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I

ARNOLD G. FREDRICKSON and R. BYRON BIRD


Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis.

Non-Newtonian Flow in Annuli


Extrusion of molten plastics and Row of drilling muds in annular
space are typical problems to which this study can be applied

To

MAKE deductions from flow data


concerning the range of applicability of
various empirical non-Newtonian flow
models, it is necessary to have good experimental flow data and accurate solutions to the equations of motion in various
geometrical arrangements. Experimental data for a few fluids and analytical
solutions are available for axial flow in
tubes and for tangential flow in cylindrical annuli (3, 7, 77, 72). This discussion
is concerned with the analytical solution
of the equation of motion for the steadystate axial flow of a n incompressible,
non-Newtonian fluid in a long cylindrical
annulus. This problem is of importance
in connection with heat transfer to and
from fluids flowing in annular spaces,
flow of molten plastics in extrusion apparatus, and flow of drilling muds in
annular spaces.
T h e equations describing the flow of a
compressible, isothermal fluid are equations of continuity and motion (2, 4) :

dr/dt

r[bulbt

+ (V.YV)

(U.V)Vl

= 0

-VP - (V.7)

+ Yg

(11
(2)

Assumption of isothermal flow implies


not only that there is no impressed temperature field (6) but that the viscous dissipation term (7:Vu) in the energy balance equation is negligible (7, 2).
In the developments which follow, the
flow between two coaxial cylinders (Figure 1) is considered. T h e following assumptions are made:
The fluid is incompressible (y = constant).
T h e flow is in steady-state-Le., timeindependent.
T h e flow is laminar.
T h e cylinders are sufficiently long that
end effects may be neglected.
For the specific system under consideration Equations 1 and 2 may be
written in cylindrical coordinates and
combined and simplified to :

in whichpo and p L are the static pressures


a t z = 0 and z = L, respectively, and gs
is the component of gravitational acceleration g in the direction of flow. P
designates the sum of forces per unit
volume on the right side of Equation 1.
This first-order differential equation,
valid over the entire annular region for

any kind of fluid, may be integrated to


give :

(4)
in which X is the constant of integration.
T h e radial distance r = XR represents
that position a t which r,, = 0. Equation
4 is taken as the starting point for the
derivations for the Bingham plastic and
the power law models.

Solution for Bingham Plastic Model


V a n Olphen (70) has presented a n
approximate solution; Mori and Ototake (9) have given the complete solution,
b u t their analytical and graphical results are in error; Laird's solution ( 5 )
is correct. However, Laird's expression
for the volume throughput is more
complicated than that given here, and
he has not presented his results in terms
of a dimensionless correlation for general
use.
For this model the local shear stress,
T,#, is related to the local shear rate,
dv,/dr, according to the formula :

wherein
is used when momentum is
being transported in the +r direction
and - when transport is in the -rdirection. The meaning of T O and pa is
given in Figure 2 , where the Bingham
model is compared with the Newtonian
model.
The introduction of the following dimensionless variables is useful :

Figure 1. Shear stress distribution for


axial annular flow corresponding to
Equation 4 and characteristic velocity
distributions for power law fluids
(Equations 22 and 23) and Bingham
plastic fluid (Equations 1 1, 12, and 13)

Actually it is convenient to express all the


final results not in terms of X but rather
in terms of either A+ or X- ; let us choose
k+ to be consistent with Mori and
Ototake (9). From Equation 9 it follows
that:
Xa = X+(X+
h = (A+

- To)
- To)

(10)

Hence X is just the geometric mean of


A+ and X-.

T = 2r,,/PR
= dimensionless shear stress

To = 2ro/PR

= dimensionless limiting

shear stress

9 = (2~0/PR~)p~
p

= dimensionless velocity
= r/R
= dimensionless radial distance

T h e equations describing the system are

Figure 2. Shear stress vs. shear late


for several types of fluids

X+ and 1- represent the bounds on the


plug flow region. Clearly they are those
values of p for which TI = TO

N.

