CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

A sign language (also signed language or simply signing) is a language which

uses manual communication and body language to convey meaning.
This can involve simultaneously combining hand shapes, orientation and
movement of the hands, arms or body, and facial expressions
Wherever communities of deaf people exist, sign languages have been
developed. Signing is not only used by the deaf, it is also used by people who
can hear, but cannot physically speak.

Figure 1.1:- sign language

Idea of the project

Sign language is a language through which communication is possible without
the means of sounds. Instead, sign language relies on sign patterns, i.e., body
language, orientation and movements of the arm to facilitate understanding
between people.
The sign language translator we are developing uses a glove fitted with sensors
that can interpret the 26 English letters in American Sign Language. The glove
uses flex sensors.

Figure1.2:- Translating glove

Sign language translating gloves

Five flex sensors sit on the fingers, monitoring how they're being manipulated,
while an accelerometer integrated into the fabric of the glove figures out how
the hand is being held and the direction in which it's pointing.
Much like Google Translate can give anyone a basic grasp of a foreign language
in an instant, this glove is designed to help sign language users make themselves
understood by those who can't usually interpret

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF TRANSLATING GLOVE:-

Figure 1.3:-Circuit diagram

CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY

INTRODUCTION OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM:Embedded system is a scaled down computer system which is designed to
perform a specific task/operation. Unlike a general purpose computer system
which is used for variety of tasks, like playing music, games ,surfing internet
etc. the term embedded tells that whole system is embedded into an application.
A single chip contains both hardware and software (technically,firmware).it is
design too perform operation which minimize(or even completely avoid)need of
human control ..

Figure2.1:- Embedded system

Various ways can be define:

An embedded system is a special purpose computer system designed to
preform one or few dedicated functions, often with real time computing
constraint.
An embedded system is a software program on H/W chip designed for
specific purpose and can also contain some mechanical moving parts.
An embedded system is some combination of computer hardware and
software, either fixed in capability or programmable, that is specifically
designed for particular kind of application devices

Some important things to note about embedded system :

Once on embedded hardware is programmed for a certain tasks, it is used
forever for the same tasks changing the firmware afterwards is not
possible .
Such system are limited in computational resource like memory, CPU
processing speed ,I/O facilities but are still capable of performing the
tasks given to them very efficiently
Embedded system can also be having a reduced functionality version of
operating system called RTOS (real time operating system ) for highly
specialized application.
Is a system built to perform its duty , completely or partially independent
of human intervention?
Is specially designed to perform a few tasks in the most efficient way.
Interact with physical element in our environment , controlling and
driving a motor, sensing temperature. etc.
APPLICATION OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM:An embedded system can be define as a control system or computer system
designed to perform a specific tasks. Example :
Pen drives (for controlling the communication between P.C. and flash
chip and also the small L.E.D.)
Hard disks(again for the same purpose)
Mouse(reads and interprets the sensors and send final result to P.C)
Printer: ever opened the printer for installing ink cartridge? then you
must have seen the printed head. There are motors to control the print
head and the paper movement .your P.C. is not directly connected to
them but there is built in MCU of printer to control all these. Your P.C.
just send the data through communication line (USB or parallel ).But the
MCU used here is fairly fast and has lots of RAM.
Automobiles

 Calculators, electronic wending machine ,electronic weighing scale,

phone
Cell phones
Security system
Alarm system
Automobile system
Digital camera
Environment monitoring system

Embedded systems are often required to perform real time operations. By real
time operation , we mean that ,operation where delay of even a few millisecond
could be dangerous. Some real time system may be:
Sensor system in nuclear plant
Flight control system
Automobile braking system and engine controlling system.

CHAPTER:-3
INTRODUCTION TO MICROCONTROLLER
WHAT IS MICROCONTROLLER?
A microcontroller is a programmable digital processor with necessary
peripherals. Both microcontroller and microprocessor are complex sequential
digital circuits meant to carry out job according to the program /instructions.
Sometimes Analog I/O interface make a part of microcontroller circuit of

