.R. I-1759 (in French), ruled that the
European Community did not have the competence to accede to the ECHR.
[12] See: Case 34/73, Variola v. Amministrazione delle Finanze [1973] ECR 981.
[13] To do otherwise would require the drafting of legislation
which would have to cope with the frequently divergent
legal systems and administrative systems of all of the now
28 member states. See Craig and de Brca, p. 115
[14] See Articles 157 (ex Article 141) of the Treaty on the
Functioning of the European Union, on eur-lex.europa.eu
[15] See Article 2(7) of the Amsterdam Treaty on eurlex.europa.eu Archived 17 February 2008 at the Wayback
Machine.

11

REFERENCES

[16] Council Directive 2000/43/EC of 29 June 2000 implementing the principle of equal treatment between persons irrespective of racial or ethnic origin (OJ L 180, 19
July 2000, p. 2226); Council Directive 2000/78/EC of
27 November 2000 establishing a general framework for
equal treatment in employment and occupation (OJ L 303,
2 December 2000, p. 1622).
[17] ERM II. Danish Finance Ministry. 20 March 2009.
Archived from the original on 3 May 2011. Retrieved 26
December 2009.
[18] Note that although almost all Uranium is imported,
Nuclear Power is considered primary energy produced in
the EU
[19] Article 39 (ex Article 33) of the Treaty on the Functioning
of the European Union, on eur-lex.europa.eu
[20] Article 3(1)(g) of the Treaty of Rome
[21] See Articles 165 and 166 (ex Articles 149 and 150) of
the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, on
eur-lex.europa.eu

11 References
[1] Barnard, Catherine (August 2007). The Substantive Law
of the EU: The four freedoms (2 ed.). Oxford University
Press. p. 447. ISBN 978-0-19-929035-2.
[2] United in diversity. Europa (web portal). European
Commission. Retrieved 20 January 2010. 'United in diversity' is the motto of the European Union. The motto
means that, via the EU, Europeans are united in working
together for peace and prosperity, and that the many different cultures, traditions and languages in Europe are a
positive asset for the continent.
[3] European Parliament: The Legislative Observatory.
Europa (web portal). European Commission. Retrieved
20 January 2010. the motto 'United in diversity' shall be
reproduced on Parliaments ocial documents;
[4] Cybriwsky, Roman Adrian (2013). Capital Cities around
the World: An Encyclopedia of Geography, History, and
Culture: An Encyclopedia of Geography, History, and Culture. ABC-CLIO. Brussels, the capital of Belgium, is considered to be the de facto capital of the EU
[5] The New Oxford American Dictionary, Second Edn., Erin
McKean (editor), 2051 pages, May 2005, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-517077-6.
[6] Current Article 1 of the Treaty on European Union
reads:"The Union shall be founded on the present Treaty
and on the Treaty on the Functioning of the European
Union. Those two Treaties shall have the same legal value.
The Union shall replace and succeed the European Community".
[7] Eurostat Population on 1 January 2015. European
Commission. Retrieved 20 August 2015.
[8] IMF World Economic Outlook Database, April 2016.
International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 17 April 2016.

21

[9] Distribution of family income Gini index. The World

Factbook. CIA. Retrieved 28 January 2012.
[10] Calculated using UNDP data for the member states with
weighted population.
[11] Basic information on the European Union. European
Union. europa.eu. Retrieved 4 October 2012.
[12] European. Oxford English Dictionary. Retrieved 3 October 2011. 5 b. spec. Designating a developing series of
economic and political unions between certain countries
of Europe from 1952 onwards, as European Economic
Community, European Community, European Union
[13] European Union. Encyclopdia Britannica. Retrieved
3 July 2013. international organisation comprising 28 European countries and governing common economic, social, and security policies ...
[14] European Union. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 2016-02-12.
[15] Schengen area.
September 2010.

Europa web portal.

Retrieved 8

[16] European Commission. The EU Single Market: Fewer

barriers, more opportunities. Europa web portal. Retrieved 27 September 2007.
Activities of the European Union: Internal Market. Europa web portal. Retrieved 29 June 2007.

[26] Dieter Mahncke, Lonce Bekemans, Robert Picht, The

College of Europe. Fifty Years of Service to Europe,
Bruges, 1999. ISBN 90-804983-1-9.
[27] Declaration of 9 May 1950. European Commission.
Retrieved 5 September 2007.
[28] A peaceful Europe the beginnings of cooperation. European Commission. Retrieved 12 December 2011.
[29] A European Atomic Energy Community. Cvce.eu. 13
October 1997. Retrieved 13 October 2013.
[30] A European Customs Union. cvce.eu.
[31] Merging the executives. CVCE Centre Virtuel de la
Connaissance sur l'Europe. Retrieved 28 April 2013.
[32] Merging the executives CVCE.eu
[33] Discover the former Presidents: The Rey Commission,
Europa (web portal). Retrieved 28 April 2013.
[34] The rst enlargement. CVCE. Retrieved 28 April 2013.
[35] The new European Parliament. CVCE. Retrieved 28
April 2013.
[36] Negotiations for enlargement. CVCE. Retrieved 28
April 2013.
[37] Schengen agreement. BBC News. 30 April 2001. Retrieved 18 September 2009.

[17] Common commercial policy. Europa Glossary. Europa

web portal. Archived from the original on 16 January
2009. Retrieved 6 September 2008.

[38] History of the ag. Europa web portal. Retrieved 13

March 2009.

[18] Agriculture and Fisheries Council. The Council of the

European Union. Retrieved 3 June 2013.

[39] 19801989 The changing face of Europe the fall of

the Berlin Wall. Europa web portal. Retrieved 25 June
2007.

[19] Regional Policy Inforegio. Europa web portal. Retrieved 3 June 2013.
[20] Craig, Paul; Grainne De Burca; P. P. Craig (2007). EU
Law: Text, Cases and Materials (4th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 15. ISBN 978-0-19-927389-8.;
Treaty of Maastricht on European Union. Activities of
the European Union. Europa web portal. Retrieved 20
October 2007.
[21] European Union reaches 500 Million through Combination of Accessions, Migration and Natural Growth. Vienna Institute of Demography. Retrieved 2016-02-12.
[22] see List of countries by GDP (nominal) and List of countries by GDP (PPP). Both pages are about countries and
therefore the EU is not ranked.
[23] EU collects Nobel Peace Prize in Oslo. British Broadcasting Corporation. 10 December 2012. Retrieved 3
June 2013.
[24] John McCormick (14 November 2006). The European
Superpower. ISBN 978-1-4039-9846-0.
[25] The political consequences. CVCE. Retrieved 28 April
2013.

[40] A decade of further expansion. Europa web portal.

Archived from the original on 15 June 2007. Retrieved
25 June 2007.
[41] European Parliament announces new President and Foreign Aairs Minister. Retrieved 1 December 2009.
[42] The Nobel Peace Prize 2012. Nobelprize.org. 12 October 2012. Retrieved 12 October 2012.
[43] Nobel Committee Awards Peace Prize to E.U. New
York Times. 12 October 2012. Retrieved 12 October
2012.
[44] Croatia. European Commission. Retrieved 3 June
2013.
[45] Croatia: From isolation to EU membership. BBC News.
BBC. 26 April 2013. Retrieved 14 May 2013.
[46] Croatia joins EU. Edition.cnn.com. 1 July 2013. Retrieved 13 October 2013.
[47] Mont Blanc shrinks by 45 cm (17.72 in) in two years.
Sydney Morning Herald. 6 November 2009. Retrieved 26
November 2010.
[48] The World Factbook. cia.gov. Retrieved 2016-02-12.

22

[49] Humid Continental Climate. The physical environment.

University of WisconsinStevens Point. 2007. Archived
from the original on 30 May 2007. Retrieved 29 June
2007.
[50] Urban sprawl in Europe: The ignored challenge, European Environmental Agency (PDF). Retrieved 13 October 2013.
[51] Answers The Most Trusted Place for Answering Lifes
Questions. Answers.com. Retrieved 2016-02-12.
[52] EU institutions and other bodies. Europa. Retrieved 4
September 2009.
[53] Accession criteria (Copenhagen criteria)". Europa web
portal. Archived from the original on 5 July 2007. Retrieved 26 June 2007.
[54] The Greenland Treaty of 1985. The European Union
and Greenland. Greenland Home Rule Government.
Archived from the original on 3 May 2011. Retrieved 10
November 2010.
[55] Article 50 of the Consolidated Treaty on European Union.
[56] European Commission Enlargement Candidate and
Potential Candidate Countries. Europa web portal. Retrieved 13 March 2012.
[57] Fox, Benjamin (16 June 2013). Icelands EU bid is over,
commission told. Reuters. Retrieved 16 June 2013.
[58] European Commission. The European Economic Area
(EEA)". Europa web portal. Retrieved 10 February 2010.
[59] The EUs relations with Switzerland. Europa web portal. Retrieved 3 November 2010.
[60] European Commission. Use of the euro in the world.
The euro outside the euro area. Europa web portal. Retrieved 27 February 2008.
[61] European Countries. Europa web portal. Retrieved 18
September 2010.
[62] Jordan, A.J. and Adelle, C. (eds)(2012) Environmental
Policy in the European Union: Contexts, Actors and Policy Dynamics (3e). Earthscan: London and Sterling, Virginia
[63] Knill, C. and Lieerink, D.(2012) The establishment of
EU environmental policy, In: Jordan, A.J. and Adelle, C.
(eds) Environmental Policy in the European Union: Contexts, Actors and Policy Dynamics (3e). Earthscan: London and Sterling, Virginia
[64] Institute for European Environmental Policy (2012) Manual of European Environmental Policy, Earthscan, London.
[65] Knill, C. and Lieerink, D.(2012) The establishment of
EU environmental policy, In: Jordan, A.J. and Adelle, C.
(eds) Environmental Policy in the European Union: Contexts, Actors and Policy Dynamics (3e). Earthscan: London and Sterling, VA.

11

REFERENCES

[66] Johnson, S.P. and Corcelle, G. (1989) The Environmental Policy of the European Communities, Graham & Trotman, London
[67] EUR-lex - Sixth Environment Action Programme
[68] Benson, D. and Adelle, C. (2012) European Union environmental policy after the Lisbon Treaty, In: Jordan, A.J.
and Adelle, C. (eds) Environmental Policy in the European Union: Contexts, Actors and Policy Dynamics (3e).
Earthscan: London and Sterling, VA.
[69] Aldred, Jessica (23 January 2008). EU sets 20% target
for carbon cuts. The Guardian (London). Retrieved 29
February 2008.
[70] The EU Emissions Trading System (EU ETS)".
[71] These legislative instruments are dealt with in more detail
below.
[72] Court of Justice of the European Union, Judgement of 5
February 1963 in Case 26/62, 'Van Gend en Loos, European Court Reports 1963, p. 1.
[73] Single European Act, Article 100a, Approximation of
Laws.
[74] For example, David Marquand says it is less than a federation but more than a confederation; Brigid Laan and
Kimmo Kiljunen both see it residing between a confederation and a federation; Thomas Hueglin and Alan Fenna
locate it somewhere between federation and confederation; and Kalypso Nicolaidis argues it is more than a confederation of sovereign states; ... (however, it) should not
become a federal state.
Michael Burgess enlarges: the EU 'is not a federation but
it is also more than a confederation understood in the classical sense. It exists, then, in a kind of conceptual limbo,
a twilight zone ... which has no name'.
Paul Magnette illuminates the nature of the perceived 'inbetweenness: 'Since the seventeenth century, legal theorists have repeated that only two forms of union between
states are possible: either the confederation, born of an
international treaty concluded between sovereign states,
where all decisions are unanimously adopted by state representatives; or the federal state, established by a constitution, where the law voted on by a bicameral parliament
applies directly to the citizens. Tertium non datur. There
is no third way ... In these, classic, political terms, the European Union is, strictly speaking, inconceivable'.
Burgess, Michael (2000) Federalism and European Union:
The Building of Europe 1950-2000, Routledge, London,
pp. 41-2. Hueglin, Thomas and Fenna, Alan (2006) Comparative Federalism: A Systematic Inquiry, Broadview, Peterborough, p. 13. Kiljunen, Kimmo (2004) The European Constitution in the Making, Centre for European Policy Studies, Brussels, p. 22. Laan, Brigid (2002) The
Future of Europe Debate, Institute of European Aairs,
Dublin, p. 10. Magnette, Paul (2005) What Is the European Union? Nature and Prospects, Palgrave Macmillan,
Basingstoke, pp. 4-5, 190. Marquand, David (2006) Federalism and the British: Anatomy of a Neurosis, in Political Quarterly, Vol. 77, No. 2, p. 175. Nicolaidis, Kalypso
(2004) We, the Peoples of Europe ..., in Foreign Aairs,
Vol. 83, No. 6, pp. 101-2.