Newtonian, with slope p

B. Bingham plastic, slope po and intercepts 1 r p


P. Pseudoplastic, n < 1 in Equation 21
D. Dilatant, with n > 1 in Equation 21
In annular flow rpSis negative for r / R
X and
positive for r / R
A (see Figure 1 )

>

VOL. 50,

NO. 3

<

MARCH 1958

347

Table 1.
0.01

0.0000

0.01
0.03
0.05
0.07

0.3295
0.3776
0.4080
0.4326
0.4637
0.5461
0.6147
0.6770
0.7355
0.7915
0.8455
0.8981
0.9495
1.0000

0.1

0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

Values for Bingham Flow


TO

0.1000
0.3709
0.4195
0.4507
0.4757
0.5075
0.5916
0.6614
0.7246
0.7838
0.8404
0.8960
0.9481
1.0000

0.2000
0.4185
0.4667
0.4980
0.5232
0.5552
0.6402
0.7108
0.7746
0.8344
0.8915
0.9465

0.4050
0.2687
0.2375
0.2175
0.2016
0.1817
0.1315
0.09393
0.06413
0.04066
0.02272
0.01007
0.002541

0.3200
0.2165
0.1896
0.1721
0.1582
0.1409
0.09743
0.06559
0.04123
0.02292
0.0101 1
0.002535

0.3000
0.4727
0.5194
0.5501
0.5751
0.6070
0.6922
0.7630
0.8272
0.8873
0.9447
1.0000

0.4000
0.5335
0.5775
0.6072
0.6316
0.6629
0.7474
0.8181
0.8823
0.9425
1.0000

0.2450
0.1689
0.1463
0.1315
0.1196
0.1049
0.06821
0.04226
0.02330
0.01024
0.002555

0.1800
0.1263
0.1080
0.09577
0.08596
0.07374
0.04405
0.02394
0.01041
0.002572

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

0.6000
0.6734
0.7095
0.7356
0.7577
0.7868
0.8676
0.9367
1.0000

0.7000
0.7512
0.7826
0.8064
0.8269
0.8544
0.9323
1.0000

0.8000
0.8334
0.8600
0.8811
0.8999
0.9256
1.0000

0.9000
0.9195
0.9411
0.9595
0.9764
1.0000

0.08000
0.05776
0.04734
0.04018
0.03441
0.02731
0.01122
0.002686

0.04500
0.03269
0.02579
0.02088
0.01701
0.01232
0.002840

0.02000
0.01437
0.01042
0.007669
0.00533 1
0.003122

0.005000
0.003306
0.001807
0.0008701
0.0002977

0.5

0.5000
0.6006
0.6410
0.6691
0.6925
0.7229
0.8059
0.8760
0.9399
1.0000

1.0000

90
0
0.01

0.5000
0.3252
0.2902
0.2675
0.2497
0.2273
0.1671
0.1271
0.09204
0.06330
0.04044
0.02214
0.009983
0.002480

0.03
0.05
0.07
0.1

0.2
0.3
0.4
Q.5
0.6
0.7
0.8

0.9
1.0

0.1250
0.08914
0.07486
0.06523
0.05749
0.04787
0.02502
0.01069
0.002639

0
QB

0.9

1.0000
0.7829
0.7153
0.6679
0 6276
0.5743
0 4258
0.3041
0.2043
0.1260
0.0686
0.03066
0.009608
0.001298

1.0

0.01
0.03
0.05
0.07

0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7

0.8

...
...

0
0.01

0.03
0.05

e . .

...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
. I .

0.07
0.1

0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7

...
...
...

0.8

0.9
1.0

0.8667
0.6745
0.6123
0.5685
0.5315
0.4825
0.3480
0.2401
0.1541
0.08893
0.04349
0.01597
0.003030

0.7339
0.5677
0.5109
0.4709
0.4371
0.3928
0.2726
0.1788
0.1067
0.05473
0.02 151
0.004579

