Topic6ResourcemanagementStudentBooklet

ResourceManagement
byMBrooke

Systemresources
6.1.1Identifytheresourcesthatneedtobemanagedwithinacomputer
system.
KeyTerms
Primarymemory
RAM

Secondarystorage
Magneticstorage
SolidStateDrive
OpticalStorage
Hz
Bandwidth
bitspersecond
Screenresolution
Pixelsperinch
Soundprocessor
Graphicsprocessor
Cache
Networkcard
Fibreoptic
Ethernet
Primarymemory

Primarystoragealsoknownasmainstorageisanareawheredataisstoredforquickretrievalbythe
CPU.RandomAccessMemory(RAM)isanexampleofthis.RAMistemporarymemory(volatile
memory)thatislostwhenthesystemisshutdown.
TheRAMcontainsallthecurrentprocessofthesystemsuchastheoperatingsystem,andanyother
softwareorprocessesthatarecurrentlyrunning.Inordertosavethedatamorepermanentlythedata
mustbewrittentosecondarystoragesuchasaharddisk.
RAMismadeupofintegratedcircuits.TherearedifferenttypesofRAMsuchasSRAMDRAMand
SDRAM[1] .ThemoreRAMasystemhasthemorememoryithasavailableforrunningprocesses.
ApersonalcomputerorlaptopwithmoreRAMwillallowtheusertobeabletorunmoreprogramsat
thesametimeortobeabletorunmemoryintensiveprogramssuchasvideogames.
Secondarystorage
Secondarystorageisusedinacomputersystemforlongtermmemorystorage.IncontrasttoRAMit
isnonvolatile(dataisretainedwhenthesystemissutdown).Secondarystoragecanbedoneusing
severaltypesofmediaforexample:[2]
Magneticstorage
Harddiskdrive
Magnetictape
Opticalstorage
BluRay
DVD
CD
Integratedcircuits
Solidstateharddrive

Processorspeed

ThespeedofaprocessorisnormallymeasuredinHertz(Hz).FormostprocessorsthisisinGHz.For
examplethespeedofonetypeofInteli7chipis4.00GHz[3] 1GHzisapproximately1billionHz.
ThismeansthattheCPUcanperform1billionactionspersecond.Forcomputerssuchas
supercomputersthespeedisoftenmeasuredinFloatingPointOperationsPerSecond(FLOPS).For
exampletheTianhe2canperformaabout55000TFLOPS/S.[4]

Bandwidth
Thetermbandwidthdescribeshowmanybitscanbetransferredintimeoveraspecificmedium.This
isnormallymeasuredinbitspersecond.Internetconnectionsarenormallyexpressedasmegabits
persecond(Mbps).Thebandwidthofanetworkcanbeimprovedbyusingopticalfibrecables[5]
whichallowahigherbandwidthcomparedtostandardethernetcablessuchasCat5orCat6[6] .
InternetserviceproviderswillgenerallyoffertwotiersofprovisionnamelyADSLwhichusesexisting
telephonelinestotransferdata.Thisrunsatamaximumof24Mbps.Alternativelymanycompanies
nowprovideafibreopticorcableservicewhichrunsatmuchhigherbandwidthsupto100Mbps[7]
.

Screenresolution
Screenresolutionrelatestothenumberofpixelsthatascreencandisplay.Itisnormallyexpressedin
termsofhorizontalpixelsbyverticalpixels.ForexampleanHDdisplaywouldbe1920x1080.Often
referredtoas1080p.Thediagrambelowcomparesthemostcommonscreenresolutions.[8]

Screenresolutionalsorelatestoscreensize.Ascreenofhighresolutionandsmallsizewillhavea
highpixelsperinch(PPI).
Diskstorage

