PERFORMANCE OF PV PANELS

Akash A L , BharathKumar S , Charankumar ,Deepak R Patil ,Hanamanta Patil

Abstract
This paper presents the result of a literature survey focused on performance of PV
panels. The main goal of this paper is to provide information to the engineers, industrialists
and researchers who are interested on PV panels and to emphasize PV panels as a promising
alternative replacement for fossil fuels. Since the use of energy has become an integral part of
our life, its supply should be secure and sustainable. The energy requirement of the world is
ever increasing. The increasing energy demands put a lot of pressure on the conventional
energy sources. Therefore, there is a need for alternative energy sources which can provide us
energy in a sustainable manner.
The obvious choice of a clean energy source, which is abundant and could provide security
for the future development and growth, is the suns energy.Pv panels in that regard have been
most efficient energy convertors hence study of them is of utmost importance in order to
utilize them efficiently.

Introduction
Photovoltaic technology is developing rapidly. Photovoltaics are increasingly
being incorporated in to the construction of new buildings for generating electrical power .
photovoltaic system uses solar cells to convert energy from sun radiation into electricity. In
this paper we will study about How will efficiency of building pv panels affected by the air
flow. And the temperature of pv panels also affect the performance. To minimise that
temperature pv panels are attached with HP water cooling system. And To maximize energy
collection in pv panels, we will study in this paper how to orient photovoltaic modules
towards the equator with an optimal tilt-angle from the horizon.
Energy efficient design and sustainable use of resources are current and future
requirements for the development of new technologies. The most effective and the easiest in
application is photovoltaic technology which can be implemented as Building Attached
Photovoltaic or Building Integrated Photovoltaic. The second technology is more cost
effective since the traditional covering and finishing building materials can be substituted by
PV panel. That solution gives dual functionality to PV panels, as they are both structural
components and energy production devices. The efficiency of photovoltaics varies with
temperature. A method for improving the temperature of photovoltaic panels by using the air
and passive cooling is studied in this papers. Solar photovoltaic (PV) system uses solar cells
to convert energy from sun radiation into electricity.

Principle

Experimentation
Soteris A.kalogirou et al[1] .Mathematical model to formulate heat exchange
process between air flow and the pv panel .we use basic heat transfer equations. Same
equation can be used for the heat transfer in solids and provided that u=0 the convective term
is set to zero.In the boundary between the pv panel and air gap heat flows from hotter panel
to the stream of air, while at the air-wall boundary the hotter air transfer heat to the wall.
finally at the external wall boundary heat is lost to the environment.
For the numerical set up, consol multiphysics software has been used in 2D.Comsol software
can freely choose time steps, according to the calculated error, which can reduce
computational memory and time.
Chen Hongbinga,*, Chen Xilina, Li Sizhuoa [2]. The testing rig of the PV/HP water
heating system is made up of PV/HP collector, water circulating pump, water tank and flow
meter. Fig. 1 shows a cross-section view of part PV/HP collector. The PV panel is fixed on to
the metal sheet 1mm thick, serving as an absorber plate, through a thin adhesive layer. Ten
heat pipes are connected to the metal sheet, which forms the fins of the heat pipes for the
enhancement of heat transfer from PV panel to heat pipes. The heat pipes, 8/7 mm of
external/internal diameter for each one, are arranged at equal spacing of 75 mm throughout
the panel width. The condensation end of heat pipes are inserted into the manifold, which is
connected to circulating pump and water tank in series. The edges and back surface of the
PV/HP collector are covered with insulation material to reduce heat loss. The total aperture
area and PV cell area are 1.24m2 and 1.17m2, respectively. The PV panel consists of 36 PV
cells, made of polycrystalline silicon. The PV panel is connected to a rheostat for the testing
of power output under various loads and the peak power output is determined at the
resistance of 15 . Under the radiation of 1000 W/m2 and the ambient temperature of 25 oC,
the PV panel has an open circuit voltage of 31.0 V and a short circuit current of 8.73 A. The
peak power output is 200 W with an electrical efficiency of 16.13%.
Guihua Li 1,2, Runsheng Tang 1,*, Hao Zhong[3]. Daily collectible radiation on fixed
south-facing solar panels with a tilt-angle, 0 , from the horizon can be calculated by
summing the contribution of the beam radiation, the component of sky diffuse radiation, and
the radiation reflected from the ground as follows
Knowing time variations of Ib, Id and Ih in a day, the daily collectible radiation on fixed, full
2-axis and HA-tracked panels could be calculated by numerical integration over the day, then
annual solar gain can be simply obtained by summing daily collectible radiation in all days of
a year. A reasonable estimation of daily collectible radiation on a fixed or tracked surface
should be done based on the monthly global and diffuse radiation on the horizon obtained
from the observations over many years. However, the monthly diffuse radiation is not always
available in many places, and the most widely used and available data in solar calculations is
the monthly horizontal radiation.
Vijay Talekar and Vikram Shinde [4] carried out the experiment order to determine the
performance of the biaxial solar tracking PV panel with collector in comparison with a