0.6028
0.4636
0.4126
0.3767
0.3464
0.3069
0.2015
0.1224
0.06460
0.02648
0.005929

0.4752
0.3638
0.3192
0.2876
0.2611
0.2268
0.1372
0.07353
0.03085
0.007177

__
0.3541
0.2700
0.2324
0.2057
0 1833
0.1545
0.Om2
0.03486
0.008273
I

0.2432
0.1845
0.1546
0.1331
0.1153
0.09267
0.03882
0.009272

0.1467
0.1103
0.08859
0,07284
0.05995
0.04398
0.01034

0.06990
0.05133
0.03784
0.02820
0.02053
0.01174

0.01875
0.01252
0.006939
0.003382
0.001178
0

8.667
6.745
6.123
5.685
5.315
4.825
3.480
2.401
1.541
0.8893
0.4349
0.1597
0.0303

3.670
2.839
2.555
2.354
2.186
1.964
1.363
0.8940
0.5335
0.2736
0.1076
0.02190

2.009
1.545
1.388
1.256
1.155
1.023
0.6717
0.4080
0.2153
0.08827
0.01976
0

QBITO
0.7082
0,5400
0.4648
0.4104
0.3666
0.3090
0.1642
0.06972
0.01655

1.188
0,9095
0.7980
0.7190
0.6528
0.5670
0.3430
0.1839
0.07712
0,01794

0.4053
0.3075
0.2577
0.2218
0.1922
0.1544
0.06470
0.01545

0.2096
0.1576
0.1266
0.1040
0.08564
0.06283
0.01477

0.08738
0.06416
0.04730
0.03525
0.02566
0.01469

0.02083
0.01391
0.007710
0.003758
0.001309
0

Table II. Values of X for Power Law Model


K

0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.1
0.7500
0.8000
0
0.5500
0.6000
0.6500
0.7000
0.5050
0.7960
0.5710
0.6300
0.6875
0.5000
0.7420
0.5=
0.4000
0.7915
0.5461
0.6147
0.6770
0.4637
0.7355
1
0.3295
0.6655
0.7280
0.7872
2
0.4192
0.5189
0.5970
0.2318
0.7847
0.6587
0.7239
0.5030
0.5866
3
0.1817
0.3932
0.6541
0.7211
0.7830
4
0.3787
0.4927
0.5797
0.1640
0.7818
0.6509
0.3712
0.7191
0.4856
0.5749
5
0.1503
0.7809
0.6486
0.7175
0.4804
0.5713
0.1413
0.3606
6
0.7801
0.6467
0.3550
0.7164
0.4764
0.5686
7
0.1350
0.7794
0.6453
0.3506
0.7154
0.4733
0.5664
8
0.1304
0.6441
0.77tBb
0.3470
0.7147
0.4707
0.5646
0.1268
9
0.7784b
0.6429
0.7141b
0.4687
0.5632
0.1237
0.3442
10
m
0.7071
0.7746
0.3162
0.6325
0.4472
0.5477
0.1000
a Obtained by interpolation and chec:ked by num erica1 integralion. b Obi;ained from a plot of X us. l / s
8

348

0.01

INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY

0.7
0.8
0.9000
0.8500
0.8990
0.8470
0.8981
0.8455
0.8972
0.8433
0.8967
0.8420
0.8962
0.8411
0.8960
0.8405
0.8958*
0.8401
0.8957*
0.8397b
0.83945
0 895S5
0.8390b
0.8959
0.8953b
0,8389'
0.8367
0.8944
by interpNolation.

0.9
0.9500
0.9497
0.9495
0.9493
0.9492
0.9491b
0.9491*
0. 9490b
0.9490b
0.948gb
0.948gb
0. 948g5
0.9487

N O N - N E W T O N I A N FLOW
Table 111.

Values of (s

2)Qp/(l

- K)'+'

T(s, K ) and v,,,/v,,

for Power Law Model

0.1

0.01

0.2

0.3
(S

0.5050
0.5312
0.5397
0.5566
0.6051
0.6929
0.7468
0.7819
0.8064
0.8246
0.8388
0.8502
0.8595
0.8673

1/4a
1/3"
1/2"
1
2

3
4
5

6
7
8

10
0

8
9

10
m

0.6000
0.6062
0.6082
0.6122
0.6237
0.6445
0.6612
0.6736
0.6838
0.6919
0.6987
0.7042
0.7089
0.7130

2.000
1.869
1.835
1.778
1.662
1.540
1.442
1.365
1.310
1.270
1.239
1.215
1.192
1.176