SoundProcessor
Asoundprocessoralsoknownasasoundcardoranaudiocardisaninternalcomponentofa
computersystemthatdealswiththeinputandoutputofaudiosignals.Thesearesometimesbuiltinto
themotherboardvutcanalsobeadiscreetcardthatslotsintothemotherboardoraperipheraldevice
thatconnectstoahighspeedportonthesystemsuchasUSBxorFirewire.
Oftentheprocessorwillhavetodealwiththeanaloguetodigitalanddigitaltoanalogueconversion
(ADC/DAC).Onmostcomputersthiswillbealowcostsolutionwithaheadphoneandmicrophone
socket.Professionalmusicstudiosrequireamuchhigherspecificationandwillrequiresophisticated
devicestohandletheprocessing.
Graphicsprocessor
Agraphicsprocessoralsoknownasagraphicscardorvideocardisaninternalcomponentofa
computersystemthatdealsiththegraphicalinputandoutput.Thesecanbeonboardgraphicsbuilt
intothechipset[9] orcanbeacardthatisslottedintothemotherboardsuchasanNVIDEA
graphicscardshownbelow[10]

Cache
CacheisasmallamountofveryfastmemorythatisusedbytheCPUtoretrievedatatospeedup
processing.ThecachesitsbetweentheCPUandthemainmemory(RAM).Thisisexplainedinmore
detailin2.1.3.[11]
Networkconnectivity
Networkconnectivitycanbemanagedbyanynumberofdevicessuchasthenetworkcardthat
connectsthecomputertothenetworkcables,switches,hubsandbridgesthatconnectthenetwork
togetherandroutersandserversthatprovideconnectiontoeternalnetworks.Thisisallcoveredin
moredetailinTopic3Networks[12]

6.1.2Evaluatetheresourcesavailableinavarietyofcomputersystems.
KeyTerms
Mainframe
Server
PC
Laptop
Cellphone
PDA
Digitalcameras
Supercomputer
Asupercomputerisacomputeratthefrontlineofcurrentprocessingcapacity,particularlyspeedof
calculation.Supercomputersareusedforhighlycalculationintensivetaskssuchasproblems

includingquantumphysics,weatherforecasting,climateresearch,oilandgasexploration,molecular
modeling.[13]
Mainframe
Averylargeandexpensivecomputercapableofsupportinghundreds,oreventhousands,ofusers
simultaneously.Inthehierarchythatstartswithasimplemicroprocessor(inwatches,forexample)at
thebottomandmovestosupercomputersatthetop,mainframesarejustbelowsupercomputers.In
someways,mainframesaremorepowerfulthansupercomputersbecausetheysupportmore
simultaneousprograms.[14]

Servers
Acomputerordeviceonanetworkthatmanagesnetworkresources.[15]
typesofservers.Forexample:
Fileserver
Printserver
Databaseserver

Therearemanydifferent

PCs
Apersonalcomputer(PC)isanygeneralpurposecomputerwhosesize,capabilities,andoriginal
salespricemakeitusefulforindividuals,andwhichisintendedtobeoperateddirectlybyanenduser
withnointerveningcomputeroperator.[16]
Laptops
Alaptopcomputerisapersonalcomputerformobileuse.Alaptopintegratesmostofthetypical
componentsofadesktopcomputer,includingadisplay,akeyboard,apointingdevicesuchasa
touchpad(alsoknownasatrackpad)and/orapointingstick,andspeakersintoasingleunit.[17]
PDAs
ApalmtopcomputerthatfunctionsasapersonalorganizerbutalsoprovidesemailandInternet
access.
Cellphones
Amobiletelephonesystemusinglowpoweredradiotransmitters,witheachtransmittercoveringa
distinctgeographicalarea(cell)andcomputerequipmenttoswitchacallfromoneareatoanother,
thusenablinglargescalecarorportablephoneservice.[18]
Digitalcameras

Acamerathatrecordsandstoresdigitalimages.
Developanappreciationoftheissueslinkedtoresourceavailabilitywithcontinueddevelopmentsin
computersystems.

6.1.3Identifythelimitationsofarangeofresourcesinaspecified
computersystem.
Forexample,singleprocessor
computersmaynotbeableto
render3Dgraphicseffectively.

6.1.4Describethepossibleproblemsresultingfromthelimitationsinthe
resourcesinacomputersystem.
Forexample,usertimewastedif
theprimarymemoryistoosmallor
processorspeedinadequate.
Multiaccessandmultiprogramming
environmentsshould
beconsideredaswellassingleuser
systems.