regular position PV panel (45 degree in south direction) without collector. The two PV panels
were subjected to the same solar radiation conditions at the same time and the energy output
of each panel was monitored and tabulated. For experimentation they have used a Solar panel
of 6 volt 5 watt Capacity and have taken reading of Voltage and Current produced by the
panel.The readings are taken with respect to corresponding angles when Panel was at 45
degree placed without collector and Panel normal to the sun rays without collector and Panel
normal to the sun rays with collector.
. Tanima bhattacharya[5] experimented on temperature and wind effects on pv panels. A
digital multimeter is used to measure the short circuit current and open circuit voltage. One
digital thermometer has been used to check the ambient temperature, anemometer to measure
wind speed, and TENMARS TM -207 solar power meter to measure the intensity of the solar
radiation and the output energy is calculated for four cases using different temperature,
namely 400c, 450c, 550C,650c. The solar PV panel is left to overheat till the MAT is reached in
each case, and then, the panel was cooled to the normal operating temperature ad this cycle is
repeated for 180 min.
K.A. Moharram[6] has made a cooling system which consists of six main parts as follows:Six PV modules of 185 W peak-output each ,Aluminum water tank of 0.3 m 3 capacity,120
water nozzles for spraying water over the panels,Drain pipe for collecting the water and
return it back to the tank. The water pump sucks the water from the middle of the water tank
via a suction pipe to avoid sucking any dust. The suction pipe consists of a non-return valve
and a strainer to avoid sucking of large particles that could damage the water pump. The
sucked water passes through the water filter, and then, it is sprayed over the PV modules for
cooling.

Concentrating rays

Biaxial Tilting

Mechanical pair[4]

The setup which has been used to obtain the experimental results consists of two photovoltaic
panels arranged as shown in Figure below
1

A first panel (left panel as panel A) is in normal conditions to be used as a reference.

The other panel (panel B) has been placed above a steel plate, with an air channel
underneath the panel, varying in spacing (Figure 1(a)).

With the result obtained from this configuration , we can analyse, on the one hand, the panel
behaviour when it is placed on the steel roof of an industrial building and, on the other hand,
the influence of the temperature depending on the space between both surfaces.
Panel temperature at different points, voltage, and current are measured in order to
understand the panel behaviour under normal operating conditions and to compare it with
those of panel B, which is modified to test different ducts with different cross-sections. In this
second panel, panel temperature at different points, voltage, and current are also measured
together with the air temperature and the air flow rate through the channel.
To study the influence of panel temperature and the aspect ratio of the air channel on the
panel performance, several experimental cases have been made for different configurations of
the panels

Y.M.Irwan, W.Z.Leow, M.Irwanto, Fareq.M, A.R.Amelia,

N.Gomesh, I.Safwati[10]. Solar simulator is very helpful in the solar energy experimental.
This is because many scientific experiments can be simulated and performance of PV panel is
studied under controllable indoor test facility. The DC water pump is attached on the front
side of the PV panel to spray water over the surface of PV panel. Solar simulator is set up on
a steel frame with the dimension is 183 cm by 183 cm by 183 cm is used to lift all the
halogen lamp bulbs and can be moved horizontally. Twenty units of halogen lamps (Philips
Halogen 500 W) with built in reflector is attached on the solar simulator. Two units of 50W
Monocrystalline PV panels are used. PROVA 200 solar module analyzer was used to measure
the performance of both PV panels with and without water cooling mechanism.
Jayashree A. Gotmare, Dr. S. V. Prayagi[11]. This experimental setup was designed to
investigate how the temperature affects the efficiency and power output of PV panel during
operation. it is composed of two similar but separate PV solar photovoltaic panels each with
area of 0.351 m2. The maximum output voltage and current are 17.7V, 2.09A respectively

