Master

Graduation Project - Chulabhorn Hospital Dormitory Building 2015
Chapter 1
Introduction
1-1 Project scope

The scope of this project is design for structure and construction. Due to time limitation,
this project only covers the design of main members. However, all the structural design
are followed by international codes and standards. Furthermore, BIM (Building
Information Modelling) is applied to some parts of the project.
1-2 Building description

The building which is used for this project is a 12-story dormitory belonging to a hospital
located in Bangkok, Thailand.
Project name: Chulabhorn Hospital.
Building: Dormitory.
Location: Bangkok, Thailand.
Structure: 12 stories and 1 basement.
Project Map:
Figure 1- Project Map (Google)

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Chulabhorn Hospital Over View
Figure 1- Chulabhorn Hospital Over View
Chulabhorn Hospital Dormitory Building Over View
Figure 1- Dormitory Building
Chapter 2
General Information
2-1 Assumptions
Due to lack of information and in order to make it easier for the student to follow the
ASCE 07 to determine load, the project is assumed to be located in Chicago the U.S.
The building is not in seismic zone.
2-2 Codes, standards, Guides and Soft wares.

List of codes and standards are used in this project:
ACI 318M 2014 (SI edition) Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete:
Code for designing reinforced members
ASTM A615/A615M 14 - Standard Specification for Deformed and Plain Carbon-Steel
Bars for Concrete Reinforcement.
ASCE 07-2010 Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures: Standard
to determine load.
ACI 347-04 Guide to formwork for concrete: Standard for designing formwork
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Part 1926: Safety and health
regulations for construction.
ACI 304R-00 - Guide for Measuring, Mixing, Transporting, and Placing Concrete.
ACI 308R-01 Guide to Curing Concrete
ACI 309R-05 Guide for consolidation of concrete
EN 1997-1: 2004 Part 1: Geotechnical design
BS EN 1990:2002 Basis of structural design
UK National Annexes to Eurocode
BS EN 1536:2010 Execution of special geotechnical work Bored pile
BS EN 791:1996 Drill rigs Safety
EN 12063 Execution of special geotechnical work sheet-pile walls
List of Soft wares:
Autodesk Revit 2015: Main software to model the building and create a platform for
BIM.
Autodesk Autocad 2015: Create some detail drawing for illustration in structural report.

Autodesk Naviswork 2015: Naviswork helps to animate the project in construction phase.
Microsoft Project 2013: Make the construction schedule
ETABS 2015: Analyze the model and reinforcement design.
SAFE 12: Analyze and reinforcement design for slab and beam
Mathcad 15: Solve calculation and help to illustrate manual design.
Microsoft Excel 2013: Calculation
2-3 Structural system

The structural system was chosen based on constrains and requirements of architectural
design.
Constraints and requirements that affect the structural system selecting:
The largest span is 8.7 meter
The story height is 3.5 meter.
Length of building: 64 meter and width of building: 16.5 meter.
According to the architectural constraints, requirements a structural system as following
was chosen to design. Later on structural analysis will prove that the system is good to
use.
Slab: Since the span is quite long (8.7 m), it is suitable to use slab and beam system.
Furthermore, flat slab is not required by the architectural design.
Frame system: the building has only 12 stories, so that wall-frame system is suitable. In
addition, the shear walls help to make the structure stronger in the longer direction.
2-4 Design method

The structure is analyzed mainly by soft wares. However, hand calculation was done to
compare and control the result in the software. Furthermore, hand calculation has helped
to optimize the design. The following part will present more detail of members design
method
Slab system: SAFE 12 software was used to design the slab follow ACI 318 11. In the
software the slab was designed by strips. At the same time, Equivalent frame method was
done manually to determine internal load for slab and beam to compare the result.
Frame system: Etabs 15 software was used to analyze the building. At first, trial frame
was put into the software to check for constraints such as natural frequency, torsion,

displacement of the structure. The student tested with many models to obtain the
optimum one to design for the structure.
2-5 Material and cover

Table 2- Material Properties
Material
Grade
Specified compressive/yield
Element or
strength (MPa)
diameter
Modulus of Elasticity
Ec 4700 f c' ( MPa)
Concrete
Grade 4
27 MPa 4000 psi
all
24855 MPa
Steel
Grade 420
420MPa 60000 psi
10-40 mm
200000 MPa
Table 2- Deformed bar designation numbers

Minimum concrete cover requirement for non-prestressed cast in place concrete members
Table 2- Minimum concrete cover (ACI 318-20.6.1.3.1)
Concrete exposure
Member
Reinforcement
Specified cover, mm
All
All
75
Cast against and

permanently in
contact with ground
No. 19 through No.
50
Exposed to weather
or in contact with
57 bars
All
No. 16 bar, MW200

or MD200 wire, and
ground
40
smaller
No. 43 and No. 57
Not exposed to
40
Slabs, joists,
bars
and walls
No. 36 bar and

20
smaller
weather or in
contact with ground
Beams,
columns,
pedestals, and
tension ties
Primary
reinforcement,
stirrups, ties,
spirals, and hoops
40
Loading
Load is determined follow by ASEC 07-10.
3-1 Dead load

Software will determine dead load of members by itself based on the specified material
unit weight.
Unit weight of concrete (stone aggregate and unreinforced): 24 kN/m3
3-2 Superimposed dead load

This type of load is based on engineering judgment.
Table 3- Superimposed dead load
Component
Uniform load (kN/m2)
Remark
Ceiling
0.2
Suspended steel channel

system or Mechanical duct
allowance
Ceramic or quarry tile (19
0.77
mm) on 13-mm mortar bed

Clay brick wythes
1.87
Total
2.84
102 mm
3-3 Live load

Live load is determined followed by ASCE 07 10 (Table 4-1). Live load is different
from types of area.
Table 3- Minimum Live Load ( ASCE 07-10 )

Occupancy of use
Uniform (kN/m2)
Multi purposes area
4.79
Lobby
4.79
Stair and exit
4.79
Dorm office
2.4
Room and corridor
1.92
Roof (Ordinary flat)
0.96
Balcony
2.88
Elevator room
7.18
Table C4 1 ASCE 07 10
3-4 Reduction of live load

According to 4.7. Reduction in live load (ASCE 07-10).
For live load less than 4.97 kN/m2, on panels having area greater than 400 ft2 (37.16 m2).
The live load may be reduced based on the following equations:
4,57
L L0 0, 25
K LL AT
In this formulation:
KLL: 1
AT: panel area
Consider the following plan
Panel
Panel Area
m2
12AB (4x8.7 m2)
34.8
23AB (8x8.7 m2)
69.6
Original live load

kN/m2
Reduced Live Load
Remark
kN/m2
No reduce
4.79
3.83
Basement and
ground floor,
Gymnasium
23AB (8x8.7 m2)
69.6
23BC (4.8x8 m2)
38.4
1.92
1.54
12AB (4,8x4 m2)
Dorm room
No reduce
One Way slab
3-5 Wind Load

Wind load was calculated by Directional Procedure Chapter 26, 27 ASCE 07-10.
Step 1: Determine risk category of building
This character depends on type and purpose of building.
Type of building: Dormitory
Risk Category: III
Refer Table 1.5.1
Step 2: Determine the basic wind speed, V m/s

This parameter depends on Risk Category and Region.
Building location: Chicago
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Basic wind speed: 54 m/s (120 mph)
Refer: Figure 26.5-1B
Step 3: Determine wind load parameter

-
Wind directionality factor: Kd
This factor depends on structure type

Structure Type: Building
Wind directionality factor: Kd = 0.85
Refer Section 26.6 table 26.6-1
-
Exposure category
The character depends on height of building and ground surface

Exposure: B
Refer: Section 26.7
-
Topographic factor: Kzt
The factor depends on site condition and locations of structure.

Topographic factor: Kzt = 1
Refer: section 26.8 and table 26.8-1
-
Gust effect factor: G
A building or other structure whose fundamental frequency is greater than or

equal to 1 Hz
For rigid buildings, the gust-effect factor shall be taken as 0.85
For Flexible or Dynamically Sensitive Buildings, the gust-effect factor are
calculated as the instruction in
X direction - G f 0.951
Y direction - G f 0.846
Refer: Section 26.9.5.
-
Enclose classification
Depend on faade and cladding

Classification: Enclosed building
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Refer: section 26.10
-
Internal pressure coefficient, GCpi
GCpi=0.18
Refer: Section 26.11 and table 26.11-1
Step 4: Determine external pressure coefficient

Refer: Table 27.3-1
Wind ward, Cp:
0.8
Side ward, Cp:
-0.7
Leeward, Cp
N-S(X): Cp = -0.5
L/B=22.2/76
E-W(Y): Cp= -0.22
L/B=76/22.2
Roof (phi = 0)
N-S
Cp=-1.3 for 0 to h/2
Cp=-0.7 for >h/2
E-W
Cp=-1 for 0 to h
Cp=-0.5 for h to 2h
Step 5: Design Wind Load Cases

Assume full design wind pressure acting on the projected area perpendicular to each
principal axis of the structure. Case 1 was selected to design with ex and ey are equal to 0.
Refer: Figure 27.4-8
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The parameters and characteristics above are enough for Etabs to calculate Wind Load.
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3-6: Load Combination

Load combination is designed per Section 5.3.1 ACI 318 as following table
Table 3- Load Combination
Design combination is created automatically by Etabs.
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Chapter 4
Slab
Step in two way slab with interior beam design:

1. Choose the layout and type of slab to be used.
2. Choose the slab thickness. Generally, the slab thickness is chosen to prevent
3.
4.
5.
6.
excessive deflection in service.

Calculate the strip moment
Design reinforcement for the moments in strips.
Check shear strength at a critical section.
Reinforcement detailing
4-1 Choose the layout and type of slab to be used

Since the span is pretty long (longest span is 8.7 m), the type of slab is slab with interior
beams.
4-2 Choose the slab thickness

Minimum thickness are required by code ACI 318 Section 8.3.1
To determine the minimum thickness of slabs with beams spanning between their
supports on all sides, Section 8.3.1.2 of the code must be followed. Involved in the
expressions presented there are span lengths, panel shapes, flexural stiffness of beams,
steel yield stresses, and so on. In these equations, the following terms are used:
ln : The clear span in the long direction, measured face to face, of (a) columns for
slabs without beams and (b) beams for slab with beams
: The ratio of the long to the short clear span
fm : The average value of the ratios of beam-to-slab stiffness on all sides of a panel.
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The minimum thickness of slabs or other two-way construction may be obtained by
substituting into the equations to follow, which are given in Section 8.3.1.2 of the code.
In the equations, the quantity is used to take into account the effect of the shape of the
panel on its deflection, while the effect of beams is represented by fm . If there are no
beams present (as is the case for flat slabs), fm will equal 0.
1. For fm 0.2, the minimum thicknesses are obtained as they were for slabs without
interior beams spanning between their supports.
2. For 0.2 fm 2.0, the thickness may not be less than 125 mm. or
f
ln 0.8 y
1400
(ACI 8.3.1.2 b)
h
36 5 fm 0.2
3. For fm >2.0, the thickness may not be less than 90mm. or
f
ln 0.8 y
1400
(ACI 8.3.1.2 d)
h
36 9
Where ln and f y are in mm and MPa, respectively.
For panels with discontinuous edges, the code (8.3.1.2.1) requires that edge beams be
used, which have a minimum stiffness ratio f equal to 0.8, or else that the minimum slab
thicknesses, as determined by ACI Equations in Table 8.3.1.2, must be increased by 10%.
4-3 Calculate the strip moment

In this project, SAFE will be used to determine the moment in slab by column and middle
strip.
According to ACI Section 8.4.15, a column strip is a design strip with a width on each
side of a column centerline equal to the lesser of 0.25l2 and 0.25l1. A column strip must
include beams within the strip, if present.
A middle strip is a design strip bounded by two column strips.
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Figure 4- Strip design
4-4 Design reinforcement for the moments in strips.

The area of steel will be calculated from the following equation
Mu
f y jd
As
Where jd 0.95d for slabs of normal proportions. Once a trial value of As has been
computed for the section of maximum moment, the depth of the compression stress
block, a, will be computed and used to compute an improved value of jd d a / 2 . This
procedure will be used to compute As at all maximum moment sections in the slab. It
also is necessary to check if the section is tension-controlled and whether As exceeds
As ,min
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Where: : reduction factor
Minimum reinforcement:
As ,min
0.25 f c'
fy
bw d , and
1.4bw d
fy
'
Where: f y , f c are in MPa
4-5 Check shear strength

According to James K. Wight, when slabs are supported on beams having
f 1l2
1.0 the
l1
beams must be designed for shear forces computed by assuming tributary areas bounded
by 45 lines at the corners of the panels and the centerlines of the panels. If the beams
have between 0 and 1.0, the shear forces computed from these tributary areas are
multiplied by f 1l2 / l1 . In such a case, the remainder of the shear must be transmitted to
the column by shear in the slab. So If we select the beam sizes such that
f 1l2
1.0 for a
l1
two-way slab. There no need to check the shear strength since beam already resist the
shear.
4-6 Reinforcement detailing

(a) Development length
The development length, ld , is the shortest length of bar in which the bar stress can
increase from zero to the yield strength f y .If the distance from a point where the bar
stress equals f y to the end of the bar is less than the development length, the bar will pull
out of the concrete. The development lengths are different in tension and compression.
Tension-development lengths
Development length ld of deformed bars and deformed wires in tension must be. With the
modification factors must be in accordance with Table 25.4.2.4 ACI.
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fy
Maximum ld
d b ,300mm ACI 25.4.2.3a
' cb K tr
1.1
db
For the simple and useful expression. For example, in all members with normal
weight concrete ( = 1.0), uncoated reinforcement ( e = 1.0), No. 22 and larger

'
bottom bars ( t = 1.0) with f c = 28 MPa, and Grade 420 reinforcement, the
expressions reduce to:

ld 47d b
(R25.4.2.2)
For No.19 and small bottom bars:

ld 38d b
Compression-Development lengths
Compression-development lengths are considerably shorter than tensiondevelopment lengths, because some force is transferred to the concrete by the
bearing at the end of the bar and because there are no cracks in such an anchorage
region. Development length ldc is as the following:
0.24 f y r
d but not less than 0.043 f y r db and 200mm

f' b
c
(b) Hooked anchorages

The development length of a hook, ldh . It must be the greater of the following
numbers:
0.24 f y e c r
d b with e , c , r and given in ACI section 25.4.3.2.
(a)
'
f
c
(b) 8db
(c) 150 mm
(c) Splices
Lap splices are not allowed for bars larger than No. 36.
Tension lap splices
Tension lap splice length of deformed bars shall be in accordance with the table
25.5.2.1 (ACI). Where ld is the development length as defined above or
accordance with ACI Section 25.4.2.1(a)
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Table 4- Lap splice lengths of deformed bars and deformed wires in tension (ACI 318 25.5.2.1)
Compression lap splices

Compression lap splices of deformed bars must be calculated in accordance with
(a) or (b) ACI Section 25.5.5.1.
(a) For f y 420MPa : lsc is the greater of 0.071 f y d b and 300mm
(b) For f y 420MPa : lsc is the greater of (0.13 f y 24)db and 300mm
'
For f c 21MPa , the length of lap shall be increased by one-third.
(d) Flexural reinforcement spacing

The maximum spacing of reinforcement at critical design sections for positive and
negative moments in both the middle and column strips shall not exceed two times the
slab thickness and 450 mm, and the bar spacing shall not exceed three times the slab
thickness and 450 mm at any location (ACI Code Section 8.7.2.2).
4-7 Design
(a)
Assume a slab thickness of 20 cm and a beam 30 cm in wide and 60 cm in deep.
We select the panel AB23 to check the minimum thickness of slab.

(b)
Computing fm
I b : Gross moment of inertia of T Beam cross section shown in following
figures about the centroidal axis = 932156.863 cm 4 .
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bbf bb 2(hb hs )
hb
hs
bbf
bb
Beam cross section
I s : Gross moment of inertia of slab

Slab (along
hs (cm)
bs (cm)
I s ( cm4 )
I b ( cm 4 )
20
600
400000
932156.863
2.33
20
800
533333
932156.863
1.75
20
510
340000
932156.863
2.74
20
675
450000
932156.863
2.07
axis)
fm
EI b
EI s
1 2 3 4
= 2.22 > 2
4
(c) Determining Slab Thickness per ACI Section 8.3.1.2

fm =2.22 > 2.0
f
ln 0.8 y
1400
h
36 9
l
8.7 0.3
nlong
1.09
lnshort
8 0.3
f
ln 0.8 y
1400 =200 mm
h
36 9
Use 200 mm slab

(d) Design reinforcement for the moments
The following part will illustrate the procedure to design reinforcement for the moments
for 1 column strip 23B.
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The area of steel will be calculated from the following equation
As
Mu
f y jd
Estimate d for slab d ~ hs 30m = 170 mm

Compute trial required As at the section of maximum moment (column strip 23B at B2)
Mu = -146.648 kNm. Assume that j = 0.95
146.6 106
As (req)
2438.9(mm 2 )
0.9 413.7 0.95 170
Compute a and check whether the section is tension controlled:
As f y
2438.9 413.7
a
17.9(mm)
'
0.85 f c b 0.85 27.579 2400
a 17.9
c
21.1(mm )
1 0.85
This is less than 3d/8=63.75 mm; therefore; 0.9
Compute jd for computing As:
a
17.9
jd d 170
161mm
2
2
146.6 106
As
2445.9mm 2
0.9 413.7 161
The minimum As is specified in ACI Code section 8.6.1.1.
As.min 0.002bh 0.002 2400 200 960mm 2
The area of reinforcement required for 1 m width:
As ,1m
As 1000
1019.14mm 2
b
Select the bar size for top reinforcement is 16mm .

The area of 1 bar: As ,1bar
Spacing required:
d2
201mm 2
4
1000
1000
; 200mm
As ,1m
1019.14
201
As ,1bar
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Similarly, reinforcement in other strips is calculated and shown in the following table.
East West Strip
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North South Strip
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Chapter 5
Beam design
Step in beam design:

Select the beam sections based on shear strength and minimum thickness of slab.
Estimating the effective depth of a beam.
Determine the moment in beam.
Design reinforcement for the sections moments.
Shear design in beams.
Reinforcement detailing.
5-1 Select the beam section.

Minimum depth of nonprestressed beams
According to ACI Section 9.3.1.1, minimum depth of nonprestressed beams can be
determined from the following table:
Table 5- Minimum depth of nonprestressed beams (ACI 318-9.3.1.1)
Note that the expressions in table 9.3.1.1 is only applicable for normal weight concrete
and Grade 420 reinforcement. For f y other than 420MPa, the expressions must be
multiplied by (0.4 f y / 700) .
Beam dimension based on section strength
The size of the beams also is governed by their shear and flexural strengths. According to
ACI Section 22.5.1.2 Cross-sectional dimensions shall be selected to satisfy this
equation,
Vu Vc 0.66 f c' bw d
Estimating the effective depth of a beam.