23

[75] Jacques Delors, the President of the European Commission upon entry into force of the Single European Act,
which introduced the widespread use of majority voting to
complete the single market, saw it as having at that stage
become an Unidentied Political Object. Speech at the
Peoples University, Lille, 8 March 1987.
[76] Schtze, Robert (2012). European Constitutional Law.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 4779.
ISBN 978-0-521-73275-8.
[77] Is Europe still sui generis? Signals from The White Paper
on European Governance. Retrieved 2016-02-12. ... we
see the notions of governance deployed in the White Paper
as undermining the description of the EU as sui generis.
It is becoming like a national state, but we dier from
many of the critics (or enthusiasts) of the White Paper
in one major way. Rather than seeing the EU becoming
a state-like object, taking on the trappings of a 19thor
more correctly 20thcentury state, we see national states
moving towards the EU, adopting many of the governing
practices advocated by the White Paper.
[78] For the derivation of this concept, see the Introduction of
the entry on Federalism.
Law, John (2013) How Can We Dene Federalism?".
Perspectives on Federalism, Vol. 5, No. 3, p. E104.
[79] Federal Constitutional Court Press Release No. 72/2009
of 30 June 2009. Judgment of 30 June 2009: Act Approving the Treaty of Lisbon compatible with the Basic Law;
accompanying law unconstitutional to the extent that legislative bodies have not been accorded sucient rights of
participation. Archived from the original on 22 October
2012. Retrieved 17 November 2012. Due to this structural democratic decit, which cannot be resolved in an
association of sovereign national states (Staatenverbund),
further steps of integration that go beyond the status quo
may undermine neither the States political power of action nor the principle of conferral. The peoples of the
Member States are the holders of the constituent power.
The Basic Law does not permit the special bodies of the
legislative, executive and judicial power to dispose of the
essential elements of the constitution, i.e. of the constitutional identity (Article 23.1 sentence 3, Article 79.3 GG).
The constitutional identity is an inalienable element of the
democratic self-determination of a people.
[80] Moravcsik, Andrew; Moravcsik, Andrew (2009) [2004].
Liberal Intergovernmentalism. In Wiener, Antje; Diez,
Thomas. European Integration Theory (2nd ed.). Oxford
University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-922609-2. Every constitutional system reaches a point where it is mature, where
it no longer needs to move forward to remain stable. The
EU has reached that point. The EU is not a state in the
making: it is the most ambitious and successful of international organisations.
[81] Consolidated version of the Treaty on European
Union/Title III: Provisions on the Institutions
[82] How does the EU work. Europa (web portal). Retrieved
12 July 2007.

Fourth, the European Council acts a collective head of

state for the EU.
[84] President of the European Council (PDF). General Secretariat of the Council of the EU. 24 November 2009. Retrieved 24 November 2009.
[85] The Latin word consilium is occasionally used when a single identier is required, as on the Council Web site.
[86] Institutional aairs: Council of the European Union.
Europa. European Commission. 6 January 2010. It is
commonly called the Council of Ministers.
[87] Institutions: The Council of the European Union. Europa web portal. Retrieved 25 June 2007.
[88] Wellre Interactive. MEPs must be elected on the basis
of proportional representation, the threshold must not exceed 5%, and the electoral area may be subdivided in constituencies if this will not generally aect the proportional
nature of the voting system. Fairvote.org. Retrieved 26
November 2010.
[89] Institutions: The European Parliament. Europa web
portal. Retrieved 25 June 2007.
[90] Treaty on European Union: Article 17:7
[91] The EU budget 2011 in gures Financial Programming
and Budget. Ec.europa.eu. Retrieved 13 October 2013.
[92] Q&A on Interinstitutional Agreement on Budgetary Discipline and Sound Financial Management 20072013.
[93] David Smith., David (1999). Will Europe work?. London:
Prole Books. ISBN 1-86197-102-8.
[94] European Commission. EU Budget in detail 2010. Europa web portal. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15
August 2010. Retrieved 20 December 2010.
[95] Article 287 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (ex Article 248 TEC).
[96] Institutions: Court of Auditors. Europa (web portal).
Retrieved 8 February 2010.
[97] 2012 annual report. Europa (web portal). Retrieved 13
November 2015.>
[98] European auditors point to errors but sign o EUs accounts some UK media decline to listen to what the auditors say. Europa (web portal). Retrieved 13 November
2015.>
[99] Annual Report of the Court of Auditors on the implementation of the budget concerning the nancial year
2009, together with the institutions replies (PDF). p. 12.
Retrieved 18 December 2010.
[100] Protection of the European Unions nancial interests
Fight against fraud Annual Report 2009 (vid. pp. 6,
15)" (PDF). Europa. Archived from the original (PDF)
on 29 July 2010.

[83] With US or against US?: European trends in American perspective Parsons, Jabko. European Union Studies Associ- [101] Competences and consumers. Retrieved 25 November
ation, p.146:
2010.

24

11

REFERENCES

[102] Sources of EU law. European Commission. Archived [121] Qualied-Majority Voting: Common commercial polfrom the original on 28 February 2008. Retrieved 5
icy. Europa web portal. Retrieved 3 September 2007.
September 2007.
[122] The European commission. European political cooperation (EPC)". Europa Glossary. Europa web portal.
[103] de Schoutheete, Philippe; Andoura, Sami (2007). The
Archived from the original on 30 September 2010. ReLegal Personality of the European Union (PDF). Studia
trieved 3 September 2007.
Diplomatica LX (1). Retrieved 15 November 2010. Its
examples are the ratications of United Nations Conven[123] Article 21 of the Treaty on European Union (as inserted
tion against Corruption and Convention on the Rights of
by the Treaty of Lisbon), on eur-lex.europa.eu
Persons with Disabilities by EU. And Article 47 of the
Consolidated Treaty on European Union.
[124] Divided EU agrees Iraq statement. BBC News (BBC).
27 January 2003. Retrieved 13 March 2009.
[104] Article 19 of the Treaty on European Union. eur[125] Rettman, Andrew (23 October 2009) EU states envisage
lex.europa.eu. Retrieved 31 October 2010.
new foreign policy giant, EU Observer
[105] Court of Justice: presentation. Europa web portal. Re[126] European External Action Service gives Europe voice on
trieved 26 December 2009.
world stage. German Foreign Ministry. 1 December
2010. Retrieved 4 June 2013.
[106] General Court: presentation. Europa web portal. Retrieved 26 December 2009.
[127] European External Action Service. Europa web portal.
2010. Retrieved 26 June 2010.
[107] Civil Service Tribunal: presentation. Europa web portal. Retrieved 26 December 2009.

[128] Peterson, John (August 2008). Enlargement, reform and

the European Commission. Weathering a perfect storm?".
[108] Article 256(1) (ex article 225(1)) of the Treaty on the
Journal of European Public Policy, special issue: ReformFunctioning of the European Union, on eur-lex.europa.eu
ing the European Commission (Taylor and Francis) 15 (5):
761780.
doi:10.1080/13501760802133328.
[109] Article 2, Treaty on European Union (consolidated 1 December 2009)
[129] Bildt, Carl (2005).
Europe must keep its 'soft
[110] Case 11/70, Internationale Handelsgesellschaft v. Einfuhr und Vorratstelle fr Getreide und Futtermittel; Article 6(2) of the Maastricht Treaty (as amended).
[111] Respect for fundamental rights in the EU general
development. European Parliament Fact Sheets. The
European Parliament. Retrieved 6 September 2008.

power'". Financial Times on Centre for European Reform.

Archived from the original on 9 June 2007. Retrieved 26
June 2007.
[130] Wilkinson, Paul. International Relations. Oxford University Press. p. 100. ISBN 1-84542-539-1. The EU states
have never felt the need to make the organisation into a
powerful military alliance. They already have NATO to
undertake that task.

[112] EU Policy on Death Penalty. Europa. European Union

External Action Service. Retrieved 4 June 2013.
[131] NATO Member Countries. Retrieved 25 August 2009.

[132] Laursen, Finn (29 May 1 June 1997). The EU 'neutrals,' the CFSP and defence policy. Biennial Conference
[114] European police oce now in full swing. Europa web
of the European Union Studies Association. Seattle, WA.:
portal. Retrieved 4 September 2007.
University of Pittsburgh. p. 27. Retrieved 24 July 2009.
[113] How EU takes decisions. Retrieved November 2010.

[115] Eurojust coordinating cross-border prosecutions at EU [133] Statement of the Presidency of the Permanent Council
of the WEU on behalf of the High Contracting Parties
level. Europa web portal. Retrieved 4 September 2007.
to the Modied Brussels Treaty Belgium, France, Ger[116] Frontex. What is Frontex?". Europa web portal. Remany, Greece, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portrieved 4 September 2007.
tugal, Spain and the United Kingdom Western European
Union 31 March 2010.
[117] European arrest warrant replaces extradition between
EU Member States. Europa web portal. Retrieved 4 [134] The SIPRI Military Expenditure Database. Milexdata.sipri.org. Retrieved 3 June 2013.
September 2007.
[118] Jurisdiction and the recognition and enforcement of [135] Britain and France to work together by Catherine
Field. 4 November 2010. nzherald.co.nz. According
judgments in matrimonial matters and in matters of
to the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute
parental responsibility (Brussels II)". Europa web portal.
(SIPRI), Britain spent more than US$69 billion on deRetrieved 5 September 2008.
fence last year, placing it third in the world after the
United States and China, while France spent US$67.31
[119] Minimum standards on the reception of applicants for
billion, the fourth largest. Together, Britain and France
asylum in Member States. Europa web portal. Retrieved
account for 45 per cent of Europes defence budget, 50 per
5 September 2008.
cent of its military capacity and 70 per cent of all spending
[120] Specic Programme: 'Criminal Justice'". Europa web
in military research and development. Copyright 2010,
portal. Retrieved 5 September 2008.
APN Holdings NZ Limited.

25

[136] Council of the European Union (July 2009). EU bat- [154] Global 500 2010: Countries Australia. Fortune. Retlegroups (PDF). Europa web portal. Retrieved 3 June
trieved 8 July 2010. Number of companies data taken
2013.
from the Pick a country box.
[137] Council of the European Union (April 2003). Overview [155] Euro area unemployment rate at 10.3%, EU28 at 8.9%"
of the missions and operations of the European Union.
(PDF). Europa web portal. 1 March 2016. Retrieved 1
Europa web portal. Retrieved 3 June 2013.
March 2016.
[138] Council of the European Union. CSDP structures and [156] Eurostat (26 February 2016). GDP per capita in the EU
instruments. Europa web portal. Retrieved 3 June 2013.
in 2014 (PDF). Europa web portal. Retrieved 28 February 2016.
[139] The Russo-Georgian War and Beyond: towards a European Great Power Concert, Danish Institute of Interna- [157] Select Committee on European Union (2008). Chapter
tional Studies". Diis.dk. Retrieved 27 April 2010.
2: The European Union Structural and Cohesion Funds.
Nineteenth Report. Retrieved 28 February 2012.
[140] GHA (22 February 2015). GHA report 2014. globalhumanitarianassistance.org.
[158] EU Structural and Cohesion funds. Archived from the
original on 29 May 2010. Retrieved Nov 2010.
[141] OECD (4 August 2013). Aid to developing countries
(2013)". OECD.
[159] 7th Research Framework Programme (FP7)". Euractiv.
2004. Retrieved 27 June 2007.
[142] ECHOs nances. ec.europa.eu. Humanitarian Aid and
Civil Protection, European Commission. Archived from [160] European Commission. A Single Market for goods. Euthe original on 18 July 2013.
ropa web portal. Archived from the original on 21 June
2007. Retrieved 27 June 2007.
[143] Mikaela Gavas 2010. Financing European development
cooperation: the Financial Perspectives 20142020. Lon- [161] European Commission. A Single Market for Capital.
don: Overseas Development Institute
Europa web portal. Archived from the original on 18 May
2007. Retrieved 27 June 2007.
[144] German Foundation for World Population (29 September
2008). Euromapping 2008 (PDF). Retrieved 3 April [162] European Commission. Living and working in the Single
2009.
Market. Europa web portal. Archived from the original
on 13 June 2007. Retrieved 27 June 2007.
[145] The Guardian (3 April 2014). Shh, don't tell anyone, but
UK government meets foreign aid target. Retrieved 20
[163] European Commission. A Single Market for Services.
May 2015.
Europa. Archived from the original on 10 June 2007. Retrieved 27 June 2007.
[146] European Commission. Development. Europa web
portal. Retrieved 3 June 2013.
[164] Kuchler, Teresa (25 October 2006). Almunia says
'undesirable' to act on Swedens euro refusal. EUob[147] European Commission (13 June 2007). Commission
server.com. Retrieved 26 December 2006.
calls for a European consensus to boost impact of humanitarian aid. Europa web portal. Retrieved 13 August
[165] DB Research (4 May 2007). Euro riding high as an in2007.
ternational reserve currency (PDF). Deutsche Bank AG.
Retrieved 3 September 2009.
[148] World Economic Outlook Database, April 2015. Retrieved 10 June 2015.
[166] ECB, ESCB and the Eurosystem. European Central
Bank. Retrieved 15 September 2007.
[149] World Economic Outlook Database, October 2014 Edition. International Monetary Fund. October 2014.
[167] ECB, ESCB and the Eurosystem. European Central
Bank. Retrieved 7 July 2011.
[150] The Single Market. Europa web portal. Retrieved 27
June 2007.
[168] Europe seals deal on nancial supervision. euobserver.com.
[151] Triennial Central Bank Survey 2007 (PDF). BIS. 19 December 2007. Retrieved 25 July 2009.
[169] Discrimination in the EU in 2012 (PDF), Special Eurobarometer, 383 (European Union: European Commis[152] Aristovnik, Aleksander; e, Tanja (30 March 2010).
sion), 2012, p. 233, retrieved 14 August 2013
Compositional Analysis of Foreign Currency Reserves in
the 19992007 Period. The Euro vs. The Dollar As Leading Reserve Currency (PDF). Munich Personal RePEc [170] Energy consumption and production: EU27 energy dependence rate at 54% in 2006: Energy consumption staArchive, Paper No. 14350. Retrieved 27 December
ble (PDF) (Press release). Eurostat. 10 July 2008. Re2010.
trieved 12 September 2008.
[153] Boesler, Matthew (11 November 2013). There Are Only
In the EU27, gross inland energy consumption was 1 825
Two Real Threats To The US Dollars Status As The Intermillion tonnes of oil equivalent (toe) in 2006, stable comnational Reserve Currency. Business Insider. Retrieved
pared with 2005, while energy production decreased by
8 December 2013.
2.3% to 871 mn toe ...