mixed mode .A microcontroller can be compared to swiss knife with multiple

functions incorporated in the same IC

Figure 5: Microcontroller
MICROCONTROLLER VS MICROPROCESSORS:
A microprocessor requires an external memory for program/data
storage , instruction execution requires movement of data from the
external memory to be microprocessor or vice versa . usually
microprocessor have good computing power and they have higher clock
speed to facilitate faster computation
A microcontroller has requires on chip memory with associated
peripheral . a microcontroller can be thought of a microprocessor with
inbuilt peripherals
A microcontroller does not requires much additional interfacing ICS for
operation and functions as a standalone system. The operation of
microcontroller is multipurpose , just like a swiss knife.
Microcontroller are also called embedded controller. A microcontroller
clock speed is limited only to a few tens of MHz microcontroller are
numerous and many of them are application specific, application of
microcontroller to numerous. Starting from domestic application such as
in washing machines, TVS, air conditioners, microcontroller are used in

automobiles, process control industries, cell phones, electrical drives,

and robotics and in space applications.
BASIC ARCHITECTURE OF MICROCONTROLLER
Microcontroller chips
Broad classification of different microcontroller chip could be as follows:
Embedded (self contained )8-bit microcontroller
16 to 32 microcontrollers
Digital signal processors
Features of modern microcontrollers

Built in monitor program

Built in program memory
Interrupts
Analog I/O
Serial I/O
Facility to interface external memory
Timers

INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF MICROCONTROLLER :-

Figure 6 : Internal structure of microcontroller

MICROCONTROLLER FAMILY:

A microcontroller (sometimes abbreviated C, uC or MCU) is a small

computer on a single integrated circuit containing a processor core, memory,
and programmable I/O peripherals . program memory in the form of NOR
flash or OTP ROM is also often included on chip, as well as a typically small
amount of RAM .microcontroller are designed for embedded application.
We are working on 8bit controllers family like 8051, AVR and PIC but
question arises why 8bit? So here is the answer 8bit controller is a selfcontained system with memory , a processor and peripherals that can be used
as an embedded system. Most programmable 8 bit microcontroller that are in
use today are embedded in other machinery or consumer products including
telephones, automobiles, household appliances as well as peripherals for
computer system . therefore , another name for an 8bit microcontroller is
@embedded 8 bit controller@. Some embedded system are very sophisticated
while other have minimal requirement for memory and programming length
with a low software complexity . Input and output device include relays,
solenoids, switches, LCD Displays and sensors for data such as temperature,
light level or humidity.

CHAPTER:-4
COMPONENTS USED IN PROJECT
FLEX SENSOR:
A simple flex sensor 2.2 in length. As the sensor is flexed. The resistance
across the sensor increases. The resistance of the flex sensor changes when the
metal pads are on the outside of the bend

Figure 7: Flex Sensor

Feature:

Angel displacement measurement

Bends and flexes physically with motion devices
Possible uses
Robotics
Gaming

Medical devices
Computer peripherals
Musical instruments
Physical therapy
Simple construction
Low profile

Electrical specification:

Flat resistance:10k ohms

Resistance tolence:+30%
Bend resistance range :60k to 110 ohms
Power rating : 0.50 watts continuous. 1 watt peak

Mechanical specification:
Life cycle :>1 million
Height:0.43mm(0.017)
Temperature range: -35c to +80c
How it works?

Figure 8:-

CHAPTER:-5
INTRODUCTION TO ANALOG TO DIGITAL CONVERTER
ANALOG TO DIGITAL CONVERTER
Most of the physical quantities around us are continuous , we mean that the
quantity can take any value between two extremes. For example, the
atmospheric temperature can take any value within a certain range. If an
electrical quantity is made to vary directly in proportion to this value then what
we have is an analog signal. Now we have brought a physical quantity into the
electrical domain. The electrical quantity in most cases is voltage. To bring this
quantity into digital domain we have to convert this into digital form. For this
an analogous to digital converter is needed . Most modern MCU including
AVRs have an ADC on chip.
An ADC converts an input voltage into a number. An ADC has a resolution . A
8 bit ADC has a range of 0-225. (28=256)The ADC also has a reference
voltage (Aref). When the input voltage is GND the output is 0 and when the
input voltage is equal to Aref the output is 255. So the input range is 0 to Aref
and the output range is 0 to 255.
Input voltage

Digital voltage

0v

2.5v

127

5v

255

You can see that any analogous signal is not perfectly converted a factor that
affects the output quality is the sampling rate. The ADC cannot continuously
read the input signal and change its output it does so in certain time intervals.
The frequency at which it simples the input is called its sampling rate.

