Report for New Office Building Project

Stage 2 Civil & Structural Engineering

09033563 MR MOHAMMED DITTA

11011082 MR MATTHEW THOMPSON
11027283 MR HASSAN CHOWDHURY
12006149 MR DERRIC MUGOYA
12010738 MR KANE MOORE
12027370 MR AHMED SALEH
This is a report towards a new office plan along the brown field site off the longside lane of Bradford.
This building must accommodate a total of 320 administrators, 6% of which are of senior status
about 20 offices allocated. The university requires that the landscaping and car parking space are not
reduced. Also, a basement of minimum 2000m3 and a separate entrance for goods and people is
needed.
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Contents
Executive summary ............................................................................................................................. 3
Client Brief ........................................................................................................................................... 4
Design Requirements .......................................................................................................................... 5
Design Details ................................................................................................................................... 11
Site Investigation............................................................................................................................... 14
CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE............................................................................................................ 17
OFF-SITE ........................................................................................................................................ 17
ON-SITE Construction .................................................................................................................... 17
Site Inspection ............................................................................................................................... 17
Site Establishment ......................................................................................................................... 17
Setting Out .................................................................................................................................... 18
Excavations ................................................................................................................................... 18
Building Foundation ...................................................................................................................... 18
Building Main Frame ..................................................................................................................... 18
Slabs .............................................................................................................................................. 19
Walls (internal).............................................................................................................................. 19
External walls ................................................................................................................................ 19
Atrium ........................................................................................................................................... 20
Roofing .......................................................................................................................................... 20
Finishing ........................................................................................................................................ 20
Appendix 1- calculations ................................................................................................................... 24
Foundations and basement........................................................................................................... 28
Appendix 2 Sustainability .................................................................................................................. 40
Introduction................................................................................................................................... 40
WAT 1 Water consumption ........................................................................................................... 40
WAT 2 Water Meter ...................................................................................................................... 41
WST 2 Recycled Aggregate ........................................................................................................... 41
WST 3 Recyclable Waste Storage.................................................................................................. 42
MAT 7 Designs for Robustness ...................................................................................................... 42
MAT 6 Insulation ........................................................................................................................... 42
ENE 1 Reduction of CO2 Emissions ................................................................................................ 42
Appendix 3 health and safety ............................................................................................................. 3
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Management of the work ................................................................................................................... 7

Management structure and responsibilities ................................................................................... 8
Responsibilities: ............................................................................................................................... 8
Health and safety goals for the project including arrangements for monitoring and reviewing
health and safety performance. ..................................................................................................... 9
First Aid ......................................................................................................................................... 13
FIRE PLAN ...................................................................................................................................... 15
Arrangements for controlling significant site risks ....................................................................... 16
Traffic routes and segregation of vehicles and pedestrians ......................................................... 18
Delivery and removal of materials and work equipment .............................................................. 19
Protection of the public ................................................................................................................. 20
Storage of materials and equipment ............................................................................................ 22
Maintenance of plant and equipment .......................................................................................... 23
Excavations ................................................................................................................................... 23
Arrangements for controlling significant site risks ....................................................................... 24
Health and safety file .................................................................................................................... 25
References ..................................................................................................................................... 25

Executive summary
The university has plans to construct a structure to accommodate 320 administrators
whereby 20 are of senior status roughly 20% of the above figure. The proposed structure is an office
space of gross area size of 5540m including a basement of 2000m of usable space for storage of
important documents. The car parking of approximately 3686m2 which is necessary for the use of
the 320 administrators, and is easily accessible and conveniently located on the far east side of the
plan. The construction is planned along longside lane of university of Bradford that is about 8000m.
This is large enough for the proposed design as it takes up 1494.1m of the above space. This gives
enough space for the car park and allows for some landscaping as well.
According to the ground investigation report provided in the client brief the land is sloped
perpendicular to longside lane with the highest to the lowest points being 10m and 6.6m giving a
gradient of about 3.4m and 3.0m in the x-y directions respectively. Currently there are already
buildings and car parks on the site so demolition and further excavation is advised. This will raise the
cost of the constructions as implementing the above is costly however a minor constraint to think
about. Four designs have been assessed and all met the basic requirements of the client. However
the proposed design was a group choice as it was the most efficient in terms of the gross area and
proved to be more sustainable and economical in comparison to the rest. The client would
appreciate our efforts to minimise the costs with the implications on the proposed design.
The proposed design is a 5 floored structure that will include a basement. It is an L shaped structure,
situated in the top left corner of the site, with the open side orientation facing south-east to capture
the majority of the suns light during the day. The structure consists mainly of steel and reinforced
concrete slabs with a glass exterior. The ground floor walls are breeze blocks with windows, the
second to fifth floor walls are exclusively glass. The inner-most walls a layer thick of breeze blocks
150mm in dimension, with the entrance being automatic doors in cases of wheel chair
administrators located at the centre making it a creative and very striking open entrance. The car
park comprises 320 parking spaces of 2.5x4.8m dimensions located to the right of the structure.
This design was chosen in preference to the other 3 mainly due to it being comfortably satisfying to
the universities brief, it is a very attractive design, utilising local materials without being excessively
expensive.
As with any construction project, there are risks, both to the design and to the people involved, but
the land allocated to, and surrounding this building are already extensively built upon, so there are
no surprises expected during construction. The steel columns and beams, and concrete slabs that
have been designed are more than adequate for the building making it safe structurally, and all
materials can be found locally.
The teams overall recommendation is that this would be an exciting and attractive project, with
minimal risks. Its sustainable and economical for the designs and clients.

Client Brief
The accumulating assets off the university halls over the period 1970-1990 due to funding mainly by
the central government as UK students studied at home. These accommodation halls have not been
so successful in business and therefore have made a loss for the university. It was then decided that
these halls will have to be replaced by an office space of administration. The office building will
consist of core areas such as Staircases, lifts, and other vertical services. The primary circulation
areas include corridors and the usable area; such as 300 office rooms, a conference/meeting and
waiting room of the top floor. A separate entrance for people and goods should be accounted for to
reduce clatter around build exits and fire escapes. The principles of sustainability have been
embedded throughout the project where possible. As shown below the workable area of roughly
under 8000m that includes the car parking space and exits to the longside lane road. The relevant
construction details and the basic architecture/structure have been included in this report. One of

Figure 1

the main issues the client will think about towards the construction of the building will be how long
it will take to build and how much it will cost. Please see the appendix for the health and safety also
find costing and a time frame for the proposed construction. The client can view the space needed
for each office in our design drawings. There will be separate car parks for the young staff, the
seniors and disabled car park as well to ensure easy access to and from the entrance of the building.
The building will have a few staircases for the people who would prefer to walk rather than taking
one of the three lifts that will be available. This report describes the process our team has endured
and explains the basic design and construction of the proposed office structure. This structure is
designed to last 50years as decided by the group.

Design Requirements
Our Office design accommodates 320 administrators 6% of which are senior status. In our design we
have included car parking spaces and given space to incorporate landscaping to make it more
aesthetically pleasing. A basement of 2000 m3 is required for storage of spare facilities such as bill
boards and will be mainly used to store documents etc. In terms of net usable area 15 m2 per
person as an integrated design was allocated towards the administrator offices and 20 m2 for the
senior status offices. This means that a total of 400 m2 is required for the senior status offices and a
further 4500 m2 for the remaining offices.

Developing Designs
Figure 2

Some advantages to this design is that its simple and quick to design, such a design will be
relatively ease to construct as symmetry and geometry of the building is basic rectangle shape. This
design allows for free walk ways and gives rise to potential expansion when required onto the
landscaping area below the building. However the shape is unoriginal and is similar to other builds
within the university. Aesthetically unpleasing from an architectural perspective. Landscape is not
equally distributed around the building making the area less attractive. The sun light will not totally
permeate into the centre of the building. One car parking area gives rise poor design and
implementing of space, this means that we wont be as efficient as we could be.

Figure 3

This design makes use of a Symmetrical shape making it easier for space allocation and provides
identical structural elements in fabrication and construction. Health and safety can be mentioned as
more fire escapes can be provided. The use of an atrium will maximise the amount light that gets into
the building and the flow heat around the building can be controlled better. This could minimise the
amount of electricity needed to light the building. Public entrance is closer to the car parking area and
the landscaping and car park will remain in the same place, this could save money. As the sun raises in
from the south east this orientation with the atrium facing the rising sun can now allow reasonable
sunlight to pass through the glass front. Hence, increasing attractiveness of the building, staff wellbeing and reducing lighting costs. A main entrance can now also be provided at the south east side of
the building and another back entrance for goods/delivery as well.
Figure 4

The atrium in this design was made into a square shape rather than a semi-circle to make the
calculation of the structural steel element of the building easier. However a semi-circular atrium
would have taken up more space increasing the core area size significantly. Thin wings allow for fewer
columns to be used and allowing beam span to be smaller. No curvature in the major elements of the
building so making it easier to construct. Many entrances/exits and fire escapes can be incorporated
into this design making it accessible and easy to migrate within the building. Combination of glass
walls and the orientation of building provides all around sunlight throughout the day.

Figure 5

In this particular design the ratio between core area and workable area is low. This means the huge
workable area is not suitable for the facilities that would be provided. The toilets and bathrooms in
this design would be cramped and access for 64 people per floor would bring congestions. The design
is too deep meaning the sun light will not totally permeate into the centre of the building. We would
have had to move the car parking space. We wanted to keep them where there were as this would
increase the costs of the building.