and with maximum power output of 37W at irradiance of 1000 w/m2 and cell temperature of
25C. One of the panels is modified by attaching the small water bags at the backside of the
panel. The other panel is a conventional PV as a reference panel. The photovoltaic panels are
positioned east west. The panels tilt angle are set to 21 deg with respect to the horizontal,
which is the local latitude of Nagpur (Latitude 21.1500 N, Longitude 79.0900E), India, so as
to face in the south direction. Sensors (model PT100) were installed at the top & back side of
both the PV panel in order to measure the photovoltaic panels temperature. The experiments
were conducted from 9.00 am to 3.00 pm for 15 days & recorded the data for every 5 min.

Xiao Tang, Zhenhua Quan, Yaohua Zhao [12]. A silicon solar panel was used in this
experiment, with its peak efficiency in the range of 10-15% under standard condition (25C,
1000 W/m2), peak power of 10 W and an area of 0.0625 m2. The solar panel should face the
south with a tilt angle of 45. Its total radiation area was 0.2049 m2. The air-cooling solar
panel has evaporator section of the heat pipe was adhered to the back of the solar panel with
its length of 283 mm and width of 300 mm. The condenser section was exposed to the air
with its length of 200mm and width of 300 mm.
The schematic of the water-cooling solar panels has evaporator section of the heat pipe was
adhered to the back of the solar panel with its length of 283 mm and width of 285 mm. The
condenser section was adhered to a water flume with its length of 40 mm and width of 285
mm. The specs of water flume and water tank are 40 25 385 mm and 280 280 280
mm, respectively. There is a distance of 170 mm between them.
Anna Machniewicz*, Dominika Knera, Dariusz Heim [13]. It is assumed that the whole
surrounding partitions of the room except for the external wall was defined as an internal
with the same parameters of indoor conditions. The ventilated cavity between external wall
and PV panels is 0.1 m deep. In the analysis it is assumed that phase change material will be
closed in 2 cm thick aluminum honeycomb structure sealed between two aluminum plates.
Four paraffin waxes with different transition temperatures were considered. Thermal

conductivity of PCMaluminum structure was recalculated, taking into account properties of

both materials, and equaled 12 W/mK.
Ctlin George Popovici, Sebastian Valeriu Huditeanu*, Theodor Dorin Mateescu, NeluCristian Cherechea [14]. The ribs of the heat sink have circular holes of 0.003 m radius,
placed at a distance of 0.03 m one to another. These holes intend to improve the air
circulation near the heat sink and to extract more heat from the PV panel. The minimum size
of the cell in the interest domain is about 0.002 m for the heat sink and ribs, and about 0.008
m for the air channel. The velocity of the air behind the photovoltaic panel was set at 1.5 m/s.
Shaharin Anwar Sulaimana, Atul Kumar Singhb, Mior Maarof Mior Mokhtara, Mohammed
A. Bou-Rabeec [15]. The experiment test rig comprising a solar photovoltaic panel , a set of
spotlight and the electrical circuit system. The solar panel module comprised arrays of silicon
mono-crystal cells. The number of spotlights and their positions were varied depending on
the requirements of experiments. Preliminary tests were performed at different conditions to
determine the suitable number of spotlights that could result in acceptably homogeneous
radiation of light energy over the panel area. It is observed that with the use of six spotlights,
the magnitude of the light radiation increased and became close to natural light condition.
The suitable distance between the spotlights and the solar PV panel was also studied by
varying the distance and followed by measurements of light radiation intensity.
3. OBERSVATIONS:
Soteris A.kalogirou, Lazaros Aresti , Paul christodoulides , Georgia florides[1].To run the
program the various parameters were adjusted according to a real case scenario. equations
describing the solar radiation falling on the PV panel were derived for a typical day in June in
Cyprus and used for three vertical surfaces facing east, south and west. In the simulations it
was assumed that 85% of the falling radiation is converted to heat, whereas the other 15% is
converted into electricity that is the usual efficiency of polycrystalline silicon solar cells.
Chen Hongbinga,*, Chen Xilina, Li Sizhuoa[2]. The testing was carried out at Beijing
University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, China. The experimental rig was placed on
the roof of Building No. 2 with PV/HP collector exposed to sunshine directly not being in
shade. PV/HP collector was regulated to be 45o. The pyranometer was mounted at the same
tilt surface beside PV panel to measure the solar radiation on the front surface of PV panel.
Adhesive thermocouples were pasted on the front surface of PV panel for monitoring
temperature variation. Two probe type thermocouples were installed at the inlet and outlet of
manifold for measuring water temperature. The water circulation was driven by water pump
and the flow rate was controlled by valve regulation. Three thermocouples were installed at
different depth of water tank to measure water temperature.
Guihua Li 1,2, Runsheng Tang 1[3]. In a specific site, the annual collectible radiation on a
full 2-axis tracked panel is largest as compared to fixed or single-axis tracked panels, and is a
constant statistically over many years, but the annual solar gain on a traditional fixed southfacing panel, S0, is a function of its tilt-angle, and an optimal tilt- angle, opt 0, , could be
obtained by repeatedly calculating S0 for different tilt-angles until a maximum annual