29 Bui The Cong - 81100410

According to James K. Wight.
It is generally satisfactory to estimate the effective depth of a beam using the following
approximations
For beams with one layer of reinforcement,
d ; h 65mm
For beams with two layers of reinforcement,
d ; h 90mm
5-2 Determine the moment in beam

The moment in beams is taken from the frame analysis by Etabs software.
5-3 Design reinforcement for the sections moments

Minimum reinforcement
To prevent a sudden failure with little or no warning when beam cracks in flexure, ACI
code Section 9.6.1.1 requires a minimum amount of flexural reinforcement equal to that
in the following equation:
As ,min
0.25 f c '
1.4bw d
bw d , and
fy
fy
'
Where f c and f y are in MPa
Design of tension reinforcement

The required steel area in a singly reinforcement section can be determine from the
following equation:
As
Mu
a
fy d
2
Mu
f y jd
For the most common steel percentages in beams, the value of the moment arm, jd,
generally is between 0.87d and 0.91d. Using the suggested values for j given above, this
equation will give a good approximation of the required area of tension reinforcement.
One quick iteration can be used to refine the value for As by enforcing section
equilibrium to determine the depth of the compression stress block, a
a
As f y
0.85 f c 'b
30 Bui The Cong - 81100410

And then putting that value of a into above equation to calculate an improved value for
As.
5-4 Shear design in beams

(a) Location of Maximum Shear for the Design of Beams
ACI Code Section 9.4.3.2 states,
Sections between the face of support and a critical section located d from the face
of support for nonprestressed beams shall be permitted to be designed for Vu at
that critical section. This permitted only when:
- The support reaction, in the direction of the applied shear, introduces
-
compression into the end regions of a member,

The loads are applied at or near the top of the beam, and
No concentrated load occurs within d from the face of the support.
The shear forced will be taken from the frame analysis result by Etabs Software.
(b) In the ACI Code, the basic design equation for the shear capacity of beam is:
Vn Vu
Where Vu the shear force due to the factored loads is, is a strength-reduction
factor, taken equal to 0.75 for shear. The nominal shear resistance is
Vu Vc Vs
Where Vc the shear is carried by the concrete and Vs is the shear carried by the
stirrups
For non-prestressed members without axial force, Vc shall be calculated by,
Vc 0.17 f c' bw d
(ACI 22.5.5.1)
With is taken from the following table ACI section 19.2.4.2:
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Table 5- Modification factor (ACI 318-19.2.4.2)
If the Vu exceeds Vc , stirrups must be provided so that: Vn Vu

The above equation can be rearrange to the form:
Vs Vu Vc or Vs
Vu
Vc
Other hand, we have the shear resisted by the stirrups is

Vs
Av f yt d
s
ACI 22.5.10.5.3
We have the required stirrup spacing:

s
Av f yt d
Vu / Vc
Note that the equation applies only to vertical stirrups.

(c) Minimum of shear Reinforcement
Because a shear failure of a beam without web reinforcement is sudden and
brittle, and because shear-failure loads vary widely about the values given by the
design equations, ACI Code Section 9.6.3, requires a minimum amount of web
reinforcement to be provided if the applied shear force, Vu , exceeds half of the
factored inclined cracking shear 0.5Vc except for the cases in the following
table:
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The minimum web reinforcement Av ,min shall be

0.062 f c' bw s
f yt
But not less than
0.35bw s
Av ,min
f yt
(d) Maximum spacing of shear reinforcement.
According to ACI Section 9.7.6.2.2 Maximum spacing of shear reinforcement
Av ,min
shall be in accordance with following table:

Table 5- Maximum spacing of shear reinforcement
(e) The strength-reduction factor, , for shear and torsion is 0.75. This value is lower
than for flexure, because shear-failure loads are more variable than flexure-failure
loads.

(e) Development length
The development length, ld , is the shortest length of bar in which the bar stress
can increase from zero to the yield strength f y .If the distance from a point where
33 Bui The Cong - 81100410

the bar stress equals f y to the end of the bar is less than the development length,
the bar will pull out of the concrete. The development lengths are different in
tension and compression.
Tension-development lengths
Development length ld of deformed bars and deformed wires in tension must be.
With the modification factors must be in accordance with Table 25.4.2.4 ACI.
fy
Maximum ld
d b ,300mm
ACI 25.4.2.3a
' cb K tr
1.1 f c
d
b
For the simple and useful expression. For example, in all members with normal
weight concrete ( = 1.0), uncoated reinforcement ( e = 1.0), No. 22 and larger
'
bottom bars ( t = 1.0) with f c = 28 MPa, and Grade 420 reinforcement, the
expressions reduce to:

ld 47 db
(R25.4.2.2)
For No.19 and small bottom bars:
ld 38d b
Compression-Development lengths
Compression-development lengths are considerably shorter than tensiondevelopment lengths, because some force is transferred to the concrete by the
bearing at the end of the bar and because there are no cracks in such an anchorage
region. Development length ldc is as the following:
0.24 f y r
d but not less than 0.043 f y r db and 200mm

f' b
c
(f) Hooked anchorages

The development length of a hook, ldh . It must be the greater of the following
numbers:
0.24 f y e c r
d b with e , c , r and given in ACI section 25.4.3.2.
(d)
'
f
c
(e) 8db
(f) 150 mm
(g) Splices
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Lap splices are not allowed for bars larger than No. 36.
Tension lap splices
Tension lap splice length of deformed bars shall be in accordance with the table
25.5.2.1 (ACI). Where ld is the development length as defined above or
accordance with ACI Section 25.4.2.1(a)
Compression lap splices

Compression lap splices of deformed bars must be calculated in accordance with
(a) or (b) ACI Section 25.5.5.1.
(c) For f y 420 MPa : lsc is the greater of 0.071 f y db and 300mm
(d) For f y 420 MPa : lsc is the greater of (0.13 f y 24)db and 300mm
'
For f c 21MPa , the length of lap shall be increased by one-third.
5-6 Beam Design: B8 Story 6

(a) Design the Midspan section of beam A-B.
Factor moment: Mu=176 kNm
Initially assuming a moment arm, jd, equal to 0.9d and the section will be a
tension-controlled section ( 0.9 ), we will use the above equation () to get the
first estimate for the required are of tension steel:
Mu
Mu
176kNm 106
As
981mm 2
a
f y jd 0.9 414 MPa 0.9 535mm
fy d
2
Check As ,min
0.25 f c '
1.4bw d
bw d , and
.
fy
fy
35 Bui The Cong - 81100410

As ,min
0.25 f c '
0.25 28MPa
bw d
300mm 535mm 512mm 2
fy
414MPa
1.4bw d 1.4 300mm 535mm
542.75mm 2
fy
414 MPa
As ,min 542.75mm 2
Thus, the minimum area will not govern, and one iteration will be executed to
improve the value of As . Determine the depth of the compression stress block, a.
As f y
981mm 2 414MPa
a
56.88mm
0.85 f c 'b 0.85 28MPa 300mm
Using the value a above to calculate the area of reinforcement again.
Mu
176kNm 106
As
932.47 mm 2
a
56.88mm
f y d 0.9 414 MPa 535mm
2
2
For this required area, select 4 No.19 bars, which results in an area, As, equal to
1134.1 mm2
(b) Detailing design
(c) Required strength check
We have calculated the required minimum steel area, and it is less than the
selected area of steel. We will calculate c and compare it to 3/8 of d, or, 0.375 x
535 mm = 200.625 mm. For the selected area of steel.
a
As f y
0.85 f c 'b
1134.1mm 2 414MPa
59.02mm
0.85 28MPa 300mm
For a concrete compressive strength of 4000 psi (28MPa), the factor 1 equal to
0.85. Thus depth to the neutral axis is
c a / 1 59.02mm / 0.85 69.44mm
This value for c is clearly less than 3/8 of d, so this is a tension-controlled section.
a
59.02mm
M n As f y d 0.9 1134.1mm 2 414 MPa 535mm

191.71KNm
2
2
The strength is adequate without being so excessive.

(d) Design of shear
Select No.10 stirrups for the beam
Vu at the face of support: Vu = 242 kN
Shear strength of concrete:
36 Bui The Cong - 81100410

Vc 0.17 f c' bw d 0.75 0.17 1 28MPa 300mm (600 65)mm 107.5kN
Since Vu Vc , stirrups are required
Vs Vu Vc 243 107.5 135.5kN

Vs
135.5kN
180.7 kN
0.75
Spacing required:
s
Av f yt d
Vs
2 78.5mm 2 414 MPa (600 65) mm

192.38mm
180.7kN
Maximum spacing: (9.7.6.2.1)
0.33 f c' bw d 0.33 28MPa 300mm (600 65) mm 278.14 kN
Vs 0.33 f c' bw d
So that smax
d (600 65)
267.5mm
2
2
We will use s = 150 mm at two end of the beam and s = 250 at the middle of the
beam.
Calculate for the other beam
Beam B7:
Vu at the face of support: Vu = 72 kN
Shear strength of concrete:
Vc 0.17 f c' bw d 0.75 0.17 28MPa 300mm (400 65)mm 67.3kN

Since Vu Vc , stirrups are required
Vs Vu Vc 72 67.3 4.7kN
Maximum spacing: (9.7.6.2.1)
0.33 f c' bw d 0.33 28MPa 300mm (450 65) mm 174.17 kN
Vs 0.33 f c' bw d
So that smax
d (400 65)
167.5mm
2
2
37 Bui The Cong - 81100410

We will use s = 150 mm at two end of the beam and s = 250 at the middle of the
beam.
38 Bui The Cong - 81100410
Concrete 4000psi
Steel 60000 psi
Beam
Location
Moment
b
h
d
Determine the required area
fc'
fy
B8
Start-End
319
300
400
530
27.579 MPA
413.685 MPA
As
a
176.67
114.11
106.57
105.72
105.63
105.62
As
22
4
19
4
1134.11
0.71%
1939.92
1811.63
1797.29
1795.70
1795.52
Select the reinforcement
Minimum area
Bar No.
Quantity
Area
Rebar Ratio
Check the section
Beta 1
depth of netural axis c
3d/8
the section is tension
controlled c<3d/8
Strength of section M
(kNm)
504.61
19
2
2087.59
1.31%
Middle
176
300
400
530
1070.30
948.24
941.46
941.08
941.06
0.85
124.258
198.750
0.85
65.125
198.750
370.8937
212.1054
39 Bui The Cong - 81100410
a
176.67
62.96
55.78
55.38
55.36
55.36
22
0
Concrete 4000psi
fc'
Steel 60000 psi
fy
Beam
B7
Location
Start-End
Moment
60
b
300
h
400
d
340
Determine the required area
As
340.46
309.92
309.38
309.37
309.37
Select the reinforcement
Minimum area
323.71
Bar No.
19
Quantity
2
Area
567.06
Rebar Ratio
0.56%
Check the section
Beta 1
0.85
depth of netural axis c
21.410
3d/8
127.500
the section is tension controlled c<3d/8
Strength of section M
(kNm)
69.8615
40 Bui The Cong - 81100410
27.579
413.685
MPA
MPA
Middle
28
300
400
340
a
113.33
20.03
18.23
18.20
18.20
18.20
As
22
0
19
2
567.06
0.56%
158.88
143.16
143.03
143.03
143.03
0.85
9.898
127.500
70.8944
a
113.33
9.35
8.42
8.41
8.41
8.41
22
0
Chapter 6
Column
Steps in design a column:

Select trial size, and trial reinforcement ratio.
Design the column by using the interaction diagram
Draw the interaction diagram to check
Design for shear
Reinforcement detailing
6-1 Select trial size, and trial reinforcement ratio

James K. Wight suggests an equation to estimate the size for the columns.
For tied column
Ag (trial )
Pu
0.40( f c' f y g )
where : g
Ast
Ag
6-2 Design the column by using the interaction diagram

-
Compute
To estimate assume that the centroid of the longitudinal bars is located 65mm.
from the edge of the column.
h 2(65)
h
Because the interaction diagrams in Appendix A are given for 0.6 , 0.75
and 0.9 it will be necessary to interpolate. Also, because the diagrams only
can be read with limited accuracy, it is recommended to express with only two
significant figures.
Use interaction diagrams to determine g .The interaction diagrams are entered
with
Pn Pu
Ag
Ag
Mn Mu
Ag h Ag h
(ksi)
If the value of g computed here exceeds 0.03 to 0.04, a larger section should be
chosen. If g is less than 0.01, either use 0.01 (the minimum allowed by ACI
Code Section 10.6.1) or recompute, using a smaller cross section.
41 Bui The Cong - 81100410

Non dimensional interaction diagram for rectangular tied column with bars in four
faces are show as follows (James K. Wight):
Figure 6- Non dimensional interaction diagram 1
42 Bui The Cong - 81100410
43 Bui The Cong - 81100410
44 Bui The Cong - 81100410
6-3 Draw the interaction diagram to check the designed

section
A typical interaction diagram,
Figure 6- A typical interaction diagram

To draw the interaction diagram, it is necessary to calculate the particular points as
follows:
-
Compute the concentric axial-load capacity and maximum axial-load capacity

The axial load capacity
'
Point A: P0 (0.85 f c )( Ag Ast ) f y ( Ast )
Point A: P0
The maximum load allowed by ACI Code Section 22.4.2.2
45 Bui The Cong - 81100410
The horizontal line: Pn,max 0.80 P0

General case
The general case involves the calculation of Pn acting at the centroid and M n
acting about the centroid of the gross cross section, for an assumed strain
distribution with cu 0.003 The column cross section and the assumed strain
distribution are shown in Fig. 6-5 a and b.
Figure 6- Notation and sign convention for interaction diagram

The general idea is to computing the compressive force in the concrete, Cc, and
the forces in each layer of reinforcement, Fs1, Fs2 and so on. This is done by
multiplying the stresses by corresponding areas. Thus,
Cc 0.85 f c'ab
If a is less than di
Fsi f si Asi (Only account for the layer that stress is positive in compression)
If a is greater than di for a particular layer of steel, the area of the reinforcement in
that layer has been included in the area (ab) used to compute Cc. As a result, it is
'
necessary to subtract 0.85 f c from f si before computing Fsi
Fsi ( f si 0.85 f c' ) Asi

The nominal axial load capacity, Pn, for the assumed strain distribution is the
summation of the axial forces:
n
Pn Cc Fsi
i 1
The nominal moment capacity, Mn, for the assumed strain distribution is found by
summing the moments of all the internal forces about the centroid of the column.
46 Bui The Cong - 81100410
Figure 6- internal forces and moment arms

All the forces are shown positive (compressive) in Fig. 6-6 ( Figure11-6 James K.
Wight). A positive internal moment corresponds to a compression at the top face,
and
n
h a
h
Fsi
di
2
2 2
i 1
M n Cc
6-4 Design for Shear

-
According to Section 23.6.3.1, Spacing of closed ties, s, along the length of the
strut shall not exceed the smallest of (a) through (c):

(a) Smallest dimension of cross section of column
(b) 48db of bar or wire used for closed tie reinforcement
(c) 16db of compression reinforcement
Shear strength for nonprestressed members with axial compression, Vc shall be
calculated by (ACI Section 22.5.6.1)
N
Vc 0.17 1 u f c' bw d
14 Ag
With =1 for normal weight concrete (table 19.2.4.2 ACI Code)

Nu is the factored axial force acting simultaneously with the factored shearing
force, Vu max.
, that is applied to the member
Minimum shear reinforcement if Vu 0.5Vc with 0.75 for shear
The minimum web reinforcement Av ,min shall be
Av ,min
0.062 f c' bw s
f yt
47 Bui The Cong - 81100410

But not less than
0.35bw s
Av ,min
f yt

-
Bar spacing requirement

The ACI Code requires that the minimum clear distance between longitudinal bars
shall not be less than the larger of 25mm, 1.5 times the longitudinal bar diameter,
1
or 1 times the maximum size of the coarse aggregate (section 25.2.1).
3
Reinforcement splices (section 10.7.5.2)
Firstly, establish whether compression or tension lap splices are required. This is
illustrated in the following figure. Since all the column in this frame resist a resist
small moment, so that compression lap will be required.
Figure 6- Lap splice type

The compression lap splices length lsc of No.36 or smaller deformed bars in
compression shall be calculated in accordance (section 25.5.5.1).:
For fy 420MPa: lsc is the greater of 0.071fydb and 300 mm.
48 Bui The Cong - 81100410

According to ACI section 10.7.5.2.1, for tied columns, where ties throughout the
lap splice length have an effective area not less than 0.0015hs in both directions,
lap splice length shall be permitted to be multiplied by 0.83. Tie legs
perpendicular to dimension h shall be considered in calculating effective area.
Offset bent longitudinal reinforcement.(ACI 10.7.4.1)

The slope of the inclined portion of an offset bent longitudinal bar relative to the
longitudinal axis of the column shall not exceed 1 in 6. Portions of bar above and below
an offset shall be parallel to axis of column.
If the column face is offset 75 mm or more, longitudinal bars shall not be offset bent and
separate dowels, lap spliced with the longitudinal bars adjacent to the offset column
faces, shall be provided.
According to ACI Section 23.6.3.2, the first closed tie shall be located not more than 0.5s
from the face of the nodal zone.
6-6 Practice Design of Short column using interaction

diagram
(a) Design of a tied column for a given Pu and Mu.
Design for the column C11 at ground floor
The force will be taken from Etabs. Considering the combination UDCON 03 with
Maximum Pu.
Pu = 10147.51 kN
Mu2 = 2.021 kNm
Mu3 = 142.42 kNm
49 Bui The Cong - 81100410

The eccentricity in each axis:
e2
Mu2
0.0002m
Pu
e3
M u3
0.0120m
Pu
Since e2<<e3 so that moment M2 can be neglected.

1. Material properties, trial size
Select fy = 420 MPa, f`c = 28 MPa
Assume g =0.003
Pu
624846.9mm 2
'
0.40( f c f y g )
Choose a dimension (1200mmx500mm=600000mm2)
2. Compute
To estimate assume that the centroid of the longitudinal bars is located 65mm.
Ag (trial )
from the edge of the column.