Roleoftheoperatingsystem
6.1.5Explaintheroleoftheoperatingsystemintermsofmanaging
memory,peripheralsandhardwareinterfaces.

Theoperatingsystem
6.1.5Explaintheroleoftheoperatingsystemintermsofmanagingmemory,
peripheralsandhardwareinterfaces.
KeyTerms
OperatingSystem
Kernel
DeviceDriver
Virtualmemory
Multitasking
GUI
Peripheral
Theoperatingsystemhasmanyrolessuchas:[19]
Kernel
Programexecution

Interrupts
Modes
Memorymanagement
Virtualmemory
Multitasking
Diskaccessandfilesystems
Devicedrivers
Networking
Security
Userinterface
Graphicaluserinterfaces
Managingmemory
Theoperatingsystemmanagesallmemorycurrentlyinusebyprogramsensuringthatthereareno
nomemoryconflicts.Inadditiontothisthereisanelementofmemoryprotectionstopsapplications
usingtoomuchmemory.
Inadditiontothistheoperatingsystewillalsomanagethesecondarystorage.Thisisdoneusingfile
allocationtablesthatkeeptrackofwheredataisstored.Thiscanbedoneusingsystemssuchas
FAT32orNTFS[20] .
Timeslicing
Timeslicingisrelatedtomultitaskingwhereisappearsthatthecomputerisabletorunmorethanone
taskconcurrently.Itactuallydoesthisbyallocatingtimeslicestothevariousprocesses.Thekeyto
multitaskingistimeslicingcoupledwithgoodmemorymanagement.Timeslicingsimplymakesuseof
thespeedofamodernprocessortomakeitlookasifmorethanonethingishappeningatatime.
Theoperatingsystemloadsapplicationprogramsoneatatimeintomemoryandmaintainsalistof
activetasks.
Itthenallocatesatimesliceusually1/10thofasecondorthereaboutstothefirsttaskinthelist.
Whenthetimesliceisupthenthenextapplicationinthelistgetsatimesliceallocatedtoitandsoon
untilalloftheapplicationsinthelisthavehadatimesliceandtheprocessstartsoveratthebeginning
ofthelist.
Peripherals
Adevicedriverisaspecifictypeofcomputersoftwaredevelopedtoallowinteractionwithperipheral
hardwaredevices.

6.1.7OutlineOSresourcemanagementtechniques:scheduling,policies,
multitasking,virtualmemory,paging,interrupt,polling.
KeyTerms
Scheduling
Policies
Multitasking
Virtualmemory
Paging
Interrupt
Polling
Technicaldetailsastohowthesearecarriedoutwillnotberequired,butitisexpectedthatstudents
willbefamiliarwiththesetechniquesandunderstandwhenandwhytheyareused.
Scheduling

Thisisthemethodtowhichthreads,processesordataflowsaregivenaccesstosystemresources.
Theneedforschedulingismainlytoservicetherequirementsofmultitaskingsystems.Whenoneor
moreprocessaresettoruntheOSmustdecidewhichoneisfirst.Thereareseveralfactorsthatneed
tobeconsideredinordertoassesswhatschedulingalgoirithmisrequired.
Throughput
Maximisingthenumberofjobsinatimeunit
Latency
Timetakentocompletetasks
Fairness
Appropriatetimesaccordingtoeachprocess'priority
Thedifferenttypesofschedulingareassessedbelowinthetable.
Schedulingalgorithm