Proposed Design
As a group we decided that design 2 was the best design and have proposed this particular design
for further analysis. As geometry and orientation are crucial design 2 not only will be facing the
south-east side to capture the majority of the light but its geometry gives rise to self-control. What
we mean is that the heat transfer through the building will be most efficient with this design with
respects to the other designs! The landscaping as proposed may be placed in front of the building
adjacent to the car park on the far right of the sketch. The symmetrical design makes both design
and construction quick and easy. Having four floors similarly designed structural makes the
implication easier as repetitive beams and columns can be fabricated to size and put into place with
no time at all. The Proposed design with a Flat roof top allows for additional greenery and acts as a
balcony for smokers. This also reduces the load on the structural elements and drainages can be
added to collectively gather the rain water and may be recycled as a means of sustainability. The
Proposed design will be made of mainly steel beams and columns, concrete slabs made in-situ and
breeze blocks to make up the walls around the atrium and core areas consisting of stairs and
elevators. As the chosen materials are the strongest and durable, the building should have no
problem lasting a long lifespan. The corridors designs are of 1.5metres in width letting both
wheelchairs and people to easily get past. The use of glass and steel will be fully recyclable making
the building sustainable. The glass will provide enough light into the building further reducing costs
of electric light being used during the day. On each end of the wings a fire escapes will be provided.
Toilets will be on each floor right by the stairs so is accessible by everyone. There will be a small
canteen on the second floor as the integrated size of 15 m2 doesnt require a kitchen per floor. The
top floor of the building will be used exclusively for senior status staff located conveniently next to
balcony roof and each room has more all-round light. A conference room and meeting rooms will

also be located on the top floor. A separate entrance is located on the back of the atrium near the
edge on the longside lane road allowing easy access for any drop-off vehicles.
Ground floor & site plan

Car Park
integrated
Landscaping
North

Office Spaces to
accommodate 32 People
on each Wing

Atrium and
Reception/Main
Entrance

Lifts/Stair
Cases and
toilets
Figure 6

South

Longside lane is located on

the north side of the
building.

Fire Exit
Escapes

1st-4th Floor

Figure 7

Canteen/Kitchen area
provide for working stuff
(Only located on the 1st
and 2nd Floor)

The dimensions of the administrator offices are

15m per person and as shown below the senior
status office rooms are 20m slightly large more
spacious rooms on the top floor with access to the
roof greenery/smoking zone balcony

5th Floor

Meeting/
Conference Rooms

Senior Status
Canteen/Kitchen

Small waiting
areas/lounges with a
couple of notice
boards

Roof Greenery and

Balcony (smoking zones)

Figure 8

Figure 9

B
C

B
A

B
C

Denoted by the letter C the Circulation areas of the proposed design is 1170m
that links to a core areas shown as letter A 2050m this include both fire escape
stair cases on either side of the wings. The total usable area of all 5floors also
known as the net Usable area is 2320m. All in all the Gross Area of the whole
structure comes to 5540m.

These are the basic three

dimensional interpretations of the
proposed designs. This is to give the
client an aspect of the size and shape
of the building. Also note that some
structure elements such as the
beams and columns are also
incorporated into the drawing. A
floor cover of reinforced concrete
slabs can also been seen coloured in
green.

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Figure 10

Design Details
As shown above between each of the wings there is an atrium on the ground floor with a reception
space to allow for a desk to be fitted. Above this will be a hollow section through the reinforced
concrete slabs to act as a balcony all the way through to the top floor. The area of the atrium is
326.454m. Each floor consists of 64 office spaces 32 for each wing all to the clients requirement of
an integrated office space of 15m and senior status office space of 20m.Also a canteen/kitchen is
located on the second floor as shown in the design above. The top floor consists of uniquely senior
status offices and access to the roof greenery and balcony for smoking breaks. Also note that the
meeting rooms and conference rooms are also on the top floor one on each wing. The top floor has
its own mini kitchen too.
However each floor will have access to the elevators/stair cases and will have two sets of water
closets (WC) with both men and female separate entrances. In the end of each wing there is stairs
and fire exit door the space for the stairs is 31.8m. A strip of corridors are connecting floors in the
atrium with lifts and stairs with 1.5 meter width. Also we have 1.5 meter wide corridor in each floor.
In the eastside of the atrium we have a special double door created for deliverys and has access to
the lifts for the same purpose. Two of the lifts will call only from the ground floor to the top floor
and a single lift, eastside, will also call to the basement. The lifts are not only to give an alternative to
stairs but also to provide access to all floors for the elderly and the disabled. Since the building has
more than three floors, we are obliged by the law to install lifts.
The lifts will be placed in the atrium. This is because the atrium is the central point of the building.
By placing the lifts centrally within the building, we minimise the horizontal distance between the
lifts and all the parts of the building.
The atrium is the most suitable location to place the lifts for another major reason. It is the area with
the greatest width. This will allow pedestrian traffic to circulate and pass through the lift area
without causing congestion.
The basement of the building has 2335.88m3 in volume and well connected with the floors above by
stairs and lifts.
Being a building belonging to a university, its lifts
should be suitable for use by people with disabilities.
The lift cars should have a minimum depth of 1400mm
and minimum width of 1100mm.
The machine rooms purpose is to house the lifts
machinery and it will grant technicians access to the
machinery for maintenance. We have designed some
shape in the basement for this room besides the
elevator access within the basement.

Clear Opening
Figure 11

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Figure 12

Forty car parking spaces predominately for the

senior status as its close to the main entrance of
the office structure. The dimensions for each
parking space are 4.8mx2.5m as specified by the
UK parking standards as shown below. (An extract
from the British parking association issue based on
the Traffic Management Act 2004) placed at 90 to
the horizontal.

Figure 13

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This is the detailed design of the fire escape exits at either side
of the wings. Its totally made out of steel sections with a clear
height of 4020mm to each floor and a width of 5000mm. The
width of the staircase is 830mm.

Figure 14
Table 1

Figure 15

Detailed WC design for office use only they are suitable

and sufficient sanitary conveniences shall be provided at
readily accessible places. Each of the rooms are adequately
ventilated and well lit; they will be kept in a clean and
orderly condition by the university working stuff and
Each room is separate containing conveniences for men
and women. Two urinals for the men as well as two WC
Pans as shown by the table above.

Toilets used by women only

Table 2

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Site Investigation

This is not to scale

Figure 16

Based on the ground investigation report from the estate and facilities department, as
shown above this site was the former student accommodation. It housed 240 tenants with 4 floors.
From this information, we concluded it would be possible to build an office structure to house 320
administrators. This is one of the reasons we based our L shape building on the previous student
accommodation that was on this site previously. After visiting the site and looking at it from Google
maps, there is only one road (Longside lane) to access the site which was extremely narrow road
(entrance and exits). This may cause a problem when the heavy machinery is brought to the site and
the delivery of the materials. Also the site is on poor soil and considerations of recycling the brick
from debris and then reused as an aggregate for the reinforced concrete slabs. However it may still
be a problem when it comes to excavating the ground. In addition, another constraint to the site is
that it is based around an active university environment. As a result, the health and safety of the
people around the site will be crucial.
This investigation is an accurate calculation when dealing with the size of our building. However
another high cost site investigation may be needed for more accurate ground condition in order to
maximise safety and avoid structural failure. This site is a very good site as there is no need to
consolidate the soil. Straight after the soil level, there is a solid rock level whereby the foundation
can be placed. Top 1.5m is made mainly of ground formed by back filling the basements of Victorian
terraced housing. About 1-4m below ground level moderately fractured/ weak sandstone with
allowable bearing capacity 580 kN/m2.

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Table 3

Position

Ground Level (m)

Rock Head Level (m)

10.0

6.0

8.0

5.0

6.5

5.0

7.0

6.0

100m
A

60m
80m

C
20m

D
40m
60m
Figure 17

Using the information about the levels of sandstone and Victorian debris, the below diagram shows
a visual representation of how the ground would look like in practical terms. Above is a map area
showing the allowable space for the proposed office structure.

Figure 18

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The diagram shows that there are four trial bore holes at points A, B, C and D, which are excavated
by a drilling machine. The ground between the ground level and the rock level is easier to excavate,
thus lower costs. Drilling beyond the rock level may require additional drilling machines, creating
higher costs. As the land is sloped and the recommended basement depth is 3m, excavation near
points B, C and D will be of higher costs. Additionally, the foundations must be below the rock level
to provide stability for the structure. From ground to rock level, we recommend an excavation of
5m. The ground will be under constant stress and strain forces causing deformation of the soil. Thus
it is integral that the foundation calculations are accurate, as foundation failure would be the most
costly mistake. During the construction timescale of the structure some additional time must be
given when building the foundations due to unforeseen ground conditions.

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CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE
The construction method of the building is outlined in two sections as follows;
1. Off-site
2. On-site construction
OFF-SITE

The off-site mainly deals with the acquisition and manufacture of the all the materials and
resources needed to start the on-site process. These include everything from the
prefabrication of steel beams to aquiring the basic tools and utilities that are needed on
site.
ON-SITE Construction

The site given for the building and car park has a total area of 8000m 2 but the main building
itself will stand towards the North-West corner of the site with a total gross area of 5540m2.
The car park will be adjacent to the building and itself will occupy a total land area of
3686m2.
Site Inspection

Inspection of the site is very important to the nature of the build to be done. Rough
estimates of the scale of the site and of the structures to be built are taken.
After this, the topography of the site is surveyed, and a ground inspection undertaken to
establish the type and depth of the underlying soil, water pH and the level of the ground
water table
The soil on this site was found to be sandy with gravelly clay. The bed rock is relatively
shallow, moderately weak sandstone which can bear 580 kN/m2 . This is essential to note in
the design of the foundation. Other general possible hazards are also taken note of before
setting out can begin. For general understanding, the site is marked at its corners as A, B, C
and D. The ground level height is found to be higher at end A and decreases to D.

