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436
Conclusions
1. It is possible to construct an adjustablespeed induction motor whose rotor has a
normal cage together with middle rings.
Reference
1. A BRUseLESS VARIABLR-SPEBD INDUCTION
MOTOR, P. C. WlHams, B. R. Lalthwalte. Proceedings, Institution of Electrical Engineers, London, England, vol. 102, pt. A, 1955, pp. 203-13.
The author wishes to express his sincere appreciation to P. L. Alger and his associates of the General
Electric Company, Schenectady, N. Y., for their
encouragement, guidance, and help in the preparation of this paper. Particular mention should be
made of the help provided by J. R. M. Alger, G.
Angst, M. A. Bresler, J. T. Duane, Ivar Giaever,
D. B. Harrington, R. T. Smith, and J. C. White.
AUGUST 1958
AUGUST 1958
Objective
I.
II.
437
SN =Sm
(1)
system
(8)
INS
QN=27rFN
ENA
(2)
(3)
EN
Unit current through unit impedance
should produce unit voltage drop.
Therefore
Z
EN EN2 SN
ZNIN
SN
IN2
(4)
(4
2EN(
-A(5)
SNA
438
(9)
(10)
(11)
mt
(12)
MN1 N
so that
(13)
Comparison with equation 11 shows that
(14)
MN = ON
MN TN = 1
QN
(15)
since
QNLNIN = ZNIN =EN
In termns of base power
(16)
(17)
= = SN TN
RV _OlN
By similar processes, the base value for
each physical entity entering the basic
equations may be set up on a consistent
basis.
Actually, it is not essential or even
ANIN = LNIN2 =
AUGUST 1958
Li2
Fig. 1. Two simple coupled circuits
xI = Li1il +L12i2
(18)
X2-L21i1 +L22i2
e2=R2i2
dt
(9
(19)
+dXdA2
X2
L21 is
L12 i2
LN12 IN2
L22
i2
LN2 IN2
AUGUST 1958
(21)
satis-
or
(23)
LN12 =LN21
i.e., the base mutual inductance mu St be
the same in either direction.
If the center and right-hand fort ns of
equations 21 are multiplied together, if the
current terms are cancelled, and i
second of equations 23 is substitutec
result is
LN212
or
LN12 = LN21 = A/LN1LN2
(24)
like
ralid
alue
the
At of
bases.
If now the quotient of the cente
right-hand forms of equations 21 is t
and if the second of equations 23 is
duced, the result after rearrangemer
LN1INI2 = LN2JN22
It is difficult to consider a situat
which the base value of time TN
the same for every circuit in an ant
If TN is chosen the same for both ci
1 and 2, and equation 25 is divid
TN, equation 17 requires that
SNi = SN2
ance
and
ken,
itro-
is
(25)
(25)
,n in
not
ysis.
cuits
I by
(26)
ii R1 Lit-Lu2
Fig.
L2-L2 R2 i2
i
I1
4.
+4+ ';4
2.
Equivalent circuit
(Li+i
L12
e2
to
represent the
rearranged
to
give
=Li2(iitt) +(L22-L12)i2
(27)
if
they
(28)
439
is_W(41- ak)
a
J_
Lu = "iiLi, = nl'<T,
(30)
Similarly
L22--.it2 = n2262
(31)
(33)
(34)
L12 i2. kl:n2nlT2
where k1, is the coupling factor with coil
1. As previously pointed out, and as
required by energy considerations,
Ln=LU
and
(35)
Now if k21n2> ni, Ln> Li,; and if
k12aZ> n2, Ll2>Lz. Both conditions cannot occur simultaneously since both k2,
and k1, are less than unity. If the coils
are coaxial and quite close together, k2i
and kl2 are nearly unity, and the mutual
inductance may be larger than one of the
self-inductances unless the number of
turns ni and n2 are very nearly equal.
Conversely, if the coupling is loose, then
k1, and k2i are small, and there is considerable latitude in the turns ratios that
can be tolerated without either selfinductance Li,-L1, or Lft-Lu becoming
negative.
At a single frequency, negative inductance can be represented by a capacitance that has the same impedance at the
specified frequency as the desired negative inductance. However, for operation
variable frequency or for transient
ku(Pi = knT2
440
X2 L12
a
a =-(
ii+aai2) +
L22 L12\
a 2 a/
ait
ei = R1ii + dL
d
Qa
e2 R2 .