26

11

REFERENCES

Gross inland consumption is dened as primary produc- [184] Jeery, Simon (26 June 2007). The EU common agrition plus imports, recovered products and stock change,
cultural policy. The Guardian (London). Retrieved 30
less exports and fuel supply to maritime bunkers (for
August 2007.
seagoing ships of all ags) ...
A tonne of oil equivalent (toe) is a standardised unit de- [185] Sugar: Commission proposes more market-, consumerand trade-friendly regime. Europa. 14 April 2007. Rened on the basis of one tonne of oil having a net caloric
trieved 30 August 2007.
value of 41.868 Gigajoules. line feed character in |quote=
at position 7 (help)
[186] European Commission. Competition: making markets
[171] EU supply and demand for nuclear fuels. Euratom Supwork better. Europa web portal. Retrieved 12 November
ply AgencyAnnual Report 2007 (PDF). Luxembourg:
2007.
Oce for Ocial Publications of the European Communities. 2008. p. 22. ISBN 978-92-79-09437-8. Re- [187] Lungescu, Oana (23 July 2004). Examining the EU extrieved 1 March 2009. European uranium mining supecutive. BBC News. Retrieved 18 September 2007.
plied just below 3% of the total EU needs, coming from
the Czech Republic and Romania (a total of 526 tU).
[188] The Commission prohibits GEs acquisition of HoneyNuclear energy and renewable energy are treated dierwell. Europa web portal. 3 July 2001. Retrieved 12
ently from oil, gas , and coal in this respect.
November 2007.
[172] Q&A: EU energy plans. BBC. 9 March 2007. Re[189] Gow, David (22 October 2007). Microsoft caves in to
trieved 13 July 2007.
European Commission. The Guardian (London). Retrieved 12 November 2007.
[173] Shamil Midkhatovich Yenikeye (November 2008).
Kazakhstans Gas: Export Markets and Export Routes
(PDF). Oxford Institute for Energy Studies. Retrieved 17 [190] 6.5% of the EU population are foreigners and 9.4% are
born abroad, Eurostat, Katya VASILEVA, 34/2011.
November 2011.
[174] "'Low-carbon economy' proposed for Europe. MSNBC. [191] Eurostat. Indicators for larger urban zones 19992003.
Retrieved 24 January 2007.
Europa web portal. Retrieved 25 January 2007.
[175] European Parliament. Ukraine-Russia gas disputecall
[192] Total population in Urban Audit cities, Larger Urban
for stronger EU energy policy. Europa web portal. ReZones - Eurostat
trieved 27 February 2008.
[176] The trans-European transport network: new guidelines [193] CityProles - Eurostat
and nancial rules (PDF). Europa web portal. European
Commission. 1 October 2003. Retrieved 15 August 2007. [194] Europeans and Their Languages, 2012 Report (PDF).
Retrieved 3 June 2013.
[177] Mirea, Silvia. The trans-European transport network:
new guidelines and nancial rules. The Railway Journal. [195] European Commission (2012). Europeans and their LanArchived from the original on 23 April 2007. Retrieved
guages (PDF). Special Eurobarometer 386. europa.eu.
15 August 2007.
pp. 5459. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
[178] White Paper on Transport. Euractiv. 22 September [196] European Commission (2012). Europeans and their Lan2004. Retrieved 15 August 2007.
guages (PDF). Special Eurobarometer 386. europa.eu.
pp. 7883. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
[179] EUR 650 million for the Polish Road Network. Retrieved Nov 2010.
[180] EU regional policy: Poland en route for growth.
Archived from the original on 9 March 2013. Retrieved
July 2012.

[197] EUR-Lex (12 December 2006). Council Regulation

(EC) No 1791/2006 of 20 November 2006. Ocial
Journal of the European Union. Europa web portal. Retrieved 2 February 2007.

[181] Barrot, Jacques. Jacques Barrot Home Page, Commis[198] Languages in Europe Ocial EU Languages. EUsion vice president for transport. Europa web portal. ReROPA web portal. Archived from the original on 2 Februtrieved 21 July 2007.
ary 2009. Retrieved 12 October 2009.
[182] Stead, David; Robert Whaples (eds) (22 June 2007).
Common Agricultural Policy. EH.Net Encyclopedia. [199] europarltv, ocial webtv of the European Parliament, is
also available in all EU languages
Retrieved 30 August 2007.
[183] Agriculture: Meeting the needs of farmers and con- [200] Languages and Europe. FAQ: Is every document genersumers. Europa: Gateway to the European Union. Euroated by the EU translated into all the ocial languages?".
pean Commission. 26 August 2011. Retrieved 4 NovemEuropa web portal. 2004. Retrieved 3 February 2007.
ber 2011. ... the common agricultural policy is the most
integrated of all EU policies and consequently takes a [201] European Parliament (2004). European Parliament Fact
Sheets: 4.16.3. Language policy. Europa web portal.
large share of the EU budget. Nevertheless, its portion
Archived from the original on 19 February 2007. Reof the EU budget has dropped from a peak of nearly 70%
trieved 3 February 2007.
in the 1970s to 34% over the 20072013 period.

27

[202] European Commission (2006). Special Eurobarometer [215] EACEA. About the Education, Audiovisual and Culture
243: Europeans and their Languages (Executive SumExecutive Agency. Europa web portal. Retrieved 21 July
mary)" (PDF). Europa web portal. p. 4. Retrieved 11
2007.
March 2011. English is the most commonly known language in the EU with over a half of the respondents (51%) [216] European Commission. Lifelong Learning Programme.
Europa web portal. Retrieved 21 July 2007.
speaking it either as their mother tongue or as a foreign
language.
[217] European Research Council. What is the ERC?". Europa web portal. Retrieved 21 July 2007.
[203] European Commission (2006). Special Eurobarometer
243: Europeans and their Languages (Executive Summary)" (PDF). Europa web portal. p. 3. Retrieved 11 [218] European Commission. Energy. Europa web portal.
Retrieved 12 November 2007.
March 2011. 56% of citizens in the EU Member States
are able to hold a conversation in one language apart from
[219] Europa web portal. Europa (web portal). Retrieved 26
their mother tongue.
November 2010.
[204] European Commission (2004). Many tongues, one fam[220] Europa web portal. Europa (web portal). Retrieved 26
ily. Languages in the European Union (PDF). Europa
November 2010.
web portal. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29
March 2007. Retrieved 3 February 2007.
[221] Europa web portal. Europa (web portal). 18 November
2010. Retrieved 26 November 2010.
[205] Leonard Orban (24 May 2007). Cyrillic, the third ocial
alphabet of the EU, was created by a truly multilingual [222] info about health care and EHIC. Nhs.uk. 29 April
European (PDF). europe.eu. Retrieved 3 August 2014.
2010. Retrieved 26 November 2010.
[206] Discrimination in the EU in 2012 (PDF), Special Eurobarometer, 393 (European Union: European Commission), 2012, p. 233, retrieved 14 August 2013 The
question asked was Do you consider yourself to be...?"
With a card showing: Catholic, Orthodox, Protestant,
Other Christian, Jewish, Muslim, Sikh, Buddhist, Hindu,
Atheist, and Non-believer/Agnostic. Space was given for
Other (SPONTANEOUS) and DK. Jewish, Sikh, Buddhist, Hindu did not reach the 1% threshold.
[207] Consolidated version of the Treaty on European Union.

[223] Consilium.europa.eu (PDF). Retrieved 3 June 2013.

[224] Eur-lex.europa.eu. Retrieved 3 June 2013.
[225] NHSconfed.org. NHSconfed.org. 17 May 2011.
Archived from the original on 28 July 2013. Retrieved
3 June 2013.
[226] Bozoki, Andras. Cultural Policy and Politics in the European Union (PDF). Cultural Policy and Politics in the
European Union.pdf. Retrieved 4 June 2013.

[208] Castle, Stephen (21 March 2007). EU celebrates 50th [227] European Commission. European Culture Month. Eubirthday-with a row about religion. The Independent
ropa web portal. Archived from the original on 2 February
(London). Archived from the original on 5 April 2008.
2008. Retrieved 27 February 2008.
Retrieved 4 March 2008.
[228] Media Programme. Europa. European Commission.
[209] Muslim Population (PDF). europa web portal. ReArchived from the original on 21 June 2013. Retrieved
trieved November 2010.
13 June 2013.
[210] Jewish population gures may be unreliable. Sergio Del- [229] An Overture to the European Union Youth Orchestra.
laPergola. World Jewish Population (2002)". American
The European Youth Orchestra. Archived from the origJewish Year Book. The Jewish Agency for Israel. Reinal on 11 June 2007. Retrieved 12 August 2007.
trieved 3 May 2007.
[230] European Commission. European Capitals of Culture.
[211] Discrimination in the EU in 2012 (PDF). Special EuEuropa web portal. Archived from the original on 3 Aurobarometer. 383 (European Union: European Commisgust 2010. Retrieved Nov 2010.
sion): 233. 2012. Retrieved 14 August 2013.
[231] Fordyce, Tom (11 July 2007). 10 years since Bosman.
[212] Eurostat (2005). Social values, Science and Technology
BBC News. Retrieved 13 July 2007.
(PDF). Special Eurobarometer 225 (Europa, web portal):
[232] Cases C-403/08 and C-429/08, Opinon of Advocate Gen9. Retrieved 11 June 2009.
eral Kokott, para 207
[213] Ford, Peter (22 February 2005). What place for God in
[233] IOC, FIFA presidents welcomes new EU treaty, call it
Europe. USA Today. Retrieved 24 July 2009.
breakthrough to give sports more power. International
[214] European Commission. The Erasmus programme celeHerald Tribune. 19 October 2007. Archived from the
brates its 20th anniversary. Europa web portal. Archived
original on 1 December 2008. Retrieved 21 October
from the original on 3 July 2007. Retrieved 21 July 2007.;
2007.
Jean-Sbastien, Lefebvre (22 January 2007). Erasmus
turns 20 time to grow up?". Caf Babel. Retrieved 10 [234] Sports coaches from Israel travel to UK for training.
August 2007.
Eeas.europa.eu. 29 March 2011. Retrieved 3 June 2013.

28

13

EXTERNAL LINKS

[235] Thirty-sixth meeting of the ministers deputies: resolution

(55) 32 (PDF), Council of Europe, 9 December 1955,
archived from the original (PDF) on 28 May 2009, retrieved 2 February 2008

Corbett, Richard; Jacobs, Francis; Shackleton,

Michael (2011). The European Parliament (8th
ed.). London: John Harper Publishing. ISBN 9780-9564508-5-2.

[236] In varietate concordia is the Latin motto chosen by European citizens in 2000. Its ocial English translation is
Unity in Diversity in ''Eurodiversity: a business guide to
managing dierence'', page 110, by George F. Simons &
Arjen Bos, 2002. Books.google.com. Retrieved 1 January
2012.

Craig, Paul; de Brca, Grinne (2007). EU Law,

Text, Cases and Materials (4th ed.). Oxford: Oxford
University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-927389-8.

[237] Emblemes Archived 19 December 2009 at the Wayback

Machine.
[238] Demey, Thierry (2007). Brussels, capital of Europe. S.
Strange (trans.). Brussels: Badeaux. p. 387. ISBN 29600414-2-9.
[239] Rich, Preface xviii, Pierre Rich reects: "[H]e enjoyed
an exceptional destiny, and by the length of his reign, by
his conquests, legislation and legendary stature, he also
profoundly marked the history of Western Europe.
[240] Der Karlspreistrger Seine Heiligkeit Papst Johannes
Paul II. auerordentlicher Karlspreis 2004.
Karlspreis.de. Archived from the original on 17 January 2012.
Retrieved 1 January 2012.
[241] humnet.ucla.edu Archived 26 September 2014 at the
Wayback Machine.
[242] karlspreis.de. karlspreis.de. Archived from the original
on 17 January 2012. Retrieved 1 January 2012.
[243] Chamberlin, Russell, The Emperor Charlemagne, p. ???
[244] Laureates. karlspreis.de. Retrieved 2016-02-12.
[245] Winners 2015. charlemagneyouthprize.eu. Retrieved
2016-02-12.
[246] Maria Poptcheva, Press freedom in the EU Legal framework and challenges, EPRS | European Parliamentary Research Service, Brieng April 2015
[247] European Neighbourhood Policy and Enlargement Negotiations. European Commission. Retrieved 2016-0208.

12

Further reading

Jordan, A.J. and Adelle, C. (eds) Environmental

Policy in the European Union: Contexts, Actors and
Policy Dynamics (3e). Earthscan: London and Sterling, VA.
Kaiser, Wolfram. Christian Democracy and the Origins of European Union (2007)
McCormick, John (2007). The European Union:
Politics and Policies. Westview Press. ISBN 9780-8133-4202-3.
Pinder, John, and Simon Usherwood. The European
Union: A Very Short Introduction (2008) excerpt and
text search
Rifkin, Jeremy (2004). The European Dream: How
Europes Vision of the Future Is Quietly Eclipsing the
American Dream. Jeremy P. Tarcher. ISBN 978-158542-345-3.
Smith, Charles (2007). International Trade and
Globalisation (3rd ed.). Stockseld: Anforme.
ISBN 1-905504-10-1.
Staab, Andreas. The European Union Explained: Institutions, Actors, Global Impact (2008) excerpt and
text search
Steiner, Josephine; Woods, Lorna; Twigg-Flesner,
Christian (2006). EU Law (9th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-927959-3.
Yesilada, Birol A. and David M. Wood. The Emerging European Union (5th ed. 2009)
Piris, Jean-Claude (2010). Lisbon Treaty. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 448. ISBN
978-0-521-19792-2.

13 External links

Bindi, Federiga, ed. The Foreign Policy of the European Union: Assessing Europes Role in the World Ocial
(Brookings Institution Press; 2010). The E.U.'s
foreign-policy mechanisms and foreign relations, in EUROPAocial web portal
cluding with its neighbours.
Institutions
Bomberg, Elizabeth, Peterson, John, and Richard
European Council
Corbett, eds. The European Union: How Does it
Work? (3rd ed) (2012, Oxford University Press).
European Commission
ISBN 978-0-19-957080-5 and ISBN 0-19-9570809.
Council

29
European Parliament
European Central Bank
Court of Justice of the European Union
Court of Auditors
Agencies
EUR-LexEU Laws
http://www.eui.eu/Research/
HistoricalArchivesOfEU/Index.aspx
Archives of the European Union

Historical

Overviews and data

EurostatEuropean Union Statistics Explained
Datasets related to the EU on CKAN
CIA World Factbook: European Union entry at The
World Factbook
British PathOnline newsreel archive of the 20th
century
Search EU Financial Sanctions List
The European Union: Questions and Answers
Congressional Research Service
Works by European Union at Project Gutenberg
Works by or about European Union at Internet
Archive
News and interviews
Der Spiegel interview with Helmut Schmidt and
Valery Giscard d'Estaing
Educational resources
European Studies Hubinteractive learning tools
and resources to help students and researchers better understand and engage with the European Union
and its politics.
Tupy, Marian L. (2008). European Union. In
David R. Henderson (ed.). Concise Encyclopedia
of Economics (2nd ed.). Indianapolis: Library of
Economics and Liberty. ISBN 978-0-86597-665-8.
OCLC 237794267. Retrieved 2016-02-12.