Site Establishment

At this stage site offices and other amenities are installed. This includes a site managers
office, toilet facilities, water, site power, fencing and security. The site is marked for where
the building materials will be put, a layout is made showing the entry and exit of the site,
fire assembly points, machinery/crane placements, storage and the cabins. The land area for
the eventual car park will also be utilised if need be at this point to ease up the space and
reduce obstructions on site.

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This is also the first stage where the site will be assigned to a project manager who by
now has full knowledge of the site.
Setting Out

The actually work on the site starts at this point. Based on the initial site inspection, the top
soil and vegetation cover is removed from the site. More accurate and detailed surveying
and ground investigation is done after that to determine the height variations. Markings are
made along with pegging and profile boards. This sets the site up for excavations and
levelling.
Excavations

The trenches are dug during this stage for the foundation of the building. Also levelling takes
place where the general ground level was found to be lower and this is done with the
already removed topsoil as it is cost efficient and reduces waste. Heavy machinery is used
for the first time on the site and it is operated efficiently as established already. The
excavation of the basement and drainage systems is also done as part of this exercise.
Where any inadequacies or unexpected difficulties or discoveries are made on site it is
important that the client be made aware at this point. This is also done so as not to incur
any cost on the construction company.
Building Foundation

The type of foundation chosen for this building is a mixture of strip and pad foundations. It
is the most important part of this structure as it bears the entire load. The foundation will
be built to British standards ensuring that the load is transfixed to the ground safely, with a
minimum of settlement and no lateral movement. The structural load of the building was
calculated to be a maximum of 1600KN at the base of each column. As established, the
ground sandstone can bear 580 KN/m2. The foundation also takes the basement into
consideration as some of the pads will be located inside, and the basement walls fall outside
the ground-level footprint of the building.
Building Main Frame

Erection of the main frame of the building begins after the foundation has been built.

Determining type of steel frames: The steel frames to be used are determined by a
number of factors. Some of which include the type of building, number of storeys,
middle section design and purpose of the building. The design is for a 5-storey
building with a ground floor and basement. By design, the steel framework will be
pin-jointed. This means that the steel beams will be subjected to bending and
deflection and will also be designed to counter such. The standard horizontal beam
length and column length are 8m and 4m respectively. While the design of the
building is made to 10m and 5m respectively. This means that certain fabrications
will have to be done and this will invariably incur cost. The frame will be bolted to
allow for easier demolition at the end of the buildings life, and welded where bolts
are not suitable.
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Installation of frames: The fabrications are to be done off-site and are to be

transported on-site. After that then the installations can begin. The joining methods
used in installing the beams and columns are critical to the stability of the structure.
Ensuring that the installation is done sequentially and ensuring that the bolt
connections are tight and welds are perfect go a long way in strengthening the build.
Cranes will be used for a very large part of this installation process.

Slabs

The slabs will be built to a thickness of 250mm spanning 10m in length and 5m in width.
Based on the design it should be able to carry two offices also should consider all the
weights (dead, live and self). A total of twelve slabs are need for every office wing on every
floor. The slabs will be built using in-situ reinforced concrete and not pre-cast. This was
concluded so as to save time and money. Also because the materials needed for the in-situ
casting will be on site readily available and any casts/moulds can be reused throughout the
construction. It will also be ensured that the slabs are built as near perfect flat as possible so
that it will bear all the loads.
Note: the frame and slabs will be installed floor by floor, allowing the slabs to laterally
restrain the supporting beams, and to make it easier for the cranes to work. This also
prevents the steel erecting crews from having to work on narrow beams, instead having a
sturdy floor to work on as they install the framework and slabs for the floor above.
Note on lifting with cranes: In a standard crane hire agreement, the Hirer will plan the lift, select
a suitable crane, specify the slinging and signaling arrangements, supervise the lift and be
responsible for the lifting operation. The Hirer should also have adequate insurance to cover any loss
or damage to the crane or equipment whilst the crane is under the control of the hirer.
http://www.emsleycranehireuk.co.uk/site/
Walls (internal)

It is important that time be given to allow the concrete slabs to set, after which the walls
will be erected. These are to be constructed using glass fibre reinforced concrete panels and
erected at the end of each slab on the office wings and not between the offices. The core
areas of the building will also be walled to be able to support the services in those areas
(elevators, toilets, corridors). Where office spaces are required to be adjustable, thinner
walls will be installed to allow reconfiguration of the floor plan in the future, should it be
required.
External walls

We propose Glass-fibre reinforced concrete as it is made in pre-cast panels and is easier and
quicker to install than using breeze blocks or similar construction methods. This will be
finished with an insulating render and painted bright white. Large glass panes along the
entire length of each floor will maximise natural light. The horizontal bands of glass and
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white render on the concrete will lower the profile of the building, giving a sleeker look and
keep it aesthetic with other buildings on the campus.
Atrium

The atrium will be clad in lightweight ETFE, a plastic membrane that weighs a fraction of
glass. This allows for an open-plan atrium with less supporting columns that will maximise
the amount of natural light and give the feel of a large open space. The EFTE will extend
from the first floor front of the building (with automatic glass doors on the ground floor to
allow access), up the front, supported by a beam at each floor level, to the roof. Here the
EFTE will be placed in a shallow dome-shaped structure to allow water run-off. The ETFE will
then extend down the back of the atrium, also to maximise the amount of natural light and
to fully separate the two glass and concrete wings. This makes the whole atrium section,
which houses a reception area on the ground floor, all three elevators and the main stair
case and each concrete floor landing, feel much more open and spacious. The landing on
each floor will be concrete cast in-situ due to its unusual shape: a large section is scoopedout to allow light onto lower floors, while providing an elevated point to look out either
front or back and take in views of campus and the surrounding area. The landings will be
supported at the front by two large columns arranged in an a-frame. This keeps the ground
floor atrium free of columns (the a-frame will straddle the entrance) and provide a support
for the top of the ETFE roof. At the back, beams connected to the wing framework and
elevator supports will provide safe support for each landing.
Roofing

The choice of the main roof of the building is a flat roof. It was chosen as that because of a
principal design factor which is the water recovery system. The flat roof will also be made
with slanting edges which channel water collected into a tank at the rear of the building.
Another consideration was the advantage a flat roof offers as it is easier to place vents,
ducts and other services such as mobile phone masts or satellite aerials.
Finishing

After the walls and the roofing have been done, the finishing process of the building begins
almost immediately after that.

1st stage (cladding, Tiling, And Painting): Part of the finishing of the building
includes these three key elements. Work on all three will begin simultaneously and
expected to finish about the same time. Cladding will be done externally to the b
building to mainly conceal parts of the naked structure. Painting finish is done both
internally and externally according to the requirements of the client. While tiling
will be done in the toilets and kitchenettes on the various floors.

2nd Stage (Service Instalments): The installation of the services in the buildings
comes after the 1st stage. The elevators, plumbing, electrical, gas and other services

20

are all fitted. Often this will include some damage to the works done in the 1 st stage
but the inadequacies will be covered well.

3rd Stage (Testing and Cleaning): The installations done in the 2nd stage need to be
tested to give the builders a general idea of the sustainability and functionality of the
building for as many years as designed. It is crucial that this is done before handing
over the building to the client and checked with high detailing.
After the testing, general cleaning of the building and its exteriors can begin.

Handing Over the Building

This is the final part of the process, the handing over of the building and commissioning it
into service. It is a prerequisite of handing over that the building is checked for any defects
especially during construction that might not have been noticed. The building should have
passed the testing stage without any concern. Any points of concern will be rectified before
the building is handed over to the client.
TIMESCALE

PROCESS

Duration
(weeks)

Design

Site inspection

Site establishment/Fabrication

Excavations

Foundation/Basement

Building

34

Installations

Misc.

Table 4

Architectural and structural designs will be about 6weeks and can coincide with some with
some on site construction work.
Site inspection for an area of approximately 10,000m2 will take about 2weeks to complete.
This includes soil investigation and ground profiling.
After inspections the site establishment will take just over a week while off site fabrications
of steel sections will take 6weeks.
Surveying also linked in with ground investigation before, during and after construction will
take about a week and excavations will add 3weeks to the count.

21

Foundations being the beginning of the structure based on our design will take about
4weeks as concrete will need 28days to reach maximum strength. The basement of over
2000m2 will take just over 4weeks.
Building main frame such as installations, steel framings for beams and columns, floor slabs
of reinforced concrete, roofing and finishing will take over 34weeks for all the required
floors.
Electrics and water plumbing through to handing over will take over 7weeks, based on

commissioning it into service and all the regulations that go with it.
Total time taken will fall on an estimate of 57weeks taking into consideration that
some processes take place simultaneously.

22

Time Scale of Building Process

06-Jan

25-Feb

16-Apr

05-Jun

25-Jul

13-Sep

02-Nov

22-Dec

10-Feb

01-Apr

Design
Site inspection
Site establishment/Fabrication
Excavations
Foundation/Basement
Building
Installations
Misc.

Misc.

Installations

Building

Start Date

03-Feb-15

16-Dec-14

22-Apr-14

Duration

34

Site
Foundation/
Site
Excavations establishmen
Basement
inspection
t/Fabrication
25-May-14 04-Mar-14 21-Jan-14
07-Jan-14
4

Design
06-Jan
6

Table 5

Table 4 shows the timescale of the processes and table 5 is a Gantt chart of the building construction
process.