2.000
1.803
1.787
1.714
1.567
1.419
1.342
1.280
1.240
1.210
1.187
1.168
1.154
1.140
1.000
1.000
Obtained by parabolic interpolation
Obtained by graphical interpolation

1/4a
1/3"
1/2"
1
3
4
5
6
7

0.5500
0.5606
0.5641
0.5710
0.5908
0.6270
0.6547
0.6755
0.6924
0.7046
0.7150
0.7235
0.7306
0.7367

0.6500
0.6539
0.6552
0.6577
0.6649
0.6781
0.6882
0.6966
0.7030
0.7084
0.7128
0.7164
0.7195
0.7222b

0.4
f 2)/%'/(1
0.7000
0.7024
0.7032
0.7048
0.7094
0.7179
0.7246
0.7297
0.7342
0.7372
0.7401
0.7418
0.7446
0.7462b

K)"'

0.7500
0.7516
0.7521
0.7531
0.7560
0.7611
0.7651
0.7685
0.7711
0.7732
0.7751
0.7760
0 . 7770b
0.777Sb

2.000
2.000
2.000
1.815
1.810
1.806
1.803
1,769
1.762
1.757
1.754
1.693
1.682
1.676
1.672
1.538
1.523
1.514
1.508
1.380
1.361
1.350
1.344
1.297
1.278
1.267
1.261
1.246
1.227
1.217
1.212
1.210
1.194
1.186
1.180
1.183
1.168
1.152
1.146
1.162
1.146
1. 129'
1. 127c
1.145
1.130
1.114c
1.113c
1.132
1.117"
1.102c
1.101"
1.120
1. 106c
1.093c
1.092c
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
using values for 8 = 0, 1, 2.
of T(s, K)/T(O,K ) , using the fact that lim T(s, K ) = 1.
K + 1

3
X '=using
s +2
I."

Combination of Equations 7 and 8 and


integration over p gives the following expressions for the velocity distribution :
+L

= -TTo(p

- 31 ( p 2 -

- K)

X2hP;
Go = &(h)
=

++ =

++(&I;

- To(1 - P )

K2)

the fact that vmax/z~Bv

5P 5

X,
(12)

+ 21 (1 - +

This expression holds for TO> (1 - K ) ;


there is no flow if TO5 (1 - K ) . T h e
dimensionless volume rate of flow OB =

0.9015b
0. 9022b
0.9027b
0.9032b
0.9036b
0.9041b
0.9045h
0.9050b
0.9054b

2 * 000
1.802
1.752
1.670
1.505
1.340
1.257
1.208
1. 177c
1. 145c
1. 126c
1.1120
1.1000
1.091c
1.000

2.000
1.802
1.752
1.669
1.504
1.3370
1. 254c
1.205"
1. 174c
1. 144c
1.126O
1.111c
1.lOOC
1.091c
1.000

2 * 000
1.800
1.751
1.668
1.502
1. 336c
1. 252c
1. 203c
1. 17lC
1. 143'
1.125'
1.111c
1.1OOG
1.0910
1.000

0.9000

0.9002
0.9003
0.9004
0.9008

0.9500
0.9500
0.9501
0.9501
0.95OZb
0.9504b
0. 9506b
O.950Sb
0.951ob
O.951lb
0.9513b
0.9515b
0.9517b
0.951Qb
2.000
1.800
1.750
1.667
1.501.
1,334=
1.2518
1.201s
1. 16QC
1. 143c
1. 125c
1.111'
1* low

1* 0910

1,000

ass+m

rate of flow for a given pressure drop


when the dimensions of R and K and po
and TOare known. A plot of ClB/To
(Figure 5 ) is useful for calculating the

,021

5p 5

1.0

1 (13)

0.8

-I- 2To(l

0.8500
0.8504
0.8506
0.8509
0.8517
0.8533
0.8546
0.8551
0.856Sb
0.8577b
0.8585b
0.8594b
0.8602b
0.8611b

0.9

where use has been made of the boundary


conditions that 4 = 0 at p = K and
p = 1. T h e determining equation for
A, is just the statement that the velocity
4- (A-) be the same as q5+ (A,) :

