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To
dr/dt
r[bulbt
+ (V.YV)
(U.V)Vl
= 0
-VP - (V.7)
+ Yg
(11
(2)
(4)
in which X is the constant of integration.
T h e radial distance r = XR represents
that position a t which r,, = 0. Equation
4 is taken as the starting point for the
derivations for the Bingham plastic and
the power law models.
wherein
is used when momentum is
being transported in the +r direction
and - when transport is in the -rdirection. The meaning of T O and pa is
given in Figure 2 , where the Bingham
model is compared with the Newtonian
model.
The introduction of the following dimensionless variables is useful :
- To)
- To)
(10)
T = 2r,,/PR
= dimensionless shear stress
To = 2ro/PR
= dimensionless limiting
shear stress
9 = (2~0/PR~)p~
p
= dimensionless velocity
= r/R
= dimensionless radial distance
N.
>
VOL. 50,
NO. 3
<
MARCH 1958
347
Table 1.
0.01
0.0000
0.01
0.03
0.05
0.07
0.3295
0.3776
0.4080
0.4326
0.4637
0.5461
0.6147
0.6770
0.7355
0.7915
0.8455
0.8981
0.9495
1.0000
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.1000
0.3709
0.4195
0.4507
0.4757
0.5075
0.5916
0.6614
0.7246
0.7838
0.8404
0.8960
0.9481
1.0000
0.2000
0.4185
0.4667
0.4980
0.5232
0.5552
0.6402
0.7108
0.7746
0.8344
0.8915
0.9465
0.4050
0.2687
0.2375
0.2175
0.2016
0.1817
0.1315
0.09393
0.06413
0.04066
0.02272
0.01007
0.002541
0.3200
0.2165
0.1896
0.1721
0.1582
0.1409
0.09743
0.06559
0.04123
0.02292
0.0101 1
0.002535
0.3000
0.4727
0.5194
0.5501
0.5751
0.6070
0.6922
0.7630
0.8272
0.8873
0.9447
1.0000
0.4000
0.5335
0.5775
0.6072
0.6316
0.6629
0.7474
0.8181
0.8823
0.9425
1.0000
0.2450
0.1689
0.1463
0.1315
0.1196
0.1049
0.06821
0.04226
0.02330
0.01024
0.002555
0.1800
0.1263
0.1080
0.09577
0.08596
0.07374
0.04405
0.02394
0.01041
0.002572
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
0.6000
0.6734
0.7095
0.7356
0.7577
0.7868
0.8676
0.9367
1.0000
0.7000
0.7512
0.7826
0.8064
0.8269
0.8544
0.9323
1.0000
0.8000
0.8334
0.8600
0.8811
0.8999
0.9256
1.0000
0.9000
0.9195
0.9411
0.9595
0.9764
1.0000
0.08000
0.05776
0.04734
0.04018
0.03441
0.02731
0.01122
0.002686
0.04500
0.03269
0.02579
0.02088
0.01701
0.01232
0.002840
0.02000
0.01437
0.01042
0.007669
0.00533 1
0.003122
0.005000
0.003306
0.001807
0.0008701
0.0002977
0.5
0.5000
0.6006
0.6410
0.6691
0.6925
0.7229
0.8059
0.8760
0.9399
1.0000
1.0000
90
0
0.01
0.5000
0.3252
0.2902
0.2675
0.2497
0.2273
0.1671
0.1271
0.09204
0.06330
0.04044
0.02214
0.009983
0.002480
0.03
0.05
0.07
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
Q.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
0.1250
0.08914
0.07486
0.06523
0.05749
0.04787
0.02502
0.01069
0.002639
0
QB
0.9
1.0000
0.7829
0.7153
0.6679
0 6276
0.5743
0 4258
0.3041
0.2043
0.1260
0.0686
0.03066
0.009608
0.001298
1.0
0.01
0.03
0.05
0.07
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
...
...
0
0.01
0.03
0.05
e . .
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
. I .
0.07
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
...
...
...