1200 2 65
0.89
1200
3. Use interaction diagram to determine g . The interaction diagrams are entered
with.
Pn Pu 10147.511000
16.9 MPa 2.45ksi

Ag
Ag
1200 500
M n Mu
142.42 106
0.197 MPa 0.029ksi

Ag h
Ag h 1200 500 1200
From figure A9c: g 0.0232
4. Select the reinforcement
Ast g Ag 0.0232 1200 500 13920mm 2
Ast 14476.46mm 2
A
14476.46
st
0.0241 2.41%
b h 1200 500
This selection does not violate neither minimum bar spacing rule.
The section will be checked again with all combination by interaction diagram.
5. Design for shear
The combination with Vmax UDCon 8
Vumax = 116.1 kN
Pu=9290.05
Use No.10 bar for tie.
Maximum spacing of tie according to 23.6.3.1
Choose 18 No.32
50 Bui The Cong - 81100410

16db of
48 db of tie
Minimum of column
Maximum spacing
longitudinal bar
16x32=512mm
reinforcement
48x10=480mm
dimension
500
480mm
Shear strength of the section
N
Vc 0.17 1 u f c' bw d 511kN
14 Ag
Since Vu < 0.5Vc=511/2=255.5kN

The tie will be place with spacing = 400 mm
6. Lap splice (compression)
For fy 420MPa: lsc is the greater of 0.071fydb and 300 mm.
lsc 0.071 f y db 0.071 420 32 960mm
51 Bui The Cong - 81100410
The flexural design calculation is shown as follow:

Level
Column
Combinati
Pu kN
on
Ground
C10
UDCon3
Mu
kNm
Atrial
b mm
h mm
Pu/Ag
(ksi)
mm2
Mu/Agh
Ast
Bar
No.
As
No.
(ksi)
mm2
5613.61
42.46
345665.64
500
700
0.814
2.326
0.025
0.0232
8120
29
14
9247.3
10147.513
142.42
624846.86
500
1200
0.892
2.453
0.029
0.0232
13920
32
18
14476.5
8477.62
168.31
522020.94
500
1000
0.870
2.459
0.049
0.0232
11600
32
16
12868.0
5341.22
44.20
328893.05
500
700
0.814
2.213
0.026
0.017
5950
29
14
9247.3
9326.88
181.46
574315.06
500
1200
0.892
2.255
0.037
0.017
10200
32
18
14476.5
7961.31
296.84
490228.27
500
1000
0.870
2.309
0.086
0.019
9500
32
16
12868.0
3186.7
65.7
196226.3
500
700
0.814
1.321
0.039
0.01
3500
29
14
9247.3
8520.7
156.5
524672.6
500
1200
0.892
2.060
0.032
0.012
7200
32
18
14476.5
7259.5
226.3
447016.0
500
1000
0.870
2.106
0.066
0.013
6500
32
16
12868.0
(Pmax)
C11
UDCon3
(Pmax)
C12
UDCon3
(Pmax)
Second
C10
UDCon3
(Pmax)
C11
UDCon3
(Pmax)
C12
UDCon3
(Pmax)
Third
C10
UDCon20
(Mmax)
C11
UDCon3
(Pmax)
C12
UDCon3
(Pmax)
52 Bui The Cong - 81100410

Level
Column
Combinati
Pu kN
on
Fourth
C10
UDCon20
Mu
kNm
Atrial
b mm
h mm
Pu/Ag
(ksi)
mm2
Mu/Agh
Ast
Bar
No.
As
No.
(ksi)
mm2
2889.74
70.58
177939.61
500
700
0.814
1.197
0.042
0.01
3500
29
14
9247.3
4552.83
273.85
280346.76
500
1200
0.892
1.101
0.055
0.01
6000
32
18
14476.5
3507.09
75.63
215954.03
500
1000
0.870
1.017
0.022
0.01
5000
32
16
12868.0
2588.98
61.59
159419.68
500
650
0.800
1.155
0.042
0.01
3250
29
14
9247.3
4086.53
228.47
251633.76
500
1100
0.882
1.078
0.055
0.01
5500
32
18
14476.5
3140.07
51.40
193354.29
500
900
0.856
1.012
0.018
0.01
4500
32
16
12868.0
(Mmax)
C11
UDCon20
(Mmax)
C12
UDCon20
(Mmax)
Fifth
C10
UDCon20
(Mmax)
C11
UDCon20
(Mmax)
C12
UDCon20
(Mmax)
For the upper story, the ratio of reinforcement is 1% as a trial, to check the capacity of column, refer to the interaction diagram.
For shear design, all columns have Vu < 0.5Vc (Concrete shear Strength), Hence the stirrup in columns will be placed as
10@400mm.
For lap splice, For fy 420MPa: lsc is the greater of 0.071fydb and 300 mm.
With 32 lsc 0.071 f y db 0.071 420 32 960mm
With 29 lsc 0.071 f y d b 0.071 420 29 864.78mm 870mm
53 Bui The Cong - 81100410

With 25 lsc 0.071 f y d b 0.071 420 25 745.5mm 750mm
54 Bui The Cong - 81100410

(b) Interaction diagram
The interaction is drawn following the theory above by Mathcad.
Interaction diagram
C 10
Material
Concrete f'c 4000psi
Rebar fy 60000psi
f'c 27.579 MPa

fy 413.685 MPa
Section
h 700mm
b 500mm
db 29mm
dv 10mm
cover 40mm
Es 200000MPa
1 1 1 1
nb
1 0 0 1
Location and number of rebar
1 0 0 1
1 0 0 1
Cover to longitudinal rebar
1 1 1 1
db
co cover dv
2
Load on column

cols nb
Pu 6000kN
rows nb
Mu 100kN m
Number of rebar by level
cols nb
nsl
nb
i 1
55 Bui The Cong - 81100410
nsl
5
4
56 Bui The Cong - 81100410

Area of rebar
db
db 29 mm
Asb
4
Area of rebar by level
660.52 mm
2642.079
1321.04
1321.04
2
Asl 1321.04 mm
Asl Asb nsl
As
Total area of rebars
2642.079
As 9247.278 mm
Asl
Level of rebar
d
d1 co
for i 2 rows nb
( h 2co)

rows nb 1
di di1
0.065
0.207
d 0.35 m
0.493
0.636
0.85
0.85
0.65
if f'c 4000psi
0.05
f'c 4000psi
1000psi
otherwise
57 Bui The Cong - 81100410
if 4000psi f'c 8000psi
0.85
c ( a )
i 1 rows nb
s ( i a )
0.003
di c ( a )
c (a )
fs ( i a ) sign s ( i a ) min s ( i a ) Es fy
Cs ( i a ) Asl fs ( i a )
i
Cc ( a ) 0.85 f'c a b
Max allowable compression load
P nmax
0.65 0.8 0.85 f'c b h As As fy
P nmax
6142.994 kN
Strength reduction factor
t (a )
0.003
(a)
drows nb c(a)
0.9
c (a )
if t ( a ) 0.005
0.65
0.65
t (a ) 0.002 2503
otherwise
58 Bui The Cong - 81100410
if 0.005 t ( a ) 0.002
C10_500x700_INTERACTION DIAGRAM
710
7000
A xi a l L o ad k N
P.n ( a )
kN
5.610
4.210
P.u
3
kN
2.810
8000
3
1.410
0
0
0
0
300
600
M.n ( a )
kN m
900
M.u
kN m
600
Moment Capacity kNm

Figure 6- C10-Interaction diagram
59 Bui The Cong - 81100410
1.210
1.510
1500
60 Bui The Cong - 81100410
INTERACTION DIAGRAM C11

Material

Rebar
f'c 27.579 MPa
fy 60000psi
fy 413.685 MPa
Section
h 1200mm
b 500mm
db 32mm
dv 10mm
cover 40mm
1 1 1 1
1 0 0 1
Es 200000MPa
1 0 0 1
1 0 0 1
1 0 0 1
nb 1 0 0 1
1 1 1 1
db
co cover dv
2
Load on column

cols nb
Pu 6000kN
rows nb 7
Mu 100kN m
cols nb
nsl
nb
nsl 2
i 1
61 Bui The Cong - 81100410
Area of rebar
2
db
db 32mm
Asb
4
804.248 mm
3216.991
1608.495
Asl
1608.495
1608.495
Asl Asb nsl
1608.495
1608.495
As
Asl
mm
3216.991
2
As 14476.459 mm
Level of rebar
d
0.066
0.244
d1 co
for i 2 rows nb
( h 2co)

rows nb 1
0.778
0.956
0.422
0.6
di di1
1.134
0.85
0.85
0.65
if f'c 4000psi
0.05
f'c 4000psi
1000psi
otherwise
62 Bui The Cong - 81100410
0.85
c ( a )
a
1
i 1 rows nb
s ( i a )
0.003
di c ( a )
c (a )
i
Cc ( a ) 0.85f'c a b
P nmax
0.65 0.8 0.85 f'c b h As As fy
P nmax
10251.616kN
t (a )
0.003
drows nb c(a)
c (a )
63 Bui The Cong - 81100410
(a)
if t ( a ) 0.005
0.9
0.65
0.65
t (a ) 0.002 2503
otherwise
P n( a ) min
( a ) Cc ( a )
M n( a ) ( a ) C c ( a )
a 0
40
if 0.005 t ( a ) 0.002
1.2h
64 Bui The Cong - 81100410
rows nb
i 1
Cs ( i a ) P nmax
rows nb
i 1
C ( ia ) d
s
i
1.110
11000
A xi a l L o ad k N
P.n ( a )
kN
8.810
6.610
P.u
3
kN
4.410
8000
3
2.210
0
0
0
900
M.n ( a )
1.810
kN m
2.710
M.u
600
kN m
Moment Capacity kNm

Figure 6- C11 - Interaction diagram
65 Bui The Cong - 81100410
3.610
4.510
4500
66 Bui The Cong - 81100410
INTERACTION DIAGRAM C12 500x1000

Material

Rebar
fy 60000psi
f'c 27.579 MPa

fy 413.685 MPa
Section
h 1000mm
b 500mm
db 32mm
dv 10mm
cover 40mm
1 1 1 1
1 0 0 1
1 0 0 1
1 1 1 1
Es 200000MPa
1 0 0 1
nb
1 0 0 1
db
co cover dv
2
Load on column

cols nb
Pu 6000kN
rows nb 6
Mu 100kN m
cols nb
nsl
nb
i 1
nsl
2
2
67 Bui The Cong - 81100410
Area of rebar
2
db
db 32mm
Asb
4
804.248 mm
3216.991
1608.495
Asl
Asl Asb nsl
1608.495
Asl
mm
1608.495
As
1608.495
3216.991
2
As 12867.964 mm
Level of rebar
d
0.066
0.24
d1 co
for i 2 rows nb
( h 2co)

rows nb 1
di di1
0.413
0.587
0.76
0.934
0.85
0.85
0.65
if f'c 4000psi
0.05
f'c 4000psi
1000psi
otherwise
68 Bui The Cong - 81100410
0.85
c ( a )
a
1
i 1 rows nb
s ( i a )
0.003
di c ( a )
c (a )
i
Cc ( a ) 0.85f'c a b
P nmax
0.65 0.8 0.85 f'c b h As As fy
P nmax
8706.216 kN
t (a )
0.003
drows nb c(a)
c (a )
69 Bui The Cong - 81100410
(a )
if t ( a ) 0.005
0.9
0.65 t ( a )
0.002
P n( a ) min
( a ) Cc ( a )
M n( a ) ( a ) C c ( a )
h
40
if 0.005 t ( a ) 0.002
otherwise
0.65
a 0
250
1.2h
70 Bui The Cong - 81100410
rows nb
i 1
Cs ( i a ) P nmax
rows nb
i 1
C ( ia ) d
s
i
A xia l L oad kN
Pn ( a )
kN
910
7.210
5.410
3.610
1.810
Pu
kN
8000
0
0
600
1.210
Mn ( a )
kN m
1.810
2.410
Mu
600
kN m
Moment Capacity kNm

Figure 6- C12-Interaction diagram
71 Bui The Cong - 81100410
310
Chapter 7
Foundation Design
Since the time constraint this thesis limit to Design Approach 1 and the foundation is
design under compressive loads.
Steps in piled foundation design
About Eurocode 7
Determine soil parameters
Calculate the actions
Select the pile dimensions and type
Point resistance of a single pile
Shaft resistance of a single pile
Total resistance of a single pile
Pile groups design
Structure design
7-1 About Eurocode

About partial factor, limit state GEO, STR and SLS, Design Approach and combination,
about UK annex,
(a) Introduction to Limit state design:
Eurocode defines limit state as: State beyond which structure no longer fulfils the
relevant design criteria
(EN 1990 1.5.2.12)
And it requires that:
It shall be verified that no limit state is exceeded when relevant values for actions,
material or product properties and geometrical data are used in these models
(EN 1990 3.5(2))
A distinction shall be made between ultimate limit state and serviceability limit state
(EN 1990 3.1(1))
72 Bui The Cong - 81100410

Ultimate limit state: The ultimate limit state concerns the safety of people and/or the
safety of structure shall be classified as ultimate limit state
(EN 1990 3.3(1))
To be specific, that ultimate limit states are those that will lead to the failure of the
structure or the ground. That means, the designer will work with strength, the overall
stability of the structure or the ground when doing ULS design.
There are many ultimate limit state introduced by Eurocode:
-
EQU: loss of static equilibrium or any part of it considered as a rigid body where
strength of construction materials or ground are generally not governing.

STR: internal failure or excessive deformation of structure or structural element
where strength of construction materials of that structure give significant
contribution to the resistance.

GEO: failure or excessive deformation of the ground where strength of soil or
rock give significant contribution to the resistance.

UPL: loss of equilibrium of structure due to the uplifting caused by water pressure
or other vertical action.

FAT: failure due to fatigue of structure or structure members.
HYD: hydraulic heave, internal erosion or piping caused by hydraulic gradient.
(EN 1990 6.4.1 (1))
Serviceability limit state: The limit states that concern the functioning of structure or
structural members under normal use; the comfort of people; the appearance of
construction works shall be classified as serviceability limit states (EN 1990 3.4 (1))
We can understand that the deflection on structural members, the settlement of footings,
the vibration etc. must be limited to ensure the normal service of structure and the
comfort of people.
(b) Partial factors design
Some relevant definitions:
Direct actions: a set of loads applied on a structure.
73 Bui The Cong - 81100410

Indirect actions: a set of deformations or acceleration caused by temperature change,
moisture variation, earthquake etc.
Permanent action: loads that their magnitude is likely to change with time during a given
reference period, or the variation of magnitude is so small that it could be negligible.
(which is normally called dead load). For example: self-weight of structure, fixed
equipment, shrinkage, uneven settlement etc.
Permanent action is denoted G
Variable action: loads that their magnitude is likely to change with time. (which is
normally called live load). For example: loads caused by the usage of structure, wind,
snow etc. Variable action is denoted Q.
Accidental action: an action of significant magnitude but not likely to occur. For
example: explosion, earthquake etc. Accidental action is denoted A.
Persistent design situation: situation in which the structure is in its normal use.
Transient design situation: situation in which the structure is being built or repaired.
Accidental design situation: an unexpectedly damaging and exceptional situation, such
as: fire, earthquake explosion etc.
Partial factor: factor that takes account for the variation on load magnitude. Partial factor
is greater or equal to 1 for unfavorable actions and less than or equal to 1 for favorable
actions.
Combination factor: factor that takes account for the low probability of many actions
occurring simultaneously. Partial factor is less than or equal to 1.
(c) Design values of actions:
Eurocode provides a very general equation for design values of actions that:
Fd F Frep (EN 1990

Fd F Fk
74 Bui The Cong - 81100410
Eq 6.1(a))

Where:
Fd is design value of action.
F is partial factor for action.

is combination factor.
Combination factors on action:
Transient and persistent situation:
is:
+ Neglected in permanent actions ( 1 for permanent actions).
+ Equal to 1 for leading variable actions.
+ 0 for accompanying actions. 0 is less than 1.
Fd G , j Gk ,i P ,1P Q ,1 0,i Qk ,1 Q ,i 0,iQk ,i (EN 1990 eq 6.10a)

j
i
Q ,i 0,iQk ,i (EN 1990 eq 6.10b)

Or Fd j j G , j Gk ,i P ,1 P Q ,1 Qk ,1
i
Where:
Fd is total design value of action.

Gk,i is characteristic value of permanent action.
Qk,1 characteristic value of leading variable action.
Qk,i characteristic value of accompanying variable action.
P is action caused by pre-stress.
j is reduction factor for permanent action.
Q , G is partial factor on action, which will be discussed later.

Accidental situation:
In accidental situation, is:
+ Neglected for permanent actions ( =1 for permanent actions).
75 Bui The Cong - 81100410

+ Neglected for accidental actions.
+ Become 1 or 2 for leading variable actions. 1 is less than 1.
+ Become 2 for accompanying actions. 2 is less than 1 and less than 1.
Fd Gk ,i P AEd ( 1,1or 2,1 )Qk ,1 2,iQk ,i

j
(EN 1990 eq 6.11b)

Serviceability limit state:
In characteristic combination, is:
+ neglected for permanent actions ( =1 for permanent actions).
+ Equal to1 for leading variable actions.
+ become 0 for accompanying actions.
Fd G , j Gk ,i Qk ,1 0,iQk ,i (EN 1990 eq 6.14b)

j
i
In frequent combination, is:
+ neglected for permanent actions.
+ become 1 for leading variable actions.
+ become 2 for accompanying actions.
Fd G , j Gk ,i 1,i Qk ,1 2,iQk ,i (EN 1990 eq 6.15b)

j
i
This table will summarize the usage of combination factors:
Table 7 - Combination factor Eurocode 1
Permanent
Leading
Accompanying
Variable
variable
76 Bui The Cong - 81100410
Accidental

1
Accidental
1 or 2
Characteristic
Frequent
Persistent /
Transient
Values of 0 , 1 , 2 are given in table NA.A1.1 in British national annex to EN 1990:
77 Bui The Cong - 81100410

(d)
Partial factors of actions:
Favorable and unfavorable action:

A favorable action is an action that contributes to the resistance of structure or ground. A
favorable action is denoted as inf.
An unfavorable action is an action that causes failure on structure or ground. An
unfavorable action is denoted as sup.
For example, in bearing resistance design, vertical action is considered unfavorable
because it cause failure on the ground, however, in sliding resistance design, it is
considered favorable because it increases the sliding resistance of the ground.
An action could be assembled with favorable partial factor
inf (which is less than or
equal to 1) if it is regarded as favorable and with unfavorable factor
sup
(which is
greater than or equal to 1) if it is supposed unfavorable.

Denotation of partial factor:
G ,inf : partial factor on favorable action.

G ,sup
: partial factor on unfavorable action.
Q ,1
: partial factor on leading variable action.
Q ,i
: partial factor on accompanying variable action.
Set A1 of partial factor on action:

There are two sets of partial factors on actions which could be applied to geotechnical
design.
The first set is called set A1, which is given in British national Annex to EN 1997-1
table NA A1.2 (B).
The values of the partial factors are:
78 Bui The Cong - 81100410
G ,inf 1
G ,sup 1.35
Q ,1 1.5
when unfavorable (and =0 when favorable)
Q ,i 1.5
when unfavorable (and =0 when favorable)
j 0.925
Set A2 of partial factor on action:

The second set is called set A2, which is given in British national Annex to EN 1990
table NA A1.2 (C).
The values of the partial factors are:
G ,inf 1
G ,sup 1
Q ,1 1.3 when unfavorable (and =0 when favorable)
Q ,i 1.3 when unfavorable (and =0 when favorable)
j 0.925
79 Bui The Cong - 81100410

(e) Design approach 1
Design approach 1:
The following 2 combinations of set of partial factors shall be applied to the design:
Combination 1: A1+M1+R1
Combination 1: A2+(M1 or M2)+R4 (EN 1997-1 2.4.7.3.2(2))
Combination 1 means that partial factors are applied to action alone while ground
property and resistance unchanged.
Combination 2 means that partial factors are applied to variable actions and pile
resistance while permanent actions is left unfactored.
In combination 2, set M1 is applied when calculating pile resistance; set M2 is applied
when calculating unfavourable actions on pile e.g. actions owing to negative skin friction
or transverse loading.
Combination 1
A1
Permanent actions (G)
Variable actions (Q)
Unfavorable
G ,sup
1.35
Favorable
G ,inf
Unfavorable
Q ,sup
1.5
Favorable
Q ,inf
M1
Angle of shear resistance (tan )
Effective cohesion (c)
c'
Undrained shear strength (cu)
cu
Unconfined compressive strength (qu)
qu
Weight density ( )
Bearing resistance
Rv
80 Bui The Cong - 81100410
R1

Rh
Sliding resistance
Combination 2
A2
Permanent actions
(G)
Variable actions
(Q)
Unfavorable
G ,sup
Favorable
G ,inf
Unfavorable
Q ,sup
1.3
Favorable
Q ,inf
M1
Angle of shear resistance (tan )
Effective cohesion (c)
c'
Undrained shear strength (cu)
cu
Unconfined compressive strength

(qu)
qu
Weight density ( )
R4
Without
verification of SLS
With verification
of SLS
Driven pile
Base resistance
1.7
1.5
Shaft resistance (in compression)
1.5
1.3
Total resistance
1.7
1.5
Shaft resistance (in tension)
s ,t
1.7
Bored pile
81 Bui The Cong - 81100410

Base resistance
1.7
1.6
1.4
Total resistance
1.7
s ,t
1.7
CFA pile
Base resistance
1.7
1.6
1.4
Total resistance
1.7
s ,t
1.7
7-2 Determine soil parameters

Table 7 - Partial factors for soil parameter
*Note that partial factor for angle of shearing resistance is applied to tan( ) .
For design approach 1 combination 1 (sets A1 + M1 + R1 apply), the partial factors for
soil parameters ( M ) for the STR and GEO is set M1 in the above table which is 1 for all
parameter.
For design approach 2 combination 2 (sets A2 + (M1/M2) + R4 apply), here M1 is
applied to the soil parameters ( M ).
Soil parameters in each layer are shown in the following table:
Remark: Layer A, 1 and 2 is soft and weak. The bored pile toe must be placed in a
stronger stratum such as layer 3.
7-3 Calculate the actions

82 Bui The Cong - 81100410
Actions
Permanent actions (G)
Variable actions (Q)
Combination 1 (A1)
Combination 2 (A2)
Unfavourable
1.35
1.0
Favourable
1.0
1.0
Unfavourable
1.5
1.3
Favourable
For design approach 1 combination 1 (sets A1 + M1 + R1 apply),

Recall the equation for design values of action:
83 Bui The Cong - 81100410
Inputting values of wind load, imposed load and factor to ETABS to get design value of
action. The factors to input to ETABS are shown in table below
84 Bui The Cong - 81100410

Design approach 1, combination 1
Load-
In
Permanent actions
Leading variable actions
Case
accordance
Partial
Scale Factor to
Value
number
with
factor
input to
1-1()
Eq6.10
1.35
ETABS
1.35
Imposed
Accompanying variable actions
Partial
Factor to
factor
input to
1.5
ETABS
1.5
load
Value
Combinati-
Partial
Factor to
on factor
factor
input to
0.7
1.5
ETABS
Wind
load in x
direction
1-2()
Eq6.10
1.35
1.35
Imposed
1.5
1.5
load
1-3x()
Eq6.10
1.35
1.35
Wind load
Eq6.10
1.35
1.35
direction
Wind load
in y
direction
85 Bui The Cong - 81100410
0.7
1.5
1.05(-)
1.05(-)
0.7
1.5
1.05
0.7
1.5
1.05
load in y
1.5
1.5(-)
in x
1-3y()
Wind
0.7 1.5=
direction
Imposed
load
1.5
1.5(-)
Imposed
load

Load-
In
Permanent actions
Leading variable actions
Case
accordance
Partial
Factor to input
Value
number
with
factor
to ETABS
Accompanying variable actions
Partial
Factor to input
factor
to ETABS
Value
Combinati-
Partial
Factor to
on factor
factor
input to
ETABS
2-1()
Eq6.10
Imposed
1.3
1.3
load
Wind
0.7
1.3
0.7
1.3
0.91(-)
0.91(-)
0.7
1.3
0.91
0.7
1.3
0.91
load in x
direction
2-2()
Eq6.10
Imposed
1.3
1.3
load
2-3x()
Eq6.10
Wind
load in y
1.3
1.3(-)
load in x
2-3y()
Eq6.10
direction
Wind
load in y
direction
86 Bui The Cong - 81100410
Wind
0.7 1.3=
direction
Imposed
load
1.3
1.3(-)
Imposed
load
7-4 Select the pile dimensions and type

Base on the characteristics of stratums, we can estimate the dimension of pile and the
embedment length.
7-5 Base resistance of a single pile

(a) Using penetration test data for pile point resistance
For standard penetration test (SPT) data Meyerhof (1956, 1976) proposed,
Qb AP (40 N )
Lb
AP (380 N ) (kN)
B
Where N = Statistical average of the SPT N55 numbers in a zone of about 8B

above to 3B below the pile point
B = width or diameter or pile point
Lb = pile penetration depth into point-bearing stratum
Lb/B = average depth ratio of point into point-bearing stratum
The standard blow count N70 can be computed from the measured N as follows (p159):
N 70' C N N 1 2 3 4
i = adjustment factors (according to Bowles, all i =1 for the case of a
Where
small bore hole, no sampler liner, length of drill rod over 10 m and the given drill rig has
'
Er = 70. In this case the only adjustment N 70 is for overburden pressure using CN.
'
N 70
= adjusted N using the subscript for the Erb and the to indicate it has
been adjusted.
'
CN = adjustment for effective overburden pressure po (kPa) computed as
95.76
CN
'
p0
1/2
Since the energy ratio x blow count should be a constant for any soil, so
Er1 N1 Er 2 N 2
For example if we convert N70 to N60, with N70=13, we have.
N 2 N 60
70
(13) 15
60
87 Bui The Cong - 81100410

(b) Hansens Method
1
Qb AP cN c' d c qN q' d q ' B p N

2
Where Ap = the area pile point effective in bearing

c = cohesion of soil beneath pile point
Bp = width of pile point
N c' = bearing capacity factor for cohesion (affected by depth)
N q' = bearing capacity factor (affected by depth)
N = bearing capacity factor for base width (not affected by depth)

q = effective vertical at pile point
= 1 for all except Vesic Ni factor where 1 2 K 0
3
K0 = at-rest earth pressure coefficient

dc, dq = depth factor
d c 1 0.4
D
B
d q 1 2 tan (1 sin ) 2
D
D
1
B With B
D
d c 1 0.4 tan 1 ( )
B
D
D
1
d q 1 2 tan (1 sin ) 2 tan 1 ( )
B With B
Bearing capacity factor can be interpolate from the following table (or using
BEARING program) (Bowles book)
88 Bui The Cong - 81100410

Table 7 - Bearing capacity factors for the Meyerhof, Hansen, and Vesic bearing capacity
equations
(c) Janbus Method

Janbus method use the same equation that in Hansens method. Janbu only
'
'
suggests three different factors those are N q , , N c .
'
Janbu (1976) computes N q (with angle in radians) as follows:
N q' tan 1 tan 2
exp(2 tan )
According to Bowles, the value of for the Janbu equation may vary from 60
degree in soft compressible to 105 degree in dense soil. The following table give a
selected range of N values.
89 Bui The Cong - 81100410

Table 7 - Bearing capacity factors by Janbu and Vesic equations
7-6 Shaft resistance of a single pile

Three of the more commonly used procedures for computing the skin resistance of piles
in cohesive soils will be given here. These will be called the , , methods for the
factors used in the skin resistance capacity. In all cases the skin resistance capacity is
computed as:
n
A f
s
Where As = effective pile surface area on which fs acts; computed as perimeter x

embedment increment L .
As P L
L = increment of embedment length
90 Bui The Cong - 81100410

f s = skin resistance to be computed, using one of the three methods previously
cited.
(a) method
fs c
c = average cohesion for the soil stratum of interest

q = effective average (or midheight) vertical stress on element L
Where = empirical adhesion factor. Sladen (1992) has shown that
q
C1
c
0.45
This equation shows that depends upon both the effective vertical overburden
stress q and the undrained shear strength; use C1=0.4 to 0.5 for bored pile and
>0.5 for driven piles.
(b) The method.
f s q 2c
Where: q = mean effective vertical stress for the entire embedment length
c = mean undrained shear strength
= The value of changes with the depth of penetration of the pile.
91 Bui The Cong - 81100410

Table 7 - Variation of lamda with pile embedment,L (Das)
(Das)
92 Bui The Cong - 81100410

Table 7 - Variation of lamda with pile embedment,L (Bowles)
(Bowles)
Care should be taken in obtaining the values of q and c in layered soil. The following
figure can illustrate the method to obtain the values.
The mean value of c,

93 Bui The Cong - 81100410

c
c1 L1 c2 L2 c3 L 3 ...
L
The mean effective stress q ,
A1 A2 A3 ...
L
7-7 Total resistance of a single pile

All static pile capacities can be computed by the following equations:
Q p Qb Qs WP
Where Q p = is the ultimate resistance of the pile
Qb = is the ultimate resistance of the base
Qs = is the ultimate resistance of the shaft
WP = isthe net weight of the pile (i.e. the weight of the pile less the weight of soil
displaced)
Determine the resistances in compression using the procedure in Eurocode BS EN19971:2004 Geotechnical design
Rcd Rbd Rsd
Rbk
Qb
Rd
Rsk
Qs
Rd
Where:
Rbk Rsk
b s
s , b : are partial factor for shaft and base resistance respectively, those can be obtained
from the following table (table A.NA.7).
Rd : is the modal factor

According to BS NA EN 1997 A.3.3.2 the value of the model factor should be 1.4,
except that it may be reduced to 1.2 if the resistance is verified by a maintained load test
taken to be calculated, unfactored ultimate resistance. Hence, in this project the model
factor is taken as 1.4 since there is no load test expected to be executed.
94 Bui The Cong - 81100410

Set R1 for partial resistance factors (all in compression):
s 1
b 1
t 1
Set R4 for partial resistance factors without explicit verification of SLS (all in
s 1.6
compression): b 2.0
t 2.0
7-8 Pile group design

(a) Pile arrangement
- Pile spacing:
Eurocode does not provide any requirement for spacing of piles in group. However, in
accordance with BS 8004-1986, the pile spacing is:
95 Bui The Cong - 81100410

For pile that resistance is contributed mainly by shaft friction, the minimum pile
spacing (from center to center) should not less than parameter of pile (for square pile)
or 3 times diameter of pile (for round pile)
For pile that resistance is contributed mainly by shaft resistance, the distance between
the surface of adjacent piles should not less than pile diameter. (BS 8004-1986
7.3.4.2)
-
Piles arrangement:
The recommended pile arrangement is as follow:
96 Bui The Cong - 81100410
97 Bui The Cong - 81100410
Bearing resistance of pile group:
For pile in group, Eurocode provides two failure mechanism (EN 1997-1 7.6.2.1(3)):
Compressive resistance failure of piles and soil contained between them acting as a
block.
Compressive resistance failure of pile individually.
98 Bui The Cong - 81100410

The design resistance is the lower value of two mechanism above.
Pile group as a block:
Bearing resistance of pile groups acting as block can be calculated by treating block as a
single pile of large diameter (EN 1997-1 7.6.2.1(4)).
Therefore, designer can use shallow foundations equation to calculating base resistance
of group of piles acting as block.
Dimension of the block is as shown in figure below:
Figure 7 - Pile group equavalent group (Tomlinson)
Length of block is: L s (n1 1) d

Width of block is: B s(n2 1) d
Where: s is spacing of piles.
d is pile diameter.
n1, n2 is number of pile in length and width direction.
Pile group resistance as sum of individual pile resistance

If resistance of pile group is consider as sum of every single pile resistance in the
group, it may be defined as:
Qgu Qu
Where: Qgu is ultimate bearing resistance of pile group.
Qu is ultimate bearing resistance of a single pile.
is call group efficiency.

Group efficiency
99 Bui The Cong - 81100410

Equations for Group Efficiency (ConverseLabarre equation)
(n1 1)n2 (n1 1)n2

d
arctan
90n1n2
s
(b) Stresses on the underlying strata from piles

The soil stresses on underlying strata produced by the several piles in a group are
often required to make a strength or settlement estimate. The analyses are
necessary to avoid overstressing the underlying strata. Two methods are presented
to analyze the vertical stress on the underlying strata.
-
The 2:1 stress distribution method (Dass Literature):
The vertical stress can be calculated from the equation:
z
-
Qg
( Bg zi )( Lg zi )
An analytical method of computing the stresses introduced by Mindlin in Joseph

E. Bowles literature is applied in this project.
Three cases were developed by Geddes as show in following figure
100 Bui The Cong - 81100410
The vertical stress can be calculated from the equation;
P
Kz
L2p
With K z for each case can be determined from the following tables (J. E Bowles):
With: n
r
Lp
z
Lp
101 Bui The Cong - 81100410
//
102 Bui The Cong - 81100410
//
103 Bui The Cong - 81100410
//
104 Bui The Cong - 81100410
(c) Elastic settlement of group piles

-
Elastic settlement of piles

The total settlement of a pile under a vertical working load Qw is given by
se se (1) se (2) se (3)
Where:
se (1) = Elastic settlement of pile
se (2) = Settlement of pile caused by the load at the pile tip
se (3) = Settlement of pile caused by the load transmitted along the pile shaft
se (1)
wp
Qws L
Ap E p
Where:
Qwp = load carried at the pile point under working load condition
Qws = load carried by frictional (skin) resistance under working load condition
Ap = area of cross section of pile

L = length of pile
E p = modulus of elasticity of the pile material

The magnitude of varies between 0.5 and 0.67 and will depend on the nature of
the distribution of the unit friction (skin) resistance f along the pile shaft
The settlement of a pile caused by the load carried at the pile point may be
expressed
in the form:
se (2)
qwp D
Es
1 I
2
s
wp
Where:
D = width or diameter of pile
qwp = point load per unit area at the pile point = Qwp / Ap
Es = modulus of elasticity of soil at or below the pile point
105 Bui The Cong - 81100410

s = Poissons ratio of soil ~ 0.35
I wp = Influence factor ~ 0.85
The settlement of a pile caused by the load carried by the pile shaft:
Qws D
1 s2 I ws
pL Es
se (3)
Where
p = perimeter of the pile
L = embedded length of the pile
I ws = influence factor I ws 2 0.35
L
(Vesic 1977)
D
Elastic Settlement of group piles

For group piles in sand and gravel, for elastic settlement, Meyerhof (1976)
suggested the empirical relation
0.96q Bg I
sg ( e) (mm)
N 60
where
Qg
q
(kN / m 2 )
Lg Bg
and
Lg and Bg = length and width of the group pile section, respectively (m)
N60 = average standard penetration number within seat of settlement (~deep below
the tip of the piles)
L
0.5
I = influence factor 1
8 Bg
L = length of embedment of piles (m)

(d) Consolidate settlement of group piles
106 Bui The Cong - 81100410
7-9 Practical design

(a) Soil characteristics
Layer
Description
Depth of
layer
surface
Thickness
Unit weight
Fill soil
0.7
14.6
Very soft,
blackish
grey,
Organic
clay
0.7
20.8
Soft,
blackish
grey, Clay
21.5
Clayey sand
with quartz
gravels
31.3
Very stiff to
hard, Clay Sandy clay
98.3
SPT,
hammer
(degree) C
14.6
3.5
5.7
9.8
15.9
4.78
9.2
48.7
20
20-50
24.2
8.7
(kN/m2)
Design Approach 1: the partial factor for Material is M1 = 1. Hence, soil

characteristics will be unchanged.
107 Bui The Cong - 81100410
(b) Actions
Actions taken from frame analysis by Etabs: Frame 4
Column

Combination
1-2
C11 (500x1200)
1-3y
1-2
C10 (500x700)
1-3y
1-2
C12 (500x1000)
1-3y
Actions
Value(kN kNm)
Pmax
11095.78
M3
322.38
V2
22.28
10382.1
M3max
455.39
V2
147.4
Pmax
6722.39
M3
65.8
V2
21.6
5290.7
M3max
94.99
V2
17.58
Pmax
9800.6
M3
281.185
V2
137.68
9411.3
M3max
352.32
V2
145.97
*Note: M2 and V3 and Torsion are ignored due to their small magnitude.
Column
C11

Combination
2-2
108 Bui The Cong - 81100410
Actions
Value(kN kNm)
Pmax
8483.4
M3
263.8
2-3y
2-2
C10
2-3y
2-2
C12
2-3y
V2
11.9
7864.9
M3max
392.4
V2
120.3
Pmax
5196.3
M3
57.1
V2
18
3955.5
M3max
82.28
V2
15.94
Pmax
7539.9
M3
232.65
V2
108.57
7202.57
M3max
294.3
V2
115.76
(c) Estimate the dimensions and type of pile

Since layer A,1,2 are soft soil with SPT N=1 and the huge actions from the
column. It is necessary to use the bored pile for the project.
For the trial, the pile dimension can be taken as follows,
Pile diameter = 1 meter
Pile length = 50 meters
Water table = 1.1 m
The embedment length of pile in each layer
Layer 1: 16 m
Layer 2: 9.8 m
Layer 3: 23.2 m
Overburden pressure:
p0' 1.114.6 (20.8 0.7 1.1) (14.6 9.81)
9.8 (15.9 9.81) 24.2 (20 9.81) 409.866 kN / m 2
109 Bui The Cong - 81100410

Calculate the standard count N70
N 70' C N N 1 2 3 4 =12.567
95.76
Where: C N
'
p0
N 55
1/2
=0.483
70
(12.567) 16
55
(a) Base resistance of a single pile

- Using penetration test data for pile point resistance (Meyerhof)
L
Qb AP (40 N ) b 11657.3kN
B
Q p max AP (380 N ) 4773.68kN
Hence,
Qb 4773.68kN
Hansens method
1
Qb AP cN c' d c qN q' d q ' B p N

2
0
With 24.2
From table 4-4
N c 20
N q 10
N 6
D
d c 1 0.4 tan 1 ( ) 1.62
B
D
D
1
d q 1 2 tan (1 sin ) 2 tan 1 ( ) 1.49
B
With B
Qb AP cN c' d c qN q' d q ' B p N 5026.89kN

2
Janbu Method
Estimate the 900
From table 16.2,
N c 19.59
N q 9.81
N 6
110 Bui The Cong - 81100410

D
d c 1 0.4 tan 1 ( ) 1.62
B
D
D
1
d q 1 2 tan (1 sin ) 2 tan 1 ( ) 1.49
B
With B
1
Qb AP cN c' d c qN q' d q ' B p N 4931.51kN

2
(b) Shaft resistance of a single pile

- method
The following table will illustrate the procedure to determine shaft resistance
Layer
Layer
1
Layer
2
Layer
3
Depth
(m)
L
(m)
cu (kPa)
pressure
(kN/m3) Effective
'
(kN/m2)
coefficient Pile
perimeter
Qsi (kN)
-6-8
5.7
14.6
51.5060
1.6156
3.1416
57.8626
-8-12
5.7
14.6
61.0860
1.7445
3.1416
62.4793
-12-14
5.7
14.6
70.6660
1.8627
3.1416
66.7125
-14-16
5.7
14.6
80.2460
1.9724
3.1416
70.6403
-16-18
5.7
14.6
89.8260
2.0751
3.1416
74.3179
-18-20
5.7
14.6
99.4060
2.1719
3.1416
77.7854
-2021.5
1.5
5.7
14.6
106.5910
2.2412
3.1416
60.2002
-21.523
1.5
9.2
15.9
115.7260
1.8750
3.1416
81.2867
-23-25
9.2
15.9
127.9060
1.9613
3.1416
113.3745
-25-27
9.2
15.9
140.0860
2.0433
3.1416
118.1115
-27-29
9.2
15.9
152.2660
2.1214
3.1416
122.6269
-2931.3
2.3
9.2
15.9
166.2730
2.2071
3.1416
146.7175
-31.334
2.7
8.7
20
193.7860
2.4247
3.1416
178.9351
-34-36
8.7
20
214.1660
2.5363
3.1416
138.6451
-36-38
8.7
20
234.5460
2.6422
3.1416
144.4340
-38-40
8.7
20
254.9260
2.7432
3.1416
149.9523
-40-42
8.7
20
275.3060
2.8398
3.1416
155.2329
111 Bui The Cong - 81100410

Layer
Depth
(m)
L
(m)
cu (kPa)
pressure
(kN/m3) Effective
'
(kN/m2)
coefficient Pile
perimeter
Qsi (kN)
-42-44
8.7
20
295.6860
2.9325
3.1416
160.3026
-44-46
8.7
20
316.0660
3.0218
3.1416
165.1835
-46-48
8.7
20
336.4460
3.1080
3.1416
169.8942
-48-50
8.7
20
356.8260
3.1913
3.1416
174.4505
-50-52
8.7
20
377.2060
3.2721
3.1416
178.8657
-52-54
8.7
20
397.5860
3.3505
3.1416
183.1516
The method
The average of cohesion
c L c L c L ...
c 1 1 2 2 3 3
=7.78 kN/m2
L
112 Bui The Cong - 81100410
(kN) 2903.908
Effective stress variation with

depth
At the depth of 5.5m
A1
Area
Effective pressure '
(kN/m2)
32.346
Thickness (m)
17
(kN/m3)
14.6
Effective pressure
(kN/m2)
'
113.776
Thickness (m)
9.8
(kN/m3)
15.9

(kN/m2)
173.458
Thickness (m)
24.2
(kN/m3)
20

(kN/m2)
409.866
The average value for effective

stress (kN/m2)
188.32
kN/m2
(With l=50 m)
0.12
skin resistance f s
24.06
Qs (kN)
3778.94
A2
A3
(c) Summary the calculation of pile capacity

Partial
DA 1 Combo
DA 1 Combo
Factor
Ri
1.4
1.6
1.4
Rcd Rbd Rsd
Rbk Rsk
b s
113 Bui The Cong - 81100410
1242.037
Modal factor
1407.4466
6766.5584

Rbk
Qb
Rd
Rsk
Qs
Rd
Where:
s , b : are partial factor for shaft and base resistance respectively, those can be
obtained from the following table (table A.NA.7).
Rd : is the modal factor
Resistance
Method
Base
Meyerhof
Hansen
Janbu
Resistance
Shaft
Resistance
Value
Design
(kN)
4773
5206
4931
2904
3778
Value(kN)
5000
3000
DA 1 Combo 1
Rbk
3571.4
Rsk
2142.9
Rk1
5714.3
DA 1 Combo 2
Rbk
1785.7
Rsk
1339.3
Rk2
3125
(d) Group of piles

Design for column C11, a group of 4 pile will be used to support column C11.
114 Bui The Cong - 81100410
3000
1000
3000
1200
5000
1000
1000
1000
1000
500
5000
(n1 1) n2 (n1 1) n2
d
arctan
90n1n2
s
1
(2 1)2 (2 1)2
arctan
0.795
90 2 2
3
The ultimate load-bearing capacity of the group pile

For DA1 COM 1
Qg (u ) Qu 0.795 2 2 5714.3 18175.25kN
For DA1 COM 2
Qg (u ) Qu 0.795 2 2 3125 9939.59kN
Settlement of group piles
Elastic settlement, after Meyerhof (1976)
Design for DA1 Com 1
115 Bui The Cong - 81100410

sg ( e) (mm)
0.96q Bg I
N 60
where
Qg
q
(kN / m 2 )
Lg Bg
8500
340(kN / m 2 )
5 5
70 N 70
N 60
14.483
60
L
I 1
0.5 Influence factor
8 Bg
50
I 1
0.25 0.5 I 0.5
8 5
0.96 340 5 0.5
sg ( e ) (mm)
25.2mm
14.483
Consolidation settlement of group piles
Because the lengths of the piles are 50m each, the stress distribution starts at a
q
depth of
50 2
33m below the top of the pile. Check for the DA1 COM 2, we
3
have Q=8500kN
Since layer 4 is stable and firm, we only calculate the consolidate settlement in
layer 3.
116 Bui The Cong - 81100410
-0,00
Layer 1
50,000
-21,500
Layer 2
-31,300
-38,400
17000
Layer 3
z=22,000
-55,400
S
2V:1H
-82,400
The consolidation settlement can be calculated as follows:

Cc H
0'
'
sc
log
0'
1 e0
Consider the point 5 m below the pile tip (also the middle point of layer3)
z = 5+17 = 22 m from the base of equivalent foundation
Q
8500
'
11.66kN / m 2
Lg z Bg z 5 22 5 22
'0 '0 ( pile _ tip ) 5 (20 9.81) 471kN / m 2

So
Layer 3:
Compression index: Cc=0.081
117 Bui The Cong - 81100410

Initial void ratio: e = 0.59
0.081 22 471 11.66
sc
log
0.012m 11.9mm
471
1 0.59
Total settlement of group pile = Elastic settlement + consolidate settlement
= 25.2 + 11.9 =37.1 mm
(e) Pile structural design per ACI 318M-14
Spiral
10@150
1625
1000
Load at column - 10146kN

4 piles are used to resist this load, hence, each pile resist 10146/4=2536.5 kN
Check axial capacity for the section above.
Pmax F 0.85 f c' Ag Ast f y Ast
Where:
F 0.8
0.65
d 2 10002
785398mm 2
4
4
2
Ast 7854mm
Ag
Pmax 0.8 0.65 0.85 28 785398 7854 420 7854 11338.1kN

Pmax Pu OK
Bored pile interaction diagram:
118 Bui The Cong - 81100410
215.4
Cover-75.0mm
Pu =
400
kN
Mu =
300
kNm
h=
1000
mm
0.88
fc' =
28
Mpa
fy =
420
MPa
Ast =
7853.98
mm2
Ag =
785400.0
mm2
0.01000
0.85
y =
0.00207
Es =
200000
MPa
cbalance =
530.88
mm
c0.005 =
338.4375
mm
d1=
97.5
y1
119 Bui The Cong - 81100410
440
871.9
902.5
654.0
1000.0
1625
784.6
500.0
128.1
18
346.0
97.5
d2=
128.1
y2
371.9
d3=
215.4
y3
284.6
d4=
346
y4
154
d5=
500
y5
d6=
654
y6
154
d7=
784.6
y7
284.6
d8=
871.9
y8
371.9
d9=
902.5
y9
440
120 Bui The Cong - 81100410
Pmax
11338.2 11338.2
0
1773
Pbal=
8311.3
Mbal=
2639
P.005=
3439.6
M.005=
2162
121 Bui The Cong - 81100410

cbalance
c=
1176.47
1000
900
800
700
650
600
550
530.88
500.00
450
400
a=
1000.0
850.0
765.0
680.0
595.0
552.5
510.0
467.5
451.3
425.0
382.5
340.0
es1 =
0.00275
0.00271
0.00268
0.00263
0.00258
0.00255
0.00251
0.00247
0.00245
0.00242
0.00235
0.00227
es2 =
0.00267
0.00262
0.00257
0.00252
0.00245
0.00241
0.00236
0.00230
0.00228
0.00223
0.00215
0.00204
es3 =
0.00245
0.00235
0.00228
0.00219
0.00208
0.00201
0.00192
0.00183
0.00178
0.00171
0.00156
0.00138
es4 =
0.00212
0.00196
0.00185
0.00170
0.00152
0.00140
0.00127
0.00111
0.00104
0.00092
0.00069
0.00041
es5 =
0.00173
0.00150
0.00133
0.00113
0.00086
0.00069
0.00050
0.00027
0.00017
0.00000
-0.00033
-0.00075
es6 =
0.00133
0.00104
0.00082
0.00055
0.00020
-0.00002
-0.00027
-0.00057
-0.00070
-0.00092
-0.00136
-0.00191
es7 =
0.00100
0.00065
0.00038
0.00006
-0.00036
-0.00062
-0.00092
-0.00128
-0.00143
-0.00171
-0.00223
-0.00288
es8 =
0.00078
0.00038
0.00009
-0.00027
-0.00074
-0.00102
-0.00136
-0.00176
-0.00193
-0.00223
-0.00281
-0.00354
es9 =
0.00070
0.00029
-0.00001
-0.00038
-0.00087
-0.00117
-0.00151
-0.00192
-0.00210
-0.00242
-0.00302
-0.00377
fs1 =
420
420
420
420
420
420
420
420
420
420
420
420
fs2 =
420
420
420
420
420
420
420
420
420
420
420
408
fs3 =
420
420
420
420
415
401
385
365
357
342
313
277
fs4 =
420
392
369
341
303
281
254
223
209
185
139
81
fs5 =
345
300
267
225
171
138
100
55
35
-67
-150
fs6 =
266
208
164
110
39
-4
-54
-113
-139
-185
-272
-381
fs7 =
200
129
77
12
-73
-124
-185
-256
-287
-342
-420
-420
fs8 =
155
77
19
-54
-147
-205
-272
-351
-385
-420
-420
-420
122 Bui The Cong - 81100410

fs9 =
140
59
-2
-77
-174
-233
-303
-385
-420
-420
-420
-420
C or T1
194.48
194.48
194.48
194.48
194.48
194.48
194.48
194.48
194.48
194.48
194.48
194.48
C or T2
388.97
388.97
388.97
388.97
388.97
388.97
388.97
388.97
388.97
388.97
388.97
377.04
C or T3
388.97
388.97
388.97
388.97
384.42
370.48
354.21
334.99
326.68
311.92
283.73
248.48
C or T4
388.97
361.87
339.23
310.92
274.52
252.13
226.00
195.12
181.77
158.06
112.77
79.52
C or T5
315.34
271.16
238.43
197.53
144.93
112.57
74.81
53.55
34.27
0.00
-65.45
-147.26
C or T6
238.23
180.45
137.64
84.14
38.71
-3.62
-53.01
-111.38
-136.61
-181.43
-267.04
-374.05
C or T7
172.84
103.52
75.53
11.34
-71.19
-121.98
-181.23
-251.26
-281.52
-335.29
-412.33
-412.33
C or T8
129.13
75.46
18.39
-52.94
-144.65
-201.09
-266.94
-344.75
-378.38
-412.33
-412.33
-412.33
C or T9
56.90
28.72
-0.82
-37.74
-85.20
-114.41
-148.49
-188.76
-206.17
-206.17
-206.17
-206.17
q=
6.28
4.69
4.26
3.88
3.52
3.35
3.18
3.01
2.95
2.84
2.67
2.49
segment=
785398.16
711523.45
644708.91
568731.76
487124.36
445102.45
402698.41
360221.98
344026.43
317981.29
276289.71
235473.31
Cc =
18692.48
16934.26
15344.07
13535.82
11593.56
10593.44
9584.22
8573.28
8187.83
7567.95
6575.70
5604.26
f=
0.750
0.750
0.750
0.750
0.750
0.750
0.750
0.750
0.752
0.768
0.798
0.837
Pn =
20966.3
18927.8
17124.9
15021.5
12718.6
11471.0
10173.0
8844.2
8311.3
7486.2
6192.3
4951.6
Pu =
15725
14196
12844
11266
9539
8603
7630
6633
6246
5747
4944
4144
yc =
0.00
42.66
78.82
118.98
161.89
184.14
206.81
229.87
238.78
253.28
276.98
300.95
M1
85.57
85.57
85.57
85.57
85.57
85.57
85.57
85.57
85.57
85.57
85.57
85.57
M2
144.66
144.66
144.66
144.66
144.66
144.66
144.66
144.66
144.66
144.66
144.66
140.22
M3
110.70
110.70
110.70
110.70
109.41
105.44
100.81
95.34
92.97
88.77
80.75
70.72
123 Bui The Cong - 81100410

M4
59.90
55.73
52.24
47.88
42.28
38.83
34.80
30.05
27.99
24.34
17.37
12.25
M5
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
M6
-36.69
-27.79
-21.20
-12.96
-5.96
0.56
8.16
17.15
21.04
27.94
41.12
57.60
M7
-49.19
-29.46
-21.50
-3.23
20.26
34.72
51.58
71.51
80.12
95.42
117.35
117.35
M8
-48.02
-28.06
-6.84
19.69
53.80
74.79
99.27
128.21
140.72
153.35
153.35
153.35
M9
-25.04
-12.64
0.36
16.60
37.49
50.34
65.34
83.06
90.71
90.71
90.71
90.71
Mc =
0.00
722.36
1209.43
1610.55
1876.91
1950.62
1982.14
1970.78
1955.12
1916.77
1821.33
1686.63
Mn =
241.89
1021.07
1553.43
2019.47
2364.41
2485.52
2572.34
2626.32
2638.91
2627.54
2552.21
2414.40
Mu =
181.42
765.80
1165.07
1514.60
1773.31
1864.14
1929.25
1969.74
1983.23
2017.06
2037.85
2020.77
e=
0.01
0.05
0.09
0.13
0.19
0.22
0.25
0.30
0.32
0.35
0.41
0.49
Continue
c0.005
c=
350
338.4375
300
250
200
150
100
75
50
a=
297.5
287.7
255.0
212.5
170.0
127.5
85.0
63.8
42.5
es1 =
0.00216
0.00214
0.00203
0.00183
0.00154
0.00105
0.00008
-0.00090
-0.00285
es2 =
0.00190
0.00186
0.00172
0.00146
0.00108
0.00044
-0.00084
-0.00212
-0.00469
es3 =
0.00115
0.00109
0.00085
0.00042
-0.00023
-0.00131
-0.00346
-0.00562
-0.00992
es4 =
0.00003
-0.00007
-0.00046
-0.00115
-0.00219
-0.00392
-0.00738
-0.01084
-0.01776
124 Bui The Cong - 81100410

es5 =
-0.00129
-0.00143
-0.00200
-0.00300
-0.00450
-0.00700
-0.01200
-0.01700
-0.02700
es6 =
-0.00261
-0.00280
-0.00354
-0.00485
-0.00681
-0.01008
-0.01662
-0.02316
-0.03624
es7 =
-0.00373
-0.00395
-0.00485
-0.00642
-0.00877
-0.01269
-0.02054
-0.02838
-0.04408
es8 =
-0.00447
-0.00473
-0.00572
-0.00746
-0.01008
-0.01444
-0.02316
-0.03188
-0.04931
es9 =
-0.00474
-0.00500
-0.00603
-0.00783
-0.01054
-0.01505
-0.02408
-0.03310
-0.05115
fs1 =
420
420
405
366
308
210
15
-180
-420
fs2 =
380
373
344
293
216
88
-169
-420
-420
fs3 =
231
218
169
83
-46
-262
-420
-420
-420
fs4 =
-13
-92
-230
-420
-420
-420
-420
-420
fs5 =
-257
-286
-400
-420
-420
-420
-420
-420
-420
fs6 =
-420
-420
-420
-420
-420
-420
-420
-420
-420
fs7 =
-420
-420
-420
-420
-420
-420
-420
-420
-420
fs8 =
-420
-420
-420
-420
-420
-420
-420
-420
-420
fs9 =
-420
-420
-420
-420
-420
-420
-420
-420
-420
C or T1
194.48
194.48
187.12
167.98
139.26
91.40
7.36
-88.36
-206.17
C or T2
350.09
342.73
314.16
263.85
188.40
86.00
-165.52
-412.33
-412.33
C or T3
203.17
190.78
142.75
81.52
-45.36
-256.83
-412.33
-412.33
-412.33
C or T4
6.73
-13.16
-90.32
-226.19
-412.33
-412.33
-412.33
-412.33
-412.33
C or T5
-252.45
-281.20
-392.70
-412.33
-412.33
-412.33
-412.33
-412.33
-412.33
C or T6
-412.33
-412.33
-412.33
-412.33
-412.33
-412.33
-412.33
-412.33
-412.33
125 Bui The Cong - 81100410
kN

C or T7
-412.33
-412.33
-412.33
-412.33
-412.33
-412.33
-412.33
-412.33
-412.33
C or T8
-412.33
-412.33
-412.33
-412.33
-412.33
-412.33
-412.33
-412.33
-412.33
C or T9
-206.17
-206.17
-206.17
-206.17
-206.17
-206.17
-206.17
-206.17
-206.17
q=
2.31
2.26
2.12
1.92
1.70
1.46
1.18
1.02
0.83
segment=
195879.81
186937.41
157890.65
121938.49
88535.57
58324.61
32186.26
21046.21
11532.04
Cc =
4661.94
4449.11
3757.80
2902.14
2107.15
1388.13
766.03
500.90
274.46
f=
0.886
0.900
0.900
0.900
0.900
0.900
0.900
0.900
0.900
Pn =
3720.8
3439.6
2475.6
1333.8
121.6
-959.1
-2072.3
-2680.0
-3024.2
kN
Pu =
3298
3096
2228
1200
109
-863
-1865
-2412
-2722
kN
yc =
325.18
330.81
349.62
374.27
399.10
424.10
449.26
461.89
474.56
M1
85.57
85.57
82.33
73.91
61.27
40.22
3.24
-38.88
-90.71
kNm
M2
130.20
127.46
116.84
98.13
70.06
31.98
-61.56
-153.35
-153.35
kNm
M3
57.82
54.30
40.63
23.20
-12.91
-73.09
-117.35
-117.35
-117.35
kNm
M4
1.04
-2.03
-13.91
-34.83
-63.50
-63.50
-63.50
-63.50
-63.50
kNm
M5
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
kNm
M6
63.50
63.50
63.50
63.50
63.50
63.50
63.50
63.50
63.50
kNm
M7
117.35
117.35
117.35
117.35
117.35
117.35
117.35
117.35
117.35
kNm
M8
153.35
153.35
153.35
153.35
153.35
153.35
153.35
153.35
153.35
kNm
M9
90.71
90.71
90.71
90.71
90.71
90.71
90.71
90.71
90.71
kNm
Mc =
1515.95
1471.81
1313.80
1086.18
840.96
588.71
344.15
231.36
130.25
126 Bui The Cong - 81100410

Mn =
2215.49
2162.02
1964.60
1671.49
1320.80
949.23
529.89
283.20
130.25
Mu =
1963.97
1945.82
1768.14
1504.34
1188.72
854.30
476.90
254.88
117.22
e=
0.60
0.63
0.79
1.25
10.86
-0.99
-0.26
-0.11
-0.04
127 Bui The Cong - 81100410

/
128 Bui The Cong - 81100410
(f) Pile cap Structural design

Design for PC 4 Cap
3000
1000
3000
1200
5000
1000
1000
1000
1000
500
5000
Material and dimension:

-
'
Concrete grade 4, f c 27 MPa
Reinforcement grade 420, f y 420MPa
Pile cap thickness: 1600mm

Column load: U = P max = 10146 kN (Etabs analysis)
1200x500mm reinforced concrete column
1000mm diameter bored pile (4 piles each at 3000 mm on centers)
Design
-
Factor load (ignoring the seft-weight of pile cap)

Column: Vu = Pmax = 10146 kN
Pile: Pu = Vu = Pmax/4 = 2537 kN
Design for shear

Strength reduction factor: 0.75 (ACI 318 14 Section 21.2.1)
Assume Vs = (no shear reinforcement)
Vn Vc
Pile cap thickness h=1600mm, d = 1600-170 (7in)=1430 mm
129 Bui The Cong - 81100410

Two way shear action around column
b0 2(1200 1430 500 1430) 9120mm
According to ACI 318 Section 22.6.5.2 , two way shear strength provided by
concrete is least of the followings:
sd
2
b
0
Vc 0.083
f c' bo d
40 1430
2
9120
Vc 0.083
f c' bo d 0.6866 f c' bo d
Vc 0.33 f c' bo d
2
Vc 0.17 1
f c' bo d
Vc 0.17 1
1200 / 500
f c' bo d 0.31167 f c' bo d (Control)
Vc 0.75 0.31167 27 9120 1430 15840.5kN

Vu 10146kN
Vn Vc Vu OK
Two way shear action around piles:
b0 2(1000 500 715) 4430mm
According to ACI 318 Section 22.6.5.2 , two way shear strength provided by
sd
2
b0
Vc 0.083
f c' bo d
20 1430
2
4430
Vc 0.083
2
Vc 0.17 1
f c' bo d 0.7018 f c' bo d
f c' bo d
Vc 0.17 1
1000 /1000
130 Bui The Cong - 81100410
f c' bo d 0.51 f c' bo d

Vc 0.33 f c' bo d (control)
Vc 0.75 0.33 27 4430 1430 8146kN

Vu 2537kN
Vn Vc Vu OK
One-way Action
/
One-way action will not be a problem because the piles are located within
potential critical sections for one-way shear.
Design for flexure
3000 500
3
10 6342.5kNm
2
2
M u 2 2537
Kn
Mu
(refer flexure 1 ACI SP-17M(09))
bd 2
Kn
M u 6342.5 106
0.6203MPa
bd 2 5000 1430 2
0.17%( flexure _1)

As bd 0.0017 5000 1430 12155mm 2
Check for minimum reinforcement
As ,min 0.0018bh 0.0018 5000 1600 14400mm 2 12155mm 2

As ,required 14400mm 2
Use No.25 @ 150 in each way.
Design for PC 3 Cap
131 Bui The Cong - 81100410
1000
500
2000
1000
3000
1000
500
2000
1000
500
5000
Material and dimension:

-
'
Concrete grade 4, f c 27 MPa
Reinforcement grade 420, f y 420MPa
Pile cap thickness: 1600mm

Column load: U = P max = 8478 kN (Etabs analysis)
1000x500mm reinforced concrete column
1000mm diameter bored pile (3 piles each at 3000 mm on centers)
Design
-
Factor load (ignoring the seft-weight of pile cap)

Column: Vu = Pmax = 8478 kN
Pile: Pu = Vu = Pmax/3 = 2826 kN
Design for shear

Strength reduction factor: 0.75 (ACI 318 14 Section 21.2.1)
Assume Vs = (no shear reinforcement)
Vn Vc
Pile cap thickness h=1600mm, d = 1600-170 (7in) =1430 mm
Two way shear action around column
b0 2(1000 1430 500 1430) 8720mm
132 Bui The Cong - 81100410

According to ACI 318 Section 22.6.5.2, two way shear strength provided by
sd
2
b0
Vc 0.083
f c' bo d
40 1430
2
8720
Vc 0.083
Vc 0.33 f c' bo d
2
Vc 0.17 1
f c' bo d
Vc 0.17 1
1200 / 500
f c' bo d 0.31167 f c' bo d (Control)
Vc 0.75 0.31167 27 8720 1430 15145.74kN

Vu 8478kN
Vn Vc Vu OK
Two way shear action around piles:
b0 2(1000 500 715) 4430mm
According to ACI 318 Section 22.6.5.2, two way shear strength provided by
sd
2
b0
Vc 0.083
f c' bo d
20 1430
2
4430
Vc 0.083
2
Vc 0.17 1
f c' bo d 0.7018 f c' bo d
f c' bo d
Vc 0.17 1
1000 /1000
Vc 0.33 f c' bo d (control)
Vc 0.75 0.33 27 4430 1430 8146kN

133 Bui The Cong - 81100410

Vu 2826kN
Vn Vc Vu OK
One-way Action
/
One-way action will not be a problem because the piles are located within
potential critical sections for one-way shear.
Design for flexure
(1) Two-piles face
3000 1000
103 2069kNm
2
2 3
M u 2 2826
Kn
Mu
(refer flexure 1 ACI SP-17M(09))
bd 2
Kn
Mu
2068 106
0.2024 MPa
bd 2 5000 14302
0.05%( flexure _1)

As bd 0.0005 5000 1430 3575mm 2
As ,min 0.0018bh 0.0018 5000 1600 14400mm 2 3575mm 2

As ,required 14400mm 2
Use No.25 @ 150 in each way.
(2) One-pile face
3000 1000
103 3481.78kNm
2
3
M u 2826
134 Bui The Cong - 81100410

Kn
Mu
(Refer flexure 1 ACI SP-17M (09))
bd 2
Kn
Mu
3481106
0.851MPa
bd 2 2000 14302
0.23%( flexure _1)

As bd 0.0023 2000 1430 6578mm 2
As ,min 0.0018bh 0.0018 2000 1600 5760mm 2 6578mm 2

As ,required 6578mm 2 / 2m
/Use No.25 @ 130 in each way.
135 Bui The Cong - 81100410
136 Bui The Cong - 81100410
137 Bui The Cong - 81100410
Chapter 8: Basement excavation

8-1: Steel sheet pile design
Wall in cohesive soil
The active pressure pa at any depth z may be expressed as

pa v K A 2c K A
Where
v = vertical pressure, z
Z = depth form the surface of the backfill
The passive pressure p p at any depth y below the dredge line may be expressed as
p p v K P 2c K P
138 Bui The Cong - 81100410

The soil is supposed to be in tension up to a depth of z0 and the pressure on the wall is
zero in this zone. The net pressure distribution on the wall is shown by the shaded
triangle.
At the dredge line (at point A)
(a) The active pressure pa acting towards the left is
pa HK A 2c K A
When 0 pa H 2c H qu
Where qu = unconfined compressive strength of the clay soil
(b) The passive pressure acting towards the right at the dredge line is
p p qu since 0
The resultant of the passive an active pressures at the dredge line is
p p pa qu ( H qu ) 2qu H p
The resultant of the passive and active pressures at any depth y below the dredge
line is
Passive pressure p p y qu
Active pressure, pa H y qu
The resultant pressure is
p p pa p y qu H y qu 2qu H
p 2qu H
It indicates that resultant pressure remains constant at 2qu H at all depths.
If the passive pressure is developed on the backfill side at the bottom of the pile
(point B), then
p p H D qu acting towards the left
pa D qu acting toward the right

The resultant is
p p pa H D qu D qu H 2qu p '
p ' H 2qu
For static equilibrium, the sum of all the horizontal forces must be equal zero, that
is,
Pa 2qu H D
1
2qu 2qu h 0
2
Simplifying,
Pa 2qu h 2qu D HD 0 , therefore,
h
D 2qu H Pa
2qu
139 Bui The Cong - 81100410

Also, for equilibrium, the sum of the moments at any point should be zero. Taking
moments about the base,
(2qu H ) D 2
h2
Pa y D 2qu
0
6
2
(c) Embedment depth
Substituting for h and simplifying,
C1D 2 C2 D C3 0
Where,
C1 2qu H
C2 2 Pa
C3
Pa 6qu y Pa
qu H
(d) Maximum bending moment

The maximum bending moment may occur within the depth (D-h) below the
dredge line. Let this depth be yo below the dredge line for zero shear. We may
write,
Pa p y0 0
Pa
Or y0
p
The expression for maximum bending moment is,
p y0 2
M max Pa y0 y
2
Where p 2qu H
The section modulus of the sheet pile may now be calculated as before.
(e) Design
The pressure distribution is assumed as shown in figure.
pa H 2c H qu 4.8 5.5 20.5 5.9kN / m 2
For 0
q
20.5
z0 u
4.271m
4.8
1
1
Pa pa H z0 5.9 5.5 4.271 3.626kN / m of wall
2
2
p 2qu H 2 20.5 4.8 5.5 14.6kN / m 2
p ' H 2qu 4.8 5.5 2 20.5 67.4kN / m 2

1
1
y H z0 5.5 4.271 0.40967m
3
3
For the determination of h, equate the summation of all horizontal forces to zero,
thus
140 Bui The Cong - 81100410
1
p p' h 0
2
1
3.626 14.6 D 14.6 67.4 h 0
2
14.6 D 3.626
h
Therefore,
41
For the determination of D, taking moments of all the forces about the base of the
Pa pD
wall, we have
D2
h h
Pa D y p
p p' 0
2
2 3
D2
h2
Or 3.626 D 0.40697 14.6
14.6 67.4 0
2
6
Substituting for h and simplifying, we have
5.567 D 2 2.765D 1.5829 0 or
14.6D2 - 7.252D - 4.176 = 0 (by using equation for C)
Solving D = 0.838m; increasing D by 40%, we have D = 1.4 x ( 0.838 ) =
1.1732m
Maximum bending moment
p y0 2
M max Pa y0 y
2
P 3.626
y0 a
0.2484 m
p 14.6
y 0.40967 m
M max 3.626 0.2484 0.40967
14.6 0.24842
1.9357 kNm / m of wall
2
8-2: Steel sheet pile wall execution

(a) Site preparation
The site is prepared in such a way that operations can be carried out safely
efficiently.
(b) Storage and handling of the sheet piles
Handling and storage of the sheet pile on the site carried out in such a way that
significant damage to the straightness of the sheet piles, to the interlocks and to
the coatings, does not occur.
Sheet piles should be stored in such a way that they can be lifted easily in the
sequence of use.
Sheet piles of different types and steel grade must be stored separately and
marked properly.
141 Bui The Cong - 81100410

With precoated steel sheet piles, spacers must be inserted between the individual
sheet piles in a stack.
The length and stiffness of the individual sheet piles shall be taken into account
when assessing the number and positions of the supports to a stack of sheet piles
to avoid sagging which may cause permanent deformations.
142 Bui The Cong - 81100410
143 Bui The Cong - 81100410
Examples of how to stack sheet piles at the storage area. If the ground surface of the
staorage area is not level and firm, the stacks should be supported adequately on timber
dunnage or similar devices in order to minimise sagging
Bui The Cong - 81100410

(c) Driving of the sheet piles
It should be verified, either by test or analysis, that the selected driving method
does not cause damage to adjacent buildings and installations
A suitable driving method must be selected which ensures that the requirements of
the design with respect the tolerances of the sheet pile wall after driving, will be
obtained.
Some important aspects must should be considered:
- Achieving the required toe level;
- Keeping the plan position and vericality in accordance with standard
requirements
- Avoiding significan damage to sheet piles and interlocks.
- Obtain the required coefficient of permeablility
Sheet piles should be guided at one or more levels during driving.
If the lubricant or bentonite are used to facilitate driving, the local environmental
regulations shall be followed.
Guide frames should be stable and robust and positioned at such levels so as to
ensure the horixontal and vertical alignment of the piles during driving.
Sheet piles are installed in the ground by one or a combination of the fllowing
methods:
-
Impact;
Vibration
Pressing.
Vibrating is in many circumstances the most efficient method. However, if
very dense sans and gravel above goundawater level or stiff clay layers have
to be driven through, vibrating may be ineffective. In these case etheir driving
assistance or impact driving may be required. When obstacles are present and
can not be removed, either predrilling or careful impact driving are the best
methods to be used.
Where vibration or noise is considered a problem, pressing the sheet piles in
to the ground may be a solution. Normally pressing is effective in cohesive
soils.
Vibratoy driving generally reduces the tendency for piles to lean during
driving when compared to impact driving. The main cause of longitudinal
leaning is friction in the interlock between the pile being driven and the
adjoining pile. This friction cuases an eccentricity of the force acting on the
sheet pile which cannot normally be adequately corrected by moving the
145 Bui The Cong - 81100410

center of impact of the hammer. Reducing the friction in the free leading
interlack is normlly a better alternative . Friction reduction can be obtained by
variou smeans such as lubricants or by keeping the space in the leading
interlock filled with betonite or cement-bentonite during the driving process.
Driving method
In the pitch and drive method a single or double sheet pile, is driven to full
depth before pitching the next one. This simple precedure has the advantage that
the top of the sheet pile has only to be lifted a distance equal to the length of the
pile above the ground surface. Moreover, it easily can be guided manually into the
interlock of the sheet pile which has already be driven.
146 Bui The Cong - 81100410

panel driving and staggered panel driving enables better control of the
position of the sheet piles along the wall length.
Staggered driving is a particular form of panel driving which may be applied
when difficult soil conditions are encountered. The sheet piles in the panel are
driven in a sequence indicated in the following figure
The disavandtage of the panel driving method is that interlocking the sheet piles
requires individual piles to be lifted to twice their length.
(d) Tolerances regarding plan position and vericality
The plan position the verticality of the sheet piles after installation should be in
accordance witht the recommended values given in following table applied for
normal case.
(e) Corrections of sheet pile position during driving

When driving in very hard soil layers, the stiffness and stability of the guide frame
should receive special attention in order to keep transverse and longitudinal
leaning and horizontal displacements of the driven sheet piles within the
tolerances given in above section.
147 Bui The Cong - 81100410

If transverse leaning and rotation of a sheet pile occurs during driving, it should
be extracted and re-driven unless other measures are sufficient.
If longitudinal leaning of the sheet piles occurs during driving, immediate action
to counteract this should be taken, for example by pushing or pulling.
(f) Extraction of sheet piles
When extracting sheet piles the following shall be considered;
- Verical and horizontal deformations in the surrounding ground;
- The possibility of short cutting different groundwater regimes
- In particular, cohesive soils can adhereto the pile sides thereby creating voids
in the ground when the pile are extracted.
- In loose sands and silts, vibrations and voids may cause ground displacements
which can cause damage to nearby building and installations. Such ground
displacements and possible links between groundwater regimes can be
avoided by injecting the voids with cement-grout or similar, simultaneously
with pulling.
Where sheet piles are close to sensitive structures, chemical plants, sensitive
infra-structural services, underground railways. The extraction shall be carried out
with particular care.
8-3: Estimating earthwork volume
19000
68000
FOUNDATION EXCAVATION PLAN
148 Bui The Cong - 81100410
0,00
Sheet pile
5500
Bored pile
-5,500
38000
FOUNDATION EXCAVATION SECTION
Volume = Horizontal area x Average depth Bore pile volume
V (68 19) 5.5 1.7
12
72 7009.867 BCM
4
8-4: Selecting machine

a) Selecting hoe
The basic production formula for a hoe used as an excavator is

Hoe (excavation) production =
3, 600sec Q F
E
1
t
60 min hour volume correction
Where:
Q = Heaped bucket capacity in LCM
F = bucket fill factor for hoe buckets
t = cycle time in seconds
E = efficiency in minutes per hour
Volume-correction = for loose volume to bank volume,
-
1
1 swell factor
Select crawler hoe CAT 320D having a 1 m3 bucket.

Bucket fill factor, table 9.4, for layer 1 use 100%
149 Bui The Cong - 81100410
Typical element times

Optimum depth of cut is 30-60% of maximum digging depth. The excavator has a
maximum depth approximately is 6.5 m. Depth of exaction is 3 m
3
100 46.15% >30%, okay
6.5
Therefore, under average conditions and for a 1-1.5 cy bucket size, cycle times
from table 9.5 would be:
Load bucket = 6s
Swing loaded = 4s
Dump bucket = 2s
Swing empty = 3s
Total cycle = 15s
Efficiency factor, 50-min hour (estimated)
Class of material, hard clay, swell 25%
150 Bui The Cong - 81100410
Probable production
3, 600sec/ hr 1m3 1 50 min
1
160 BCM / hour

15sec/ cycle
60 min 1 0.25
Excavation time for hoe:
Volume/Production = 7009.867/160 = 43.8 hours -> 5.5 days

b) Selecting truck
If 10m3 trucks are used, it will required 10 buckets to fill the truck. The time that
is required to load the truck would be 150 sec (10x15 sec), or 2.5 min. Assume the
round trip cycle for a truck 15 min. The minimum number of trucks required to
keep the hoe busy will be 20/2.5 = 6.
6 Hyundai HD270 (10m3) trucks are used
151 Bui The Cong - 81100410
Chapter 9
Bored pile execution
Preparation of reinforcement
bars and circular cover block
Withdraw tremie pipe and

casing
Earthwork
152 Bui The Cong - 81100410
9-1 Procedure
Excavation of pile shaft
Hydraulic rig/manually operable auger should be mobilized at the required location.
Set out the correct position of the bored pile on site
Set up a working platform to the top of the temporary casing if the ground is soft using
steel plates
Excavate in soil using augering method. The auger is lowered down by a telescopic boom
to excavate soil and retrieve the auger to the top after excavation
Move the auger with soil in it away from the excavated hole by swinging the machine.
Rotate the auger in the opposite direction to remove the soil from the auger
Drilling shall be done up to 3 to 4 meters depth using 600 mm diameter auger and the
temporary casing of length 1 to 2 meter driven directly through the rotary head.
Set up the vibrator in lifted with a crane
Install the bottom section of permanent or temporary casing into the ground by vibrating
motion exerted by the vibrator
Verticality of the casing will be monitored by means of spirit level (thc thy)
Depending on soil condition, if necessary, Drilling mud (Bentonite) shall be used for the
stabilization of pile -bore sides in addition to temporary casing wherever subsoil &
ground water conditions are likely to cause mud flow or instability of pile bore.
Bentonite used to stabilize the sides of bore hole should be conforming to requirements as
listed in inspection and test plan. Density of bentonite solution should be checked during
boring operation to ensure that the density is about 1.05 g/cc to 1.10 g/cc, marsh cone
viscosity 30 to 40 and pH value 9.5 to 12.
The pile shaft shall be cleaned by the bucket if there are suspected loose material at the
toe. The presence of water in the shaft (if any) is OK, provided there are no collapse of
soil in the hole.
153 Bui The Cong - 81100410

This can be checked with when the withdrawal of bucket, there shall be no debris, soils or
rock fragments in the bucket after cleaning
The depth of the pile is checked using a weighted measuring tape (sounding chain)
Reinforcement cage lowering
Prefabricated reinforcement cage prepared as per the drawings and approved depths, is
brought and kept near pile location while boring is in progress.
After getting the permission from the engineer, the reinforcement cage will be gently
lifted and lowered by crane/manually into the bored hole. Necessary concrete cover will
be obtained by using the circular cover blocks already made of the same strength as of
pile.
The weight of the prefabricated cage can be calculated in order to select a suitable crane
for lifting. If a mechanical bored pile machine is used, the bore pile machine engine shall
be detached and the mounted crane can be used for lifting.
The prefabricated cage shall be lowered down into the hole, segment by segment by
lifting the entire cage using a suitable crane. The top of the cage will be welded with a
suitable hook for lifting of the cage.
Shall lapping of reinforcement is needed, a lap length of 40D shall be used. The laps shall
be done using welding, or tied with tie wires or U-bolts.
Repeat the step above until required depth is reached
It is to be checked whether the reinforcement cage has reached up to bottom of the pile
by measuring from the top of the cage to the ground level.
Tremie pipe fixing and flushing.
After cage lowering, 200 mm diameter tremie pipes in suitable lengths are to be lowered
in the hole. The operation is done by lowering one tremie pipe after another and
connecting them threading to maintain water tightness throughout its length till the gap
between the pile base and Tremie is between75 100 mm. the tremie pipe is
locked/supported from top to maintain the level and funnel is attached on top.
154 Bui The Cong - 81100410

The vacuum length between Tremie pipe end and the borehole end shall not be more than
0.3m. Proper record shall be maintained to monitor the Tremie fixing & removing
procedures.
Finally the MS hopper of 0.5 to 0.75 cm capacity shall be fixed at top.
After completion of lowering Tremie pipes, flushing shall be started. Fresh Bentonite
solutions of specific gravity 1.05 to 1.15 shall be used for flushing. It shall be continued
until the specific gravity of exit Bentonite solution at the bottom of pile comes below
1.20gm/cc. (The tremie head to be provided to the tremie pipe for the flushing activity.
The bore is flushed by fresh bentonite slurry through the tremie head. The pumping for
flushing is done by use of mud circulation pump. Flushing will be done to remove all the
loose sediments which might have accumulated on the founding strata. Further, the
flushing operation shall be continued till the consistency of inflowing and out flowing
slurry is similar)
Pile Conceting
Determination of the density of the drilling mud from the base of the borehole shall be
carried out by taking samples of fluid by suitable slurry sample approved by the engineer
in charge, in first few piles and at suitable interval of piles thereafter and the results
recorded.
The slump of the concrete will be maintained at 150 mm to 200 mm.
Concreting operation will be carried out using the 200 mm diameter trmie pipes
Concrete will be poured into the tremie pipe by using a concrete skip
Initial charge of concrete should be given in the funnel using a plug. Total concrete
quantity in the funnel should be more than the volume of the entire pipe plus free space
below the tremie. This will ensure a water tight concrete pouring through tremie
The concrete is poured in the funnel. As the concrete reaches the top of the funnel, the
plug is lifted up to allow the concrete to flow corresponding to the placing of each batch
of concrete.
155 Bui The Cong - 81100410

Lifting and lowering is repeated keeping sufficient concrete in funnel all the time. As the
concreting proceeds the tremie pipe are to be removed one by one, taking care that the
tremie pipe has sufficient embedment in the concrete until the whole pipe is concreted.
Sufficient head of green concrete shall be maintained to prevent inflow of soil or water in
to concrete. Placing of concrete shall be a continuous process from the toe level to top of
pile.
The concreting of pile is to be done up to minimum of 300 mm above the cut off level to
get good and sound concrete at cut off level.
After completing the pile concrete, the hopper and the Tremie pipes shall be removed and
cleaned properly. Casing shall be removed immediately or before initial setting time by
using a crane/piling rig.
9-2 Machinery and equipment