) ~

0.8000
0.8009

0.8011
0.8018
0.8034
0.8064
0. SO81
0.8107
O.812Sb
0.8144b
0.8160b
0.816Sb
0.8176*
0.8184b

0.8

Q/(rR4P/8pO)
is plotted in Figure 4 as a
function of K and TO. This graph
enables one to compute easily the volume

v,pdp

5 P 5 h (11)
A-

X a l n p ; A+

(To4-K

Q = 2rR2

0.7

= y(S, K )

2.000

Obtained by graphical interpolation of

0.6

0.5

- A+)

= 0

(14)

From this equation X+ has been determined as a function of K and TOand is


plotted in Figure 3.
The volume rate of flow for the Bingham plastic is obtained by integrating
the velocity distribution in Equations 11,
12, and 13 over the annular region and
simplifying the result with the help of
Equation 14 :

06

04

a2

Figure 3.
X,
and &, for Bingham plastic flow
in an annulus

00

VOL. 50, NO. 3

MARCH 1958

349

4 Figure 4.

for Bingham plastic


flow through an annulus

YO

10

09

09

08

08

07

07

Figure 6. X for power law flow


through an annulus

06

06

i
50s

%05

I-0

P O4

04

03

03

02

02

01

01

00
00
00

01

02

a3

04

05

07

06

08

09

io

Bingham Flow in Circular Tubes


0,X- = 0,X+ = To)

pressure drop when the volume rate of


flow is known. T h e use of Figures 4 and
5 is discussed in Examples 1 and 2. T h e
numerical results for the Bingham flow
calculations are presented in Table I.
For high rates of flow when the plug
flow region is small compared with the
dimensions of the annulus, Equation 15
may be simplified by using the Newtonian
expression for X (see Equation 18) and
making the further assumption that
(A,
X-) F= 2X. Then:

(K =

TR4P
Q = __ [ I
$PO

=e[

- .4) - (M
1n (1/.)

(1

+ .3) To

8~

Newtonian Flow in a
Very Thin

(15a)

'lit

(To = 0,Lo./
?rR4P
=7
(1
UP

(16)

rR4P

- (I
GPO

~1~

Equations 21 and 4 may be combined


and integrated to give the velocity distribution:

R(PR/2m)s

f:(

= p, K w 1)

(P

(19)

in a Very Thin
K)3

[I -

- p)'dp;

ti

l1

v, = R(PR)/2m)e

Bingham
Iar Slit ( K = 1 )

= 0, Po = P )

rR4P

(21 1

1-(

Newtonian Flow in Circular Tubes


Q=-

W ] (17)

For this model the local shear stress


depends on the local shear rate as follows:

in which m and n are the rheological con( T , = O , P ~ = ~ , X + ~ = X _ ~stants,


= ( ~obtainable by viscometric tech21n (1;;;)
niques (7, I I , 12). Neivtonian fluids are
TR4P
a special case of Equation 21 with rn = p
Q = __ [(l - ti*) (18)
8P
In ( 1 / K )
a n d n = 1.

This expression differs slightly from that


given by Laird (5, Equation 30).
Five important limiting cases of
Eauation 15 are:

(To= 0,K

Newtonian Flow in Circular Annulus

(1

4
-3 T~

Solution for the Power l a w Model

(22)

1 (23)

in which s = l / n ; in the integrations,


the boundary conditions u, = 0 at p = K
and p = 1 have been used. Clcarly both
Equations 22 and 23 must give the same
value of velocity at p = X:

LA:(

- p)"

dp =

L1

(P

(24)

?)'dp

This is the determining equation for A,


which is a function of K and s.
Finally the volume rate of flow is obtained by substituting Equations 22 and
23 into the first line of Equation 15. T h e
order of integration may then be interchanged and one integration performed
to give:
Q =

%'b

350

INDUSTRIAL A N D ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY

L1

T ~ 3 ( ~ ~ / 2 m ) h

I ~2 -

+lp-a

dP

(25)

which can easily be integrated once X has


been determined from Equation 24.
The integrals appearing in the general
results in Equations 24 and 25 may

WON-NEWTONIAN FLOW
Figure
7.
vmnx/vav for
power
law
flow through
an annulus

IO

09

4
on

07

b
8.

Figure

T(s,

for
power
law
flow through
an annulus
K)

01

02

03

04

05

06

01

I O

09

08

P o w e r L a w Flow in a V e r y Thin
Annular Slit

easily be integrated when s is a positive


integer (pseudoplastic materials), by expanding the integrands in a binomial expansion and interchanging the order of
summation and integration. Equation
24, which determines X, then becomes:

= rR3(PR/2rn)8 n p ( s ,

(30)

K)

in which
k A s g hac

&Asf1

=0

s = 1 , 2 , 3 . . .(26)

i=O

( -l)a+lKI--2i+8

#s + lT

in which

(;)
A,I =

(31)

s-1

(-1)
(-1)ifl

s-2i+1

[1 + (-1)8

In ( 1 / ~ ) [sodd]
(32)

K8--2it1

1
[seven] (33)
i=o

2i - s + l

K ) , defined by 'T (s, E ) = (s


2)
QP/(l K ) ' + ~ , is tabulated in Table 111
as a function of s and X . O n e can

T(s,

A$ = 2

2 (:)i=O s

(-')'
[seven]
2i
1

(29)

Equations 26 to 29 a r e polynomial
equations which can be solved to get X as
a function of s and K , although this
method breaks down for high values of s
and K . Values of X so computed were
used to prepare Table I1 and Figure 6.
The limiting values of h are h = (1 K ) /
2 a t s = 0 and X =
a t s = co.
T h e latter may be shown by expanding
the integrand of the left side of Equation
24 in a Taylor series about p = K and
the right side about p = 1, and taking
the first term in both expansions.
The expression for the throughput rate
given in Equation 25 may be expanded
in a similar fashion to get:

easily compute the throughput for any


pressure drop once the dimensions of R
and K and m and s are known. Table 111
may also be used to deduce the rheological constants from annular flow data
(Examples 3 and 4).
The various limiting cases of Equation
30 may be tabulated :
Newtonian Flow in a Circular T u b e
(s = 1, m = p, K = 0)-Equation 16
Power-Law Flow in a Circular T u b e
(S # 1, K = 0)

Newtonian Flow in a Circular An-

nulus
18

(s =

= kh

* o)-Equation

Newtonian Flow in a V e r v Thin Ann u l a r Slit


(s = 1, m = p, K = 1)-Equation 19

Applications
Example 1. Calculation of Pressure
Drop for Annular Flow of a Bingham
Plastic Material. A mud having a density of 1.69 grams per cc. flows at 5 feet
per second average velocity through an
annulus made from 0.5-inch standard pipe
(outside diameter = 0.840 inch = 0.0700
foot) and 2-inch standard pipe (inside
diameter = 2.067 inches = 0.1726 foot).
The Bingham plastic constants for this solution are 70 = 0.554 pound/ per square foot
and po = 0.000582 pound, second per
square foot. Compute the pressure drop
per unit length required.
SOLUTION. From the dimensions of the
annulus, K = 0.840/2.067 = 0.406 and
R = 0.1726/2 = 0.0863 foot. The
volume throughput is given by:
Q = nR2(1 -

K')U,,.

~ ( 0 . 0 8 6 3 )[~l

- (0.406)2]

= 0.09775 cubic foot per second.

The quantity &/To = 4fi0Q/nR3~o


is then:

OBITO= 4(0.000582) (0.09775)/


~ ( 0 . 0 8 6 3(0.554)
)~
= 0.204
From Figure 5, T O = 0.295.
pressure drop per unit length:

Thus, the

P = 270/ToR = 2(0.554)/(0.295) (0.0863)


= 43.5 poundf per square foot per foot
= 0.30 pound/ per square inch per foot
Example 2. Deduction of Bingham
Plastic Rheological Constants from Annular Flow Data, A Bingham plastic
material flows through the annulus described in Example 1. The following
data are obtained; For v, = 5 feet p&
second, P = 16.8 pound, square foot per
foot; for 0," 10 feet per second, P = 28.3
VOL. 50, NO. 3

MARCH 1958

351

pound, per square foot per foot. Calculate T O and P Ofor the substance.
SOLUTION.By using Equation 15 we
can calculate the ratio of 0, (5 feet per
second) to C ~ B(10 feet per second) :

pound, per square foot per foot and at Q =


0.19550 cubic foot per second, P = 460
pound, per square foot per foot. It is desired to calculate the power-law constants
of this fluid.

Q B ( ~ft./sec.) Q ~ ( 1 ft./sec.)
0
Q ( 5 ft./sec.) P(10 ft. /sec.) Q(l0 ft./sec.) P(5 ft./sec.)

0.09775 = ?iR3(326R/2m)s Qp(s, 0.406)

= Xewtonian viscosity
= plastic viscositv of the
ABingliarn plastic (Equation 5)
= expansion coefficients in expression for volume rate of
flow of a power-law fluid
through a n annulus (defined i n Equations 31, 32,
a n d 33)
= 3.1416
= r,R = dimensionless radial.
coordinate
= shear stress tensor
= limiting shear stress of Bingh a m fluid
= rt-component of shear stress
tensor
= function defined just after
Equation 33
= dimensionless velociry
for
Bingham plastic (Equation

40

= dimensionless maximum ve-

SOLUTION.From Equation 30 we have


0.19550 = .rrR3((460R/2m)Qp(~,
0.406)
Division of these two expressions gives then:
(112) = (326/460)s

Similarly, from Equation 6, we find:


Ta(5 ft./sec.) - P(10 ft./sec.) To(1O ft./sec.)
~ ( ft.
5 /sec.) -

= 1.685

0.09775

I n order to calculate the value of TO at


either flow rate, a trial-and-error method
is used. This can be done by assuming a
value of TOat one velocity from which one
can get To a t the other velocity. Values
of fie corresponding to these two TOvalues
may be found from Fi ure 4. T h e ratio
of ne (5 feet per second7 to Q B (IO feet per
second) is then computed; the procedure
is repeated until this ratio is as near to 0.843
as is desired. Such a trial-and-error procedure takes the form :
To

(5 Ft./Sec.)

0.100
0.200
0.138

To(l0
Ft./Sec.)
0.060
0.119

QB(5

Ft./Sec.)/

Re(10 Ft./Sec.)
0.868
0.730
0.837

0.082

Hence, Equation 6 gives T O = ToPR.!2 =


(0.138)(16.8)(0.0863)/2 = 0.10 poundf
per square foot. Then from Equation 15

Q = 0.09775 =
~ ( 0 . 0 8 6 3 )(16.8)
~
(0.133)/8~0
whence it is found that po = 0.0005 pound?
second per square foot.
Example 3. Calculation of Pressure
Drop for Power-Law Flow through
an Annulus. A 0.67% aqueous solution
of carboxymethyl cellulose flows a t 5 feet
per second average velocity through the
annulus described in Example 1. T h e
power law constants for this solution (8) are
s = 1.398 and rn = 0.00635 pound/
(second)O.76 per square foot. Compute
the pressure drop per unit length required.
SOLUTION.As in Example 1, K = 0.406
and R = 0.0863 foot. The volume
throughput is

Q = .rrR(I - K~)U,\..
~(0.0863)[l - (0.406)] (5)
= 0.09775 cubic foot per second
For the values of K and s given above, we
find by interpolation from Table I11 that
the dimensionless function T(s, K ) is 0.7155.
Hence the dimensionless throughput is:

2)-T(S,
fi p = (1 - K ) + ( S
(1 - 0.406).9*+2(1.398
(0.7155)
= 0.0359

+ 2)-

K)

From Equation 30
0.09775 = ~ ( 0 . 0 8 6 3(0.0863
)~
P/
(2) (0.00635)),3@5
(0.0359)
whence P = 25.5 pound, per cubic foot or
0.177 pound, per square inch per foot.
Example 4. Deduction of Power Law
Constants from Flow through a n Annulus. A polymer solution known to be
of the power-law type flows through the
annulus described in Example 1. T h e
following data are obtained: at Q =
0.09775 cubic foot per second, P = 326

352

when s = 2.0 (or n = 0.50). Interpolating


from Table 111, we find T(2.0, 0.406) =
0.7205, whence Q p = 0.0224. Hence
Equation 30 gives (for Q = 0.09775 cubic
foot per second).
=

~10.0863)[(326) (0.0863)/
(2m)]*.O(0.0224)

from which m = 0.30 pound, (second)0,50


per square foot.