collectible radiation, S0,max, is found. For HA-tracked solar panels, the annual solar gain,
Sha, is a function of the orientation angle, , of the sun-tracking axis. In the consequent
calculations, the time step, dt, for the numerical calculation of daily solar gain is taken to be
60 seconds, the steps of 0 for finding their optimal values were set at 0.1o, the albedo of the
ground was taken to be 0.22, and monthly horizontal radiation data used in this work was
obtained by averaging monthly measurements from 1971 to 1999 in 34 sites of China.
Hrushikesh Swami,Abhishek Shete[4]observed that system gives maximum amount of
power generated due to the biaxial motion and also total cost of tilting and tracking
mechanism is less than the 25% that of cost of panel required to generate the same power.It
produced 2.5 times more power than regular position of the solar panel. And the construction
of mechanism is very simple and handling of the system is very easy. The designed tracker
for sun rays is found worked efficiently. The bi-axial tracking system was found effective
than single axis tilting mechanism.
Kaushik Pal [5] observed that as the ambient temperature increased solar module efficiency
was also increased signifying that ambient temperature had direct proportion with solar
module efficiency. It was also seen from this figure that the correlation between the module
efficiency and ambient temperature/wind speed is nonlinear.
H.A. Kandil[6] observed that It is possible to cool and clean the PV panels using the proposed cooling system in hot and dusty regions and the cooling rate for the solar cells is 2
LC/min based on the concerned operating conditions, which means that the cooling system
will be operated each time for 5 min, in order to decrease the module temperature by 10 LC.
The PV panels yields the highest output energy if cooling of the panels starts when the
temperature of the PV panels reaches the maximum allowable temperature 45o.
When the space of the air channel underneath panel B is smaller, the temperature difference
between panel A and panel B is higher, up to 810C at high irradiance, due to panel B being
less cooled by natural convection and its performance is much worse. However, for the
measured highest aspect ratio, the experimental results show that the maximum temperature
difference between both panels is 5-6C at high irradiance and panel B performance is around
0.9% lower than panel A, as Figure shows.
Therefore, the electrical behaviour of a PV panel placed on a steel roof (such as an industrial
building) is affected by high temperature reached by the heat transferred from the steel plate
to the panel and a lower cooling effect by natural convection if the space between both
surfaces is small. So, this space is an important parameter to consider in these applications;
for this reason, we have studied the temperature effect on electrical variables for three air
channel thickness.
However, when the irradiance is lower at the beginning and at the end of the day, the aspect
ratio does not affect the electrical outputs. For an irradiance of 970 W/m 2 (at 13.30h) the
open circuit voltage increases when the aspect ratio is higher, the short circuit current
decreases and the peak power increases 7.5% because the panel is cooler and its temperature
is lower for high aspect ratio. So electrical production improves when the air space