THEORY OF OPERATION:
What we have see till now that the input given to uc was digital i.e either +5v
(logic 1) or 0v (logic 0). But what if we have an analog input i.e., values varies
over range , say 0v to +5v? then we require a tool that converts this analog
voltage to discrete values. Analog to Digital converter (ADC) is such a tool
ADC is available at PORT A of atmega16. Thus we have 8 pin available where
we can apply analog voltage and get corresponding digital value the ADC
REGISTER IS a 10 bit register , i.e the digital value ranges from 1-1023 . what
we can also use only 8 bit out of it (0-255) as too much precision is not
required
Reference voltage is the voltage to which the ADC assign the maximum value
(255 in case of 8 bit and 1023 for 10 bit ) hence , ADC atmega16 divides the
input analog voltage range (0v reference voltage ) in to 1024 0r 256 equal
parts , depending upon whether 8bit or 10 bit ADC is used for example if the
reference voltage is 5v and we used 10 bit ADC , 0v digital equivalent 0 ,+5v
is digitally 1023 and 2.5 v is approximately equal to 512.
Atmega16 microcontroller features

Advanced RISC architecture

Upto 16 MIPS throughout at 16MHz
16k bytes of the system self programmable flash
512 bytes EEPROM
1k byte internal SRAM

32 programmable I/O lines

In system programming by on-chip boot program
8 channel, 10 bit ADC
Two 8 bit timer/counter with separate prescalers and compare modes
One 16 bit timer/counter separate prescalers and compare modes
Four PWM channels programmable serial USART master/slave SPI

Serial interface bytes oriented two-wire serial interface

Programmable watchdog timer with separate on-chip oscillator.
External and internal interrupt source.
Pin configuration

Figure 9:- pin diagram of atmega16

CHAPTER:-6
CODE VISION AVR(CVAVR)
Code vision AVR(CVAVR)
An IDE as following function

Prepocesssing
Compilation
Assembly
Linking
Object translation
Text additor

If we just use compiler and linker independently we still need to get a text
editor . so combining everything will actually mess things up so the best way
is to get software which has it all. Thats call an intigrated development
environment IDE .
I considered code vision to be the IDE for getting started with AVR
programming on window XP and vista. It has a very good code wizards which
generate code automatically! You need not mess with the assembly words . so
in my tutorials I will be using CVAVR . you can download evaluation version
for free which have code size limitation but enough for our purpose
For all my example I will be using Atmega16 has a default microcontroller
because it vary easily available and is powerful enough with sufficient number
of puns and peripheral we use. you can have a look on the data sheet of
atmega16 in the datasheet section.

CHAPTER:-7
INTRODUCTION TO LCD
LCD interfacing
Now we need to interface an LCD to our microcontroller so that we can
display message , output etc, some times using an LCD becomes almost is
inevitable for debugging and calibrating the sensor .we will use the 16x2 LCD
which means it has two rows of 16 characyer each . hence in toatal we can
display 32 character.

Figure 10:- LCD interfacing

OVERVIEW OF LCD DISPLAY
LCD display are widely used in many application like mobile phones ,
robotics, DVD player measurement instrument etc .intelligent displays are
very capable because they can display complete ASCII character set and even
graphic. These display are easily connected with microcontroller and
microprocessor . LCD displays are complete embedded system in them
because it include microcontroller , RAM and ROM

LCD modules can present textual information to user. Its like cheap monitor
that you can hook all of your gadgets
They came in various type. The most popular 1 is 16x2 LCD modules. It has 2
rows and 16 column
Block diagram of LCD:-

Figure 11:- block diagram of LCD

The intelligent displays are two type :
Text display
Graphic display
Text display can display all character set and graphic display can show any
graphic because they are interface excel wise in resent year the LCD is finding
wide spread use replacing LEDS (7 SEGEMENT LEDS and multi segement
LEDS)
This is due to following reason
The declining prices of LCD
The availability to display the number , character and graphics .This is
not possible in LEDS which can display the number and few character

 In corporation of a refreshing controller into the LCD . there by reliving

the CPU of the task of refreshing LCD. In contrast the LED must be
refresh by the CPU (or some other way) to keep displaying the data.
The interfacing of LCD id quit difficult . but we will try to make it simple and
lets as explain for you. we will learn how to interface the text intelligent LCD
displays . these displays are available in the market of 16 column and 1 row
and more than 1row is displays.