+
a =-(ai2)
dt
a2
-
L12 0l + L12 / i+ $2
LN, LN12/ INI LNI2 INI IN2/
= iLi,
L12
$2
\+ L22
LN2
IN2
i2
42
LN12/ INI
(37)
AUGUST 1958.;
aINI2=INi
equations 37 may be written
FL
ANl-= LNIINL
X2
[Li2
(38
(L22 L12\.1
ai2
(39)
RI il4
10
AN!
-v2 d( )
(40)
EN2 =
ZN2IAS=TN
(41)
ANI#=GaANj
(42)
AUGUST 1958
cuit.
For preliminary purposes the flux linkages of the field circuit are established
when only the stator phase circuits and
the field carry current, as for steady-state
balanced polyphase operation. The selfand mutual inductances are identified by
appropriate subscripts a, b, and c for the
441
Laf=LafM cos a
2a(44)
)+
the expression in brackets as the directaxis current id. For the moment the
constant of proportionality is left unspecified, and the direct-axis armature
current is defined as
-
)+
Substitution gives
X= La
Kd
id +Lffif
(47)
Xd=KdXa cos
J+Xb cos (o 2
Nc cos (a--
J (48)
442
(49)
cos
/2r\
(2u-3)
Lca -Lma+Lsv
cos
(2o -j )
(50)
14wr
Kd2 23
Laa=Lsa+Lsv cos 2a
4w)
Lf=Lafm cos
(52)
equation 51 becomes
Xd =Ldid+3 KdLafMif
2
(53)
When equations 53 and 47 are compared with equations 18, it is evident that
equations 53 and 47 may be considered as
the expressions for the flux linkages of two
coupled circuits, the field circuit and a
direct-axis armature circuit, having a
fixed coupling with the field circuit, in
which the currrent is id. The mutual inductance from the field to the direct-axis
circuit, from equation 53, is (3/2) KdLa,M
and from the direct-axis circuit to the
field, from equation 47, is LafM/Kd. For
the mutual inductance to be reciprocal,
these two values must be the same, or
3
2
K L2
Larm
from which
Kd
(54)
Kd = -I2
(55)
3LafM
(56)
(57)
AUGUST 1958
S= El'= EmIsf
(58)
AUGIJST 1958
443
significance, but to produce the most advantageous analysis, in the opinion of the
author, the opposite choice is made here.
With this convention, the minus sign in
the expression for the angle is chosen, and
=Lagwu sin a
(60)
Here, Lal, is the maximum value of the
variable mutual inductance. By analogy,
the mutual inductances for the other
phases are
2 KqLalgMilg
(61)
),ugLaitm[ia
)t
ig
a-3
ic sin
+
3 )] (63)
(-
Substitution gives
Xiig La
X
Kff
-96+L
(64)
sin ~
en
e.=Kfg[ea
Sin
23 )
-L
sin
4S_
V+cjb Sinl(-3)
C,c sin
3 )](65)
Lcaia +Lcib+Lccic+Lclaiig
(66)
These equations are the same as equations 49 except that the terms involving
444
Lg=Lsa +Lma
3
Lgw
2
(68)
equation 67 becomes
(69)
a, -
(67)
KgLal
Laigm
qm-Kg
(70)
from which
2
3
K
471)
Kg =:s
LQx
I3Laiem
(72)
AUGUST 1958
AUGUST 1958
the phases are given for circuit 1 by equations 60 and 61. For circuit 2 the only
difference is the substitution of the coefficient La2q, instead of Lalq.m The
variations of the self-inductances of the
armature phases and of the mutual inductances between armature phases are
given by equations 50.