23

Appendix 1- calculations

24

25

26

27

Foundations and basement

Summary:
The proposed building design uses steel columns arranged in rows for each wing, and an open-plan
atrium with a 2000m3 basement underneath. In order to support the structure, we propose the
following foundation plan. The site survey reveals that the underlying bedrock is sloping downwards
towards point A on figure 18 The earth above this comprises construction materials from previously
demolished Victorian housing and sandy clay as topsoil. Unfortunately, this material is unsuitable for
supporting any large structure, and will have to be removed in order for foundations to be installed.
For each wing, due to the wide spacing of the columns, we propose square reinforced concrete pad
foundations be installed for each column, each of differing depths onto the sandstone bedrock, such
as to create a level ground floor base, approximately 4m above Point A on the site plan. Further site
analysis will be required to determine the exact height before construction commences. Beneath the
atrium, the basement will be constructed directly onto the sandstone base, and act as a raft-type
foundation. Note: some of the reinforced concrete pads for the columns will be in the basement, but
the reduction in basement volume will be relatively insignificant. To support the atrium above, a
number of small-diameter reinforced concrete columns will be installed in the basement. Again, this
will not significantly reduce the volume of the basement.
In order to prevent water ingress into the basement a non-permeable membrane will be installed
around the basement walls during construction.
The Victorian in-fill excavated for construction will be stored on-site and re-used for non-loadbearing in-fill when landscaping the site once the building is installed. This negates the need to
remove excess material from the site and reduces the amount of heavy dump trucks going to and
from the site
The bearing capacity of the sandstone base is 580KN/m2.
External Foundations
Figure 19
The calculated load for the
external columns (those around
the edge of each wing) is
1200KN per column. Therefore a
foundation of minimum area
1.75m
2.07m2 is required. Taking into
account the weight of the
concrete pad, an area of 2.32m2
is required. To reduce the
amount of concrete and to
1.75m
make laying foundations faster,
we propose square pad
foundations of dimensions
1.75m x 1.75m, giving an area of
3.06m2 per pad. This will safely
and effectively transfer the load to the underlying sandstone.

Column and
base plate

Variable
depth

28

Internal Columns
The calculated load for the internal columns of each wing is 1600KN per column. As some columns in
the interior of the building are spaced closer together, we propose that short strip-type
foundations are installed, so as one larger pad supports the load from two columns. Because of this,
a rectangular pad of minimum area 5.52m2 is required. Taking into account the weight of the
concrete pad, the total area required is 6.19m2. As the columns are spaced 2m apart, we propose
pad foundations 4m wide by 1.75m long. This gives an area of 7m2 and so again, will effectively and
safely transmit the load onto the underlying rock, while still maintaining enough area per column to
safely transmit the load.
Columns and
base plates

1.75m

Variable
depth
1.00m
4.00m

Figure 20

Our proposed design for the foundations features identically shaped pads, so laying them is easier
because the process for each pad is identical. Done in this way, much time will be saved, bringing
forward the construction schedule.

29

The foundations will be laid out in a grid pattern as shown:

2m

5m
10m

Figure 21

The blue lines indicate the beams supporting the

floor slabs; the red dots represent the columns.
This is, we feel, the most cost-effective method for
constructing the foundations, as less site excavation
is required, and much less concrete is required than
in other types of foundations. Steel sheet piles will
be installed between concrete pads to prevent
movement of soil around the foundations.
For the basement, a concrete raft will be laid
directly onto the sandstone, varying from 200mm
thick at its shallowest, creating a level basement.
The concrete will be thickest where it is closest to
Point A. Some of the above concrete pads will be
incorporated into this raft. Provisions will be made
for the installation of facilities (water, electricity
etc.) at this point. Reinforced concrete columns to
support the atrium floor will be installed.

Each concrete pad will be reinforced to prevent any crumbling. As the concrete is under vertical
compression, some lateral loading is expected. To account for this, each pad will be reinforced with a
horizontal lattice of rebar, of diameter ~20mm, in four layers. This will hold each pad together
horizontally by providing ~6300mm2 of area per side to reinforce the concrete block.
We feel that these foundation designs will successfully, effectively and safely transfer the load of the
building to the ground, without fear of failure, collapse or unsatisfactory lateral movement. We feel
that the proposed design is the most time and cost effective, using a minimum amount of concrete,
and being required to excavate less ground before construction can begin.

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

Appendix 2 Sustainability
Introduction
To meet the maximum amount of sustainability possible throughout the entire life cycle of the office
space the design will comply with the fullest extent of BREEAM. BREEAM, or Building Research
Establishments Environment Assessment Method, aims to provide:

An unbiased independent assessment method for the sustainably of building

Recognition and ranking of a building sustainability credentials
A ranking system to stimulate the demand for sustainable building

Sustainability is a key part of our project brief as we are required to construct a building that aims to:
1. Increase energy efficiency and reduce C02 emissions throughout the life and construction of
building.
2. Reduce mains water usage.
3. Employ recycled and reused low impact and locally sourced materials throughout
construction.
4. Improve and enhance existing buildings and design for longevity.
5. Utilise Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems (SUDS).
6. Provide adequate space for recycling and composting.
7. Monitor and penalise pollution.
8. Measure, integrate and enhance biodiversity.
9. Strategically reduce the need to travel by car.
Using these guidelines I have separated the BREEM codes and practices into a table that is relevant
to the project brief requirements and the office type structure. (See table 6)
WAT 1 Water consumption
Up to a possible of three credits is available for demonstrating that a high percentage of water
consumption has been reduced though the building. To convert the most amount water the
restrooms will be fitted with:

If Sign Universal 4/2L dual flush

AIRFLUSH urinal system
Taps with flow regulators

Another sustainable technology that is implemented into the building is a rainwater harvesting
system that directs and collects rainwater into an underground tank. The collected water will be
pumped into the building for the purpose of WC flush.
The office structure will achieve three BREEAM credits due to a 60% reduction in water
consumption.
TRA 3 Cyclist Facilities

40

Two credits are available for the integration of secure storage accommodation of bicycles and
adequate changing rooms to be provided for at least 10% of staff. The designed building
corresponds with BREEAMS recommendations with the addition of two Pluto Steel Cycle Shelters to
satisfactorily house storage facilities for 12.5% of employed staff.
Although bicycle shelters have been incorporated into the layout it would be unpractical to include
an extra changing room in the design of the building due to the additional cost in materials that this
would incur.
One out of the two credits will be accredited to the BREEAM score.
ENE 2 Sub-metering of Substantial Energy Uses
A credit will be awarded for implementing a meter of the energy use. To create the highest level of
efficiency throughout the building a BEMS system will be fitted. BEMS, or Building Management
system, monitors energy use and temperature throughout the building.
With the addition of the BEMS system 20% of the energy used in heating and cooling the building
will be saved therefore a BREEAM credit will be given.
WAT 2 Water Meter
To be in full compliance with BREEAM WAT2 requires:

A water meter supplied to the mains water supply to monitor flow rate and detect any leaks
The water meter must have a pulsed output to allow connection to the building
Management System

With the simple inclusion of water meter any lost water due to plumbing failures can be quickly
detected resulting in the conservation of water as well as limiting the water damage costs.
WST 2 Recycled Aggregate
A possible one credit is available for using recycled or secondary aggregates in the construction
process. To obtain the possible BREEAM credit at least 25 %( by volume or weight) of the aggregate
used must be collected from the existing site or from a waste processing site (within 30 km of the
construction). If secondary aggregate is used in the construction process the amount of waste to
land fill can be considerably reduced.
The extensive use of Glass Reinforced Concrete throughout the faade of the building increases the
total amount recycled aggregate between 1.5-3.5% of the weight of GRC corresponds to the weight
of the recycled glass fibres.
Another recycled aggregate that is going to be used throughout the landscaping is Victorian Red
Brick. Red Brick is been used as an aggregate due to the grounds of the situated construction which
is heavily saturated in the remains of back filled Victorian basements.
At least 20% of aggregate used will be glass fibre or crushed red brick as the concrete mix design
thus achieving the BREEM credit.

41

WST 3 Recyclable Waste Storage

One credit (obligatory for excellent BREEAM rating) is awarded for providing a dedicated recycling
space, within accessible distance of the building, and good vehicular access. The size of the office
space is approximately 8000m2 so the minimum waste storage space required is 16m2.The space
must also provide the separation and storage of the following recyclable goods:

Paper
Cardboard
Glass
Plastics

MAT 7 Designs for Robustness

One BREEAM credit is awarded for protecting vulnerable parts of the building or a design decision to
increase service life. To maximise the longevity of the building the glass reinforced concrete is to be
casted into panels. Due to the non-structural elements the GRC undertakes the panels have the
ability to be removed or replaced anytime a refurbishment or retrofit is needed. By using GRC panels
because they contain no steel reinforcements the panels are immune to degradation from
carbonation. By implementing this design throughout the entire external faade this will greatly
increase the robustness and long life of the building.
MAT 6 Insulation
BREEAM awards up to three credits for providing evidence that the thermal properties have been
designed to obtain the optimum level of efficiency. The insulation we have selected to use is:

Glass
Reinforced concrete with its superior thermal qualities for the faade
Cellar concrete as a coating for the reinforced concrete slabs
Rockwool for the cavities in between the walls
Firezero pads to insulate the roof with removable panels

GRC uses recycled glass fibre as an aggregate which allows more light to pass though the material,
compared to normal concrete, which reduces the reflective index of the concrete. Due to GRC lower
reflective index this has the effect of reducing the Albedo effect of the structure increasing the
amount of possible heat absorption and in succession the energy efficiency of the building.
If you see figure 3 the calculations demonstrate the superior thermal resistance of the designed
walls and floors. The amount of heat lost per metre square of temperature change is miniscule
compared to the typical office energy use.
ENE 1 Reduction of CO2 Emissions
To maximise the possible amount of reductions in CO2 the building will be installed with a combined
heat and power generator. A combined heat and power generator or CHP vastly reduces a buildings
emissions through the reduction of the electric distance travelled. Instead of electricity being
supplied through conventional methods the CHP generator utilises biomass (or any other) fuel to
generate electricity. By simply generating electricity on site this has the effect of reducing a
42

buildings CO2 emissions by up to 50% with conventional fuels and it is possible to reduce to a carbon
neutral form of power by only using biofuels. The buildings CO2 emissions have also been reduced
by using OSRAM SubstiTUBE Basic LED tubes lighting, an elevator management system which
disables energy use when needed, the extensive use of insulation and the incorporation of motors
on the windows to allow natural ventilation into the building rather than using air conditioning. For
the full list of energy reductions see figure 2.

43

Ene 1

Reduction of CO2 emissions

C / DT

11.88%

15

Wat 1

Water consumption

C / DT

3.00%

Tra 3

Cyclists' facilities

C / DT

1.60%

Tra 4

Pedestrian & cyclist safety

C / DT

0.80%

Tra 6

Maximum car parking capacity

C / DT

1.60%

Man 8

Security

C / DT

1.20%

Hea 2

View out

DT

1.15%

DT / MC

2.00%

C / DT

0.83%

Technical
Design

2.38%

Design
Developmen
t

C / DT

Concept

Credits
Available

Design Brief

Credit Weight
(%)

Low- or zero-carbon technologies

BREEAM Issues

Design

Appraisal

Decision/Action
Responsibility

Ene 5

Issue ID

Preparation

PreAgreement

Exemplary
Level Credit?

PreAgreement

PRE

Energy

Water Conservation

Reduction of Carbon Emissions from Transport

Reduction of Carbon Emissions from Transport

Energy/Water Monitoring

Table 6

LE 6

Long-term impact on biodiversity

Pol 6

Minimising water pollution

Hea 12

Microbial contamination

DT

1.15%

Ene 2

Sub-metering of substantial energy uses

DT

0.79%

44

Ene 3

Sub-metering of high energy load areas & tenancy

DT

0.79%

Wat 2

Water meter

DT

1.00%

Wst 2

Recycled aggregates

DT / MC

1.07%

Wst 3

Storage for recyclable waste

C / DT

1.07%

Ene 4

External lighting

DT

0.79%

Hea 1

Daylighting

DT

1.15%

Hea 7

Potential for natural ventilation

DT

1.15%

Hea 8

Indoor air quality

DT

1.15%

Hea 9

Volatile organic compounds

DT

1.15%

Hea 10

Thermal comfort

DT

1.15%

Hea 13

Acoustic performance

DT

1.15%

DT

3.85%

DT

0.96%

DT

2.88%

Energy/Water Monitoring

Site Waste Reduction

Efficiency of Operational Waste Management

Passive Design Techniques/ Users' Health

Mat 1

Mat 2

Materials specification (major building elements)

Hard landscaping & boundary protection

Mat 5

Responsibly sourced materials

Mat 6

Insulation

DT

1.92%

Mat 7

Designing for robustness

DT

0.96%

Wst 6

Floor finishes

DT

1.07%

Low-Impact Materials

45

Litres/year Litres/year Litres/year

Water Cost per year

Net Water requirement

per year

kWh

Collected rain water per

year

Energy Consumption for

the building

kWh

Water consumption per

year

Energy Consumption per

floor

Energy Total

Other (Catering, Fans

etc)

Office Equipment

Lighting

Cooling

Heating & Hot Water

kWh/m2 kWh/m2 kWh/m2 kWh/m2 kWh/m2 kWh/m2

/year

Typical Office building

178

31

54

49

92

404

603616.4 3018082

2581280

2581280

3017.516

Sustainable Office

142.4

24.8

0.075

49

92

308.275

460593.7 2302968

2581281

1577664

1003617

1173.228

Energy Reduction

23.69

Water Reduction

Table 7

46

61.12

Figure 22

Cellar Concrete
Reinforce Concrete
Fire Protection
Steel

Firezero Pads
Floor Design

RockWool Insulation

Heat Loss at Web

Thermal
Thickness Conductivity
m
Celllar Concrete
Reinforce Concrete
Fire Protection
Steel
Firezero Pads
RockWool
Insulation

Thermal
Resistance

U Value

W/m K

W/m2K

m K/W

0.040
0.250
0.040
0.417
0.025

0.075
1.750
0.060
50.000
0.035

0.000

0.035

0.533
0.143
0.667
0.48415
0.008
0.714
0.000

Heat Loss at Flange

Thermal
Thickness Conductivity
m
Celllar Concrete
Reinforce Concrete
Fire Protection
Steel
Firezero Pads
RockWool
Insulation

Thermal
Resistance

U Value

W/m K

W/m2K

m K/W

0.040
0.250
0.421
0.036
0.025

0.075
1.750
0.060
50.000
0.035

0.000

0.035

0.533
0.143
7.013
0.11898
0.001
0.714
0.000

Heat Loss at Insulation

Thermal
Thickness Conductivity
m
Celllar Concrete
Reinforce Concrete
Fire Protection
Steel
Firezero Pads
RockWool
Insulation

Thermal
Resistance

U Value

W/m K

W/m2K

m K/W

0.040
0.250
0.000
0.000
0.025

0.075
1.750
0.060
50.000
0.035

0.457

0.035

0.533
0.143
0.000
0.06919
0.000
0.714
13.063

Table 8

Figure 23

Fire Protection
Steel
RockWool Insulation
Glass Fibre Reinforced Concrete

Wall Design

Heat Loss at Web

Thermal
Thickness Conductivity

Thermal
Resistance

U
Value

m2K/W

W/m2K

GRC
RockWool
Insulation
Fire Protection
Steel

W/m K
0.030

0.123

0.245

0.000
0.040
0.308

0.035
0.060
50.000

0.000
0.667
0.006

1.090

Heat Loss at Flange

GRC
RockWool
Insulation

Thermal
Thickness Conductivity

Thermal
Resistance

U
Value

m2K/W

W/m2K

W/m K
0.030

0.123

0.245

0.000

0.035

0.000

0.199

Fire Protection
Steel

0.287
0.031

0.060
50.000

4.778
0.001

Heat Loss at Insulation

GRC
RockWool
Insulation
Fire Protection
Steel

Thermal
Thickness Conductivity

Thermal
Resistance

U
Value

m2K/W

W/m2K

W/m K
0.030

0.123

0.245

0.308
0.000
0.000

0.035
0.060
50.000

8.797
0.000
0.000

0.111

Table 9

Appendix 3 health and safety

The project is the construction of a new office building upon the site of where kirkstone hall
of residence used to reside. Our aim is to build an office site that can accommodate the occupancy
of 320 administrators, of which 6% are senior staff. Whilst constructing this new office building, we
had to keep in trend with the universities aim of developing new and improved sustainable buildings
such as the newly renovated and refurbished Richmond building, the re:centre and the STEM
building. Whilst proposing this building we still have to abide by construction rules such as
Construction (Design and management) 2007 and the health and safety at work etc act 1974.
During any phase of construction, health and safety is a big component that every
party involved must be aware of and attend to. Within our project the following dates are penned in
dates that involve extra planning, so that we can ensure that we comply to all the rules or CDM
2007. This is to ensure that we have significantly reduced the risk of any harm that may arise to any
member that is involved during this project during and after construction. Health and safety is split
into three parts regarding a project.

Health and safety must be accounted for, for all three steps. Before construction is mainly the
planning of health and safety regarding it during and after construction.

PROCESS

Duration
(weeks)

Design

Site inspection

Site establishment/Fabrication

Excavations

Foundation/Basement

Building

34

Installations

Misc.

Table 10

As you can see from table 10, we have important procedures pencilled in. The processes that
are the most dangerous and need meticulous planning are the excavations, foundation/basement,
building and installation. During these process, there is an increased chance of risk involved with all
members and parties. Therefore our health and safety plan has been carefully constructed to
efficiently work with our construction plans.
With any project, all of the responsibilities and areas are spread over a team of professionals. Within
our project the following parties are involved:

Clients
Designers
Cdm co-ordinators
Principle contractors
Contractors
Workers

Each and every single one of these members and parties have a role and responsibility to
ensure the project is completed as smoothly and as efficiently as possible. Whilst also not
neglecting their duty of their role of ensuring the health and safety of parties involved are
attended to. All the participating members each have a specific role, as listed below, their role is
stated as well who they are and what their purpose is.

Clients: the university of Bradford are the clients. They have provided the site details, as well
the briefing in which we must follow for the project. They have provided us with a few
requirements that we must comply by

Designers: design the building and its structure so that the client has a visual representation
of what they are investing in
CDM co-ordinators: they act as the client project advisor. They re in charge and responsible
for offering advice on construction, health and safety and risk management. They are also
the source for making sure that information regarding health and safety can be passed on
between clients, designers and contractors
Principle contractor: a principle contractor will be appointed, their role is to plan and
manage the site during its construction phase. They will be working very closely with the
CDM co-ordinator as they both have issues that need to be resolve and are there to manage
the site and ensure the wellbeing of the work force and anyone else who may be on site.
contractors: they will in charge of monitoring the work of the work force. They will also be
responsible for providing the correct information to the workers and to provide adequate
training
workers: they are the workforce on the construction site. We will be employing a workforce
of 20-25

As the construction phase is the most dangerous phase of the project, we have carefully
designed our site so that we can reduce the chance of any accidents occurring and ensuring that
every member and party on site are safe from any danger. Below figure 24 is the site plan during the
construction phase.

Figure 24

The structure of the site plan is as follows:

the crosses on one lane of longside lane represent a closed lane during the construction
phase. This will be open again after the construction phase has been completed
the letters in the circle represent cctv cameras
block dots represent emergency lines that connect to the security office, site office and
999
arrows represent the direction that traffic will follow
the red line around the building represents the construction area
numbers represent important site locations

The numbers on the site represent the following:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.

Temporary site car park

Security office
Plant maintenance yard
Site office situated on top of site canteen
Welfare office
Bay toilet
Washing facilities/changing room
Tower cranes
Site skips
Waste materials
Site compound
Site storage
Using this plan, we hope that it will ensure the safety of those who are entering the site.
By abiding by the following bodies:
The Health and Safety at Work Act
The Construction Design and Management Regulations
The Construction (Health Safety and Welfare) Regulations

1974
2007
1999

Where applicable the following regulations are also included:

The Management of Health and Safety at Work Regs.

1999

The Manual Handling Operations Regs.

1992

The Provision and use of Work Equipment Regs.

1992

The Personal Protective Equipment at Work Regs.

1992

The Health and Safety (Display Screen Equipment) Regs.

1992

The Workplace(Health, Safety and Welfare) Regs.

1992

The Health and Safety (Young Persons) regs.

1997

The control of asbestos regulations

2006

Confined spaces regulations

1997

Electricity at work regulations

1989

Regulatory reform (Fire Safety) Order

2005

Health and Safety (first aid) regulations

1981

Lifting Operations and Lifting Equipment regulations

1998

Control of major accident hazards Regulations

1999

Control of noise at work regulations

2005

Health and Safety (safety signs and signals) regulations

1996

Control of substances hazardous to health regulations

2002

The control of vibration at work regulations

2005

Work at height regulations

2005

Provision and use of work equipment regulations

1998

we constructed the health and safety plan as follows.

Management of the work

The main aim of the Construction (Design and management) regulations is to integrate the
health and safety applications into the project and to allow everyone to cooperate together
in the project to:

Improve all aspects of planning and management from the very start
Identify all the potential risks and hazards that might be involved in the project
before, during and after the project. When done at the start, the project can run
more smoothly and according to plan
Target the areas where most good can be done in terms of health and safety, and
And to avoid bureaucracy

The regulations of health and safety are to be managed thoroughly and mainly concentrate
on the planning and management throughout the project from start to finish. It is not an
extra thought to the project but an essential where without it, the project cannot be
undertaken. It sets out the minimum legal requirements of the construction work and
focuses on the health, safety and welfare of the work force.
The plan should be reviewed at regular intervals and definitely before the work is due to
start. The roles and positions of everyone should be stated as well the prevention or risks
and hazards according to the regulations. All the desired work for the project should be
stated in the plan and then should be assessed on how to make it safe and comply with
health and hazard free.

Management structure and responsibilities

The Health and Safety Executive (HSE) will administer the health and safety issues stated in
the project. The regulations of the CDM provide responsibilities fairly to everyone involved
in the project to be able to work in the best possible way with each other taking into
account health, safety and welfare. The structure consists of a client, designer, project
coordinator and the principal contractor.

Client- the client for our project will appoint the principle contractor and the project
coordinator. He will ensure the information on health and safety matters reaches the
project coordinator and that the principle contractor makes a suitable plan for the
project.
Designer- will make sure the client is aware of their duties and considers the design
application taking into account all the health and safety regulations.
Project Coordinator- will ensure a phase plan is prepared and that the HSE are
notified of the work to be done. Will also make sure the designers are abiding by the
health and safety regulations. Will make sure the health and safety file is fully
prepared and that contractors are understanding and are fully equipped to abide by
the health and safety issues.
Principle Contractor- will develop the construction phase plan and will administer
the health and safety issues day-to-day basis.

Responsibilities:

Contracts Manager:

Will identify the requirements of enabling health and safety issues and the resources
Will assign work to the project team, complete the Construction Phase Health and
Safety Plan to be reviewed by the health and safety manager, accept the COSHH
Assessments
Will carry regular site visits, have regular meetings with the project team to assess
any actual/potential risks and will report to the principle contractor
Will review the health and safety plan regularly and make amendments

Site Manager:

Will make arrangement for the setup of the site offices, security, and welfare i.e. fire
extinguishers, first aid kit and notices
Arrange induction training for the team and make sure for awareness the health and
safety is in place
Will make sure all the necessary requirements are in place for health and safety, will
notice training needs of the staff, will make sure the health and safety plan is
implemented
Will carry out inspections of the equipment, site, plant and scaffolding
8

Will report all health and safety issues to the project manager and will notify
everyone of any issues in the meetings
Will keep records of the health and safety

Safety Team:
The safety team consists of 5 people and are to aid the management of health and safety
issues, e.g., site inspections, and investigation of any accidents, routine checks and
information of on-site workers.

Health and safety goals for the project including arrangements for
monitoring and reviewing health and safety performance.
We ensure that the project is carried out in accordance with the health and safety at work
1974 act and the construction (Design and Management) regulations 2007 to ensure the
project as a whole is undertaken safely.
We and the whole team consider health, safety and welfare as well as the environment at
the top of our priorities. A negative attitude of not taking any type of risks and hazards
highly is not acceptable.
Continuous monitoring of the health and safety compliance on site will be monitored by the
management. Problems will be notified to the principle contractor.
We will monitor the site in regular intervals and the time between each interval could
change according to the amount of possible risks and hazards. A monthly meeting will be in
place of the managers within the project. The inspection of the site will be discussed and
any amendments of the health and safety plan will be made.
Arrangements for:

i)

regular liaison between parties on site

Before work starts, all the contractors involved will inform the contract manager of any
work that could affect any worker on the site. Work will only begin after complete liaison
between all contractors and workers on site to make sure that the health and safety goals
are agreed and acted upon.
The Principle contractor will ensure there is good and positive communicating between the
workers, contractors and others that are involved in the project. To ensure this, we will have
a regular meeting every month. The meeting will discuss the current work and any health
and safety issues that might have occurred or that are likely to occur. Addition to this, the
security guards, site manager, safety team, contracts manager and any other person of high
position will be allocated, on site, a two way radio system. This allows fast and easy
communication to notify the relevant person of any arising health and safety issues.

ii)

Consultation with workforce

9

We will consult with all our employees about health and safety related issues. We will hold a
meeting every month specifically for the employees on site about health and safety
regulations and to keep a check on how safe the project is running. This meeting is in
addition to the meeting of keeping liaison between all organisations in the project. Also,
any potential risks and hazards will be discussed as well as toolbox talks of how to abide by
the health and safety regulations.
The employees on site are the best people to get advice and information from as they would
have experience on site and know how to deal with them most.

iii)

Exchange of design information between client, designers, CDM

coordinator and contractors on site

In our project, the Designer will make sure to pass on the design plans to all the project
team involved. Therefore, disagreement and problems will not occur later in the stage and
especially after the whole construction. Any amendments can be made at the time of
reviewing the plan. Also, we would have regular reviews of the plan to make sure the
building is buildable and is sustainable and to asses where most health and safety attention
needs to be focused at.

iv)

Handling design changes during the project

When a change is needed to the design due to any reason, we will only start once we have
all the relevant information of the design and the potential risks and hazards are outlined.
Otherwise, we would find it too dangerous to continue the work.

v)

The selection and control of contractors

The contractors that are to be part of the project must complete an assessment. Only if the
assessment is passed, will they then be approved to be part of the project. This will make
sure all the members of the project are qualified to do carry out their roles properly
according to regulations. The Contracts manager will make sure this process runs smoothly
and will abide by this ruling.

vi)

The exchange of health and safety information between contractors

All contractors on site must provide information on how potential risks and hazards may
arise from their work in the project that could affect the health and safety of the workers.
The health and safety will be based from the construction phase plan. All the contractors
must accept the construction phase plan, so in this way, everyone would know the risks and
hazards that may arise and how to tackle them.
The copy of the health and safety regulations as well as the health and safety procedures
will be made available around the site. Addition to this, the Construction Phase plan will be
posted at different points on the site.

10

vii)

Site security

We will ensure all theft and inappropriate activity in avoided by ensuring a good and safe
plan is in place. The security parameters that we have decided upon will be provided by the
company named Permanex CCS Group.

The site will be surrounded by a temporary hired hoarding, which will be finished off
with metal barbing on top as extra pre caution
There would be barriers into the site car park before reaching the gates where the
security guards are present
The gates would be handled by one security guard during the day of a 12 hour shift
and two security guards during the night also with a 12 hour shift each ensuring 24
hour security. The security will be part of the Bradford University as the site is within
the premises
The system of entering the site would be by an identity card and the security guard
manually granting access as the identification has been approved legitimate. The
reason for going against electronic cards is that they could easily be passed to one
another and general public and may experience faults
An alarm would be placed at the gate in case any danger is seen, which would be
under the control of the security guards. This is mainly for the purpose of the night
shift as there would be a larger potential of anyone intruding
All vehicles would need to be safely parked during out of work hours to avoid any
theft
Warnings and signs to be placed for the public and inside the site
Signage must be displayed around the site
The site car park will be surrounded by anti-climb fencing, so people can not intrude
into the site before reaching the security guards
CCTV cameras on site shown in the site plan below. The cameras are rotating 3600.

viii)

Site induction

Health and Safety is taken very seriously and of utmost importance within this project. We
will provide induction sessions. The induction sessions are compulsory for any person that
will work in the project. The induction would require a signature, which will confirm that
you have understood and will abide by the regulations. This induction would be protecting
the health of you and all the other workers.
The induction session will cover the following topics:

Health and Safety regulations

Potential risks and hazards
Construction Phase Plan
Rules within the site
Site security
11

Entering the site

System of welfare facilities
Reporting an incident
Traffic management
Fire and emergency procedures

ix)

On-site training

Over 200 people are killed in accidents every year and over 100 million are injured.
Therefore, we very strongly believe in providing the best training to our workers. This way,
we are preventing any death or ill-health to our workers, we are preventing any financial
costs to treating of accidents at the site and we will be making our employees competent in
the health and safety regulations.
We will give explanations and where applicable, demonstrations of how to use the
equipment on the site as well as question and answer sessions in the end. We will make
sure that the workers will know how to perform their roles perfectly, with notices and
guidance around the site.
The workers will be taught how to:

React when a fire is caused

Work with toxic material
Use machinery like cranes
Lift heavy objects
Keep the welfare areas clean, such as the toilets in order to maintain hygiene
Use the vehicles on site

x)

Welfare facilities and first aid

If order for the Project to begin, we need to make sure we have adequate facilities for the
workers in terms of welfare and first aid. Therefore we have the following facilities made
available:
Welfare

A portable bay toilet, 16 by 9 foot, 3 +1 toilet will be hired from the company,
Mobilemini. Theses toilets are within the guidelines of HSE.
A portable canteen, 20 by 8 foot, is also hired from Mobilemini
Washing facilities in the cubicles and the canteen
Clean warm and cold water is provided from the taps

12

A changing cubicle which is suitable for 6 people at any one time is provided.
Separate for men and women. The changing rooms are portable and will have
lockers for 35 people inside.
We would also hire a site office from Mobilemini. The office will be placed on top of
the canteen and would have the same dimensions as the canteen.