30

13

EXTERNAL LINKS

{{int:Coll-attribution-page|
European Union Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union?oldid=716762927 Contributors: Magnus Manske, Kpjas, Derek
Ross, WojPob, Brion VIBBER, Eloquence, Mav, Zundark, Szopen, The Anome, Tarquin, Stephen Gilbert, Koyaanis Qatsi, Taw, Eclecticology, LA2, Eob, Scipius, JeLuF, Walter, Christian List, MarekF~enwiki, Nate Silva, SJK, Miguel~enwiki, William Avery, SimonP,
Axon, G_from_B, Imran, Heron, Camembert, Fonzy, Sue, Tzartzam, Hephaestos, Olivier, Renata, Kemkim, Stevertigo, Edward, Patrick,
Michael Hardy, Tim Starling, GABaker, Palnatoke, Zocky, Modster, Dhum Dhum, Dominus, Liftarn, Gabbe, Hoshie, Taras, Wapcaplet,
Mic, Sannse, Scaredda, Dori, CG, (, Paul A, Minesweeper, Pcb21, CesarB, Card~enwiki, Looxix~enwiki, ArnoLagrange, Fantasy, Ahoerstemeier, NoLordButJesus, Haakon, Moriarty, Mac, Docu, Jpatokal, Samuelsen, Theresa knott, G-Man, Snoyes, CatherineMunro, Erich,
Msablic, Jdforrester, Randywombat, Yvesb, LittleDan, Mk270, Julesd, Djmutex, Habj, Bogdangiusca, Kimiko, Susurrus, Kwekubo, Dpol,
SeeSchloss, Jiang, Kaihsu, Cratbro, Evercat, Cherkash, Atob, Rl, John K, Ruhrjung, Samuel~enwiki, Tobias Conradi, Mxn, Johan Magnus,
BRG, Denny, Schneelocke, Dwo, Nitish~enwiki, Emperorbma, The Tom, Crusadeonilliteracy, Ec5618, Universimmedia, Alex S, Guaka,
Timwi, Nedward, Rob.derosa, Boson, RickK, Kroum, Fuzheado, Gutza, Marco Neves, Wik, DJ Clayworth, Haukurth, Tpbradbury, Kaare,
Mrand, Morwen, Rronline, Populus, Garry Saint, Esquire, Tuomas, Ann O'nyme, Topbanana, Joy, Ccady, Bjarki S, Jecar, Cabalamat,
Raul654, Power~enwiki, Olathe, Wetman, MadEwokHerd, Chrisjj, Penfold, Jason M, Qertis, Wolfram~enwiki, David.Monniaux, Lumos3,
Phil Boswell, Sjorford, Donarreiskoer, Robbot, MrJones, The Phoenix, Earl Andrew, Nico~enwiki, ChrisO~enwiki, Chrism, Fredrik,
Cosmin smeu, Korath, Chris 73, RedWolf, Twid, ZimZalaBim, Altenmann, Kowey, Nurg, Romanm, Naddy, Lowellian, Postdlf, Danutz,
Pingveno, Sverdrup, Henrygb, Puckly, Nach0king, Jxg, Voodoo~enwiki, Der Eberswalder, Flauto Dolce, Rholton, ZekeMacNeil, Rollo,
Gidonb, Timrollpickering, Smb1001, Davodd, Sunray, Bkell, Bernhard.kaindl, Moink, Jeroen, Hadal, UtherSRG, Jacques2, Mushroom,
Ambarish, Cautious, SoLando, HaeB, Cyrius, Dmn, Mattaschen, Cutler, Filemon, Adam78, David Gerard, Ancheta Wis, Fabiform,
DocWatson42, Jacoplane, MPF, Jhf, James Trainor, Jao, Barbara Shack, Sinuhe, Laurens~enwiki, KevinCoates, var Arnfjr Bjarmason, Meursault2004, Lupin, Hagedis, Malcontent, Ertz, Dissident, Marcika, Everyking, Curps, Michael Devore, Henry Flower, Paploo,
Varlaam, Jgritz, Cantus, Cpk, Ravn, Alensha, Per Honor et Gloria, Luis rib, Aytharn, Kpalion, Zoney, Djegan, Gzornenplatz, Matt Crypto,
Avala, Chameleon, Alvestrand, Bobblewik, Deus Ex, Edcolins, Golbez, Btphelps, Gugganij, Merritcat, Thewikipedian, Leonard Vertighel,
Fergananim, Auximines, Utcursch, 159753, Kyolma, Keith Edkins, Bact, Gdr, Sysin, Aurevilly, Yardcock, Aledeniz, Ran, Antandrus, Beland, Iceager, Elizabeth A, Piotrus, Msahutty, Domino theory, Boone, Marcschulz, Rdsmith4, Mzajac, Kesac, OwenBlacker, Secfan, Maximaximax, Vbs, EBB, Bumm13, Kevin B12, Satori, Icairns, EuroTom, Jessesamuel, Sam Hocevar, Eddpayne, Pgreennch, Cynical, Blackdeath450, Jackiespeel, Grunners, Edsanville, Jcw69, Kareeser, Dcandeto, Hardouin, Sarcelles, Karstimmer, Robin klein, Klemen Kocjancic, Trilobite, Karl Dickman, Picapica, Shandro, OwlofDoom, Adashiel, Trevor MacInnis, Grunt, Canterbury Tail, Lacrimosus, Clubjuggle, Gazpacho, Mike Rosoft, D6, Dbaron, Freakofnurture, Indosauros, Pasquale, Edolen1, RossPatterson, Discospinster, Twinxor, Solitude,
Rich Farmbrough, Guanabot, Rydel, Rama, Tomtom~enwiki, Smyth, Barista, Aris Katsaris, Moochocoogle, LindsayH, Kassabov, Darren
Olivier, Michael Zimmermann, Martpol, Paul August, SpookyMulder, Je schiller, Bender235, Sc147, Jnestorius, Klenje, Fenice, Evice,
Brian0918, MisterSheik, CanisRufus, Livajo, El C, Miraceti, Mulder1982, Bletch, Kwamikagami, JoeHenzi, CJWilly, Aude, PhilHibbs,
Art LaPella, RoyBoy, Tjic, PatrikR, Bobo192, Surcouf, Touriste, NetBot, 23skidoo, Rhysn, Smalljim, Func, Hooverbag, BrokenSegue,
Shenme, Dapete, Dpaajones, Vortexrealm, Polocrunch, JW1805, Pokrajac, Slicky, SpeedyGonsales, Jerryseinfeld, Anr~enwiki, Man vyi,
Thewayforward, RDL, RaKojian, Rje, Numerousfalx, NathanHawking, PWilkinson, Jdabney, John Fader, MPerel, Sam Korn, Silverback, Supersexyspacemonkey, Jez, Nickfraser, Espoo, Jumbuck, Spitzl, Mrzaius, Alansohn, LtNOWIS, Buaidh, Denoir, JNM~enwiki,
Arthena, Joolz, Hydriotaphia, Rd232, Jeltz, Corporal, Ronline, BobWasHere, TintininLisbon, Logologist, Anittas, Riana, Wikidea, Manos,
AzaToth, Bz2, Lectonar, SlimVirgin, PoptartKing, Fritzpoll, Luka Jaov, Jack Holbrook, Mailer diablo, DaveGarber1975, Dark Shikari,
Laug, Cjnm, Katefan0, Alinor, Bart133, DreamGuy, Blobglob, Ravenhull, Ksnow, Wtmitchell, Danaman5, Jrleighton, Stephan Leeds, Suruena, TomStuart, Trampled, Max Naylor, Oghmoir, Sciurin, Vuo, H2g2bob, Woodstone, Kusma, Hoserjoe, Sleigh, Lecar, Redvers, Kirev,
Maestral, Nightstallion, LukeSurl, Kazvorpal, Kitch, Yurivict, Dan100, Saxifrage, Hepburn20, RyanGerbil10, Oleg Alexandrov, TShilo12,
Brookie, Ott, Wikigiles, Hijiri88, Bastin, Akidd dublin, Feezo, Weyes, Thryduulf, Angr, Richard Arthur Norton (1958- ), TimComm,
Simetrical, Firsfron, Woohookitty, Jannex, Henrik, Mindmatrix, TigerShark, Camw, Benhocking, Eyesbomb, Armando, Holdspa, Ikescs,
Pol098, Before My Ken, ^demon, JeremyA, Chochopk, MONGO, Jok2000, Tabletop, Kelisi, Uris, Tomlillis, Schzmo, Bbatsell, Heimdal,
Wtfunkymonkey, GregorB, Maartenvdbent, Snagari, Gerbon689, SDC, Vanished895703, Jonnabuz, DanCBJMS, Romihaitza,
,
Jon Harald Sby, Wiki-vr, Joeybg, Prashanthns, Tokek, LinkTiger, Brownsteve, Driftwoodzebulin, PeregrineAY, Marudubshinki, Dysepsion, Rtcpenguin, Wiggy!, Kesla, Graham87, Hinton, Magister Mathematicae, Parmaestro, David Levy, FreplySpang, Nlsanand, RxS,
DePiep, Mancunius, Phoenix-forgotten, Electionworld, Ryan Norton, Mana Excalibur, Jorunn, Sjakkalle, Rjwilmsi, Mayumashu, Tim!,
Coemgenus, P3Pp3r, Nightscream, Koavf, Jake Wartenberg, Jivecat, Moosh88, Vary, MarSch, Red King, Alfdom, Eyu100, Hiberniantears, Zinoviev, Sdornan, Tawker, Darguz Parsilvan, SpNeo, SMC, Salleman, Parash2, Ligulem, Muj0, Olessi, MapsMan, JohnnoShadbolt, Ucucha, AySz88, Yamamoto Ichiro, SNIyer12, Leithp, Caligvla, Ian Pitchford, RobertG, Ground Zero, Amhaun01, Musical Linguist,
Vladko, A.Garnet, Nivix, Fragglet, Themanwithoutapast, Mark83, RexNL, Gurch, AlexCovarrubias, TimSE, Alexjohnc3, TheDJ, Str1977,
Brendan Moody, RLent, Parutakupiu, Kimmetje, John Maynard Friedman, McDogm, Thecurran, Pricey3000, Lemuel Gulliver, Erp, Valentinian, Lamrock, MoRsE, MichaelJBuck, King of Hearts, CiaPan, Chobot, SirGrant, Volunteer Marek, Damac, Bgwhite, Scoo, ShadowHntr, E Pluribus Anthony, Samwaltz, Kakurady, EamonnPKeane, UkPaolo, Roboto de Ajvol, Daduzi, Mercury McKinnon, YurikBot, Wavelength, Angus Lepper, Sceptre, Wester, Osomec, Jimp, Chavash, Spleodrach, StuOfInterest, Trainthh, RussBot, Arado, UNFanatic, Sam
Tarran, Jtkiefer, John Quincy Adding Machine, Conscious, Briaboru, Pigman, Theathenae, Rubinstein, SpuriousQ, DE, CanadianCaesar,
Ioda006, Nurmsook, Samuel Curtis, Chensiyuan, Stephenb, Mithridates, Polluxian, Gaius Cornelius, ValentinKostadinov, Sandpiper, CambridgeBayWeather, Eleassar, Rsrikanth05, Txuspe, Hkandy, Carps, UKWiki, Mghamburg, Thane, United88, Keithgreer, EngineerScotty,
Shanel, NawlinWiki, Fabhcn, Maggu, Wiki alf, Zulu, King Of The Dwarf People, DJ Bungi, The Ogre, Grafen, Bloodofox, NickBush24,
Lestaire, Kingje, Phil Bastian, Welsh, Jepaan~enwiki, Rjensen, Haranoh, Kasper Holl, Robdurbar, Winwiz88, Dhollm, Vb, Gerhard51,
Dahveed323, Aldux, Raven4x4x, Moe Epsilon, Rudykog, Sfnhltb, Danlaycock, A i s h2000, DanBri, Molobo, Grakm fr, Nick C, OettingerCroat, Alex43223, Zwobot, Ewanduy, Syrthiss, Aaron Schulz, IslandGyrl, BOT-Superzerocool, Wangi, TastyCakes, DeadEyeArrow, Bota47, Elkman, CLW, Jpeob, Robertbyrne, Diogenes zosimus, Carlmango11, User27091, Tonywalton, Joshurtree, Wknight94,
Searchme, Jkelly, Mholland, FF2010, UW, Sandstein, Stupanico, Zzuuzz, PTSE, StuRat, Lt-wiki-bot, Alkley, Fulup, Imaninjapirate,
Joshmaul, Barryob, Closedmouth, Errabee, Arthur Rubin, Assyria 90, E Wing, KGasso, SlOrbA, Doppelganger36a2, Dspradau, Ekstazo~enwiki, GraemeL, Npeters22, Nothlit, Red Jay, Beneaththelandslide, Ion seal, Chrishmt0423, Fram, Peter, Scoutersig, Hayden120,
SigmaEpsilon, Tyrenius, Mais oui!, Lordrosemount, Fourohfour, Curpsbot-unicodify, Garion96, Nixer, David Biddulph, Che829, Aryah,
DisambigBot, Katieh5584, Kungfuadam, Djr xi, Thomas Blomberg, Otto ter Haar, GrinBot~enwiki, Airconswitch, Asterion, Dan Atkinson,
Samuel Blanning, Elliskev, DVD R W, Tom Morris, WesleyDodds, Makedonas, The Minister of War, Dupz, Sardanaphalus, Amalthea,
A bit iy, SmackBot, YellowMonkey, Wangyunfeng, Aim Here, Nickhk, Mira, Moeron, David Kernow, Hux, Estoy Aqu, Zazaban,
Reedy, Slashme, KnowledgeOfSelf, Olorin28, Rokbas~enwiki, McGeddon, Pmaas, Unyoyega, Pgk, Lawrencekhoo, Y control, Blue520,