underneath the PV panel increases.On the other hand, for an irradiance of 325W/m 2 these
electrical variables do not vary with the aspect ratio; this in fact explains why the panel
performance is similar for the three aspect ratios at the beginning and end of the day.
Having analysed the negative influence of panel temperature on electrical production due to
an insufficient air space underneath it, which would allow it to be cooled by natural
convection, we have analysed the panel behaviour at forced convection using a fan, for the
same previous values of aspect ratio. The forced convection configuration has also been
tested at three different forced velocities inside the air channel, each one for each width of the
air duct . The experimental results also show that the PV panel is cooled more efficiently
when the space of air underneath the panel increases, with values of the aspect ratio from
0.0525 to 0.0825.For a given value of the aspect ratio, the electrical power of a PV panel
cooled by forced convection is 35% higher than by natural convection and it increases, as
expected, when the forced velocity inside the air duct is higher. The electrical improvement is
due to the decrease of PV panel temperature, being of1016C. Comparing both cases of
forced convection, the power increase is of 2.4% and the panel is 7C cooler at high forced
velocity.
For both natural and forced convection cases, the electrical production (power) increases 2
2.5% with a higher width of the air channel which cools the panel more efficiently, so the
panel temperature is 57C lower.Hence, the most significant difference has been obtained
between the aspect ratio of 0.0525 and 0.0825; consequently, we have analysed the negative
relationship of the temperature on the performance for these two cases, both at natural and
forced convection.
The experimental results show the negative relationship between the temperature and the
electrical performance of a PV panel in all the cases. While the temperature difference
between the panel and ambient is not high, there is a slight difference in the performance at
different configurations, but when the panel achieves high temperatures, the performance
decreases sharply and we can appreciate differences in efficiency depending on the
configuration and the aspect ratio. Having done this study another important thing that needs
to be considered to analyze the performance of PV panels is the roof top temperature. The
outer surface temperature of the roof and the outdoor dry-bulb temperature were compared
assuming that the thermal conductivity of the roof thermal insulation materials was infinite;
that is, that the thermal resistance of the roof is 0m2K/W.
When the thermal conductivity of the roof thermal insulation materials was infinite, the outer
surface temperature of the south-facing integrated PV array-covered gable roof was the same
as the inner surface temperature but was lower than the outdoor dry-bulb temperature
throughout the year. T Therefore, in the EnergyPlus models, the PV panels blocked the
incident solar radiation on the roof, and the thermal radiation from the back of the PV panels
was not accurately reflected.
After carefully comparing the above module the root cause of the discrepancy was found in
the model from Griffith and Ellis in which the air gap between the PV panels and the building
envelope was set as the air conditioning zone. However, in this paper, this air gap could not

be set as the air conditioning zone because it freely connected to the outdoor air to the cool
PV panels to ensure that the panels generate power under normal conditions.
Y.M.Irwan, W.Z.Leow, M.Irwanto, Fareq.M, A.R.Amelia, N.Gomesh, I.Safwati[10].The
average operating temperature of PV panel with water cooling mechanism is lower than the
average operating temperature of traditional PV panel in the different fixed solar radiation. In
the solar radiation of 413W/m, 620W/m, 821W/m and 1016W/m, the decrement of the
operating temperature of PV panel is 5.03C, 7.78C, 13.26C and 23.17C and by using the
water cooling mechanism respectively. It can be observed that the PV panel faced higher
operating temperature when the solar radiation is in excess condition. This is due that the rest
of solar radiation that absorbs by PV panel converted into heat. It can be observed that the
maximum voltage output of PV panels can be increased approximately by 2.15%, 8.14%,
10.89% and 14.14% for 413W/m, 620W/m, 821W/m and 1016W/m. It can be clear that
higher operating temperature is one of the impacts of environmental factors that can affect the
performance of PV panel. This is because the heat that stored in PV panel will be reducing
the band gap of semiconductor material, whereby affecting parameter of semiconductor
materials.
Jayashree A. Gotmare, Dr. S. V. Prayagi[11].Solar PV panel with stationary cooling &
without cooling were constructed in order to determine the system that will produce the
higher power output. They were both placed in the sun close to each other to have the same
sky condition as practicable enough. Readings were taken on both the systems
simultaneously for comparison. The effect of the stationary cooling on the power generation
of photovoltaic panels is investigated. The average output power for PV panels with cooling
is 40.35 W and the average output power for the PV panels without cooling is 35.77W.
Therefore, one can see 13% improvement in power generation for the case of using PV Panel
with cooling.
Xiao Tang, Zhenhua Quan, Yaohua Zhao[12]. Results between the ordinary solar panel
without the heat pipe and solar panel With heat pipe using air-cooling one day in May. The
maximal air temperature, the radiation intensity, the maximal and average wind speeds are
36C, 1001 W/m2, 5.32 m/s and 0.51 m/s, respectively. The daily net radiation is 26.3 MJ
from 5:00 to 19:30.Whereas, the Results of the solar panel with heat pipe using air-cooling
and water-cooling one day in May. The maximal air temperature, the radiation intensity, the
maximal and average wind speeds are 35C and 858 W/m2, 4.72 m/s and 0.51m/s,
respectively.
Anna Machniewicz*, Dominika Knera, Dariusz Heim[13]. The efficiency of PV panels
decreases by approximately 0.5%/K due the variation in temperature. Phase change materials
are able to store specific amount of heat during changing the phase from solid to liquid and
release it during reverse transition of phases. The amount of the heat that can be absorbed
depends also on the density of the material and subsequently its weight ,thickness of the
applied layer. Based on the most recent reports in the literature, PCM can effectively
influence temperature of PV panel when it is placed in the plastic bag. In order to enhance the
heat exchange and heat removal from PV panel, thermal conductivity of the material in which