0.8
0.9
1.0
0.8667
0.6745
0.6123
0.5685
0.5315
0.4825
0.3480
0.2401
0.1541
0.08893
0.04349
0.01597
0.003030
0.7339
0.5677
0.5109
0.4709
0.4371
0.3928
0.2726
0.1788
0.1067
0.05473
0.02 151
0.004579
0.6028
0.4636
0.4126
0.3767
0.3464
0.3069
0.2015
0.1224
0.06460
0.02648
0.005929
0.4752
0.3638
0.3192
0.2876
0.2611
0.2268
0.1372
0.07353
0.03085
0.007177
__
0.3541
0.2700
0.2324
0.2057
0 1833
0.1545
0.Om2
0.03486
0.008273
I
0.2432
0.1845
0.1546
0.1331
0.1153
0.09267
0.03882
0.009272
0.1467
0.1103
0.08859
0,07284
0.05995
0.04398
0.01034
0.06990
0.05133
0.03784
0.02820
0.02053
0.01174
0.01875
0.01252
0.006939
0.003382
0.001178
0
8.667
6.745
6.123
5.685
5.315
4.825
3.480
2.401
1.541
0.8893
0.4349
0.1597
0.0303
3.670
2.839
2.555
2.354
2.186
1.964
1.363
0.8940
0.5335
0.2736
0.1076
0.02190
2.009
1.545
1.388
1.256
1.155
1.023
0.6717
0.4080
0.2153
0.08827
0.01976
0
QBITO
0.7082
0,5400
0.4648
0.4104
0.3666
0.3090
0.1642
0.06972
0.01655
1.188
0,9095
0.7980
0.7190
0.6528
0.5670
0.3430
0.1839
0.07712
0,01794
0.4053
0.3075
0.2577
0.2218
0.1922
0.1544
0.06470
0.01545
0.2096
0.1576
0.1266
0.1040
0.08564
0.06283
0.01477
0.08738
0.06416
0.04730
0.03525
0.02566
0.01469
0.02083
0.01391
0.007710
0.003758
0.001309
0
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.1
0.7500
0.8000
0
0.5500
0.6000
0.6500
0.7000
0.5050
0.7960
0.5710
0.6300
0.6875
0.5000
0.7420
0.5=
0.4000
0.7915
0.5461
0.6147
0.6770
0.4637
0.7355
1
0.3295
0.6655
0.7280
0.7872
2
0.4192
0.5189
0.5970
0.2318
0.7847
0.6587
0.7239
0.5030
0.5866
3
0.1817
0.3932
0.6541
0.7211
0.7830
4
0.3787
0.4927
0.5797
0.1640
0.7818
0.6509
0.3712
0.7191
0.4856
0.5749
5
0.1503
0.7809
0.6486
0.7175
0.4804
0.5713
0.1413
0.3606
6
0.7801
0.6467
0.3550
0.7164
0.4764
0.5686
7
0.1350
0.7794
0.6453
0.3506
0.7154
0.4733
0.5664
8
0.1304
0.6441
0.77tBb
0.3470
0.7147
0.4707
0.5646
0.1268
9
0.7784b
0.6429
0.7141b
0.4687
0.5632
0.1237
0.3442
10
m
0.7071
0.7746
0.3162
0.6325
0.4472
0.5477
0.1000
a Obtained by interpolation and chec:ked by num erica1 integralion. b Obi;ained from a plot of X us. l / s
8
348
0.01
0.7
0.8
0.9000
0.8500
0.8990
0.8470
0.8981
0.8455
0.8972
0.8433
0.8967
0.8420
0.8962
0.8411
0.8960
0.8405
0.8958*
0.8401
0.8957*
0.8397b
0.83945
0 895S5
0.8390b
0.8959
0.8953b
0,8389'
0.8367
0.8944
by interpNolation.
0.9
0.9500
0.9497
0.9495
0.9493
0.9492
0.9491b
0.9491*
0. 9490b
0.9490b
0.948gb
0.948gb
0. 948g5
0.9487
N O N - N E W T O N I A N FLOW
Table 111.
