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Phrases, Clauses, and Sentences

GOALS
1. Understanding phrases, clauses, and sentences helps us to avoid
errors in writing.
2. To understand a sentence thoroughly.
3. So we can classify a sentence, therefore understand its purpose.
A. PHRASE
A phrase is a group of related words that does not contain a subject
and a verb (Azar and Hagen, 2009)
A phrase is a group of words not containing a subject and a verb and
used as a single word with a sentence (Bamhart and Bamhart, 1982)
A phrase is a group of related words that has no subject or predicate
and is used as a single part of speech (Glenn Legget, 1985)
From the text above, it can be concluded that the phrase is a group of
related words, which does not have a subject and a verb, and is used
as a single word in a sentence. There are nine types of phrases:
1. Noun Phrase
Noun Phrase consists of a noun and other related words (usually
modifiers and determiners), which modify the noun. It functions
like a noun in a sentence.
Examples:
- (The girl with a green scarf) is my sister
- There is (a plate full of rice) on the table
- She just brought (a book with a rose drawing) on it
- They think (the man in a grey suit) is my father
- (A rock with certain minerals) has unique glows
2. Adjective Phrase
Adjective Phrase is a group of words that functions like an
adjective in a sentence. It consists of adjectives, modifier and
any word that modifies a noun or pronoun.
An adjective phrase functions like an adjective to modify (or tell
about) a noun or a pronoun in a sentence.
Examples:
- She chose (a yellow) dress
- The stranger gave me (a strange) stare
- The boy (from the English class) is looking for you

He was talking to a girl with (short hair)

That mountain (from your picture) is caused by massive
pressure

3. Adverb Phrase
An adverb Phrase is a group of words that consist of adverb or
another words (preposition, noun, verb, modifiers). The function
of adverb phrase is to modify a verb, an adjective or another
adverb.
An adverb phrase is divided into 3 groups. They are: adverb
phrase of manner, adverb phrase of place, and adverb phrase of
time.
Examples:
- She always cleans her shoes (with care)
- They were chatting (in a serious meeting)
- He reads (in a library)
- That girl always sits (in the front row)
- Geophysical engineering students are studying (in groups)
4. Prepositional Phrase
Prepositional Phrase consists of a preposition, objects of
preposition (noun or pronoun), and may also consist of other
modifiers.
A prepositional phrase starts with a preposition and mostly ends
with a noun or pronoun.
Examples:
- My mom is calling my name (in an unpleasant tone)
- The vase (on the table) is very unique
- The apple (in the refrigerator) is for you
- The cat (on the tree) is a stray
- The river (on the east side) is now an oxbow lake
5. Infinitive Phrase
Infinitive phrase consists of an infinitive (to + simple form of
verb) and modifiers or other words associated to the infinitive.
An infinitive phrase always functions as an adjective, adverb or a
noun in a sentence.
Examples:
- She tends (to push) herself
- They make a party (to announce) their engagement
- (To have) a self-respect is an important essence of life
- That couple work hard (to buy) a big house for their
ancestries
6. Gerund Phrase

Gerund phrase consists of a gerund (verb + ing) and modifiers

or other words associated with the gerund. A gerund phrase acts
as a noun in a sentence.
Examples:
- (Calling people) names is not a good thing to do
- She likes (eating with a fork)
- I despise (seeing people litters on public transportation)
- (Falling from bed) in his sleep make him startled
- I like (seeing geophysical engineering students on field)
7. Participle Phrase
Participle consists of a present participle (verb + ing), a past
participle (verb ending in -ed or other form in case of irregular
verbs) and modifiers or other words. Commas separate a
participle phrase. It always acts as an adjective in a sentence.
Examples:
- The company replies my letter, regarding my job
application
- The cats, making a noise, ask for attention
- I saw a building, damaged in a shooting incident
- The kid, cried for help, is an orphan
8. Verb Phrase
Verb phrase is a combination of main verb and its auxiliaries
(helping verbs) in a sentence.
Examples:
- He (has finished) his book
- They (should study) for the test
- She (was playing) a piano
- They (have been sitting) there for hours
9. Absolute Phrase
Absolute phrase is a group of words including a noun or pronoun
and a participle as well as any associated
modifiers. Absolute phrase modifies (give information about) the
entire sentence. It resembles a clause but it lacks a true finite
verb. A comma or a pair of commas from the sentence separates
it.
Examples:
- The bird looks in pain, its wings seem broken
- He is calling his friend, his voice is full of excitement
- I am cooking a soup, my hands are busy
- They are lifting a lot of rock specimens, their hands are
shaking.