PCM is closed should be maximized. Therefore, phase change temperature should be

designed to lower the overheating effect during the most extreme summer months.
Ctlin George Popovici, Sebastian Valeriu Huditeanu*, Theodor Dorin Mateescu, NeluCristian Cherechea[14]. The value of the current produced by PV cell has an insignificant
rise when the temperature of the cell is greater, but the voltage has in important reduction,
causing a drop of the maximum power generated. The power of a PV cell is dependent on
temperature changes and solar radiation level. Therefore, the main layers are: exterior glass,
anti-reflexive coating , PV cells, ethylene-vinyl acetate , metal rear contact and polyvinyl
fluoride film. The photovoltaic system is the most efficient when the temperature of the cell
is about 25 C. The angle of the ribs has an influence on the heat transfer and airflow inside
the ventilated channel. A more intense heat transfer is recorded for the angle of 45, while the
case of 135 angle is considered the most disadvantageous. In consequence, the maximum
temperature of the photovoltaic panel is greater for the 135, of about 61 C. The cooling of
the photovoltaic panel is directly proportional with the height of the ribs and inversely
proportional with their inclination angle.
Shaharin Anwar Sulaimana, Atul Kumar Singhb, Mior Maarof Mior Mokhtara, Mohammed
A. Bou-Rabeec[15]. The effect of dust accumulation on tilted glass plates showed a reduction
in plate transmittance ranging from 64% to 17%, for tilt angles ranging from 0 to 60,
respectively, after 38 days of exposure. They also observed a reduction of 30% in useful
energy gain was observed by the horizontal collector after three days of dust accumulation.
The dirt tends to accumulate about twice more on flat panels as compared to on tilted panel. It
was discovered that dust accumulation on a glass plate tilted at 45 would reduce
transmittance of solar radiation by an average of 8% after an exposure period of 10 days.The
magnitude of the light radiation decreased with increase in the distance between the spotlight
and the solar panel.
4.Modifications and Results:
The Energy Performance of Buildings Directive requires that RES are actively
promoted in offsetting conventional fossil fuel use in buildings. A better appreciation of
PV and STS integration will directly support this objective, leading to an increased
uptake in the application of renewables in buildings. This uptake in RES in buildings is
expected to rise dramatically in the next few years. This is further augmented by a
recast of the Directive, which specifies that the buildings in EU should have nearly zero
energy consumption . Meeting building thermal loads will be primarily achieved
through an extensive use of renewables, following standard building energy saving
measures, such as good insulation or advanced glazing systems. Both PV and STS are
expected to take a leading role in providing the electrical and thermal energy needs, as
they can contribute directly to the building electricity, heating, cooling and domestic hot
water requirements[1].
The testing on the effect of water flow on energy performance of the heat pipe
photovoltaic/thermal solar water-heating system was carried out under the testing mode
C.The variation of thermal and electrical efficiencies under different water flow. It can