31

Bomac, Jacek Kendysz, KocjoBot~enwiki, Davewild, Patrickneil, Setanta747 (locked), Nickst, WookieInHeat, Jrockley, Michaelll, Eskimbot, Rojomoke, AArz, Gaers, Kintetsubualo, TharkunColl, Edgar181, MelancholieBot, CuriousOliver, Giandrea, The Rhymesmith,
Sebesta, Markeer, Mjolnir1984, Pmmollet, Gilliam, Brianski, Portillo, Gipsy~enwiki, Advds, Ohnoitsjamie, Hmains, Skizzik, Mortypsmith, Quadratic, ERcheck, Benyielding, Sk8r girl 469, Rst20xx, GerardKeating, Jake Larsen, Chris the speller, Bluebot, Kurykh, Dahn,
H2ppyme, Gregology, Quinsareth, Persian Poet Gal, Salvo46, Rex Germanus, Geniu~enwiki, Ksenon, Kaliz, Blakenus, Cbh, Jkmccrann,
MalafayaBot, WikiFlier, Silly rabbit, SchftyThree, Hibernian, BrendelSignature, RexImperium, Liebeskind, Bonaparte, Akanemoto,
Constantzeanu, Willardo, Zogu~enwiki, Ctbolt, MichaelWheeley, Marcworca, Baronnet, Aridd, DHN-bot~enwiki, Xasf, Oatmeal batman, Yanksox, Zachorious, Louis3ham, Fjmustak, Modest Genius, Nonplus, Countersubject, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, SiriusAlphaCMa, Ajaxkroon, Scott3, Novelty, Mitsuhirato, Euim, Alphathon, DeFacto, SuperDeng, Ajdz, OrphanBot, Onorem, Vanished User
0001, KaiserbBot, MeekSaron, MJCdetroit, Sephirothrr, JonHarder, Scotsboyuk, Michkalas, TheKMan, Rrburke, Lesnail, Britmax, VMS
Mosaic, Rsm99833, Kittybrewster, Mbertsch, Addshore, Celarnor, SundarBot, Grover cleveland, The tooth, Cameron Nedland, Khoikhoi,
Jmlk17, FinScribe, BIL, Krich, Piedineri, William Quill, Flyguy649, DinosaursLoveExistence, Jerrch, BesselDekker, Cybercobra, Savidan, Jiddisch~enwiki, StephenMacmanus, Nihilo 01, RJN, Treima, Nick125, Archos, Cordless Larry, RolandR, Yulia Romero, RandomP,
Bmgoau, Salt Yeung, RafaelG, Only, MetroStar, WoodElf, Wisco, Bombshell, Excaliburo, SpiderJon, JackHearne, Politis, Maelnuneb,
Justin212k, Ptolios, Razor83, Aaker, Salamurai, Evlekis, Mion, DDima, Jugbo, Atlantas, Kukini, Skinnyweed, Juux, Tesseran, Ceoil,
Ohconfucius, JLogan, Mphornet, Chwech, Enter sandman, SashatoBot, WikiWitch, Nishkid64, Arnoutf, Serein (renamed because of SUL),
Producercunningham, Frade, Harryboyles, Anlace, Skyscrap27, Soap, Kuru, John, Fanx, The idiot, IanPCP, Euchiasmus, LUCPOL, Cezzvil, Marco polo, Ouip, Nvw, MilborneOne, Costa1143, AB, Edwy, JorisvS, Pronoun, Hemmingsen, Basser g, Joelo, CaptainVindaloo,
Green Giant, Stefan2, Jaywubba1887, Silvdraggoj, Ckatz, Zaparojdik, Balfron, 16@r, Azate, Nobbs~enwiki, Hvn0413, Shangrilaista,
Noah Salzman, George The Dragon, Jsx, Mr Stephen, Vaniba12, Ytgfcgh, Darz Mol~enwiki, Imperator2, Europimp, Samwingkit, Globo,
Waggers, SandyGeorgia, Jborocz, Frigo, Drieakko, AdultSwim, KirrVlad, Sijo Ripa, Dr.K., Andrwsc, Palazov, Jose77, RMHED, MarkThomas, NeroN BG, Kvng, Regulus marzo4103, Hectorian, Sprintprince, Zepheus, Dl2000, Doug Johnson, Gonzolively, N0osphR~enwiki,
Fasach Nua, Burto88, Levineps, BranStark, Typelighter, Bluefret, Odengatan, Iridescent, Lcg, Stpaul, Lathrop1885, Fjbex, Judgesurreal777, Madmath789, Joseph Solis in Australia, Lottamiata, Jwalte04, Antonine, MWM, Igoldste, Dionysos1~enwiki, Baloglu, Shoshonna,
Shadowrun, CapitalR, Lucy-marie, Blehfu, Esurnir, Foundert~enwiki, EurowikiJ, Marysunshine, AGK, Civil Engineer III, Courcelles,
Anger22, Bottesini, Eluchil404, Pathosbot, Charleenmerced, Tawkerbot2, Daniel5127, Ouishoebean, Pudeo, Vanisaac, Hammer Raccoon, Galati, MightyWarrior, Kamikazi2, The Haunted Angel, SkyWalker, Blueiris, J Milburn, Slaciner, JForget, RCS, Thatperson, CmdrObot, Crmdandouille, LSLM, 1.618033989, Van helsing, AlbertSM, Blue-Haired Lawyer, Geo-Loge~enwiki, BeenAroundAWhile,
Anakata, Prosallus, Page Up, JohnCD, F5ZV, Nunquam Dormio, Otsego, R9tgokunks, Kylu, Pie.er, Green caterpillar, FlyingToaster,
Ghfj007, WeggeBot, Shizane, Moreschi, Bakanov, Casper2k3, ONUnicorn, Porfyrios, Karenjc, Oruj, RagingR2, Hemlock Martinis, Lear
21, Nilfanion, Dan1113, Equendil, Rudjek, Ifeldman84, Sopoforic, Fnlayson, Wikien2009, CJH06, Ntsimp, Wiki01916, Valodzka, Future Perfect at Sunrise, Teak, Thebasshacker, Vanished user 45po45lr87gj, Jack-McLangley, Reywas92, O mores, Vanished user vjhsduheuiui4t5hjri, Aceofhearts, Michaelas10, Dabbi25, Gogo Dodo, GANDALF1992, Scales67, Travelbird, IntoCom, TicketMan, Brandon
Connors, Khatru2, Colin Keigher, CiaranG, Hacker22475, Icemanofbarcelona101, Scroggie, Agne27, Rracecarr, Anton85~enwiki, Soetermans, Eu.stefan, Tkynerd, Kn'trbjt, Odie5533, Nike8, B, Krator, Tawkerbot4, DumbBOT, Ameliorate!, Telex, Pi3832, Eurocrat, Energyfreezer, Kozuch, Ward3001, Kushtrimxh, Abtract, Jamris, Omicronpersei8, Timata1705, JodyB, Lo2u, Arb, JohnInDC, Joowwww,
FrancoGG, CieloEstrellado, 0lorenzo0, Thijs!bot, ChKa, Epbr123, Biruitorul, Qwyrxian, Olahus, Kmcoop01, Rileydutton, Southerngs,
Brainboy109, S Marshall, SeNeKa, Joshuarooney, Jiminicriquet, Mojo Hand, LietKynes, Headbomb, Ruber chiken, Canada Jack, Marek69,
Qwarto, Peter gk, Bobblehead, A3RO, Dyslexik, Malarious, Ufwuct, James086, Doyley, Dark Enigma, Kornoslimnos~enwiki, Evanescenceboy~enwiki, Inner Earth, Mnemeson, The Proesor, Gaimhreadhan, MichaelT1979, Grayshi, CharlotteWebb, Therequiembellishere,
Dezidor, FreeKresge, Wikidenizen, GDP, Mrsanitazier, Thomas Paine1776, E!, SomeHuman, Escarbot, The Person Who Is Strange, Oreo
Priest, Mentisto, Hmrox, AntiVandalBot, Yuanchosaan, Lucas Richards, Hgav, Robbo chappers, BokicaK, Luna Santin, Gusme, Zoken4, Digital ice, Giancarlodoria, Mk*, TimVickers, Mdotley, Tjmayerinsf, Joe Schmedley, Yerkschmerk, Tadas12, NSH001, Mr giant
sloth, Glentamara, Chronisgr, Farosdaughter, Laikalynx, MECU, Gdo01, Spencer, Yellowdesk, Alphachimpbot, Spartaz, Ltimur, Blog Mav
Rick, Camptown, Jirka6, Ithinkhelikesit, Elaragirl, Crissim99, Uuu87, Ghmyrtle, Locospotter, RDCOOPER101, Smalltime0, TuvicBot,
Caper13, DOSGuy, Radzinski, JAnDbot, Leuko, Husond, MER-C, LeedsKing, Sonicsuns, Benjamin22b, Luis wiki, NE2, Mrmango786,
Daniel Supreme, Arch dude, Redking7, Awien, Gazilion, Andonic, Hut 8.5, 100110100, Yill577, PhilKnight, Jamesedwardsmith, Jbom1,
Drdak, LittleOldMe, Acroterion, Yahel Guhan, Ngfrazier, Ya2sin, Magioladitis, Fitnr, Canjth, Pedro, El Greco, Bongwarrior, VoABot II,
Carlwev, Askari Mark, RBBrittain, JNW, JamesBWatson, CattleGirl, GearedBull, Jsk Couriano, Ojcookies, Janadore, TARBOT, Cantiana, Mangalaiii, Rivertorch, Buckshot06, Adrianski, Dima1, Paul111, Pixel ;-), Iainsona, Lacort, Aka042, Froid, Jvhertum, Jjasi, Jeroenl,
Snowded, Catgut, Seleucus, Umeboshi, Scottish4ever, Animum, VegKilla, Winterus, Taamu, Adrian J. Hunter, Allstarecho, Nat, Beagel,
Chunt@euromoney.com, Roberth Edberg, WhiteMagick, PoliticalJunkie, Chris G, DerHexer, BATE Borisov, Dkriegls, Caranorn, Ekotkie,
Balazs.varadi, E-pen, Bastiaquinas, Kitale, Fluteute, Mschier, Oneiropagides, JRWalko, NatureA16, Pvosta, Stephenchou0722, Misarxist, Somethingoranother, MartinBot, Phantomsnake, Jwbaumann, Aristovoul0s, ARCG, Ulkomaalainen, Rettetast, Svyatoslav, Ignis
Fatuus, Mschel, Pilim, CommonsDelinker, ASDFGH, AlexiusHoratius, Vkire, Etidepeti, Ruud64, Andrewdpcotton, Lilac Soul, Wiki
Raja, Lolnads, Tgeairn, Ssolbergj, Gligan, Abilityfun, J.delanoy, XVA, Child of Albion, DrKay, Jnpet, Altes, Treiskaitetarto, Ordew,
Ed hover~enwiki, Surpieur, Inaugural, Phible, Tikiwont, Uncle Dick, Friedbrice, Maus-78, Jreferee, Guilherme Paula, LedRush, Jerry,
Dedee73, Semiloose, Gzkn, Xbspiro, Elchimba, Dispenser, DarkFalls, DSuser, LordAnubisBOT, JavaJawaUK, McSly, Carreira, Eur21,
JavMilos, Eurosceptic soldier, Novis-M, TheTrojanHought, Zeisseng, Mikael Hggstrm, Billybobbilly, 12345e, Spaner, Curnock06,
Gurchzilla, Sukee3, AntiSpamBot, Snake bgd, Rossenglish, Plasticup, Drahgo, Stambouliote, SJP, Bobianite, Euthymios, Kansas Bear,
Greeves, Doomsday28, Nay Min Thu, JohnnyRush10, 2812, Erdeniss, Keizuko, FenderTele, Cometstyles, Bogdan~enwiki, Remember the
dot, Ayatollahs hashish, Kolja21, Metro Mover, Mads Mariegaard, Tiwonk, Erzan, Ddelpercio, Bonadea, WinterSpw, Strajkoski, Pdcook,
Ja 62, IceDragon64, Andy Marchbanks, Madhyako Pradeshlo, HighKing, The Fat Guy, Azugaldia, Alain10, Permafrost, Sphayros, Regenspaziergang, Cartiod, Sand Squid, Wombat66, Xiahou, Squids and Chips, Conte di Cavour, RJASE1, Idioma-bot, Pietru, Rrrttt~enwiki,
Spellcast, Highelds, NJguy281, Ottershrew, Ckoicedelire, Glossologist, Thomasthestudent, Zakuragi, Sam Blacketer, RaulCovita, Cal
Evans, Deor, VolkovBot, TreasuryTag, That-Vela-Fella, CWii, One Night In Hackney, Johnfos, ABF, Reconrm your strategy, Macedonian, Gottago, Trilinguist, The Duke of Waltham, Nburden, Asa Zernik, Lord Collettus, Lbunker, Raggz, AlnoktaBOT, HeckXX, Lears
Fool, Montessquieu, Soliloquial, Katydidit, Gpeilon, Miguelzinho, RickyTheBest, Godefroy, Ryan032, HIZKIAH, Aesopos, Philip Trueman, Marekzp, Blibbka, Director, Pipnosis, SamMichaels, TXiKiBoT, Burkycan, Fatlittlenick, Zidonuke, Marskuzz, Dawidbernard, Ken
Worthy, Minger125, Pascar, Malinaccier, OverSS, Vipinhari, Freedom4korea, Technopat, Norad79, Cro-Cop2~enwiki, Uzo20, Black Foil,
FrstFrs, Ajrabagl, Dictouray, Id4abel, Zserango, Togedude, Qxz, Dersb, Oxfordwang, Littlealien182, Anna Lincoln, Buadren, Cipcg,
Mattomatteo27, Dendodge, EdJ343, Melsaran, MackSalmon, Maxhaase, Nam3, Spurlis, Superjava 558, Luca Italy, JhsBot, Leafyplant,
Jakerno, Mitth'raw'nuruodo, Abdullais4u, Maharashtraexpress, PDFbot, Lola Voss, Domitius, Bentley4, Noformation, Simonclamb, An-