Drilling Rig with required diameter of drilling tools;
Temporary guide casing;
Tremie pipe of 180/250mm dia with lifting head, flushing head and hopper etc.;
Mixing and circulation of drilling mud;
Bentonite mixing unit;
Pump for drilling mud;
Diesel generator;
Welding machine;
Testing kit for drilling mud;
Service crane;
Batching plant;
Transit mixer;
Survey instrument;
156 Bui The Cong - 81100410
9-3 Requirements by code BS EN 1536:2010

(a) Bentonite
Table 9 - Characteristics for fresh bentonite suspensions
Table 9 - Characteristics for bentonite suspensions
(b) Concrete
The maximum size of the aggregate shall not exceed 32 mm or of the clear space
between the longitudinal bars, whichever is the smaller.
157 Bui The Cong - 81100410

When aggregate size is smaller than 4mm, cement content should be increased.
The water/cement ratio shall not exceed 0.6
Concrete for bored piles shall:
Have a high resistance against segregation
Be of high plasticity and good cohesiveness
Flow well
Be adequately self-compacting
Be sufficiently workable for the duration of the placement procedure, including the
removal of any temporary casings
Table 9 - Target values of consistence and tolerances for fresh concrete in different
conditions
For long concreting operation of the piles, a minimum slump of 100mm after 4h is
common practice
Sampling and testing on site
All sampling and testing of fresh concrete on site shall comply with EN 3670 and the
execution specification.
The minimum number of cylinder or cube specimens in a sample is three
158 Bui The Cong - 81100410

(c) Reinforcement
The reinforcement steel cages used in bored piles shall comply with EN 10080
The lap of bars should be located away from the maximum bending area
(d) Execution
Figure 9 - Definition of geometrical construction deviation terms

-
Geometrical tolerances
Table 9 - Geometrical tolerances

Geometrical tolerances
Plan location of vertical bored piles
referenced to the working platform level
Deviation of inclination of vertical bored pile
e emax 0.1m
For bored pile with D or W 1.0m
i imax 0.02(A 0.02m / m)
0
with an inclination of n 15( 86 )
Deviation in plan of centres of enlargements
159 Bui The Cong - 81100410
e emax 0.1 D(orW )

in relation to the bored pile axis
Installation tolerances for reinforcement cage

Unless otherwise specified, the elevation of the top of the cage after concrete placement
shall be equal to the nominal value with a maximum deviation of -0.15m to + 0.15m
-
Tolerances for trimming
Bored pile trimming and cutting-off shall executed such that a construction joint with
maximum deviations of +0.04m/-0.07 m at the design cut-off level is formed.
-
Excavation
When constructing bored piles measures shall be taken to prevent uncontrolled inflow of
water and/or soil into the bore
In soils liable to flow into the bore or where there is a risk of collapse, means of support
shall be used to maintain stability and thereby prevent the uncontrolled entry of soil and
water. Some common means of support of bore walls are:
Casings
Support fluid
Soil-filled auger flights
Bored pile bores shall be excavated until they reach:
The specified bearing stratum; or
The anticipated founding level
Completed excavations shall be left open only for the time necessary to allow:
Cleaning and/or desanding
The various checks, and
Installation of reinforcement, if any
160 Bui The Cong - 81100410

Where bored piles are constructed in ground which is likely to deteriorate with time and
it is not possible to finish the bored pile by the end of the working day, a depth equivalent
to the following number shall be bored the following working day immediately before
concrete placement:
At least twice the shaft diameter, but
Not less than 1.5m
If a bored pile encounters an impenetrable obstruction prior to reaching its designed
founding depth, the design specification shall be review
The center to center distance for bored piles produced with a time-difference less than 4 h
should be at least four times D or W with a minimum of 2 m
Disturbed soil, debris or any other material that could affect the bored pile performance
shall be removed from the base prior to concrete placement (cleaning of bases)
Methods and tools
Bored piles can be excavated in an intermittent or continuous process
The type of boring tool shall:
Be appropriate to the given soil, rock, groundwater or other environmental conditions
Be selected with a view to preventing loosening of material outside the bored pile and
below its base; and
Allow the bores to be excavated quickly
Excavations supported by casings
Casings may be installed during the excavation process using
Oscillating; or
Rotating equipment;
Or they may be driven prior to the excavation using:
161 Bui The Cong - 81100410

Piling hammers; or
Vibrators or other.
Construction techniques involving casings shall allow their safe installation and
subsequent recovery during or after the concreting process, unless casings are required to
be permanent, for that purpose:
Casings shall be cylindrical and without any significant longitudinal or diametrical
distortion
Casings shall be designed to withstand the external pressure and the forces of installation
and recovery
Temporary casings shall be free of significant internal projections or encrusted concrete;
Casing joints shall permit the transfer of longitudinal forces and torsion moments without
significant play
Where a bored pile is excavated in the following conditions, an internal excess pressure
shall be provided within the casing by a head of water or other suitable fluid of not less
than 1,0 m above the highest piezometric level which shall be maintained until the bored
pile has been concreted
Below the groundwater table in permeable ground; or
In artesian conditions,
In unstable bores the casing shall be maintained in advance of boring
Excavations supported by fluids
The fluid shall be completely or partially replaced if one of the properties of the fluid is
outside the specified ranges of table 2
The upper part of an excavation shall be protected by a lead-in tube or guide wall
To guide the boring tools
To protect the bore walls against collapse of upper loose soils; and
162 Bui The Cong - 81100410

For the safety of site personnel
At all the times during boring and concrete placement the level of support fluid shall be
maintained:
Within the lead-in tube or the guide wall;
At least 1,5 m above the external ground-water level
In special circumstances (for examples in the case of loose sand or soft soils), it can be
necessary to raise the level of the support fluid.
An adequate supply of support fluid shall always be kept available to cater for regular
consumption and any potential loss of suspension into the ground
In cases of sudden outflow of fluid from the excavation, it can be necessary to backfill
the bore
The operating velocity of the tool shall be controlled and adjusted as necessary in order to
avoid a piston effect that can affect excavation stability.
-
Reinforcement
Steel reinforcement shall be stored in clean conditions and shall be clean and free from
loose rust, and loose mill scale at the time of installation and concreting.
Reinforcement cages shall be suspended or supported so as to maintain their correct
position during concreting
Joints in reinforcement bars shall be:
Such that the full strength of each bar is effective across the joint; and
Constructed such that there is no detrimental displacement of the reinforcement during
construction of the bored pile
Reinforcing bars shall not be welded at or near bends
The assembly of cages and the fixing together of bars shall be such that:
Cages can be lifted and installed without permanent distortion
163 Bui The Cong - 81100410

All bars remain in the correct position.
Spacers shall be arranged symmetrically around the cage with
At least three numbers at each level
At level intervals of not more than 3,0 m; and
Sufficient tolerance to the inner wall of a casing or the wall of the bore to allow safe
installation and avoid damage to the bore walls
The reinforcement shall be installed as soon as possible after the cleaning of the bore.
The installation procedure of the reinforcement shall provide for its alignment with the
bored pile axis and maintain the correct concrete cover over its full length.
During concrete placement, the reinforcement level shall be maintained to provide the
specified projection above the final cut-off level.
Reinforcement installation subsequent to concrete placement is permitted if the method
has been proved in comparable ground conditions. And this subsequent installation shall
take place as soon as possible after the completion of the concreting operation.
-
Concreting and trimming
The interval between completion of excavation and commencement of concrete

placement is required to be kept as short as possible
Prior to concrete placement the cleanliness of the bore shall be checked
If the bore contains a support fluid, the properties of the fluid shall be checked before
concrete placement
An adequate supply of concrete shall be available throughout the placement process to
enable a controlled smooth operation.
Internal vibration is not permissible for the compaction of the concrete.
Appropriate precautions shall be taken to prevent the fines of the concrete being washed
out from the shaft surface by flowing groundwater.
164 Bui The Cong - 81100410

Concreting shall be carried out in such way as to avoid segregation.
During the concreting the volume placed and the level of concrete inside the bore shall be
checked and recorded.
The levels shall be checked at least once:
After every pour; or
Before or after a temporary casing is lifted.
The height of the casting level above the cut-off level should be increased when:
The cut-off level lies deep below the working platform
Concreting is carried out in submerged conditions; or
Temporary casings are recovered
When the final casting level is below the working platform, the fresh concrete should be
protected against contamination from above:
By concreting above the cut-off level
By backfilling the empty bore with suitable material; or
By maintaining a support fluid inside the empty bore until the concrete has set
Concreting in submerged conditions
Concreting shall proceed only when the properties of the suspension are satisfactory.
Otherwise additional recycling and cleaning or substitution of the suspension is
necessary.
In order to avoid mixing between concrete and bentonite, the instantaneous velocity of
concrete rising should not be less than 3m/h
Where concreting is carried out under water or a support fluid, the consistency shall be in
accordance with table 4 and a tremie pipe shall be used for the placement. The main
purpose of the tremie pipe is the prevention of segregation of the concrete during
placement or its contamination by the fluid inside the bore.
165 Bui The Cong - 81100410

The tremie pipe, including all its joints, shall be water tight.
The tremie pipe shall be smooth to allow free flow of concrete and have a uniform
internal diameter of at least the greater of the following numbers:
Six times the maximum size if the aggregate; or 150 mm
The tremie pipe shall be equipped at its upper end with a hopper to receive the fresh
concrete and prevent spillage of concrete which otherwise could fall freely into the bore,
segregate or become contaminated.
The external shape and dimension of the tremie pipe, including its joints, shall allow its
free movement inside the reinforcement cage.
The external shape and dimension of the tremie pipe, including its joints should be not
more than:
0.35 times the pile diameter D or the inner diameter of a casing
0.6 times the inner width of the reinforcement cage for piles; and
0.8 times the inner width of the reinforcement cage for barretes
The tremie pipe shall be cleaned of all encrusted concrete or mortar prior to its use.
The tremie pipe shall extend to the bottom of the bored pile at the commencement of the
concreting
A bung or plug of suitable material, to prevent mixing of concrete with any fluid in the
tremie pipe, shall be inserted into the pipe before the commencement of concrete
placement.
As the first batch, a cement enriched mix or a charge of cement mortar may be used to
lubricate the tremie pipe.
To allow the first concrete to leave the tremie pipe, the pipe shall be lifted slightly, not
exceeding a value equal to the inner diameter of the tremie pipe. Placement shall then
proceed quickly to fill the entire base of the bored pile so that no concrete which may
have segregated at the beginning of the discharge is trapped.
166 Bui The Cong - 81100410

During subsequent placement the tremie pipe shall be withdrawn progressively as the
concrete rises in the bore.
The pipe shall at all times remain immersed in unset and workable concrete which has
previously benn placed and shall not be withdrawn from the concrete until the completion
of the concreting process.
The immersion of the tremie pipe into the concrete should be not less than 1,5m ,
particularly when disconnecting sections of the pipe and when recovering and
disconnecting sections of temporary casing.
For piles with a diameter D>= 1.2 m the immersion should be at least 2.5m and for
barrettes at least 3,0 m, particularly when two or more tremie pipes are used.
After completion of the placement the tremie pipe should not be extracted too quickly as
the resulting suction can lead to bored pile imperfections.
The placement shall continue until any contaminated concrete in the upper part of the
concrete column has risen above cut-off level.
In circumstances where the casting level is below the groundwater level, a pressure on
the unset concrete equal to, or greater than, the external groundwater pressure shall be
maintained.
The extraction of temporary casings shall not begin until the concrete column has reached
a sufficient height inside the casing to generate an adequate excess pressure:
To protect against inflow of water or soil at the tip of the casing; and
To prevent the reinforcement cage from being lifted.
The extraction shall be carried out while concrete is still of the required consistency.
During the continued extraction a sufficient quantity and head of concrete shall be
maintained inside the casing to balance the external pressure so that the annular space
vacated by the removal of the casing is filled with concrete.
167 Bui The Cong - 81100410

The supply of concrete and the speed of extraction of the casing shall be such that no
inflow of soil or water occurs into the freshly placed concrete, even if a sudden drop of
concrete level should occur when a cavity outside the casing is uncovered.
Since the top of the cast concrete may not be of the required quality, sufficient concrete
shall be placed in the bore to ensure that the concrete below the cut-off level has the
specified properties.
The trimming shall eliminate the polluted and/or dirty concrete and a minimum of sound
concrete above the cut-off level over the full cross-section of the pile
Trimming of the concrete to cut-off level shall be carried out using equipment and
methods which will not damage the concrete, reinforcement or any instrumentation
installed in the pile
Where possible, some trimming above cut-off level may be carried out before the
concrete has set.
Final trimming to cut-off level shall only be carried out after the concrete has gained
sufficient strength.
Pile edges broken below the cut-off level shall be kept clean.
168 Bui The Cong - 81100410
Chapter 10 Formwork
Formwork design
10-1 Slab form design

1.
2.
3.
-
Model of form
Panel: Fuvi panel (500x1000)
Joist: steel box 50x50x1.8
Stringer: steel box 100x50x1.8
Shore: Hoa Phat brand ( 2000kg of capacity)
Design load
Concrete = 0.2x2500x0.0098 = 4.704 kPa
Formwork = 0.24 kPa
Live load = 2.4 kPa
Design load = 7.344 kPa
Deck (panel Design)
According to the manufacturer, the capacity of Fuvi panel EH (500x1000) is
1000kg/m2~9.81kPa. so that bending and shear strength will be satisfied.
Deflection:
Figure 10 - Deflection chart for slab application (FUVI)
169 Bui The Cong - 81100410

Deflection will be satisfied if the panel is erected as the above figure. As shown,
deflection for 200 mm thickness slab is about 1mm < than
(l/360=1000/360=2.78mm)
Selecting a 400 mm joist spacing as a modular value for the design.
4. Joist design
Consider the joist as a uniformly loaded beam supporting a strip of design load
400 mm wide. Joist are 50x50 mm steel box. The joist are continuous over three
spans.
w = 0.4(m) x 7.344(kPa) = 2.9376 kN/m
With steel box 50x50x2 mm
Modulus: E=2x108 kN/m2
Area: A=3.84 cm2
Moment of inertia: I = 14.77 cm4
Section modulus (in extreme fiber): S=2I/h=5.908 cm3
Bending
wL2 2.9376 12
M max
0.29376kNm
10
10
Stress
M
0.29376kNm 1003
max
49722.41kN / m 2
3
S
5.908cm
Allowable stress for (steel 200 MPa)
200, 000kN / m2
Shear
Vmax 0.6wL 0.6 2.9376 1 1.76256kN
Stress
V
1.76256kN 1002
max
11953.31kN / m 2
A
3.84cm 2
Allowable shear stress (usually 40% of the specified minimum yield stress)
40% 80000kN / m 2
Deflection
1
l4
1
14 1004
w
2.9376
1000 0.686mm
145
EI 145
2 108 14.77
5. Stringer Design
Consider the stringer as a uniformly loaded beam supporting a strip of design load
max
1000 mm wide. Joist are 50x100x2 mm steel box. The stringer are continuous
over three spans.
w = 1(m) x 7.344(kPa) = 7.344 kN/m
Area: A=4.64 cm2
170 Bui The Cong - 81100410

-

Bending
wL2 7.344 12
M max
1.0575kNm
10
10
Stress
M
1.057536kNm 1003
max
108,576kN / m2
S
9.74cm3
200, 000kN / m2
Shear
Vmax 0.6 wL 0.6 7.344 1 4.4064kN
Stress
V
4.4064kN 1002
max
9496.55kN / m 2
2
A
4.64cm
40% 80000kN / m 2
Deflection
1
l4
1
14 1004
max
w
7.344
1000 0.6499mm
145
EI 145
2 108 38.97
Check capacity of shore
Load applying on each shore: P w l 7.344 1 7.344kN 7.48.62kg
10-2 Wall form design

1. Design load
Assume the rate of placement = 1.5m/h
Temperature of concrete during placing = 25 C degree
For concrete having a slump of 175 mm or less and placed with normal internal
vibration to a depth of 1.2 m or less, formwork can be designed for a lateral
pressure as follows, where
pmax : Maximum lateral pressure, kPa
R: Rate of placement, m/h
T: temperature of concrete during placing, o C
Cw : Unit weight coefficient per Table 2.1
Cc : Chemistry coefficient per Table 2.2.
For column, walls with a rate of placement of less than 2.1 m/h and
a placement height not exceeding 4.2 m.
785 R
p max CwCc 7.2

( Eq 2.2 ACI 347)
T 17.8
Minimum pressure = 30Cw (kPa )

Maximum pressure = gh
171 Bui The Cong - 81100410

Cw 1.0
Cc 1.0
Table 10 - Unit weight coefficient Cw (ACI 304)
Table 10 - Chemistry coefficient Cc
785 R
785 1.5
p max CwCc 7.2

1 1 7.2
34.584kN / m 2
T 17.8
25 17.8
Use fuvi panel for sheating. The strength and deflection constrain will be satified if the
panel erected as follows
172 Bui The Cong - 81100410

Figure 10 - Deflection chart for wall application
As shown in the figure, the height of 3.5 m, the deflection of panel is less than
2mm.
2. The stud
Consider the stud as a uniformly loaded beam supporting a strip of design load
200 mm wide. Studs are 50x50 mm steel box. The studs are continuous over three
spans.
w = 0.2(m) x 34.584(kPa) = 6.917 kN/m
With steel box 50x50x2 mm
Area: A=3.84 cm2
Bending
wL2 6.917 0.52
M max
0.1729kNm
10
10
Stress
M
0.1729kNm 1003
max
29268.552kN / m2
3
S
5.908cm
200, 000kN / m2
Shear
Vmax 0.6wL 0.6 6.917 0.5 2.0751kN
173 Bui The Cong - 81100410

Stress
V
2.0751kN 1002
max
5403.91kN / m 2
A
3.84cm 2
40% 80000kN / m 2
-
Deflection
1
l4
1
0.54 1004
w
6.917
1000 0.1mm
145
EI 145
2 108 14.77
3. Wales Design (Double Wales)
Consider the wale as a uniformly loaded beam supporting a strip of design load
max
500 mm wide. Wale are 50x100x2 mm steel box. The wale are continuous over
three spans.
w = 0.5(m) x 34.584(kPa) = 17.292 kN/m
Area: A=4.64 cm2
Bending
wL2 17.292 0.82
M max
1.1067kNm
10
10
Stress
M
1.1067kNm 1003
max
56811.49kN / m 2
S
2 9.74cm3
200,000kN / m2
Shear
Vmax 0.6wL 0.6 17.292 0.8 8.3kN
Stress
V
8.3kN 1002
max
8944.14kN / m 2
2
A
2 4.64cm
40% 80000kN / m 2
Deflection
1
l4
1
0.84 1004
max
w
17.292
1000 0.31336mm
145
EI 145
2 2 108 38.97
Check capacity of shore
Load applying on each shore: P w l 17.292 0.8 13.8336kN
10-3 Design of lateral baring for wall and column forms

-
Checking the dimension of wall with dimension as follows:

h = height of wall = 2.9 m
174 Bui The Cong - 81100410
h = height of top of strut = 2.5m

l = horizontal distance from form to bottom of strut = 1.5 m
Design lateral force per unit length of form
In this case, only wind load is considered.
Table 10 - Recommened minimum lateral design load for wall forms (Nunnally)
Selecting H = 1.46 kN/m

Determine the length of the strut
l h '2 l '2 2.52 1.52 2.915m

H the horizontal resisting force 400 mm below the top of the wall would have to
2.9
'
1.46 1.6936kN / m in order to balance the 1.46 kN/m design load
be H
2.5
applied at the top of the wall.
H'
Tension (compression) in strut = P '
2.915 3.291kN / m
1.5
H h l 1.46 2.9 2.915
'
3.291kN / m
Or P ' '
h l
2.5 1.5
If struts are spaced every 3 m along the wall, then 3 3.291 9.874kN must be
carried by each brace.
Use steel box 100x50x2mm
Area: A=4.64 cm2
200, 000kN / m2
9.874 1002
21280.17kN / m 2 OK.
4.64
175 Bui The Cong - 81100410
Chapter 11 Concrete Placing