When all these quantities are substituted, equations 73 are considerably
modified. If Kd and Kf have the value
v'273, id and iq become
id =
i Cos
4xr\_
47r
ic sin ( -3
(74)
Xf
32 Lafmid+Lffif+Ljdild +Lfui2ms
Xucz =
LfWiud +Lf2di22d
L,42i22q
(73)
The values of most of the inductance
terms, as a function of the angle a, have
already been indicated. The self-inductances of the rotor circuits and the
mutual inductances between rotor circuits
are all constant, independent of u,. The
variations of the mutual inductances between the armature circuits and the field
are indicated by equations 44. The
mutual inductances between the armature
circuits and the direct-axis damper
circuits have the same form, but the
coefficients are LaidM and LauJM, for circuits 1 and 2 respectively, instead of
LafM. For the quadrature axis, the
variations of the mutual inductances with
L11d 1l4d+L1sS22
2La1dM id+LjteJ+
X22d =
LaidMid+Lfwif+LjS1d+L2di22d
1Xii = 2 LaliMmi
X22Q =
+Ljqijj +Ll2qi22q
(75)
Xd= Ldid+
Lafmif+
2
Xg = Laiq +
Lalqmillq +
La2qMi22q (76)
4L45
1
3
equation 56, the mutual inductances between the hypothetical direct-axis circuit
and the field circuit, and the two directaxis damper circuits, respectively, may be
defined by
io =-(ia+ib+ic)
XO = 3(Aa +X)b
+Xc)
1
eo= (ea+eb+ec)
(77)
(78)
(80)
32 LadM
3
Ld2d
La2dM
(81)
In the same way, following the precedent of equation 72, the mutual inductances between the hypothetical quadrature-axis circuit and the two quadrature-axis damper circuits may be defined by
2LaqM
Lqlq
LQ2q =
446
Ldld =
(79)
equation 78 reduces to
o =Loio
Ldf= lsLaf m
13_
La2qM
(82)
Then, finally, the flux-linkage expressions for the circuits coupled about the
direct axis become, with the conventions
appropriate for generator operation,
Xd=Ldid +Ldif+Ldidiud +L2dii22
Xf=Ldfid+Lffif+Lndi1ld+Lfsdi22d
Xlld= 1dIdid +Lfldif+Lj!dilld +Lldi2d
X24
(83)
id cos d,+
i=
id COS
For analysis of motors instead of generators, the reference directions of armature currents may be reversed, as suggested in Fig. 4. This change would
reverse the signs of i and X4 in these four
equations.
The flux linkages for the circuits
coupled about the quadrature axis become
Xq = Lqi1 +LqIqiulQ +LQ2ai22g
Xiig = Lqlqiq Lllillq +L2Qi22q
X22q = Lq2qiq +Ll2illq+L22qi22g (84)
If the reference directions of armature
currents are reversed, for motor conditions, the signs of XA and i4 would be
negative in these three equations.
For the zero-sequence circuit, equation
q sin
a+io
(.- )
2-
+X
ie sin (a3)+i0
(85)
2 ia sin
ii3d cos
( ^
/ 4w\1
XI=
2[Xa sin
(Xa+Xb+Xc)
+1Xb sin
a-
)+
X'C sin
(86)
AUGUST 1958
=
Aa /2
dcos 0f+
Xb/=\2
'X
cos
(Cf-
sin a +X0
)+
12
l
47r\
-c8 Xd cos tv-+
(87)
dt
eb=ebn =Raib-d t
dt
ec=ecn=-Raic-dc
dt1
For machine circuits having the properties of resistance and self- and mutual inductance, the voltage drops in each circuit
are given by equations like 19, even if
some of the circuits undergo relative
motion with respect to others, provided
the configuration of the circuits is not
changed by switching or commutators.
Of course the flux-linkage expressions
must include variable terms which represent the effects of the changes in inductance which are caused by the relative
motion.
The signs are as shown in equations 19
if the circuit is treated as a load, with
relative polarity and relative current direction such that the reference current
is directed from the positive reference
terminal to the negative. However, if
the circuit is being treated as a source, it
is preferable to reverse the reference
polarity so that the sign of the voltage
is reversed. Since a single closed circuit,
examined at any two terminals, must consist of a source portion and a load portion,
both conditions arise whenever a closed
circuit is studied with the same reference
conditions throughout. Since the equa-
AWuGUST 1958
O=Rllill+RR2qi22q+ d-t
ed
0 = R12Sill q+R22Qi22q+-dX
dt
ec cos
(88)
2=
i[ea sin
sin
/' a 4xr\1
)
)
e, sin
or
47r
-3
(89)
12
12
ed cos 0+
eQ sin
Y+eo
3= 3edcos(-3)+
i3eq sin(a3)O
e= - ed cosa-
(90)
447
dAd
ddb
J2Fd)
-g=11-
d:
cos
3Ldt
a+dt
2ir\
cos
--
3/
di
-4
1+
3i
-
X3
do
)Jdt
+d+dt
os
dA
dt cos
Cos
/-2
47r\1 dXd
do
3dt3di t(
*3
3J
+dt
dt
Q
dtc sino
(-43 dt=
dig
d
(93)
If these expressions are utilized, substitution of the values of ea, be, and ec
from the first three of equations 88 in
equations 89 leads to the general relations
Cq
dXd
da
dt
dt
co=-Raio-dXo
dt
(94)
be reversed.