References:
http://www.englishkita.com/2015/04/belajar-bahasa-inggris-frasaklausa-dan
http://www.wordsmile.com/pengertian-macam-contoh-kalimat-phrase
http://www.studyandexam.com/types-of-phrase
B. CLAUSES
A clause is a group of related words that contains a subject and a
verb (Azar and Hagen, 2009)
A clause is a group of words that contains a subject and a predicate
but that may or may not express a complete thought (Butler, 1978)
A clause is a group of words containing a subject and a predicate
(Glenn Leggett, 1985)
From the text above, it can be concluded that the Clause is a group of
words containing a subject and a verb or predicate. There are two
types of clauses:
1. Independent Clause
Independent Clause is a clause that can stand-alone. It looks like a
simple sentence that has a subject, verb, and complete thought.
2. Dependent Clause
Dependent Clause is a clause that cant stand-alone. It depends on
another clause to make it a complete sentence.
Dependent clauses are further divided into three types:
Noun Clause
A dependent clause that functions as a noun in a sentence is
called noun clause, it has the same function like a noun in a
sentence.
Examples:
o He doesnt like what he saw
o I like that she is a confident girl

Adjective Clause
A dependent clause that functions as an adjective in a sentence
is called adjective clause, it works like adjective in a sentence.
Examples:
o She just saw a man who took her purse
o Have you heard about a man whose car is burned?

Adverb Clause
Adverb clause is a dependent clause that functions as an adverb
in a sentence. It modifies the situation in a main clause in terms

of time, frequency (how often), cause and effect, contrast,

condition, intensity (to what extent).
Examples:
o My sister started to cry when she realized her barbie is
broken
o I washed the dirty laundries because my mom is coming
home soon
References:
http://www.wordsmile.com/pengertian-macam-contoh-kalimat-clause
http://www.englishkita.com/2015/04/belajar-bahasa-inggris-frasaklausa-dan.html
http://www.studyandexam.com/types-of-clause.html
http://www.studyandexam.com/types-of-subordinate-clause.html
http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/sentence
C. SENTENCES
There are 4 types of sentences regarding its purpose and
characteristics
1. Declarative sentence
Declarative sentences make a statement to relay information
or ideas. They are punctuated with a simple period.
Examples:
o The car is broken.
o My cat was sleeping.
o Seismic method is one of the most general methods in
geophysical field.
2. Imperative sentence
Imperative sentences issue commands or requests or they
can express a desire or wish. They are punctuated with a simple
period or they can be exclamations requiring an exclamation mark.
Examples:
o Stop!
o Please respond as soon as possible.
o Go to the lab and bring me a report on those rock
specimens.
3. Exclamatory sentence
Exclamatory sentences express strong emotion. It doesnt
really matter what the emotion is, an exclamatory sentence is the
type of sentence needed to express it. Exclamatory sentences
always end in an exclamation mark.
Examples:
o This is the best day of my life!
o Oh, no! Its an earthquake!

o The wave is massive!

4. Interrogating sentence
This sentence ends with a question mark. Its demanding an
answer.
Examples:
o Is it an earthquake?
o Have you been working today?
o How do you classify this rock?
o When will you start working on this reservoir?
Reference:
http://www.k12reader.com/4-sentence-types/
EXCERCISES
Add the phrase in brackets to the sentence using 'that' or 'who' and/or
a clause:
1. She worked for a man (the man used to be an athlete)
2. They called a lawyer (the lawyer lived nearby)
3. I sent an email to my brother (my brother lives in Australia)
4. The customer liked the waitress (the waitress was very friendly)
5. We broke the computer (the computer belonged to my father)
6. I dropped a glass (the glass was new)
7.She loves books (the books have happy endings)
8. They live in a city (the city is in the north of England)
9. The man is in the garden (the man is wearing a blue jumper)
10. The girl works in a bank (the girl is from India)
11.My sister has three children (my sister lives in Australia)
12. The waiter was rude (the waiter was wearing a blue shirt)
13. The money is in the kitchen (the money belongs to John)
14. The table got broken (the table was my grandmother)
15. The television was stolen (the television was bought 20 years ago)
Identify the phrase type:
1. The house [on the corner of the street] is so expensive.
A) Adjective Phrase
B) Adverb Phrase
C) Noun Phrase
(D) Prepositional Phrase
E) Verb Phrase
2. We met [a bald] man last week.
(A) Adjective Phrase
B) Adverb Phrase

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C) Noun Phrase
D) Prepositional Phrase
E) Verb Phrase
[Using geophysical method] will make it easier.
A) Adjective Phrase
B) Adverb Phrase
C) Noun Phrase
D) Prepositional Phrase
(E) Gerund Phrase
I enjoy eating food [in Indian restaurants].
A) Adjective Phrase
B) Adverb Phrase
C) Noun Phrase
(D) Prepositional Phrase
E) Verb Phrase
He [is using] electromagnetic method.
A) Adjective Phrase
B) Adverb Phrase
C) Noun Phrase
D) Prepositional Phrase
(E) Verb Phrase
[The vase on the table] is my moms.
A) Adjective Phrase
B) Adverb Phrase
(C) Noun Phrase
D) Prepositional Phrase
E) Verb Phrase

CONTRIBUTORS
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