be seen from Fig.5 that the thermal and electrical efficiencies both decreased with the
increasing water flow. As the water flow increased from 5 L/min to 9 L/min, the thermal
efficiency decreased from 18.9% to 16.1%, while the electrical efficiency decreased from
12.4% to 11.3%. Every 1 L/min decrease of water flow led to a thermal efficiency
decrease by 0.7% and an electrical efficiency decrease by 0.3%[2].
Effect of on the optical performance of HA-tracked solar panels Fig.2 presents the
effects of orientation of horizontal tracking axis on the optical performance of tracked
solar panels in terms of Rha-2. It is seen that, with the increase in , the annual solar
gain on HA- tracked solar panels increased, indicating that the east-west sun-tracking
(EW-axis sun-tracking) performed worst to boost the energy collection of solar panels
and south-north sun-tracking (SN-axis sun- tracking performed best. It is also found
that the increase of 2 haR with the became slow as was close to 90o, showing that
10o deviation of SN-axis from the south-north direction resulted in an insignificant
reduction of annual solar gain on SN-axis tracked solar panels[3].
Vijay Talekar and Vikram Shinde[4]have tabulated readings of current, voltage and
power produced. The readings were taken for performance of panel at three positions.
It is observed that performance of the panel with collector and with biaxial tracking is
nearly 2.5times the performance of the stationary panel (45 degree in south direction) &
tilted panel.
Kaushik Pal[5] obtained correlation between efficiency and wind speed. The ambient
temperature has a positive correlation with the efficiency of the PV system which
indicates that ambient temperature plays an important role in performance analysis.
K.A. Moharram[6] obtained that the optimum temperature is 45 0c, which yields the
highest output energy and also expected that as the temperature value increases, the
rate of water evaporation during the cooling operation will increase, and thus, more
water consumption will be needed.
The solar simulator system with halogen lamp bulbs has been successfully designed and
fabricated in this experiment. With a solar simulator, tests of PV panel performance can
be carried out any chosen time, continued for 24 hours a day. The main objective of the
solar simulator is to analysis the performance of PV panel with and without the water
cooling mechanism in indoor test. The increase in operating temperature of PV panel
significantly decreases the electrical yield of PV panels. DC water cooling mechanism
was used to solve this problem. The experimental results mentioned that the decrement
of operating temperature is around 5 - 23 C increase the power output of the PV panel
with a water cooling mechanism by 9 - 22 %. The increment of power output will have a
significant contribution to the PV system applications. An increase in efficiency of PV
panel, investment payback period of the system can reduce and the lifespan of PV panel
will also be longer [10].
The maximum temperatures for the PV array without cooling & with cooling are 70 C,
and 79 C, respectively. As it can be seen from experimental results, the maximum

module temperature equipped with stationary cooling is always higher than the
conventional module temperature. However, it is obvious that the operation module
temperature with stationary cooling is always below the maximum working
temperature defined by the module manufacturer (90C) so this temperature rise is
supposed to be not harmful to generation characteristics. It is clear that the
temperature of the PV panels increases consequently due to the increased incident solar
radiation & constant mass attached at the backside of the panel. Thus, Results shows
that stationary Cooling, leads to increases the PV panel output power. Therefore it is
evident that the positive effect of stationary cooling is more sensible than the negative
Effect due to rising panel temperature [11].

Figure: - Comparison of module temperature with and without cooling during the test
day.
A novel micro heat pipe array is used for solar panel cooling. Air-cooling and watercooling methods used are compared in this study. The results indicate that under cooling
condition, the temperature can be reduced to effectively Increase the photoelectric
conversion efficiency of solar panel. 1) Compared with the ordinary solar panel, the
temperature of that using air-cooling reduces maximally by 4.7C, the output power
increases maximally by 8.4%, and the efficiency difference is 2.6% (In that day, the
maximal air temperature and wind speed are 36C,and 5.32 m/s ,the daily global
radiation is 26.3 MJ). 2) Compared with the solar panel using air-cooling, the
temperature of that using water-cooling reduces maximally by 8C, the output power
increases maximally by 13.9% and the efficiency difference is 3%. The maximum
efficiency of 13.5% can be achieved the maximal air temperature and wind speed are
35C and 4.72 m/s, the daily global radiation is 21.9 MJ) [12].
The weather parameters, different transition temperature contributes to the most
noticeable reduction of PV panels temperature. Transition temperature should be
possibly low but in the range of external temperature fluctuations. It can be observed
that the lowest transition temperature results in the smallest negative effect during the
winter season while the highest temperature causes the biggest decrease in efficiency