Acknowledgment

6)
locity for Bingham plastic
(Equation 12)
= dimensionless velocity for
Bingham plastic outside
plug flow region (defined
in Equations 11 a n d 13)
= dimensionless flow rates for
Bingham a n d power-law
models, respectively
= del o r nabla operator

T h e authors are greatly indebted to


the computing staff of the University of
Wisconsin Naval Research Laboratory,
under the direction of Elaine Gessert,
for assistance with the computational
work. They wish to thank J. 0. Hirschfelder for making these arrangements
possible.

+-, ++

Nomenclature

literature Cited

= external body force per unit


mass
= dummy index used in sum2
mations
= length of annular region
L
= parameters in power law
m, n
model (Equation 21)
= static pressure
P
= static pressure a t entrance
Po
to annulus (z = 0)
= static pressure a t exit to
PL
annulus ( z = L )
= (Po - P d / L
P
Ygz
= volume rate of flow through
0
annulus
= radial coordinate, measured
r
from common axis of cylinders forming annulus
= radius of outer cylinder of
R
annulus
= reciprocal of n
S
= time
t
= dimensionless shear-stress for
T
Bingham flow (Equation 6)
= dimensionless limiting shearTO
stress for Bingham flow
(Equation 6)
= velocity vector
V
= z-component of velocity vecVZ
tor
= axial coordinate, measured
2
from entrance of annulus
= mass density of fluid
Y
= ratio of radius of inner cylK
inder to that of outer cvlinder
= value of dimensionless radial
coordinate
for which
shear stress is zero
= limits of plug flow region i n
L,
Bingham flow
AS, ASZ = coefficients defined in Equations 27, 28, a n d 29

(1) Bird, R. B., SPE Journal 11, 35-40


(1955).
(2) Bird, R. B., Theory of Diffusion,
Chau. in Advances in Chemical
Engineering, vol. 1, pp. 155-239,
Academic Press, New York, 1956.
(3) Christiansen, E. B., Ryan, N. W.,
Stevens, Lt. E., A.I.Ch.E. Journal
1, 544-9 (1955).
(4) Hirschfelder, J . O., Curtiss, C. F.,
Bird, R. B., Molecular Theory of
Gases and Liquids, Chap. 11,
Wiley, New York, 1954.
(5) Laird, h. M., ~ N D .ENG.CHEM. 49,
138-41 (1957).
Lyche, B. k.,
Bird, R . B., Chem. Eng.
Sci. 6, 35-41 (1956).
Metzner, A. B., Yon-Newtonian
Technology : Fluid Mechanics,
Mixing, and Heat Transfer, in
Advances in Chemical Engineering, vol. I, pp. 77-153, Academic
Press, New York, 1956.
Metzner, A. B., Reed, J. C., A.I.Ch.E.
Journal 1, 434-41 (1955).
Mori, Y., Ototake, N., Chem. Eng.
(Jupun) 17, 224-9 (1953).
Olphen, H. van, J . Znst. Petroleum 36,
223-34 (1950).
Philippoff, W., Viskositat
der
Kolloide, Steinkopff, 1942; Edwards Brothers, Ann Arbor, Mich.,
1944.
(12) Reiner, M., Deformation and Flow,
H. K . Lewis and Co., London,
1949.

INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY

x,

OB: Q p

RECEIVED
for review February 13, 1957
h C E P T E D June 10, 1957
Division of Industrial and Engineering
Chemistry, Symposium on Fluid Mechanics in Chemical Engineering, Purdue
University, Lafayette, Ind., December
1956. Presented in part, Society of Rheology, Pittsburgh, Pa., November 1956.
Work supported by fellowship from National Science Foundation and grant from
Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation.

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