Values of (s
2)Qp/(l
- K)'+'
0.1
0.01
0.2
0.3
(S
0.5050
0.5312
0.5397
0.5566
0.6051
0.6929
0.7468
0.7819
0.8064
0.8246
0.8388
0.8502
0.8595
0.8673
1/4a
1/3"
1/2"
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
10
0
8
9
10
m
0.6000
0.6062
0.6082
0.6122
0.6237
0.6445
0.6612
0.6736
0.6838
0.6919
0.6987
0.7042
0.7089
0.7130
2.000
1.869
1.835
1.778
1.662
1.540
1.442
1.365
1.310
1.270
1.239
1.215
1.192
1.176
2.000
1.803
1.787
1.714
1.567
1.419
1.342
1.280
1.240
1.210
1.187
1.168
1.154
1.140
1.000
1.000
Obtained by parabolic interpolation
Obtained by graphical interpolation
1/4a
1/3"
1/2"
1
3
4
5
6
7
0.5500
0.5606
0.5641
0.5710
0.5908
0.6270
0.6547
0.6755
0.6924
0.7046
0.7150
0.7235
0.7306
0.7367
0.6500
0.6539
0.6552
0.6577
0.6649
0.6781
0.6882
0.6966
0.7030
0.7084
0.7128
0.7164
0.7195
0.7222b
0.4
f 2)/%'/(1
0.7000
0.7024
0.7032
0.7048
0.7094
0.7179
0.7246
0.7297
0.7342
0.7372
0.7401
0.7418
0.7446
0.7462b
K)"'
0.7500
0.7516
0.7521
0.7531
0.7560
0.7611
0.7651
0.7685
0.7711
0.7732
0.7751
0.7760
0 . 7770b
0.777Sb
2.000
2.000
2.000
1.815
1.810
1.806
1.803
1,769
1.762
1.757
1.754
1.693
1.682
1.676
1.672
1.538
1.523
1.514
1.508
1.380
1.361
1.350
1.344
1.297
1.278
1.267
1.261
1.246
1.227
1.217
1.212
1.210
1.194
1.186
1.180
1.183
1.168
1.152
1.146
1.162
1.146
1. 129'
1. 127c
1.145
1.130
1.114c
1.113c
1.132
1.117"
1.102c
1.101"
1.120
1. 106c
1.093c
1.092c
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
using values for 8 = 0, 1, 2.
of T(s, K)/T(O,K ) , using the fact that lim T(s, K ) = 1.
K + 1
3
X '=using
s +2
I."
= -TTo(p
- 31 ( p 2 -
- K)
X2hP;
Go = &(h)
=
++ =
++(&I;
- To(1 - P )
K2)
5P 5
X,
(12)
+ 21 (1 - +
0.9015b
0. 9022b
0.9027b
0.9032b
0.9036b
0.9041b
0.9045h
0.9050b
0.9054b
2 * 000
1.802
1.752
1.670
1.505
1.340
1.257
1.208
1. 177c
1. 145c
1. 126c
1.1120
1.1000
1.091c
1.000
2.000
1.802
1.752
1.669
1.504
1.3370
1. 254c
1.205"
1. 174c
1. 144c
1.126O
1.111c
1.lOOC
1.091c
1.000
2 * 000
1.800
1.751
1.668
1.502
1. 336c
1. 252c
1. 203c
1. 17lC
1. 143'
1.125'
1.111c
1.1OOG
1.0910
1.000
0.9000
0.9002
0.9003
0.9004
0.9008
0.9500
0.9500
0.9501
0.9501
0.95OZb
0.9504b
0. 9506b
O.950Sb
0.951ob
O.951lb
0.9513b
0.9515b
0.9517b
0.951Qb
2.000
1.800
1.750
1.667
1.501.