First Aid

Site manager will make sure there is adequate first aid facilities on site
First aid kits around the site will be enough for all the workers at any one time
Detail and information of the closest accident and emergency centre will be on each
of the first aid kit
We would have a qualified first aider in the site office to treat any injured person
Hazard signs will be placed on the site
The number of people on the site at any one time will be recorded using a register
The template of information provided on first aid kits is below

NAME OF FISRT AIDER

Dr Gough
LOCATON OF FIRST AIDER
Site office
NEAREST ACCIDENT AND EMERGENCY CENTRE
Bradford Royal Infirmary
Duckworth Lane
Bradford
West Yorkshire
BD9 6RJ
01274 542200
13

xi)

RIDDOR forms + example

RIDDOR requires us to report accidents if they happen out of or in connection with work.
When related to a work related incident, certain types of the accidents are reportable. They
are the death of a person, specified injuries, and incapacitation for more than 7 days and
being taken directly for treatment.
All injuries will be reported to the contracts manager by the site manager however minor it
is. However, when the injury is reportable defined by RIDDOR, then the HSE will be notified
through the telephone by the health and safety team. The site manager will ensure that the
injury is reported to the HSE.
The injured person will be recorded in our records for our own progression in improving
health and safety. We would have an accident book (B1510) in the site office and the details
of the incident will be recorded in it. The telephone number to contact the HSE, 0845 300
9923, will be placed at all first aid sites so that the safety team have easy access to it. When
filling the report online, we would make sure that it is done within 10 days of the injury and
15 days if the worker is over 7 days of incapacitation. As shown in the following pages, we
have a included a completed RIDDOR form, to show how a completed one will look like.

xii)

Production and approval of risk assessment forms and written systems of

work

As part of our project under the guidelines of HSE, reports and assessments are required to
secure health and safety on site. We will make a general assessment of health and safety
risks to which workers on site are vulnerable to. As well as this, we will have specific risk
assessments for work including work at height, hazardous substances (COSHH will be made),
manual handling, noise, vibration and lead.
The Construction Phase Plan is to be checked and update regularly by the principal
contractor during the project. This way, any new possible risks that may arise or detected
can be added and then pointed to the workers to keep up to the standards of HSE
guidelines.
Reports of thorough examination of all lifting equipment like cranes and slings will be
created before they can be used. Excavation, scaffolds and ladders etc. will be inspected
also before use and the report must be retained and easily accessible.
For work such as demolition and dismantling, method statements will be formed from a risk
assessment before they can be carried out.

xiii)

Site rules including drug and alcohol policy

14

We have strict rules for the site and are according to the guidelines of HSE. These rules have
to be followed at all times to prevent accidents and to ensure safety at all times.

1.
2.
3.
4.

Operatives and visitors must report to the Site Manager.

Fire routes should be easily accessible at all times.
Induction talks must be attended by those to enter the site.
All materials must be stored appropriately according to the COSHH
assessments.
5. Building and the public must be protected from the dust, noise and
fumes.
6. No smoking policy on site.
7. Alcohol and drugs are not allowed on site and are not to be taken during
working hours.
8. The dress code must be adhered to at all times.
9. All method statements must be clearly understood and signed by any
person before working on site.
10.Training must have been taken before workers can use specific
machines.
11.No inappropriate language or behaviour on site.
12.Personal Protective Equipment must be worn at all times.
13.No radios other than communication radios are allowed on site.
All personnel are under obligation to abide by these rules otherwise there will
be action from HSE and persecution by us.

xiv)

Fire and emergency procedures

FIRE PLAN

To be displayed at all fire points

1) CONTACT PERSONEL:
Site manager: Dr Gough
Safety team: Bill Jones or Derek Mugaya
2) FIRE PREVENTION PROCEDURES:
15

a) No smoking on site at all times.

b) Regular inspections by the site manager to check maintenance of
machines.
c) Removing unnecessary waste and any obstruction.
d) Severe control of Hot Work.

3) FIRE AND EMERGECNY EVACUATION PROCEDURES:

a) Quick preparation and awareness must be made.
b) The safe routes must be established.
c) Any one of the fire points must be attended on the site.

4) ACTIONS IN THE ACTUAL EVENT OF A FIRE:

a) Raise Alarm at any of the fire points.
b) Call the fire brigade on 999.
c) All workers must leave the site and record their attendance to the
site manager.

DO NOT ATTEMPT TO RE-ENTER THE SITE

UNTIL FURTHER NOTICE OF THE SITE
MANAGER
Arrangements for controlling significant site risks
As with all construction projects, there are three stages of construction that all interested parties
must be aware of and be up to date upon. These three stages of construction must be taken into
consideration when setting up health and safety guidelines according to construction (design and
management) regulations 2007; also known as CDM 2007. The CDM 2007 is set up as to ensure the
health and safety, as well as the well being of any person that will be attentive during any of the
three phases of construction.

16

Access to and from site

Figure 25

An identification badge will be allocated to all members working on this project

Badges will be provided via the client/company clearly indicating holders name and position
on site e.g site manager, workforce, security etc
To obtain this badge team members will complete a site induction as stated with adequate
training
Access into the site perimeter will be via a gate that leads into a car park. This gate will be
open during construction hours and then closed for out of construction hours.
As the gate will be open, people may wander into the car park, so we have also installed anti
climb fence that will surround the car park leading up to the security office
Those who wish to gain entry to the construction site via the barriers will have to show the
security their i.d badge
Security has the right to deny access if they feel that identification may not be legitimate. In
such cases the site office has to be contacted as soon as possible
All guests and visitors must let the company and site manager aware of their visit 24 hours
before hand if possible
Upon entry Visitors will have to sign in and provide identification as to who they are. They
will then be given a temporary visitor badge at the security office. This will clearly indicate
who they are and that they are a visitor
Site perimeter will be hoarded off via hoarding provided by security company
Entry into the site will be via a car park surrounded by anti-climb fencing, which will run up
to the barriers next to the security office as shown in figure 25
Next to the security office a barrier will be hired via the security office, allowing access to
and from the site. A barrier will be place on the entrance road and exit road
After the construction phase has passed. Pedestrian access to and from the site will be
decided upon by the university. However to control the access of vehicles to and from the
site, longside lane already has existing electronic barriers.

17

Traffic routes and segregation of vehicles and pedestrians

Figure 26

Longside lane consists of two lanes. We are closing traffic down the lane closest to the
pedestrian path as shown in figure 26
Arrows indicate the direction of travel via the one way system
The lane open to traffic will be implemented with a speed limit of 5mph, we decided upon
this figure as we did not want to take any chances with debris falling off vehicles travelling at
a higher speed
To segregate pedestrians from the road, temporary anti-climb fencing will be placed on the
pedestrian path. This will be the same fencing as used on the site car park
Signs will be placed at either end of the lane telling traffic that the road is closed, this will be
supported by temporary barriers separating the two lanes

18

In between the two lanes, temporary barriers will be placed so that drivers are aware of
their designated lane space
The whole site, including longside lane, will be operated under one way traffic rule. This one
way rule will also be with a strictly no reversing policy, unless reversing is authorised. In any
case of reversing vehicles must display hazard lights and a siren to warn any vehicle and
workforce that they are reversing.

Delivery and removal of materials and work equipment

Any delivery to the site must be penned into the diary of the site manager. The site manager
must be aware of any scheduled deliveries as he/she can then pass on this information to
the security guard. This way the security guard is notified of any deliveries that are to be
made to the site.
If any emergencies deliveries are to be made, then the security office will notify the site
manager via a two way radio system. Only then can the delivery be authorised and be
granted access into the site.
As you can see from figure 24, deliveries will follow the road path that has been put into
place temporarily.
All delivery vehicles and machinery will still abide by the 5 mph site rule.
figure 27 also shows that next to item 10 and 12 which are respectively the waste materials
and storage units. There is a slip off road. This is designed so that any vehicle wishing to stop
to either pick up waste or to drop off any deliveries, can do so without disrupting any site
traffic. This also allows this process of collecting or delivering to be done in a safe and
peaceful manner as we do not need to rush this process without the pressure of holding up
any work.
Any delivery of work equipment shall be signed in for, and placed straight into the site
compound until needed.
Items 9 on the site are skips. These skips will be emptied every 2 days as we dont want
them to overfill and the cleaning process becomes rushed and unsafe.
19

Construction chutes as shown below will be fitted onto the construction support such as
scaffolding and will lead into the skip
Every week, structure number 10 will be emptied as to ensure that it is never overflowing.
Its also to ensure that any materials that may be harmful such as broken glass etc are not on
site for very long

Figure 27

Protection of the public

To protect the public from the hazards that our site may produce, we had to use meticulous
planning to ensure that we could reduce the chance of any accidents or damage likely to
occur.
Site will be secured using hoarding provided by permanex ccs group as shown in figure 28

20

Figure 28

The hoarding provided will also help us with other issues, not just preventing the public from
gaining access to the site
Hoarding will also reduce the amount of dust that reach the public
Hoarding will absorb some sound vibrations travelling through the air around the site, thus
reducing the amount of noise damage heavy machinery may inflict upon the public
Hoarding will protect the public from any flying debris
As shown in figure 29 the lane next the site is only open for traffic movement. Meaning that
the pedestrian is far away as possible from the site perimeter, thus reducing the chance of
any members of the public being hit with debris
The following sign shown below will be placed at either end of longside lane, to notify the
public that they are entering a construction area
As we cannot provide every
passing member of the public with
adequate hearing aid, we cannot ensure
that they will be well protected against
site noise pollution. However the signs
shown in below will be placed in suitable
places so that they are aware of the risk that they will
encounter
To reduce the noise levels as much as possible, all equipment
shall be fitted with mufflers if possible. this shall reduce the
amount of noise pollution by a significant amount.