CPU
Overhead

Turnaroundtime

Throughput

Response
time

FirstInFirstOut

Low

High

Low

Low

Shortestjobfirst

Medium

Medium

High

Medium

Prioritybased
scheduling

Medium

High

Low

High

Roundrobinscheduling

High

Medium

Medium

High

MultilevelQueue
scheduling

High

Medium

High

Medium

Policies

Multitasking
Multitaskingreferstotherunningofmultipleindependentcomputerprogramsonthesamecomputer
givingtheappearancethatitisperformingthetasksatthesametime.
Sincemostcomputerscandoatmostoneortwothingsatonetime,thisisgenerallydoneviatime
sharing,whichmeansthateachprogramusesashareofthecomputer'stimetoexecute.
Anoperatingsystemkernelcontainsapieceofsoftwarecalledaschedulerwhichdetermineshow
muchtimeeachprogramwillspendexecuting,andinwhichorderexecutioncontrolshouldbepassed
toprograms.
Virtualmemory
Theoperatingsystemisresponsibleformanagingthememoryofthesystemtoensurethatthereare
noconflictsofmemoryusagebetweenallthecurrentlyrunningprogramsandprocesses.Thiscan
sometimesinvolveusingaportionofthediskdriveasprimarymemory.Thishasmajordrawbacksas
thespeedofaharddiskisseveralordersslowerthanmainmemory.Eachpieceofmemorydatais
givenavirtualaddress.Thismaytranslateintoaphysicaladdressinprimaryorsecondarymemory.

Paging
Incomputeroperatingsystems,pagingisamemorymanagementschemebywhichacomputercan
storeandretrievedatatoandfromphysicalstorageforuseinvirtualmemory.Inthepagingmemory
managementscheme,theoperatingsystemretrievesdatafromphysicalmemoryinsamesizeblocks
calledpages.
Themainadvantageofpagingovermemorysegmentationisthatitallowsthephysicaladdressspace
ofaprocesstobenoncontiguous.Beforepagingcameintouse,systemshadtofitwholeprograms
intostoragecontiguously,whichcausedvariousstorageandfragmentationproblems.
InterruptandPolling
Aninterruptisasignalsentfromahardwaredeviceoranapplicationtothemicroprocessorto
indicatethatattention(aservice)isrequired.
Pollingsystemscheckeachperipheralinturntoseeifaserviceisrequiredbythatdevice.Thisisless
efficientthananinterruptsystem

6.1.8Discusstheadvantagesofproducingadedicatedoperatingsystem
foradevice.
Advantagesrelatedtosize,speed
andcustomizationshouldbe
considered.
Forexample,usingadedicated
operatingsystemforacellphone
ratherthanusingapreexisting
operatingsystem.
S/EIssueofproprietarysoftware.

6.1.9Outlinehowanoperatingsystemhidesthecomplexityofthe
hardwarefromusersandapplications.
Usersandapplicationsdonotseethehardwaredirectly,butviewitthroughtheoperatingsystem.
ApplicationsandusersviewthehardwarethroughtheOS.Thisisusedtohidecertainhardware
detailsfromusersandapplications.Duetothisabstraction,userscannotseechangesinthe
hardware.Forexample,interactionwith3Dgraphicshardwarecanbecontrolledbytheoperating
system.Anotherwaythatabstractioncanbeusedistomakerelateddevicesappearthesamefrom
theuserpointofview.Forexample,harddisks,floppydisks,CDROMs,andeventapeareallvery
differentmedia,butinmanyoperatingsystemstheyappearthesametotheuser.

Driveletters
Alsoreferredtoasadeviceletter,adriveletterisasinglealphabeticcharacterAthroughZthathas
beenassignedtoaphysicaldriveordrivepartitioninthecomputer.Forexample,acomputerwitha3
1/2"floppydiskettedrivehasadriveletterofA:assignedtothedrive.Allcomputerswithaharddrive
willalwayshavethatdefaultharddriveassignedtoaC:driveletterandtheCDROMorotherdisc
driveisthelastdriveletter(e.g.D:).

Onanetworkvirtualdrivesarealsonamedinasimilarfashionbutthecomplexityofthenetworkis
hiddenandthedriveassignedavirtualdrivelettersoitappearsthesameasanormaldrivetothe
user.
TheJavaVirtualMachine(JVM)
AJavavirtualmachine(JVM),animplementationoftheJavaVirtualMachineSpecification,interprets
compiledJavabinarycode(calledbytecode)foracomputer'sprocessor(or"hardwareplatform")so
thatitcanperformaJavaprogram'sinstructions.[21]

ThroughtheJVManapplicationiscapableofrunningonanumberofplatforms.

Nowtestyourself
https://quizlet.com/122617424/test/embed

MichaelBrooke

emjbe.net

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