1,334=
1.2518
1.201s
1. 16QC
1. 143c
1. 125c
1.111'
1* low
1* 0910
1,000
ass+m
,021
5p 5
1.0
1 (13)
0.8
-I- 2To(l
0.8500
0.8504
0.8506
0.8509
0.8517
0.8533
0.8546
0.8551
0.856Sb
0.8577b
0.8585b
0.8594b
0.8602b
0.8611b
0.9
) ~
0.8000
0.8009
0.8011
0.8018
0.8034
0.8064
0. SO81
0.8107
O.812Sb
0.8144b
0.8160b
0.816Sb
0.8176*
0.8184b
0.8
Q/(rR4P/8pO)
is plotted in Figure 4 as a
function of K and TO. This graph
enables one to compute easily the volume
v,pdp
5 P 5 h (11)
A-
X a l n p ; A+
(To4-K
Q = 2rR2
0.7
= y(S, K )
2.000
0.6
0.5
- A+)
= 0
(14)
06
04
a2
Figure 3.
X,
and &, for Bingham plastic flow
in an annulus
00
MARCH 1958
349
4 Figure 4.
YO
10
09
09
08
08
07
07
06
06
i
50s
%05
I-0
P O4
04
03
03
02
02
01
01
00
00
00
01
02
a3
04
05
07
06
08
09
io
(K =
TR4P
Q = __ [ I
$PO
=e[
- .4) - (M
1n (1/.)
(1
+ .3) To
8~
Newtonian Flow in a
Very Thin
(15a)
'lit
(To = 0,Lo./
?rR4P
=7
(1
UP
(16)
rR4P
- (I
GPO
~1~
R(PR/2m)s
f:(
= p, K w 1)
(P
(19)
in a Very Thin
K)3
[I -
- p)'dp;
ti
l1
v, = R(PR)/2m)e
Bingham
Iar Slit ( K = 1 )
= 0, Po = P )
rR4P
(21 1
1-(
W ] (17)
(To= 0,K
(1
4
-3 T~
(22)
1 (23)
LA:(
- p)"
dp =
L1
(P
(24)
?)'dp
%'b
350
L1
T ~ 3 ( ~ ~ / 2 m ) h
I ~2 -
+lp-a
dP
(25)
WON-NEWTONIAN FLOW
Figure
7.
vmnx/vav for
power
law
flow through
an annulus
IO
09
4
on
07
b
8.
Figure
T(s,
for
power
law
flow through
an annulus
K)
01
02
03
04
05
06
01
I O
09
08
P o w e r L a w Flow in a V e r y Thin
Annular Slit
= rR3(PR/2rn)8 n p ( s ,
(30)
K)
in which
k A s g hac
&Asf1
=0
s = 1 , 2 , 3 . . .(26)
i=O
( -l)a+lKI--2i+8
#s + lT
in which
(;)
A,I =
(31)
s-1
(-1)
(-1)ifl
s-2i+1
[1 + (-1)8
In ( 1 / ~ ) [sodd]
(32)
K8--2it1
1
[seven] (33)
i=o
2i - s + l
T(s,
A$ = 2
2 (:)i=O s
(-')'
[seven]
2i
1
(29)
Equations 26 to 29 a r e polynomial
equations which can be solved to get X as
a function of s and K , although this
method breaks down for high values of s
and K . Values of X so computed were
used to prepare Table I1 and Figure 6.
The limiting values of h are h = (1 K ) /
2 a t s = 0 and X =
a t s = co.
T h e latter may be shown by expanding
the integrand of the left side of Equation
24 in a Taylor series about p = K and
the right side about p = 1, and taking
the first term in both expansions.
The expression for the throughput rate
given in Equation 25 may be expanded
in a similar fashion to get:
nulus
18
(s =
= kh
* o)-Equation
Applications
Example 1. Calculation of Pressure
Drop for Annular Flow of a Bingham
Plastic Material. A mud having a density of 1.69 grams per cc. flows at 5 feet
per second average velocity through an
annulus made from 0.5-inch standard pipe
(outside diameter = 0.840 inch = 0.0700
foot) and 2-inch standard pipe (inside
diameter = 2.067 inches = 0.1726 foot).
The Bingham plastic constants for this solution are 70 = 0.554 pound/ per square foot
and po = 0.000582 pound, second per
square foot. Compute the pressure drop
per unit length required.