In table 11 has the ranking of the common Table 11

equipment whose noise levels are hazardous to the public,
with 1 being the most hazardous.

Using this table we have prioritised with machinery will need the most maintenance and
care so that we can reduce the noise pollution as much as possible

On longside lane, shown in figure 29, the red line indicates where the anticlimb fence will be
and the green line indicates where the road barrier will be. As you can see, the closed lane
provides us with a sufficient amount of distant from any traffic and pedestrians walking
nearby on site. If by any chance any debris from vehicles should fall, there is substantial
amount of distance between the vehicles and pedestrians

Figure 29

At each end of longside lane the following sign will be place notifying pedestrians which way
they
should walk

21

Pedestrians must also be warned of other dangers that they may encounter such as falling
debris, dust, vehicles etc with the use of appropriate signs. Signs will be placed on site and
before the site to give any members of the public warning signs
Appropriate traffic signs will also be placed to warn traffic of any risks they may face such as
heavy duty vehicles, delivery vehicles etc

Storage of materials and equipment

All storage units will be provided by mobile mini
The storage units have been allocated the space shown in figure (show figure)
This is where the materials shall be stored, the units can be safely structured in a way so that
we may place units on top of one another
For safety reasons we have decided that we shall stack the storage
units, to a maximum of 3 storage units. The mobile mini
recommendation is 4, but we felt that we do not want to risk the
chance of the units falling over and causing casualties on site.
Figure 30 shows how the storage units will be stacked
All site equipment will be placed in the compound (see figure jsajsj)
after the construction has stopped for the day. This ensures that
even if someone does manager to bypass security they will not be
able to use any of the dangerous site equipment.
Heavy machinery, such as the tower cranes, that cannot be put into
compound will be securely locked to ensure that no trespassers will
be able to operate such dangerous machinery.

Figure 30

Appropriate signs will also be placed around the

compound as well

22

Maintenance of plant and equipment

Every 3-4 days, the CDM manager and site manager will schedule a maintenance check of all
site equipment. This is to ensure that all the equipment is still safe to use, and we can find
and resolve any hazards that we may come across such as dull saw blades, vehicles with
punctured tyres, tower crane isnt firmly planted into the ground etc
The following sign will be used to notify any site member, that
while they may be qualified to work on site, theyre not
qualified nor authorised to conduct a maintenance check on
any machinery and equipment
A site check shall be conducted every 3 days. Site managers
and the safety team will run a thorough check on the site to
find any problems before the occur into a major hazard
To ensure that the site doesnt become crowded out with
deliveries and waste. All deliveries shall be accounted for
beforehand, with the site manager made aware of how much stock of materials they have.
This will ensure that the site an storage unit are not overcrowded with unnecessary
equipment and materials they do not need. All skips shall be emptied out every 3 days with
the waste materials depot emptied and cleared every 6 days
Excavations
No excavation shall be carried out unless there is appropriate support as shown in figure 31

No workforce shall enter the

excavation area, unless they are appropriately
dressed. This includes high visibility jackets, hard hats, safety boots etc
Any excavation must be planned and approved by the site manager. Only then can
excavations be authorised
Figure 31

23

Excavation signs will be placed around the excavation as it is a dangerous process, regardless
of the excavation being visible or not, it is a risk that cannot be taken.
Excavation trucks will be fitted with sirens and flashing orange lights to alert the workforce
of their site presence
No excavation will be used by workforce with no experience

Arrangements for controlling significant site risks

i)

Removal of asbestos

If information is provided on whether or not asbestos is present or not, then we can take
the most appropriate action. However, if no information is held or provided, we will have to
carry out surveys in the land and any detection of asbestos will lead to evacuation of the
land. A risk assessment will be formed on the severity of the asbestos present and we will
require a licenced contractor from the HSE for the removal of the asbestos.
Our workers have not got the licence to do this, so we cannot remove asbestos ourselves.
However, the contracts manager will examine carefully how the asbestos removal
contractors are doing their job.
After all asbestos is removed, provided there is asbestos, then work can resume.

ii)

Dealing with contaminated land

The land we are dealing with is not contaminated.

iii)

Manual handling

Most of the injuries caused on site are related to back injuries. We will do our best in order
to prevent any injuries. The safety team will carry out risk assessments for this and would
highlight any risks and hazards. This way, the employees would be aware of the potential
hazards they might face and can be more vary of them. As well as the risk assessments, we
will use a new tool, the Manual Handling Assessments Charts (MAC). This will give our safety
team the ability to assess any high risks involved in any manual handling procedures.
The HSE requires us to provide training to all workers on site with health and safety
information. During this training session as explained in part 2 of the report, we will provide
information on manual handling such as ways to lift, carry and push objects. All employees
must be able to know understand these rules clearly before they can work on site. This will
be approved by their signatures.

iv)

Use of hazardous substances particularly where there is a need for health

monitoring

We will do our best to not use hazardous substances on site. If we have to use any, we
would look to use the safest from them all as we put health and safety of the workers
before all else. Any hazardous substance that might have to be used in this case would need
to link with a suitable COSHH assessment. The contractors would have to provide these
when applicable.

24

The site manager will ensure COSHH assessments are carried out and the risks and hazards
noted to the employees. All workers would be provided with training to work with
hazardous substances and especially asbestos as explained earlier.
If during site work, any hazardous or potentially hazardous substance is found, then the
work in that specific area of the site must stop and the site manager notified. The site
manager would take the most appropriate actions from then onwards.

v)

Reducing noise and vibration

Noise and vibration assessments will be carried out. During the course of this project, we
will do our best in preventing/reducing noise and vibration levels. We will not guarantee
that there will be no noise or vibration, however, if they prove to be hazardous, then we will
take steps in reducing it as much as possible, such as:
1.
2.
3.
4.

vi)

Continuing the specific work at times of little impact to the public.

Trapping the sound and vibration by closing the area temporarily.
Monitoring the noise and vibration.
Making sure to keep people further away if they are not involved.

Other significant health risks

There are no other health risks that we have not mentioned, but we will continue with being
cautious.

Health and safety file

The health and safety file contains all the necessary documents needed
to ensure the safety and wellbeing of any person being on the construction site
at any time during the three stages of construction. The file contains plans of
the site, fire exits, fire procedures, emergency meeting points, signs,
pedestrian safety, pedestrian welfare, employee welfare and safety etc.
The file also contains directions as to how to complete the RIDDOR form
if any emergencies arise. This file is in compliance with CDM 2007 regulations
and the health and safety at work etc act 1974.

References
Books
Chanakya Arya. (2009) Design of Structural Elements. Spon Press; Taylor & Francis. Pg.9-27, 31-71

T.J. Ginley and B.S. Choo. Reinforced Concrete - Design theory and examples 2nd edition.

25

Roy Chudley & Roger Greeno. Building Construction Handbook. Sixth Edition, Publish by
Elsevier Ltd. 2006
Selwyn Goldsmith (2007). Universal Design. Taylor & Francis. pg. 67-74
Barlow, Stuart.(2011) Guide to BREEAM. London: RIBA Publishing
Prior, Josephine and Cinquemani, Virginia.(2010) Integrating BREEAM throughout the design
process. Watford: BRE Trust, p.36-42, fig. 6.5
SPONs Architects and Builders Price Book 2014, Spon Press, Ed.139, pp.66-75

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http://www.hindawi.com/journals/jcen/2013/317182/
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http://gfrccladding.com/?p=faq&q=400
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df
http://www.greenbuildingstore.co.uk/page--water-saving-toilets.html
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http://www.greenbuildingstore.co.uk/media/page_content/Sanitaryware/Pricelist/Water%20saving
%20pricelist%20April%201st%202013.pdf
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http://www.insulationgiant.co.uk/p/firezero-45kgrockpolyencl-600-x-600-x-25mm/600098
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http://www.sustainabilitywestmidlands.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/Andrew-Spencer-pdf.pdf
http://www.heattracing.co.uk/product-details/breeam-wat-02-water-leak-detection
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http://www.hse.gov.uk/treework/training-is-important.htm
http://www.bradfordhospitals.nhs.uk/about-us/contactinformation/Bradford%20Royal%20Infirmary
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http://www.hinton.ca/DocumentCenter/Home/View/267
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http://www.hse.gov.uk/contact/faqs/manualhandling.htm
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http://www.marysrosaries.com/collaboration/images/d/da/Construction_chute_001.jpg
http://www.lhsfna.org/files/bpguide.pdf
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