32

13

EXTERNAL LINKS

teeru, SergioGeorgini, Sdnegel, Eubulides, Sothisislife101, SheeldSteel, Billinghurst, Jacob93, Baggabagga, Andy Dingley, Raptor1987,
Paulmcguane, Aumont, Marijuanarchy, Danuel Chiswick, Synthebot, Turgan, Bradstonpickle, Eurocopter, Jepbaypoint, Iulian Andreea,
Leftdown2, Loookatme, Albertus Aditya, Raggio, Edwardjacobs123, Lfrlan~enwiki, MitchKliev, AlleborgoBot, Nagy, Soosim, Quantpole,
C0N6R355, Simonjones1, EmxBot, HoJii, Anameofmyveryown, Bimbo kim, Deconstructhis, Jammin4, Uncle Scrooge, D. Recorder, Lejman, Dbostwick, , SPQRobin, Thw1309, Spt107, SieBot, 12scolsrud, Maverick16, Calliopejen1, LarsHolmberg, Cokes360,
Swliv, Caulde, Europedia, Scarian, WereSpielChequers, Battila1993, VVVBot, Phe-bot, Vexorg, Dawn Bard, Caltas, MarkBolton, Universe=atom, DitzyNizzy, RJaguar3, Triwbe, Bsrboy, Typesspeed, Andrew16, Thoeor, Albanman, Bamkin, Alasdair123, Purbo T, Eaomatrix, Travis Cleveland, Latish redone, Pxma, Toddst1, Emilfarb, The Evil Spartan, Ireas, Belinrahs, Arbor to SJ, Nebulousity, VeritasCurat, Jubris, Robster1983, Dans, JSpung, Mr. Neutron, Oxymoron83, Aumpire, Ddxc, Faradayplank, Smilesfozwood, Fireblade21,
Larab SVK, PhilMacD, Oshafs, Editor91, Thehotelambush, Lightmouse, RW Marloe, Poindexter Propellerhead, Ktbast, Zacplaysgames,
Tinodj~enwiki, Cassandra99, Techman224, Escape Artist Swyer, Joshii, Miguel.mateo, Aramgar, Sag1738, BenoniBot~enwiki, Mtys,
Olivier.Sr, Huwlepolonais2, Crimethinker, Reginmund, Coldcreation, Lvmtridas, Wuhwuzdat, Thatotherdude, Randomblue, Hamiltondaniel, Paulinho28, Bowei Huang 2, Subskinboi, WikiLaurent, Captainfergus, Hooiwind, Vulc, Renaissanceperson, Superbeecat, Florentino
oro, Sandaag, Jan Jansson, M2Ys4U, Lord Opeth, Nergaal, RLouette, Precious Roy, Denisarona, Escape Orbit, Jobas, Kasdun, RyanGrant, Kanonkas, TFCforever, Squash Racket, Pkadambi1, TheCatalyst31, SallyForth123, Deavenger, Seasidesheep, Couldn't-care-less,
Bobby Jacks 101, Loren.wilton, Martarius, AnY FOUR!, Nemethil, ClueBot, Kathmandu2007, NickCT, Syxle, Avenged Eightfold, PipepBot, 665456b, Foxj, The Thing That Should Not Be, All Hallows Wraith, Meisterkoch, BriKaBraK, Cambrasa, Wessex00, RashersTierney,
Unbuttered Parsnip, Farolif, NovaTabula, UserDoe, Artyom, Der Golem, Vinny Burgoo, Mild Bill Hiccup, SouthernElectric, CounterVandalismBot, Imperium Europeum, U5K0, Xszcw, Peanut4, Reiskeks, Joe314, Blanchardb, P. S. Burton, Joescen, Otolemur crassicaudatus,
Lord Cuthberton, New amsterdam, 1965 berlin, Fruittari92, Grayme, Paulcmnt, ITA 01, Zlerman, NuclearVacuum, DragonBot, Detroiterbot, Excirial, Marcymarc224, Alexbot, Jusdafax, Shyterman, Robbie098, Lwxrm, Tomeasy, Taifarious1, Howard Alexander, Resoru, Darkhelmet322, Eeekster, Totie, Jwyg, Sct5333, Fishiehelper2, Rhatsa26X, Xxell, Tobit the gay, Ni'jluuseger, Nohbdy666, Lear22, Coinmanj,
Tyler, NuclearWarfare, MickMacNee, L.tak, Millionsandbillions, Cenarium, Jotterbot, WolfNraisin, Mr. Met 13, TheRedPenOfDoom,
Trainunion, Jackt31, M.O.X, Razorame, Philip200291, Wikzillaspeni$, Esimal, MJDTed, MKD Majstor, Dekisugi, Doktor Mephisto,
Viniciusdss~enwiki, TRGROUPLTD, Chaosdruid, DanSchultz, C628, Adjectivity, Aldkf;ajkldf, Sxbrown, 9Nak, ElectricLemon, Aitias,
Timmy Empire, DerBorg, Radarino, Versus22, Avidius, Cardi123098, Phynicen, IJA, Azurina, Doubleyoutf, Johnbrap, Party, Edgarnick, WooteleF, MasterOfHisOwnDomain, A.h. king, Zaks2222, Westonne, Cpsteiner~enwiki, Tang Wenlong, Rithschap, Moronidiotimbus, Danrowe, BarretB, Cnoguera, XLinkBot, Emmette Hernandez Coleman, Gdr05a, Nicholasoriordan88, BodhisattvaBot, Ursutraide,
Ferk182, Andrzej Kmicic, Yodaki, Section6, AndreNatas, Avoided, Crazyduck176, Anturiaethwr, Facts707, TFOWR, WikHead, SilvonenBot, Pyanth, Mifter, Geo1214, Alexius08, Mm40, Luisfege, WikiDao, Fiskbil, KJohansson, Dfoxvog, Good Olfactory, Likelife, SelfQ,
Thatguyint, Koraki, TecmoBo, Franz weber, Craigism, Hydrazillawik, Guandalug, Olyus, Fireinacrowdedtheatre, Palindrome, CosmologyProfessor, Voui, Notatrolllol, RomaineFoster, FilipPhAlgGeo, 61GfYul, Zlato87, Nicholas Parker, Geoilex, AlexandrDmitri, Some
jerk on the Internet, Jafeluv, Beamathan, Prattlement, Tcncv, Marc KJH, Lilxmissxsunshinex, Winsweek, Pavlen666, Dusan kirovski,
PatrickFlaherty, Captin domie, Tanhabot, Ronhjones, Recost, Moose-man77, Fieldday-sunday, Broaders, Richardpku, Tempus4, Pryde
01, Yelizandpaul, D0762, Jelsova, Xgmx2, CanadianLinuxUser, Leszek Jaczuk, Fluernutter, Mjsa, Smallgash, Fentener van Vlissingen,
NjardarBot, Proxima Centauri, CarsracBot, BepBot, 37ophiuchi, Lihaas, Shoopinwoops, Michaelwuzthere, Glass Sword, AndersBot, Walnuts go kapow, Mr J Bull, NickG147, Digitalnitrate, AtheWeatherman, LinkFA-Bot, Nereo, CuteHappyBrute, Tassedethe, Numbo3-bot,
Swedish pirate, Noncreationist, Ryangrint, Tide rolls, Opodo123, Lightbot, Taketa, Zulon, Krano, Albertdaniel222, , Cchow2, Jessika
Folkerts, Angrysockhop, Soapy Soutar, ZX81, Timmyvanman, Yobot, Robert1886, Il-arrub, Matohno92, Ist58159~enwiki, 2D, Insilvis,
Tohd8BohaithuGh1, Fraggle81, TaBOT-zerem, Legobot II, Librsh, II MusLiM HyBRiD II, Francisplace, Fireleaf, Nirvana888, Agnosticaphid, Giedrius S., Richie wright1980, THEN WHO WAS PHONE?, Empelfant~enwiki, Reenem, KamikazeBot, Sansonic, Kwacka,
South Bay, Alexkin, The Cavendish, Omer 1993, Synchronism, Backslash Forwardslash, AnomieBOT, Turkish Flame, Phlyght, John
Holmes II, AUG, 1exec1, YeshuaDavid, Jim1138, Galoubet, Hadrian89, Captainsensible101, AdjustShift, Rejedef, Maycoll F. Vieira,
Califate123!, Kingpin13, Lucideer, , Flewis, Bosonic dressing, Mahmudmasri, Materialscientist, Jcs45, Kapitop, Thadeous
Oakley G., A.Molnar, Billy Bollox, Citation bot, Dootson, Racconish, Jamiemaloneyscoreg, Bci2, Half past, Frankenpuppy, Neurolysis, ArthurBot, Tag101, Quebec99, LilHelpa, Ybnormal2day13, Enok, Schopy1988, Xqbot, Palmer1989, Timir2, Sionus, Monkeybuttsex,
Jwurtz92993, Capricorn42, Brendan550, Editor news, Thor262, Khajidha, Davydoug, Renaissancee, George369,
, 4twenty42o, Nasnema, Arsenal2247, Sergihan, Crazygiant, Lusci, Tomdo08, Bzms, Under91dog, BritishWatcher, Sinotna, Srich32977, Lytir, 5062mullac, RadiX, Rangond, GrouchoBot, Armbrust, Frosted14, Mehmettrie, Hamish.leckie, Alumnum, Rstun, OnlyUrbanArena, 93tl11, ProtectionTaggingBot, TheHonMP, Damian Radu, Megustalastrufas, Dzsi, Fijnlijn, UrGay2, Brandon5485, Mark Schierbecker, SassoBot,
Cerniagigante, Manos76, Cider86, Katkat22, Cyfraw, GhalyBot, MerlLinkBot, Smallman12q, Waitingforbrain, Opteubok, Shadowjams,
Lyonspotter, Florida15, Volgar, Franman3024, Bearnfder, GVilKa, Zwanen001, Hmk20009, Lawdroid, MarcoHecimovic, HomoLiteratus, Dougofborg, Grinofwales, Green Cardamom, James1902004, Dailycare, FrescoBot, Gomezko, KremilekzParezu, Kanabiz, Bgillesp,
Ron 1987, Paine Ellsworth, Chronus, Tobby72, MusicInTheHouse, Ace of Spades, Mark Renier, Thayts, Eun16, C Berger11, Boos34,
Eve Wiki, Recognizance, Sjoerdboersma, AKM73, Theblueenigma, Sir allen, Luke.Handle, Connolly15, Jaganjac, Bambuway, CayenneGaramonde, Purpleturple, Rgvis, HamburgerRadio, Citation bot 1, Galmicmi, Marcuspk, Stevenjp, 12345zxcvb67890zxcvb, Redrose64,
Joeycz, Mca0004, Qthorp, Pinethicket, Sonibee, Nagyat2009, HRoestBot, Gobookhotels, Wdcf, Jonesey95, Chatfecter, Rameshngbot,
Japanlover97, Martinvl, Skinnyank, Tutxus78, Bejinhan, Rdonohoe, JPChateld124, Curlyrunai, A8UDI, Radualexandru99, Nicksss93,
MastiBot, SpaceFlight89, le ottante, Dcasanovax, Jamesinderbyshire, Meaghan, Biala Gwiazda, Jackieeaton, Reconsider the static, Luc19,
Zesel, Jirka.h23, Pourquoi Cherie, MadPoet13, Trance55, FoxBot, Altorrijos, TobeBot, ArchiveCarrickfergus, DriveMySol, Zanhe, Lotje,
Maisun ibn monowar, Fox Wilson, Phukoph, Teddycom, Georgewright chelt, RoadTrain, Vrenator, LilyKitty, Natashalight, Bigup88,
Nemesis of Reason, Jailender, Antipastor, Gazpr, Nikosgr123, Ballsnweener, EUvin, Tomi566, The Spoorne, Diannaa, Samah10, Skakkle,
Underlying lk, Angloengland, OrangeCorner, Tbhotch, Spursnik, Minimac, Thegreengrym, Sideways713, DARTH SIDIOUS 2, Holdnview, HughMAC.7891, Mean as custard, Delevero, Mr.Adion, RjwilmsiBot, Chipmunkdavis, TjBot, Generalboss3, IANVS, Ripchip
Bot, Likemonkeys, Helmoony, Givenchy de Paris, Feliz.rhf, Seniorfox, Jfp2006, Hajatvrc, MAXXX-309, Sk8terzeck, NerdyScienceDude,
Jimtaip, DenatelyNotTrolling55, Elium2, Spacejam2, Rctycoplay, Pconleynms, Slon02, Polylepsis, Marigaux, Chaziken5, Kaiserble,
EmausBot, John of Reading, Orphan Wiki, WikitanvirBot, JCRules, Filipdr, Snow storm in Eastern Asia, Dewritech, Muslim mujahid,
Racerx11, Blizzardstep0, YELKENN, NotAnonymous0, KHamsun, Tokyo68, Tokyo70, Tommy2010, MrGRA, Two Of Three, Yattum, JanvonBismarck, Number10a, Hoygan!!, Mr julian~enwiki, Theurgist, Thecheesykid, T0812, HiW-Bot, ZroBot, Epizentrum, Illegitimate Barrister, Liquidmetalrob, Yosidunkki, Dolovis, Traxs7, Chrishopgood, Aronlee90, ObscureReality, The Nut, Thecontinentalwisdom, Subtropical-man, Nunya34, Stocklinger123, H3llBot, EPICWHALE, Glimmer721, Pl2241, VLADIMIR Skokan, Immunmotbluescreen, Spartapolo, Snoopy18, Brocach, Begemotsshots, Wayne Slam, Rcsprinter123, Andattaca2010, Zuydbieb, Tiiliskivi, WikiEditor8481, Brandmeister, Foreverman123, L Kensington, 111Alpha, Vater-96, Superluminary, Gsarwa, Quite vivid blur, Dnls, Tarian.liber,