The original equations 88 are the basic
differential equations of the machine for
any terminal conditions in which ea, eb,
ec, and ef are specified, either directly or in
terms of each other and the resulting currents. The relations between the flux
linkages and the currents are given by
equations 73 for a machine having two
damper circuits in each axis, and the modifications to include a different number
of damper circuits have been indicated.
As has been mentioned earlier, the
greatest difficulty which has arisen in
attempting to solve these equations in
terms of the original variables, for particular conditions, comes from the fact
that many of the inductance coefficients
are functions of time, so that the equations obtained by substituting the fluxlinkage expressions in the voltage equations have variable coefficients. The
448
Lo
2d ca
Rao
co
l 4X\
dXc
-tcost t-- ji-
3L dt
t+
io
general solution of such equations involves great difficulties and can be obtained only in special cases. The introduction of the direct-axis, quadratureaxis, and zero-sequence variables replaces ea, eb, and eC by ed, e<, and eC. In
that case, equations 94 replace the first
three of equations 88. The corresponding flux-linkage relations, given by equations 83, 84, and 80, are much simpler
and all the coefficients are constants.
Thus if the terminal conditions, when
expressed in terms of the new variables,
do not themselves introduce variable coefficieilts, the equations become linear differential equations with constant
coefficients, for which general methods
of solution are available. Because the
method involves the solution of algebraic
equations of higher degree than the third,
there is in general no completely algebraic
solution, but well-known numerical
methods can be extended to give any
desired precision in a numerical case.
The last of equations 94 and equation
80 for the zero-sequence quantities are
independent of the others, and may be
represented by the simple circuit of Fig.
6. If the reference polarities of armature
currents are reversed, for motor conditions, the reference direction of io in the
figure also reverses. The other equations
are interrelated, requiring more complex
circuits which depend, at least to some
degree, on the application. Thus no
attempt is made to establish these circuits
in general, but they are illustrated for a
particular application in section VII.
Because of the selection of KQ asV2/3
instead of -2/3, the signs of the last term
in the first and second of equations 94 are
reversed from those given by Park.',"
Particular attention is called to the
first two of equations 94. With changes
of reference directions of the currents,
to represent the load portion instead of
the source portion of the circuit, they
would become directly analogous to equations 19, the voltage equations of two
static coupled circuits, except for the last
term vhich has no counterpart in equations 19. Thus the direct-axis and quadrature -axis circuits have voltage equations
that are just like those of static circuits except they each contain an additional term
which is a function of dy/dt to represent
AUGUST 1958
if)++
(af)
R12d
=
2
an2
0=
R22d
+
(a,il-d)
2
an
-9(aninlq)
(ani22d+)
a,:d)
a,,
dRd
dt
1\22d
an:
(ani22d) +-
+R2-(ani22q) +
dt
d(-
an/
dt
X292\
O=R12Q(
Ri)
+R22q(
a,,'
an,2
d(a
(95)
tions are 80, 83, and 84. Equa tion 80 involves no terms that are modiified under
the assumptions made. Equatiions 83 and
84 are expressed in modified fc rm as
)d =Ldid +-(afiI) +
arf
an
(a,illd) +
Ld2d(ani,,d)
an
af af
an
a,
Sd + Lfid
Lild
(aif) +an2
afan
.
)
I,d
(a Inilid) +
afan
an2
L22d(ani.,2d)
an2
AUGUST 1958
X'lq Lqlq
(ani,Iq) +
Lq2q
a.
Lliq
(ani22q)
Ll2q
a,=a,Lq+
(anillu) 2-(ani22q)
an
an 2
an
an
L
X22q
Lq2q
+
A2=(an
(96)
q2.LI2q
(ani1iq) ++L22q
a
a
an2
an2 i22q)
not needed.
Since the machine is being operated as
a motor, rather than a generator, the
appropriate change in the armaturecurrent reference directions is desirable,
so that power input rather than output
will be positive. Making this change
results simply in reversing the signs on
the right of the first three of equations 88
and all three of equations 94. With these
changes, equations 94, and the last five
of equations 88, arranged in direct-axis,
quadrature-axis, and zero-sequence
groups, become
R,2Rqitlq+R22qi22q+ d-
eo = Raio
+dt
eb=V\jEai| sin
R,1di,,d+R,2di22d d
dt
dt
dXRaq+dcvdr
d
-t
e-=Rai.q+ dX"7
dt
dt
0 =R,,,in,,
wt-
da
()-RI2ditd +R22di22d
0=
(97)
= Rrif + dxf
d
2d(afni2d)
an2
an
an
dAd
(afi2d)
Alid Ld,d
Lqiq
dt
+- 2
=-(anin,d)
an2
an
Xq = Lqiq +
Rl2qi22q d?1l,q
di
[-j Ea
(98)
where |Eal is the rms scalar amplitude of
the voltage, and (Re denotes" take the real
part of" the expression that follows. For
convenience t has been chosen arbitrarily
to be zero when ea is passing through zero
in an increasing direction.
At a steady speed less than svnchronous, the velocity of the rotor is dcr/dt=
449
RrIr+jswAf
+jswAuod
O= Rl2dIoll+RRI,Im +jswA22d
EQ = RaIg +jsAq- (1 -s)wAd
ORI1011Q +RnqI22Q +jSciIAjq
0 = RbodI1d+Ro2I22
0 -RI2JIIq
+Rn2q+jswA22q
(100)
Ea
1E'e -
1-(I
RId2s2s-1
1EaGIt
Eg = 32
(1
450
jId) -wAd
(103)
O=
-s) RISq-sRa.jId
|(1-s)2-s2l^Ad (102)
-jX02qr+(!-+jX1l2
+jX,lq)io!q
)Illq+
(104)
(-22Q+jX22qf)Itf(106)
-1
wAd =
Ra(I-Id) +jwAg
X12d122d
(105)
jEd =
|Ea
= (Ra +jXd)ild
(101)
0 a-jXf gI+
zRiiq+jXllgX llf +
(Ris
2,s- 1
Ra (I-jId)-
jXddlIf-jXdldJIrd-jXddJ1nd
jX1QoIzq -jXoqsqih
|E41 e- Jor
RaI +2_1-s
2s
=-jEa
J=jEd
s) Eq -jsEd = (1
Ee-2
RI0
112
2ss
Eal4 -go15
O-=-jXd1-diId +jXndlfjI+
Ril
+jX11d jI11d+
L1d
(
jX12d jIlU
0 = -jXd2djId +jXf2djIf+
jX+2d)+jI,d +
substituted, are normal-frequency reactances, all the other equations have been
placed on the same basis by dividing
them by s. The effect of the slip has
been taken care of by dividing all the
rotor-circuit resistances by s, as shown
in the equations. The modifications
needed for nonconnected dampers can be
readily made as explained earlier.
To eliminate Ad from one equation and
A. from the other, it was necessary to
rotate the voltages and currents of either
the direct-axis or the quadrature-axis
circuit by 90 degrees. Since, for synchronous operation at no load, Ed is zero,
and the terminal voltage therefore gives
rise only to Eq, it seems best to retain Ea
as the phasor of reference and rotate
the direct-axis quantities, as has been
done. As a result, all the rotor-circuit
currents in the direct-axis equations are
not the actual phasor values, but the
phasor values rotated by 90 degrees, as
AUGUST 1958
Fig. 7. Equivalent
d+X2)
XfW-XI2d)
Xdid)
CTORPLNG
FORMER
t1t
per
pol.
Damper switch Is
open if damper circuits are not connected
between
poles
FIELD
SWITCH
t DAMPER
SWITCH
12q)
+Xq2q)
J1TJ
AUGUST 1958
not also include an undesired common resistance branch representing the coupling
between two damper circuits. Accordingly one coupling transformer, assumed
to be ideal, having at 1-to-i ratio, is
included in the circuit to provide coupling
between the field and the second directaxis damper circuit, while maintaining
the circuits electrically separate at that
point. If the machine has more than
two damper circuits, a minimum of one
such coupling transformer is required
for each two dawnper circuits after the
first, provided, of course, that the field
circuit is closed.