11-1 Mixing and transporting
Truck mixing is a process by which previously proportioned concrete materials from a
batch plant are charged into a ready-mixed truck for mixing and delivery to the
construction project. To achieve thorough mixing, total absolute volume of all ingredients
batched in a revolving drum truck mixer should not exceed 63% of the drum volume per
ACI 304R.
Figure 11 - Operation of a truck mixer

Maximum transportation time can be extended by several different procedures
In one method, the dry materials are batched into the ready-mixed truck and transported
to the job site where all of the mixing water is added. Water should be added under
pressure, preferably at both the front and rear of the drum with it revolving at mixing
speed, and then mixing is completed with the usual 70 to 100 revolutions. The total
volume of concrete that can be transported in truck mixers by this method is the same as
for regular truck mixing, approximately 63% of the drum volume.
176 Bui The Cong - 81100410

Another approach to accommodate long hauls is to use extended-set admixtures. The
concrete is mixed and treated with the admixture before leaving the plant. The admixture
dosage is typically selected to wear off shortly after the concrete arrives at the placement
site, allowing the concrete to set normally. In some instances, an accelerator is added to
activate the concrete once it arrives at the placement site.
11-2 Placing concrete

(a) General guide
Several methods and guides to place and handle concrete are suggested in ACI
304R as follows.
177 Bui The Cong - 81100410
Figure 11 - Correct and incorrect methods of handling concrete (Extracted from ACI
304R)
178 Bui The Cong - 81100410
Figure 11 - Correct and incorrect methods of placing concrete 1 (Extracted from ACI
304R)
179 Bui The Cong - 81100410
Figure 11 - Correct and incorrect methods of placing concrete 2 (Extracted from ACI
304R)
180 Bui The Cong - 81100410

(b) Reinforcement and embedded items
At the time of concrete placement, reinforcing steel and embedded items should
be clean and free from mud, oil, and other materials that can adversely affect the
steels bonding capacity.
Adequate concrete cover of the reinforcing steel has to be maintained.
Bars and embedded items should be held securely in the proper position by
suitable supports and ties to prevent displacement during concreting. Concrete
blocks are sometimes used for support of the steel. Metal bar chairs with or
without plastic protected ends or plastic bar chairs are more commonly used.
Whatever system is used, there should be assurance that the supports will be
adequate to carry expected loads before and during placement and will not stain
exposed concrete surfaces, displace excessive quantities of concrete, or allow bars
to move from their proper positions.
(c) Placing
Arrange equipment so that the concrete has an unrestricted vertical drop to the
point of placement or into the container receiving it. The stream of concrete
should not be separated by falling freely over rods, spacers, reinforcement, or
other embedded materials. If forms are sufficiently open and clear so that the
concrete is not disturbed in a vertical fall into place, direct discharge without the
use of hoppers, trunks or chutes is favorable. Concrete should be deposited at or
near its final position because it tends to segregate when it has to be flowed
laterally into place.
When choosing placement equipment, consider the ability of the equipment to
place the concrete in the correct location economically without compromising its
quality.
(d) Consolidation
Internal vibration is the most effective method of consolidating plastic concrete
for most applications. The effectiveness of an internal vibrator depends mainly on
the head diameter, frequency, and amplitude of the vibrators.
Vibrators should not be used to move concrete laterally. They should be inserted
and withdrawn vertically, so that they quickly penetrate the layer and are
withdrawn slowly to remove entrapped air. Vibrate at close intervals using a
systematic pattern to ensure that all concrete is adequately consolidated.
181 Bui The Cong - 81100410

Concrete should be placed in horizontal layers not exceeding 2 ft (610 mm) in
depth and inclined layers and cold joints should be avoided. For monolithic
construction, each concrete layer should be placed while the underlying layer is
still responsive to vibration, and layers should be sufficiently shallow to permit
the two layers to be integrated by proper vibration.
Figure 11 - Correct and incorrect methods of consolidation
182 Bui The Cong - 81100410
11-3: Form, joint preparation, and finishing

(a) Forms
The design and construction of concrete formwork should be reviewed to
minimize costs without sacrificing either safety or quality. Because workmanship
in concrete construction is frequently judged by the appearance of the concrete
after removal of the forms, proper performance of formwork while bearing the
plastic concrete weight and live construction loading is of vital importance.
Form faces should be treated with a releasing agent to prevent concrete from
sticking to the forms and thereby aid in stripping. The releasing agent can also act
as a sealer or protective coating for the forms to prevent absorption of water from
the concrete into the formwork. Form coatings should be carefully chosen for
compatibility with the contact surfaces of the forms being used and with
subsequent coatings to be applied to the concrete surfaces.
Ample access should be provided within the forms for proper cleanup, placement,
consolidation, and inspection of the concrete.
(b) Joint preparation
Construction joints occur wherever concreting is stopped or delayed so that fresh
concrete subsequently placed against hardened concrete cannot be integrated into
the previous placement by vibrating.
The surfaces of all construction joints should be cleaned and properly prepared to
ensure adequate bond with concrete placed on or adjacent to them and to obtain
required watertightness.
Under normal circumstances, it is necessary only to remove laitance and expose
the sand and sound surface mortar by sandblasting or high-pressure water jetting.
Another method for cleaning construction joints entails the use of a water jet
under a minimum pressure of 6000 psi (40 MPa). Cleanup is delayed until the
concrete is sufficiently hard so that only the surface skin of mortar is removed and
no undercutting of coarse aggregate particles occurs.
Hand tools such as wire brushes, wire brooms, hand picks, or bush hammers can
be used to remove dirt, laitance, and soft mortar, but are only practical for small
areas.
The clean concrete joint surface should be saturated, surface dry at the time new
concrete is placed on it. Surface moisture weakens the joint by increasing the
w/cm of the newly placed concrete. Ensure that the first layer of concrete on the
183 Bui The Cong - 81100410

construction joint is adequately consolidated to achieve good bond with the
previously hardened concrete.
(c) Finishing unformed surfaces
To obtain a durable surface on unformed concrete, proper procedures should be
carefully followed. See ACI 302.1R for a detailed discussion and
recommendations on concrete floor and slab finishing.
11-4: Pumping concrete

(a) Pipeline and accessories
Most concrete transported to the placement area by pumping methods is pumped
through a rigid steel tubing or heavy-duty flexible hose, both of which are called
pipeline. The flexibility of the hose allows workers to place concrete exactly
where it is needed. For placements on grade, rubber hose is frequently used at the
end of a steel tubing pipeline. Large or elevated placements generally are done by
placement booms.
Pipeline surface irregularity or roughness, diameter variations, and directional
changes disturb the smooth flow of pumped concrete. This results in increased
pressure required to push concrete through the pipeline and increased wear rate
throughout the pump and pipeline.
Straight sections of pipeline are made of welded or seamless steel tubing, most
commonly 10 ft (3 m) in length. The most common diameters are 4 and 5 in. (100
and 125 mm) with most systems in the 5 in. (125 mm) size. Aluminum pipeline
should not be used in concrete pumping (Fowler and Holmgren 1971).
Concrete pipeline components can be assembled in virtually any order, then
disassembled and reconfigured in a different manner. To achieve this flexibility,
each delivery line component requires the use of connecting ends or collars, a
coupling, and a gasket.
The coupling connections require a gasket sealing ring to hold the required pressure and
prevent grout leakage. The most common connecting ends use a raised section profile to
make a joint that can withstand pressures in excess of 2000 psi (14 MPa). They can also
withstand considerable stress from external bending forces.
Concrete pumping hose is divided into two classifications: hose intended for use at the
end of a placement line (discharge hose) and hose used on a placement boom (boom
184 Bui The Cong - 81100410

hose). A discharge hose has a lower pressure rating. A boom hose typically connects rigid
boom sections and should withstand high pressures. Approximately three times more
pressure is required to pump concrete through a given length of hose than is needed to
pump through the same length of steel line. Pumping pressure can cause a curved or bent
hose to straighten. Injuries have resulted from such movement, and sharp bends should be
avoided.
To help achieve maximum component life, safe and thorough cleaning of the pipeline is
necessary at the end of each placement or at any time a lengthy delay in pumping
operation occurs. The pipeline is cleaned by propelling a sponge ball or rubber go-devil
through the line with air or water pressure. Arrangements for disposal of this residual
concrete should be made before pumping begins.
Figure 11 - Sponge ball

For more details about pumping concrete, refer ACI 304.2R
11-5: Consolidation of concrete
185 Bui The Cong - 81100410
11-6: Curing concrete
186 Bui The Cong - 81100410
Chapter 12 Site layout

12-1 List of temporary facilities
Table 12 - List of temporary facilities
Facility No.
Facility Name
Job office
Owner representatives office
Subcontractors office
First aid office
Information and guard house
Toilet on site
Staff/Engineer dormitory
Staff/Engineer family dormitory
Labor dormitory
10
Labor family dormitory
11
Dinning room for labor
12
Bathroom for labor
13
Restroom for labor
14
Equipment maintenance shop
15
Parking lot for mechanics

Prefabricated rebar storage
16
yard Rebar fabrication yard
17
Fabricated rebar storage yard
187 Bui The Cong - 81100410

18
Carpentry shop
19
Storage yard for lumber
20
Storage yard for formed lumber
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
Cement warehouse
Batch-plant and aggregate storage
Craft change-house
Sampling / Testing lab
Pipe jointing yard
Pipe storage yard
Welding shop
Parking lot
Tank
Long term laydown storage
Machine room
Electrical shop
Steel fabrication shop
Sandblast shop
Painting shop
Scaffold storage yard
Material warehouse
37
38
188 Bui The Cong - 81100410
12-2 Temporary Facilities Characteristics

It is important to understand the characteristics of the temporary facilities before planning
the site layout. In general, there are six temporary facility characteristics.
1.
Satisfying environmental and safety regulations: All temporary facilities should

satisfy environmental and safety regulations. Special attention should be paid to
temporary facilities like batch plants, which have high pollution potential. Planners
have to make proper arrangements to control the air, water, and noise pollution from
such facilities.
2.
Availability of diverse solutions for the same problem: There are many
arrangements that can be made to establish a temporary facility. For example, if a
warehouse is required, the planner can build a warehouse on the site, use existing
facilities on the site, rent a building near the site, or plan a just in time delivery.
Based on the usage of the warehouses, each alternative can be further divided into
several sub items. For example, the material of building the facility can vary from
wood, bricks, to a steel structure.
3.
Relatively short life span of a specific location: The life span of temporary facility
depends on the duration of the project. In general, it must be removed as soon as the
project is completed.
4.
Reutilization with a minimum loss for the same or modified function at another
location: Due to the shorter life span of temporary facility on site, planners consider
reutilization of the temporary facilities. This can result in saving the cost of
construction. With appropriate modifications, most of the temporary facilities can
be used for more different purposes. Therefore, good maintenance, and storage of
the building materials can increase the frequency of reutilization and decrease
construction costs significantly.
5.
Easy of assembly, dismantling, and exploitation: temporary facilities structures

which are easy to assemble and dismantle will reduce both assembly and
disassembly time. As mentioned above, temporary facilities will need to be
189 Bui The Cong - 81100410

removed in a very short period of time after project completion. Thus, temporary
facilities structures should be easy to assemble and dismantle without any damage
to the structure components. Prefabricated modules are ideal for constructing
temporary facilities and they are usually easy to assemble and dismantle.
6.
Standardization of design: Standardization of design and construction of

temporary facilities can increase the frequency of reutilization and reduce the workhours and cost required for construction the facilities. This approach makes the
maintenance, transportation and storage of temporary facilities easy. The benefits of
the learning curve can be gained from repetitive field operations, which results in
increase of productivity and quality. Also, benefits are obtained by providing grater
interchangeability of spare parts and reducing the variety of spare parts stored in the
warehouse.
12-3 Facility Identification and Sizing

The following rules as suggested in some material and be used as a design aids:
Table 12 - Area estimates for temporary facilities
Temporary Facility
Minimum
(m2)
Average
(m2)
Maximum (m2)
Craft change house per worker
0.09
1.02
2.7
office per office worker
5.4
8.7
13.5
1.7
22.5
30
36
Number of workers per parking space

Area required for each unit parking
190 Bui The Cong - 81100410
Table 12 - Range of office space requirements

Office
Size Range
(m2)
Project Manager
12 25
Construction Manager
9 14
Mechanical/ Electrical/ Civil Engineer per Engineer
9 11
Purchasing (total)
46 84
Schedule & Cost Control (total) - Accounting (total)
28 93
Accounting (total)
37 80
First Aid & Safety per Office
17 19
Clerical (total)
28 74
Estimator
11
The following equations can be used to estimate the area needed for storage
An = (Qmax / Im ) / qn
Where: Qmax = qdaily * t * k, qdaily = Qtotal / T
Qmax
: Maximum estimated quantity in storage space;
Im
: Utilization index for materials;
qn : quantity of materials can be stored per m2;
Qtotal
: Total quantity of materials required for the project;
qdaily
: estimated quantity required per day;
T
: construction period (not total project duration);
t
: Average stock (days); and
191 Bui The Cong - 81100410

k
: Fluctuation factor
Table 12 - Parameters for sizing material storage area

Description
Delivery &
Storage method
Cement
Bags
Bulk
Aggregate
for
Concrete
Bricks
Bulk
Units
Pieces Pieces
Concrete
blocks
Lumber
Unit
ton
ton
m3
unit
unit
m3
Im
Average Stock qn
Waste
t (days)
quantity / m2 Utilization factor %
30
1.5 - 1.8
0.5 - 0.6
1.5
30
---------
---------
0.5
60
1.5 - 2.0
0.6 - 0.7
2.0
30
700-1000
0.7 - 0.8
2-3
30
75 - 100 1.7 - 0.7 - 0.8

2.6
0.6 - 0.7
3-3.5
45
Bars
Reinforcing Pieces
bars
Pieces
Concrete
Barrels
pipes
ton
ton
ton
ton
Iron pipes
75
30
75
30
1.3 -1.5
0.8 - 1.1
0.6 - 1.5
0.5 - 0.7
0.75 - 0.8
1-1.2
0.6 - 0.7
1.0
0.6 - 0.7
0.5
0.7 - 0.8
1.0
Fuel
Table shows the rules of thumb developed by Obayashi Corporation of Japan. The areas
given in Table 6 are based on the following assumptions:
-
For each facility, the unit area includes areas for corridors, closets and aisles.
The area of the bathroom should be adequate for simultaneous use by 10% of the
residents, and one toilet for 15 labors.

The number of labors is the peak number of labors required.
192 Bui The Cong - 81100410
2-3
Table 12 - Equations to calculate temporary facilities size

Equation for Calculations
Description
Variable
Unit
Use rate %
1. Job office
peak number of Staff/Eng.
80.73 sf**/pp
2. Dormitory for Staff / Eng.
variable 1 - variable 3
86.11 sf/pp
3. Dormitory for Staff / Eng. Family

4. Dormitory for labor
5. Dormitory for labor family
6. Bathroom for Staff / Eng.
7. Bathroom for staff / Eng. Family
Number of Staff/Eng. With family

peak number of labors
peak number of labors with family
variable 2 x Use Rate
variable 3
322.92 sf/pp
48.44 sf/pp***
269.1 sf/pp
43.06 sf/pp
21.53 sf/pp
8. Toilet (job office)
32.29 sf/pp
10
9. Toilet (staff / Eng. Dormitory)
32.29 sf/pp
10
10. Dining room for labor
variable 4 x Use Rate - variable 5
21.53 sf/pp
60
11. Bathroom for labor
32.29 sf/pp
10
12. Toilet for labor Dormitory
26.91 sf/pp
10
13. Parking lot

14. Canteen
number of cars
variable 1 x (1 Use Rate)
215.28 sf/car
64.58 sf/pp
15. Owner's representative office
the number of representatives
86.11 sf/pp
16. Toilet on site
variables (14 + 15 + 17) / 15
32.29 sf/toilet
17. Rest area for labor
variable 4
16.15 sf/pp
18. Equipment maintenance shop
number of mechanicians
322.92 sf/pp
19. Parking lot for mechanician
number of mechanicians
322.92 sf/pp
20. Material warehouse
project cost
150-266 sf/m*
21. Rebar fabrication yard
peak number of iron workers
75.35 sf/pp
22. Rebar storage yard (prefab.)
(peak number of usage/day)x days
16.15 sf/ton
23. Rebar storage yard (straight)

24. Carpentry shop
25. Form storage yard
26. Cement warehouse
27. Explosive warehouse

peak number of carpenters
maximum storage 3t
5t
10t
10.76 sf/ton
53.82 sf/pp
0.72 sf
0.36 sf/pack
80.73 0sf
107.64 sf
161.46 sf
28. Detonator warehouse
maximum storage 3t
5t
10t
29. Explosive treatment shop
37.670 sf
53.820 sf
80.730 sf
32.29-64.58 sf
30. subcontractor office

31. Information office
32. Test laboratory
33. First aid
269 - 398.3 sf
484.4-645.8 sf
319.2-538.2 sf
215.3-322.9 sf
70
80
75
20
-
80
30
34. machine room
Area needed for the machines
4 - 5 times
35. Site area
Building area
2 - 4 times
193 Bui The Cong - 81100410
194 Bui The Cong - 81100410

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Graduation Project - Chulabhorn Hospital Dormitory Building 2015

1-1 Project scope

1-2 Building description

Figure 1- Project Map (Google)

Graduation Project - Chulabhorn Hospital Dormitory Building 2015

Chulabhorn Hospital Over View

Figure 1- Chulabhorn Hospital Over View

2 Bui The Cong - 81100410

Graduation Project - Chulabhorn Hospital Dormitory Building 2015

Chulabhorn Hospital Dormitory Building Over View

Figure 1- Dormitory Building

3 Bui The Cong - 81100410

Graduation Project - Chulabhorn Hospital Dormitory Building 2015

2-2 Codes, standards, Guides and Soft wares.

Graduation Project - Chulabhorn Hospital Dormitory Building 2015

2-3 Structural system

2-4 Design method

Graduation Project - Chulabhorn Hospital Dormitory Building 2015

2-5 Material and cover

Ec 4700 f c' ( MPa)

27 MPa 4000 psi

420MPa 60000 psi

Table 2- Deformed bar designation numbers

6 Bui The Cong - 81100410

Graduation Project - Chulabhorn Hospital Dormitory Building 2015

Cast against and

No. 16 bar, MW200

No. 36 bar and

7 Bui The Cong - 81100410

Graduation Project - Chulabhorn Hospital Dormitory Building 2015

Load is determined follow by ASEC 07-10.

3-1 Dead load

3-2 Superimposed dead load

Uniform load (kN/m2)

Suspended steel channel

Ceramic or quarry tile (19

mm) on 13-mm mortar bed

3-3 Live load

8 Bui The Cong - 81100410

Graduation Project - Chulabhorn Hospital Dormitory Building 2015

Table 3- Minimum Live Load ( ASCE 07-10 )

Multi purposes area

Stair and exit

Room and corridor

Roof (Ordinary flat)

3-4 Reduction of live load

9 Bui The Cong - 81100410

Graduation Project - Chulabhorn Hospital Dormitory Building 2015

12AB (4x8.7 m2)

23AB (8x8.7 m2)

Original live load

Reduced Live Load

23AB (8x8.7 m2)

23BC (4.8x8 m2)

12AB (4,8x4 m2)

3-5 Wind Load

Step 2: Determine the basic wind speed, V m/s

Graduation Project - Chulabhorn Hospital Dormitory Building 2015

Step 3: Determine wind load parameter

Wind directionality factor: Kd

This factor depends on structure type

The character depends on height of building and ground surface

Topographic factor: Kzt

The factor depends on site condition and locations of structure.