33

Marthainky, Wasatexan, Parrisian, JeremyMcClean, BernardaAlba, ChuispastonBot, Italiano111, HandsomeFella, Horways, Counny, Peter
Karlsen, Mocctur, Hdeplaen, 97, Jasonli42, 28bot, Babciakorekta, Mjbmrbot, DDragonNk-Visual, ResearchRave, Petrb, ClueBot
NG, Andrewing123, Gareth Grith-Jones, Akuindo, Catmandestroyer, BaboneCar, CocuBot, Ypnypn, Ecad93, Koolx, Gilderien, Jenova20, Kspenc24, Stephan.brubaker, BrekekekexKoaxKoax, Slayer4x4, Millermk, ANGELUS, Bright Darkness, Omnisome, SilentResident, The Master of Mayhem, Geomant, Frietjes, Magicoast, Kage1234, 08OceanBeach SD, Hazhk, Aight 2009, O.Koslowski, Pensionero, MannyXX, Turu96, PRUNIT, Widr, TheLotCarmen, CostaDax, WikiPuppies, Savantas83, PaoloNapolitano, ,
Pofka, NuclearEnergy, Mightymights, Onen hag oll, Helpful Pixie Bot, Alexandru M., Eleventh1, Mghomann, Annihilation00, Toth2000,
Emir abrashi, Plarem, REJS H, Lowercase sigmabot, BG19bot, Murry1975, WryNomad, Krenair, W2kurs-test, M0rphzone, Edoardo
Cavaleri, Luis Molnar, Brian mcauslan, Steveyt0, Tolea93, HIDECCHI001, AvocatoBot, Metricopolus, Middgeaugh-Botteaugh, Monica Santa, Marcofran, Himan1238569, Trueeuropeanist, Mark Arsten, Cheveri, FutureTrillionaire, Mrlachlan2001, Arzino, Albatalab,
Altar, Cobulator, LoopersdeBruges, Ksspencer, IleMaurice, Alvin Lee, Atoine85, Blacksh, Qataq, Snow Blizzard, Moliere2001, Surtalnar, Argonauth, Calculon79, Mayast, JZCL, Germanpost, Skycloud86, Bharvey87, ElleAlawi, Improver99, Achowat, HTML2011,
PyrrhusEP, Dmbackviper, Staglit, Wer900, Lord Bumble, Europeanisbetter, ACELEGEND, BattyBot, Justincheng12345-bot, Intelligible,
Ehr1Ros2, Surfer.taylor, Cyberbot II, Ushau97, ChrisGualtieri, Nick.mon, SD5bot, MSUGRA, Euenvpolicy, JYBot, Lefteris20, Tahc,
Maximuscruz, Dylanvt, Youaretheoneinmymind, Ibicdlcod, E4024, Dexbot, Longmaster, Aerosmithfan507, Travelpleb, SZERVC Attila,
Profpremrajpushpakaran, Robert Laymont, Dolphinsrockmiami, Andreas Parker, Hmainsbot1, LikeTheLadies, Bilingual2000,
,
Mymis, 11raccoon1, fonyakutya, Maca152, Datu Dong, SiBr4, Cerabot~enwiki, Pingu4593, GregorBungensheim, PercPlus5, FonsScientiae, The Vintage Feminist, Michael Anon, TwoTwoHello, Darkesthours, Purplematty, Thechewymajor, , Lugia2453,
Wgmlwgml98, Franek K., BeautyPageant, Johnxsmith, Envpol2, Sowlos, ComfyKem, IanPerry, Iskender Iskender, Turkeyboy3000,
Pietro500, TsaristRussia, DavidPKendal, Rgtesler, Mataone, Copulative, 900mill, Podeepodee, Klak of Klak, Zachary1031, Xwoodsterchinx, Whoops521, Radarm, Tuvixer, Tomfutru, WareMiekal, Chessrat, Capscap, Dux Ducis Hodiernus, Oriol20, Bumbaswag123,
Rob984, De wafelenbak, Yakikaki, AmericanLemming, Moneycashmoney, EIB Communication, Inglok, Madehub, QuantoAltoPossoVolare, Msundqvist, WyeatesODI, Ryantheravensfan1, Flat Out, LudicrousTripe, Mediolanum, Qufgpsmsqka123, Faisalranjha, Kuyi123w,
Falconet8, EuropeanHistory2011, IM-yb, Sparkesp, Dimsar01, Hwasus, Zenibus, Eagle3399, PrivateMasterHD, Fmb53, Hvard Geithus,
Portlannd, Shearyer, Nitchy, Blueyoshi99, Sarabveer, Aryana2013, Kind Tennis Fan, Askave, Whizz40, Aeroid, ProKro, Coreyemotela,
Chipperdude15, The Northaptonshire pins, N0n3up, GJVerity, Barjimoa, Jay13579, SyaWgnignahCehT, 1990sguy, Legendiii, Rossoh,
Monkbot, Plokmijnuhbygvtfcdxeszwaq, AppleMadMan, Ivan1410, Ryopus, Prisencolin, Narenkmishra, Kinetic37, RichardHC, Serverax,
Lovingtoyou, Snowycats, Formuse, Praveench1888, RuthArchivio, Brookdub, Shahanshah26, Dannis243, Kjerish, 8Sirlo6, Warner REBORN, IWJXB, KH-1, MaronitePride, Peterthlee, WikiImprovment78, Dlodir95, Jasongoodui, Noseamuseos, Onestance, Skoritz, Yogurto, David8302, Royalnavyman, Hijuklet, EconomicsEconomics, Trainzfan333, Eimukas22, Absolutelypuremilk, MinemorphsScottie,
Anentai, Modulus12, TerraCodes, Firebrace, -Sombrero19-, Logiebear123, Davide Denti (OBC), FreddieMartyn, BowlAndSpoon, Vidatafazoli, Davor xx, Federalunion and Anonymous: 3923
|
File:1_May_2004_enlargement_celebration_in_Parc_du_Cinquantenaire.jpg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/
commons/0/00/1_May_2004_enlargement_celebration_in_Parc_du_Cinquantenaire.jpg License:
CC BY-SA 2.0 Contributors:
http://www.flickr.com/photos/robdeman/114494254/in/pool-24642083@N00 Original artist: Rockcohen
File:2010_G-20_Seoul_summit.jpg
Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/2010_
G-20_Seoul_summit.jpg
License:
CC
BY-SA
2.0
Contributors:
[http://www.casarosada.gov.ar/index.php?
option=com_rsgallery2&Itemid=0&page=inline&id=4517&catid=2000&limitstart=14 casarosada.gov.ar] Original artist: Presidencia de la Nacion Argentina
File:2rocks.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/2rocks.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons by MSClaudiu. Original artist: Vladimer at English Wikipedia
File:A400M.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/A400M.jpg License: CC BY 2.0 Contributors: originally
posted to Flickr as A400M Original artist: Chris
File:Acropolis_of_Athens_01361.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/Acropolis_of_Athens_01361.
JPG License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Glen Larson at en.wikipedia
File:Anthem_of_Europe_(US_Navy_instrumental_short_version).ogg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/
f3/Anthem_of_Europe_%28US_Navy_instrumental_short_version%29.ogg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.navyband.
navy.mil/national_anthems_eu.shtml. Converted to Ogg Vorbis format by the uploader. Original artist: Ludwig van Beethoven
File:Banderas_europeas_en_la_Comisin_Europea.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/Banderas_
europeas_en_la_Comisi%C3%B3n_Europea.jpg License: CC BY-SA 2.0 Contributors: http://www.flickr.com/photos/10209472@N03/
1854625464/ Original artist: Amio Cajander
File:CURIA_RATIONUM_logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/CURIA_RATIONUM_logo.svg
License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Carte_Europenne_d'Assurance_Maladie_France.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/Carte_
Europ%C3%A9enne_d%27Assurance_Maladie_France.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Zeugma
fr (talk) (Antoine FLEURY-GOBERT)
File:Ciconia_nigra_1_(Lukasz_Lukasik)_edit.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/Ciconia_nigra_1_
%28Lukasz_Lukasik%29_edit.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Circle_frame.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Circle_frame.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: PleaseStand
File:Coat_of_arms_of_Hamburg.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/Coat_of_arms_of_Hamburg.svg
License: Public domain Contributors:
Heraldry of the world Original artist: Freie und Hansestadt Hamburg
File:Colosseum_in_Rome-April_2007-1-_copie_2B.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d8/Colosseum_
in_Rome-April_2007-1-_copie_2B.jpg License: CC BY-SA 2.5 Contributors: Photograph by Dili, edited by Vassil Original artist: Dili

34

13

EXTERNAL LINKS

File:Commons-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?

File:Compass_rose_pale.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/Compass_rose_pale.svg License: CC-BYSA-3.0 Contributors: svg version of Image:Compass-rose-pale.png, made to look similar to Image:Reinel compass rose.svg. Original artist:
Fibonacci
File:Donald_Tusk_2013-12-19.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Donald_Tusk_2013-12-19.jpg License: CC BY 2.0 Contributors: Donald Tusk Original artist: European Peoples Party
File:EC-EU-enlargement_animation.gif Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/EC-EU-enlargement_
animation.gif License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Kolja21
File:ECHO_plane.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/ECHO_plane.jpg License: CC BY-SA 2.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:EE-Lahemaa-Bagno_Viru.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/EE-Lahemaa-Bagno_Viru.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Lysy
File:EU-regions_GDP_per_capita_PPP.png
Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a7/EU-regions_
Attribution Contributors:
http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/File:
GDP_per_capita_PPP.png License:
Gross_domestic_product_(GDP)_per_inhabitant,_in_purchasing_power_standard_(PPS),_by_NUTS_level_2_region,_2013_(%C2%
B9)_(%25_of_the_EU-28_average,_EU-28_%3D_100)_RYB15.png Original artist: European Comission eurostat
File:EU_Council_Room.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/EU_Council_Room.jpg License: CC-BYSA-3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: JLogan
File:EU_OCT_and_OMR_map_en.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/EU_OCT_and_OMR_map_
en.png License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Natural Earth 1:50m (http://www.naturalearthdata.com) Original artist: Alexrk2
File:East.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Boxed_East_arrow.svg License: Public domain Contributors: DarkEvil. Original artist: DarkEvil
File:Eirepas.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/Eirepas.JPG License: Public domain Contributors:
Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons. Original artist: The original uploader was Classicalgas at English Wikipedia
File:Emblem_of_the_Court_of_Justice_of_the_European_Union.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/
63/Emblem_of_the_Court_of_Justice_of_the_European_Union.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: This vector image includes
elements that have been taken or adapted from this: <a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Emblem_of_Napoleon_Bonaparte.svg'
class='image'><img alt='Emblem of Napoleon Bonaparte.svg' src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/
Emblem_of_Napoleon_Bonaparte.svg/11px-Emblem_of_Napoleon_Bonaparte.svg.png' width='11' height='20' srcset='https://upload.
wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Emblem_of_Napoleon_Bonaparte.svg/17px-Emblem_of_Napoleon_Bonaparte.svg.png
1.5x,
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Emblem_of_Napoleon_Bonaparte.svg/23px-Emblem_of_
Napoleon_Bonaparte.svg.png 2x' data-le-width='385' data-le-height='660' /></a> Emblem of Napoleon Bonaparte.svg (by Sodacan).
Original artist: Ssolbergj, and the authors of the source les
File:Erasmus_logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/90/Erasmus_logo.svg License: Fair use Contributors:
http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/education_culture/publ/pdf/erasmus/success-stories_en.pdf Original artist: ?
File:EuGH_Saal_(groe_Kammer_mit_13_Richter).JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/EuGH_
Saal_%28gro%C3%9Fe_Kammer_mit_13_Richter%29.JPG License: Public domain Contributors: Gregor Ter Heide Original artist: selbst
File:Euro_banknotes_2002.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4b/Euro_banknotes_2002.png License:
CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work based on: European Central Bank Original artist: Blacksh
File:Europarl_logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/Europarl_logo.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Europe_green_light.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/Europe_green_light.png License: Public
domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Aegean Boy
File:European_Central_Bank_-_building_under_construction_-_Frankfurt_-_Germany_-_13.jpg Source:
https://upload.
wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/51/European_Central_Bank_-_building_under_construction_-_Frankfurt_-_Germany_-_13.jpg
License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Norbert Nagel
File:European_Central_Bank_041107.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d8/European_Central_Bank_
041107.jpg License: CC BY 2.0 Contributors: http://www.flickr.com/photos/maveric2003/1865609171/ Original artist: http://www.flickr.
com/photos/maveric2003/ - Eric Chan
File:European_Commission_Logo.gif Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/European_Commission_Logo.
gif License: Public domain Contributors: thecreativecondition.co.uk Original artist: European Commission
File:European_Parliament_Strasbourg_Hemicycle_-_Diliff.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/
European_Parliament_Strasbourg_Hemicycle_-_Diliff.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Dili
File:European_Union.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/95/European_Union.svg License: CC BY-SA
3.0 Contributors: File:Location European nation states.svg
Original artist: Hayden120 and NuclearVacuum
File:Europischer_Rechnungshof.jpg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/Europ%C3%A4ischer_
Rechnungshof.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Self-photographed Original artist: de:Euseson
File:Eurozone_map.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f1/Eurozone_map.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Ssolbergj
File:Familiefoto_europese_raad_2011.jpg
Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/Familiefoto_
europese_raad_2011.jpg License: CC BY 2.0 Contributors: http://www.flickr.com/photos/minister-president/5555966067/in/
set-72157626347814212/ Original artist: Minister-president van Nederland / Prime Minister of the Netherlands