As derived, the equivalent circuit is
valid in physical units as well as in any
suitably chosen per-unit system. However, for the reasons indicated in section
III, when the circuit is set up in physical
terms, it probably cannot be physically
realized using inductive elements because
several of the branches include negative
reactances. In the present section the
circuit has been established for steadystate conditions at each desired value of
slip, and therefore negative reactances
may be represented by capacitive reactances. However, in some cases the negative reactances may be small, thus requiring very large capacitances or the use
of a capacitive reactance in series with a
slightly smaller inductive reactance. The
latter arrangement in practice may introduce unduly large losses because of the
resistance inherent in the inductive reactance elements. Therefore in any miniature representation of the circuit, negative reactances should be eliminated
whenever possible.
451
needs.
4 "'2
used for analysis anid performance calculations should be in such a form that either
per-unit or physical quantities could be used
throughout, as may be more convenient for
the particular use.
Appendix. Notation
Symbols for Physical Quantities
a=turns ratio
af =turns ratio for field winding
a=turns ratio for damper circuit
C = capacitance
E, e=voltage
F, f = frequency
quantities
axis quantities
k =coupling factor
L =inductance (with first two circuit subscripts the same, self-inductance;
with first two subscripts different,
mutual inductance)
m =number of phases
M, m-decrement factor
n =number of turns
= permeance
P =active power
R = resistance (with first two circuit subscripts the same, self-resistance;
with first two circuit subscripts
4, so=flux
d=direct axis
f=field circuit
g =reference terminal for field circuit
m = mutual
M= maximum value
n = general symbol for identifying damper
bar
N =base quantity for per-unit svstem
n = neutral
q = quadrature axis
s = self
v =variable component
A= line to line or three phase (for 3-phase
system only)
AUGUST 1958
Notes
For periodic quantities, such as alternating currents, voltages, etc., instantaneous
values are denoted by lower-case italic type,
rms phasor values by italic capitals, maximum or crest values by italic capitals
followed by final subscript M.
For variable circuit parameters, such as
inductance between armature phase and
field, maximum value is denoted by final
subscript M.
Parallel bars surrounding symbol for
phasor value denote amplitude of phasor.
Italic capitals are also used to denote all
base values: e.g., FN, base value of frequency; QN, base value of angular frequency; TN, base value of time, etc.
Numerals (0, 1, 2, etc.) identify individual
circuits. As applied to synchronous machines, they identify damper bars or damper
circuits. To identify a specific quantity or
to denote a self-quantity, the number is
For mutual quantities, two
repeated.
different numbers, or a number and a
letter are used.
Zero sequence is denoted by 0, used alone.
Reference or initial value is denoted by 0,
used alone. Direct-axis damper circuits are
denoted by ld, 2d, etc. Quadrature-axis
damper circuits are denoted by Oq, lq, 2q,
etc.
ance)
Discussion
C. Concordia and R. T. Smith (General
Electric Company, Schenectady, N. Y.):
Professor Lewis has made a very clear
presentation of synchronous-machine fundamentals, reflecting the careful treatment and
attention to details which characterize his
lectures and papers.
When transforming the various machine
equations by the use of matrix or tensor
methods, several desired features of the
transformations indicate choices which may
be made for various coefficients.' Thus,
we may want: 1. both voltage and current
to have the same transformation matrix, 2.
the power formula to be invariant, and 3.
the inductance matrix of the stator to be
diagonalized. These conditions are satisfied by equation 74 and the io quantity
defined as (ia+ib i+)/N/3 rather than by
equation 77. A number of writers have
used these transformations. 1 -4
If 2/3 be chosen for Kd and Kq, then the
expression for ia becomes (using the author's
notation)
ia=id cos
iq sin
o+
AUGUST 1958
References
1. DEFINITION OF AN IDEAL SYNCHRONOUS
MACHINE AND FORMULA FOR THE ARMATURE FLUUX
of alternating current.5
REFERENCES
1. RELATIONS AMONG TRANSFORMATIONS USED
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERRINC PROBLEMS. C.
Concordia. General Electric Review, Schenectady,
N. V., vol. 41, 1938, pp. 323-25.
2. THE APPLICATION OF TENSORS TO THE ANALYsis Op ROTATINo ELECTRICAL MACHINBRY-PART
II, G. Kron. Ibid., vol. 38, May 1935, p. 230.
3. TRANSIENT ANALYSIS OF SYNCHRONOUS MAcHINES, R. E. Vowels. Monograph no. 33, Institution of Electrical Engineers, London, England, 1952.
4. BEHANDLUNO DEE AU8GLEICHSVORGANGE IN
IN
453