during the summer period. It confirmed that the most effective performance was
obtained for the transition temperatures of 18 and 25 C[13].
The maximum temperature of the photovoltaic panel is greater for the 135, of about 61
C. Lower values for operating temperature of the cell are registered for the angle of 45
.when the height is 0.05 m, the drop of the temperature is about 2 C [14].

Figure:-Variation of PV panel temperature (tp), efficiency (), power (Pel) and the raise
over the base case for height of ribs of 0.03 m.
The electrical power output was reduced significantly (by up to 83%) when external
resistances obscured light path of the solar panel. The output power of the solar panel
reduced by between 9% and 31% due to the effects of presence of talcum, between 60%
and 70% due to dust, between 70% and 80% due to sand, and between 77% and 83%
due to moss. When the PV panel covered with water droplets from rain or mist would
result in negligible effect on output power of the solar PV[15].
5. Conclusions:
1. It was concluded that the implementation Bi-Axial system with collector effectively. The
designed tracker for sun rays is found worked efficiently. The bi-axial tracking system was
found effective than single axis tilting mechanism. Performance of the panel is doubled due
to use of collector on the panel.
2. The extracted power was found to increase significantly by using Bi-Axial tilting
Mechanism.
3. The ambient temperature had a positive correlation with the efficiency of the PV system
which indicates that ambient temperature plays an important role in performance analysis.

Also, there is a direct proportionality between the efficiency of the PV system and the
ambient temperature of the locality.
4. The cooling rate for the solar cells was 2 LC/min which is based on the concerned
operating conditions, which means that the cooling system will be operated each time for 5
min, in order to decrease the module temperature by 10 LC.
5. The result of the cooling rate model had shown good agreement with the experimental
measurements and both the heating rate and the cooling rate models have been validated
experimentally.
6. The PV panels yielded the highest output energy if cooling of the panels starts when the
temperature of the PV panels reaches the maximum allowable temperature (MAT) 450C.
7. In the forced convection case, electrical production is higher in the modified panel than in
the isolated one. This is due to the increase in the heat transferred to the air flow by forced
convection.
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of Engineering and technology, Cyprus university of technology , Limassol, Cyprus.
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Key
Lab of HVAC, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, No.1
Zhanlanguan Road, Beijing.
3. Guihua Li 1,2, Runsheng Tang 1,*, Hao Zhong 1 1Solar Energy Research Institute
Yunnan Normal University Kunming 650092, PR China 2Library of Chenggong
Campus Yunnan Normal University Kunming 650500, PR China.
4. . Vijay Talekar ,Vikram Shinde, Hrushikesh Swami ,Abhishek Shete Performance
Improvement of Solar PV Panel Using Reflectors and Bi-Axial Tilting Mechanism.
IOSR Journal of Mechanical Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) e-ISSN: 2278-1684, p-ISSN:
2320-334XPP 27-31.
5. Tanima Bhattacharya, Ajoy K. Chakraborty, and Kaushik Pal Effects of Ambient
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Module. Hindawi Publishing Corporation Journal of Solar Energy Volume 2014,
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Induced or Forced Air Stream R. Mazn-Hernndez, J. R. Garca-Cascales, F. VeraGarca, A. S. Kiser, and B. Zamora
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Kamunda

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Effect of Photovoltaic Panels on the Rooftop Temperature in the EnergyPlus
Simulation Environment Changhai Peng and Jianqiang Yang.
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Panels by Stationary, Mechanical Engineering Department, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar
College of Engineering & Research, Maharashtra, India. International Journal of
Science, Engineering and Technology ISSN: 2348-4098.
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Nelu-Cristian Cherechea aFaculty of Civil Engineering and Building Services,
Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iasi, 13 Dimitrie Mangeron, Iasi, 700050,
Romania.
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Mohammed A. Bou-Rabeec,* aDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti
Teknologi Petronas, 31750 Tronoh, Perak, Malaysia bDepartment of Engineering
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