35

File:Federica_Mogherini_Official.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/Federica_Mogherini_Official.

jpg License: CC BY 2.0 Contributors: Flickr.com Original artist: Union Europea En Per
File:Flag_of_Argentina.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Here, based on: http://manuelbelgrano.gov.ar/bandera/creacion-de-la-bandera-nacional/ Original artist: Government
of Argentina
File:Flag_of_Australia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Austria.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Own work, http://www.bmlv.gv.at/abzeichen/dekorationen.shtml Original artist: User:SKopp
File:Flag_of_Belgium_(civil).svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg
License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Brazil.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg License: Public domain Contributors: The ag of Bulgaria. The colors are specied at http://www.government.bg/cgi-bin/e-cms/vis/vis.pl?s=001&p=0034&
n=000005&g= as: Original artist: SKopp
File:Flag_of_Canada.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg License: PD Contributors: ?
Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Croatia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: http://www.sabor.hr/Default.aspx?sec=4317 Original artist: Nightstallion, Elephantus, Neoneo13, Denelson83, Rainman,
R-41, Minestrone, Lupo, Zscout370,
<a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:MaGa' title='User:MaGa'>Ma</a><a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:
Croatian_squares_Ljubicic.png' class='image'><img alt='Croatian squares Ljubicic.png' src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/
commons/thumb/7/7f/Croatian_squares_Ljubicic.png/15px-Croatian_squares_Ljubicic.png' width='15' height='15' srcset='https:
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Croatian_squares_Ljubicic.png/23px-Croatian_squares_Ljubicic.png
1.5x,
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Croatian_squares_Ljubicic.png/30px-Croatian_squares_Ljubicic.png
2x' data-le-width='202' data-le-height='202' /></a><a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User_talk:MaGa' title='User
talk:MaGa'>Ga</a> (based on Decision of the Parliament)
File:Flag_of_Cyprus.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Own work Original artist: User:Vzb83
File:Flag_of_Denmark.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: User:Madden
File:Flag_of_Estonia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: http://www.riigikantselei.ee/?id=73847 Original artist: Originally drawn by User:SKopp. Blue colour changed by User:PeepP
to match the image at [1].
File:Flag_of_Europe.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg License: Public domain
Contributors:
File based on the specication given at [1]. Original artist: User:Verdy p, User:-x-, User:Paddu, User:Nightstallion, User:Funakoshi,
User:Jeltz, User:Dbenbenn, User:Zscout370
File:Flag_of_Finland.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: http://www.finlex.fi/fi/laki/ajantasa/1978/19780380 Original artist: Drawn by User:SKopp
File:Flag_of_France.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Germany.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg License: PD Contributors: ?
Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Greece.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: own code Original artist: (of code) cs:User:-xfi- (talk)
File:Flag_of_Hungary.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg License: Public domain Contributors:
Flags of the World Hungary Original artist: SKopp
File:Flag_of_India.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg License: Public domain Contributors:
? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Indonesia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Law: s:id:Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 24 Tahun 2009 (http://badanbahasa.kemdiknas.go.id/
lamanbahasa/sites/default/files/UU_2009_24.pdf) Original artist: Drawn by User:SKopp, rewritten by User:Gabbe
File:Flag_of_Ireland.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Drawn by User:SKopp Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Italy.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original
artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Japan.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Latvia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Own work Original artist: SKopp

36

13

EXTERNAL LINKS

File:Flag_of_Lithuania.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: SuKopp
File:Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work http://www.legilux.public.lu/leg/a/archives/1972/0051/a051.pdf#page=2, colors from http://www.
legilux.public.lu/leg/a/archives/1993/0731609/0731609.pdf Original artist: Drawn by User:SKopp
File:Flag_of_Malta.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg License: CC0 Contributors:
? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Mexico.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: This vector image was created with Inkscape. Original artist: Alex Covarrubias, 9 April 2006
File:Flag_of_NATO.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/Flag_of_NATO.svg License: Public domain
Contributors:
http://althistory.wikia.com/ Original artist:
Found by 475847394d347339 in websites noted in the source section.
File:Flag_of_Poland.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Portugal.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg License: Public domain Contributors: http://jorgesampaio.arquivo.presidencia.pt/pt/republica/simbolos/bandeiras/index.html#imgs Original artist: Columbano Bordalo Pinheiro (1910; generic design); Vtor Lus Rodrigues; Antnio Martins-Tuvlkin (2004; this specic vector set: see sources)
File:Flag_of_Romania.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: AdiJapan
File:Flag_of_Russia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg License: CC0 Contributors: the actual ag Original artist: Unknown<a href='//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4233718' title='wikidata:
Q4233718'><img
alt='wikidata:Q4233718'
src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.
svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png'
width='20'
height='11'
srcset='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/
Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/
40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x' data-le-width='1050' data-le-height='590' /></a>
File:Flag_of_Slovakia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work; here, colors Original artist: SKopp
File:Flag_of_Slovenia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Own work construction sheet from http://flagspot.net/flags/si%27.html#coa Original artist: User:Achim1999
File:Flag_of_South_Africa.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg License:
Public domain Contributors: Per specications in the Constitution of South Africa, Schedule 1 - National ag Original artist: Flag design by Frederick Brownell, image by Wikimedia Commons users
File:Flag_of_South_Korea.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg License:
Public domain Contributors: Ordinance Act of the Law concerning the National Flag of the Republic of Korea, Construction and color
guidelines (Russian/English) This site is not exist now.(2012.06.05) Original artist: Various
File:Flag_of_Spain.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original
artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Sweden.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg License: PD Contributors: ?
Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Turkey.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Turkish Flag Law (Trk Bayra Kanunu), Law nr. 2893 of 22 September 1983. Text (in Turkish) at the website of the
Turkish Historical Society (Trk Tarih Kurumu) Original artist: David Benbennick (original author)
File:Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.
svg License: Public domain Contributors:
-x-'s le
-x-'s code
Zirlands codes of colors
Original artist:
(of code): SVG version by cs:-x-.
File:Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Zscout370
File:Flag_of_the_People{}s_Republic_of_China.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Flag_of_the_
People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work, http://www.protocol.gov.hk/flags/eng/n_flag/
design.html Original artist: Drawn by User:SKopp, redrawn by User:Denelson83 and User:Zscout370
File:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg License:
PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ?

37

File:Hemicycle_of_Louise_Weiss_building_of_the_European_Parliament,_Strasbourg.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/

wikipedia/commons/4/47/Hemicycle_of_Louise_Weiss_building_of_the_European_Parliament%2C_Strasbourg.jpg License: CC BY
2.0 Contributors: 078 Strasbourg Original artist: jeowenphotos
File:Historic_Arms_of_Barcelona.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Historic_Arms_of_Barcelona.
svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors:
[1] Original artist: Heralder
File:Increase2.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/Increase2.svg License: Public domain Contributors:
Own work Original artist: Sarang
{{int:Coll-image-attribution|File:Insigne_Athenarum.svg|https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/
based on [1],
[2],
[3],
[4],
[5],
[6],
[7],
[http://
Insigne_Athenarum.svg|CC BY-SA 4.0|Own work,
[8]]
[9],
[10],
[11],
[http://www.shutterstock.com/pic-101997016/
ngw.nl/heraldrywiki/index.php?title=Athens
stock-vector-athens-coat-of-arms-vintage-illustration-from-brockhaus-konversations-lexik-on.html|Ssolbergj}}
File:Insigne_Berolini.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/Insigne_Berolini.svg License: CC BY-SA 4.0
Contributors: Own work Original artist: Ssolbergj
File:Insigne_Loninii.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/Insigne_Loninii.svg License: CC BY-SA 4.0
Contributors: Own work Original artist: Ssolbergj
File:Insigne_Lutetiae.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/Insigne_Lutetiae.svg License: CC BY-SA 4.0
Contributors: Own work Original artist: Ssolbergj
File:Insigne_Matriti.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/Insigne_Matriti.svg License: CC BY-SA 4.0
Contributors: File:Blason de Madrid.svg Original artist: SanchoPanzaXXI
File:Insigne_Mediolani.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/Insigne_Mediolani.svg License: CC BY-SA
4.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Ssolbergj
File:Insigne_Romanum.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/Insigne_Romanum.svg License: CC BY-SA
3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Ssolbergj
File:Ioannes_Claudius_Juncker_die_7_Martis_2014.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4b/Ioannes_
Claudius_Juncker_die_7_Martis_2014.jpg License: CC BY 2.0 Contributors: http://www.flickr.com/photos/eppofficial/12995014393/
Original artist: Factio popularis Europaea
File:Katowice_Herb.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/Katowice_Herb.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Own work, based on:
(Zacznik Nr 2 do Statutu) Uchwaa Nr XX/340/2004 Rady Miasta Katowice z dnia 9 lutego 2004 r. ws. uchwalenia Statutu Miasta
Katowice (Dz. Urz. Woj. lskiego z 2004 r., Nr 14, poz. 539)
Uchwaa Rady Miejskiej w Katowicach z dnia 17 grudnia 1936 r.
Zarzdzeniem Ministra Spraw Wewntrznych z dnia 29 maja 1937 r. ws. zatwierdzenia herbu miasta Katowic (Monitor Polski Nr
128, poz. 204)
Original artist: vectorization: Pojdulos
File:Logo_European_Central_Bank.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Logo_European_Central_
Bank.svg License: Public domain Contributors: www.ecb.int Original artist: European Central Bank
File:London_from_a_hot_air_balloon.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/London_from_a_hot_air_
balloon.jpg License: CC BY 2.0 Contributors: Flickr Original artist: Daniel Chapma
File:Mont-Blanc_and_Lake_of_Passy.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/Mont-Blanc_and_Lake_
of_Passy.JPG License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:NATO_heads_of_state_at_the_2006_Summit.jpg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/NATO_
heads_of_state_at_the_2006_Summit.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: whitehouse.gov, NATO heads of state and government
stand for the ocial portrait Original artist: Paul Morse
File:No_image_wide.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ac/No_image_wide.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:North.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/North.svg License: Public domain Contributors: DarkEvil.
Original artist: DarkEvil
File:OffeneGrenzeNiederndorf-Oberaudorf.jpg
Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/
OffeneGrenzeNiederndorf-Oberaudorf.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Office-book.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/Office-book.svg License: Public domain Contributors: This and myself. Original artist: Chris Down/Tango project
File:Paris_vue_d'ensemble_tour_Eiffel.jpg
Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/Paris_vue_d%
27ensemble_tour_Eiffel.jpg License: CC BY 3.0 Contributors: Paris-pano-wladyslaw.jpg Original artist: Taxiarchos228, cropped
and modied by Poke2001
File:Political_System_of_the_European_Union.svg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ac/Political_
System_of_the_European_Union.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 de Contributors: Own work Original artist: 111Allesknner
File:RO_BZ_Pietroasele_vineyard.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/RO_BZ_Pietroasele_vineyard.
jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Andrei Stroe
File:Raptus_Europae.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/Raptus_Europae.png License: Public domain
Contributors: File:Nova et accurata totius Europ descriptio.jpg Original artist: Frederik de Wit

38

13

EXTERNAL LINKS

File:Reliquiarium_Caroli_Magni.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/Reliquiarium_Caroli_Magni.

jpg License: CC BY-SA 4.0 Contributors: File:DBP 1988 1384 Wohlfahrt Karlsbste.jpg Original artist: Deutsche Bundespost
File:Remise_du_Prix_Sakharov__Aung_San_Suu_Kyi_Strasbourg_22_octobre_2013-14.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.
org/wikipedia/commons/a/a7/Remise_du_Prix_Sakharov_%C3%A0_Aung_San_Suu_Kyi_Strasbourg_22_octobre_2013-14.jpg
License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: <a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Ctruongngoc'
title='User:Ctruongngoc'>Claude TRUONG-NGOC</a>
File:Schuman_Declaration.ogg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/00/Schuman_Declaration.ogg License: Fair use
Contributors:
http://www.ena.lu?lang=1&doc=3668 Original artist: ?
File:Sitzungssaal_EuGH.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/Sitzungssaal_EuGH.jpg License: CC BYSA 3.0 Contributors: Own work (own photo) Original artist: Stefan64
File:South.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cd/South.svg License: Public domain Contributors: DarkEvil.
Original artist: DarkEvil
File:Thefalloftheberlinwall1989.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/Thefalloftheberlinwall1989.JPG
License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Original photo by unknown author. Reproduction from public documentation/memorial by Lear 21
at English Wikipedia. Original artist: Unknown photographer, Reproduction by Lear 21 at English Wikipedia.
File:Tratado_de_Lisboa_13_12_2007_(081).jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7c/Tratado_de_Lisboa_
13_12_2007_%28081%29.jpg License: GFDL 1.2 Contributors: www.prezydent.pl Original artist: Archiwum Kancelarii Prezydenta RP
File:View_from_Panoramapunkt.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/View_from_Panoramapunkt.
jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Tiia Monto
File:Vista_de_Madrid_desde_Callao_01.jpg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/Vista_de_Madrid_
desde_Callao_01.jpg License: CC BY-SA 2.0 Contributors: Flickr Original artist: Toms Fano
File:West.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/West.svg License: Public domain Contributors: DarkEvil.
Original artist: DarkEvil
File:Wikinews-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0
Contributors: This is a cropped version of Image:Wikinews-logo-en.png. Original artist: Vectorized by Simon 01:05, 2 August 2006 (UTC)
Updated by Time3000 17 April 2007 to use ocial Wikinews colours and appear correctly on dark backgrounds. Originally uploaded by
Simon.
File:Wikiquote-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Wikisource-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0
Contributors: Rei-artur Original artist: Nicholas Moreau
File:resundsbron_i_solnedgng_2.jpg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/01/%C3%96resundsbron_i_
solnedg%C3%A5ng_2.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work (Taken by myself) Original artist: jorchr
|
Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0
}}