SOLUTION. From the dimensions of the
annulus, K = 0.840/2.067 = 0.406 and
R = 0.1726/2 = 0.0863 foot. The
volume throughput is given by:
Q = nR2(1 -
K')U,,.
~ ( 0 . 0 8 6 3 )[~l
- (0.406)2]
Thus, the
MARCH 1958
351
pound, per square foot per foot. Calculate T O and P Ofor the substance.
SOLUTION.By using Equation 15 we
can calculate the ratio of 0, (5 feet per
second) to C ~ B(10 feet per second) :
Q B ( ~ft./sec.) Q ~ ( 1 ft./sec.)
0
Q ( 5 ft./sec.) P(10 ft. /sec.) Q(l0 ft./sec.) P(5 ft./sec.)
= Xewtonian viscosity
= plastic viscositv of the
ABingliarn plastic (Equation 5)
= expansion coefficients in expression for volume rate of
flow of a power-law fluid
through a n annulus (defined i n Equations 31, 32,
a n d 33)
= 3.1416
= r,R = dimensionless radial.
coordinate
= shear stress tensor
= limiting shear stress of Bingh a m fluid
= rt-component of shear stress
tensor
= function defined just after
Equation 33
= dimensionless velociry
for
Bingham plastic (Equation
40
= 1.685
0.09775
(5 Ft./Sec.)
0.100
0.200
0.138
To(l0
Ft./Sec.)
0.060
0.119
QB(5
Ft./Sec.)/
Re(10 Ft./Sec.)
0.868
0.730
0.837
0.082
Q = 0.09775 =
~ ( 0 . 0 8 6 3 )(16.8)
~
(0.133)/8~0
whence it is found that po = 0.0005 pound?
second per square foot.
Example 3. Calculation of Pressure
Drop for Power-Law Flow through
an Annulus. A 0.67% aqueous solution
of carboxymethyl cellulose flows a t 5 feet
per second average velocity through the
annulus described in Example 1. T h e
power law constants for this solution (8) are
s = 1.398 and rn = 0.00635 pound/
(second)O.76 per square foot. Compute
the pressure drop per unit length required.
SOLUTION.As in Example 1, K = 0.406
and R = 0.0863 foot. The volume
throughput is
Q = .rrR(I - K~)U,\..
~(0.0863)[l - (0.406)] (5)
= 0.09775 cubic foot per second
For the values of K and s given above, we
find by interpolation from Table I11 that
the dimensionless function T(s, K ) is 0.7155.
Hence the dimensionless throughput is:
2)-T(S,
fi p = (1 - K ) + ( S
(1 - 0.406).9*+2(1.398
(0.7155)
= 0.0359
+ 2)-
K)
From Equation 30
0.09775 = ~ ( 0 . 0 8 6 3(0.0863
)~
P/
(2) (0.00635)),3@5
(0.0359)
whence P = 25.5 pound, per cubic foot or
0.177 pound, per square inch per foot.
Example 4. Deduction of Power Law
Constants from Flow through a n Annulus. A polymer solution known to be
of the power-law type flows through the
annulus described in Example 1. T h e
following data are obtained: at Q =
0.09775 cubic foot per second, P = 326
352
~10.0863)[(326) (0.0863)/
(2m)]*.O(0.0224)
Acknowledgment
6)
locity for Bingham plastic
(Equation 12)
= dimensionless velocity for
Bingham plastic outside
plug flow region (defined
in Equations 11 a n d 13)
= dimensionless flow rates for
Bingham a n d power-law
models, respectively
= del o r nabla operator
+-, ++
Nomenclature
literature Cited
x,
OB: Q p
RECEIVED
for review February 13, 1957
h C E P T E D June 10, 1957
Division of Industrial and Engineering
Chemistry, Symposium on Fluid Mechanics in Chemical Engineering, Purdue
University, Lafayette, Ind., December
1956. Presented in part, Society of Rheology, Pittsburgh, Pa., November 1956.
Work supported by fellowship from National Science Foundation and grant from
Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation.