Fluvial Processes

in River Engineering

Howard H. Chang
San Diego State University

...

A WILEY-INTERSCIENCE PUBLTCATION

John Wiley & Sons

New York

Chicbester

Brisbane

Toronto

Singapore

CONTENTS
PARTI FLUVIAL GEOMORPHOLOGY
L Introduction
1.1

1.2

The Fluvial System l 3

Yariables for Alluvial Rivers l 4

2. Overview of River Morphology

2. l

Regime Concept l 7

2.2 Channel-Forming Discharge l 8

2.3 Longitudinal Stream Profile l 8
2.4

2. 5

River Classifications l lO
Thresholds in River Morphology l 13

2.6 Hydraulic Geometry l 20

2. 7
2.8

Meander Planform l 24
Geomorphic Analysis of River Channel Responses l 27

References for Part I

31

PART II FOUNDATIONS OF FLUVIAL PROCESSES

35

3. Hydraulics of Flow in River Channels

3 .l
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9

37

Shear-Stress Distribution l 38
Uniform-Flow Formulas l 39
Boundary-Layer Regions l 41
Turbulent Shear Flow in Channels l 43
Fixed-Bed Flow Resistance l 46
Flow Resistance in Gravel-Bed Rivers l 51
Composite Roughness and Side-Wall Corrections l 53
Energy Equation and Water-Surface Profiles l 56
Unsteady Open-Channel Flow l 59
References l 67

lx

CONTE NTS

4. Physical Properties of Sediment

4. l
4.2
4.3

4.4

Size of Sediment Particles i 70

Shape Factor of Sediment Particles i 73
Fall Velocity l 73
Angle of Repose for Sediments l 77
References l 79

S. Scour Criteria and Scour-Related Problems

5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5. 6
5. 7
5.8
5. 9
5.10

70

80

Criticai Shear l 80
Shields Diagram l 82
Other Scour Criteria Based on Shear Stress l 85
Criticai Shear on Side Slopes l 85
Permissible Velocity l 88
Distribution of Boundary Shear in Trapezoidal Channels l 90
Boundary Shear in Bends l 92
Design. of Stable Channels Subject to Scour But Not to Silt l 93
Local Scour around Bridge Piers l 96
Local Scour around Embankments l 100
References l 103

6. Alluvial Bed Forms and Flow Resistance

105

6.1 Bed Forms l 105

6.2 Prediction of Bed Forms l 110
6.3 Bed-Form Dimensions l 114
6.4 Effect of Water Temperature l 116
6.5 Stage-Discharge Predictors for Alluvial Channels l 118
References l 128

7. Sediment Movement in Rivers

7 .l

7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
7.6
7.7

Bed-Load Formulas l 133

Turbulent Diffusion and Diffusion Equation l 143
Suspended-Sediment Discharge l 146
Bed-Material Load Formulas l 154
Evaluation of Formulas l 163
Effect of Water Temperature l 166
Effect of Suspended Sediment on Flow Characteristics l 167

131

CONTENTS

Xi

7.8 Sediment Transport in Nonuniform Flow l 172

7. 9 Scdiment Sorting l 176
7 .l O Sampling Fluvial Sediment l 181
References l 185

8. Flow in Curved River Channels

8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
8. 9

PART III

Basic Equations l 190

Transverse Velocity Profiles for Fully Developed Flow l 193
Boundary Shear Stress l 197
Transverse Bed Slope and Grain-Size Distribution l 199
Latera! Bed-Load Transport l 206
Energy Expenditure in Curved Open Channels l 208
Streamwise Variation of Spirai Motion l 212
Computation of Flow through Curved Channels l 216
Transverse Fio w and Cross-Stream Fio w in River Channels l 220
References l 222

REGIME RIVERS AND RESPONSES

9. Analytical Basis for Hydraulic Geometry

9 .l
9.2

190

225
227

Applicable Physical Relationships l 227

Physical Relationships Pertaining to Stable Width l 228

10. Design of Stable Alluvial Channels

233

10.1 Regime Methods for Stable Alluvial Canal Design l 234

10.2 Rational Metbod for Stable Alluvial Canal Design l 241
10.3 Design of Stable Alluvial Canals in a System l 250
10.4 Maturing of Canals l 253
10.5 Hydraulic Geometry of Gravel-Bed Streams l 254
11. Analytical River Morphology
11.1
11.2
11 .3
11.4
11.5

Analys!s of River Meanders l 26 2

Power Approach to River Morphology and Thresholds l 271
Channel Geometry, Channel Patterns, and Thresholds l 277
River Channel Changes: Adjustments of Equilibrium l 283
Formation of Alternate Bars l 290

261

Xii

CONTENTS

12. Pia n Geometry a nd Proccsses of R iver Meanders

12. l
12.2
12.3
12.4

298

Sine-Generated Curve l 299

Meandcr Path Based on Streamwise Variation of Helical Motion l 300
Processes Goveming Mcander Bend Migration l 309
On the Cause of River Meandering l 312

References for Part III

316

PART IV

323

MODELING OF RIVER CHANNEL CHANGES

13. Mathematical Model for Er odible Channels

13 .l
13.2
13.3
13.4
13.5
13.6
13.7
13.8
13.9

325

Physical Foundation of Auvial Process-Response l 326

Channel W idth Adj ustments during Scour and Fili l 327
Analytical Basis of the FLUVlAL Mode! l 330
Water Routing l 331
Sediment Routing l 333
Simulation of Changes in Channel Width l 336
S imulation of Changes in Channei-Bed Profile l 338
Simulation of Changes Due to Curvatu re Effect l 339
Test and Calibration of Mathematical Mode! l 340

14. Computer-Aided Study of Alluvial River s

342

14.1 Generai Scour at Bridge Crossings l 342

14.2 Graduai Breach Morphology l 352
14.3 Stream Channel Changes lnduced by Sand and Grave! Mining l 358
14.4 Tidal Responses of River and Delta System l 364
1.4.5 Water and Sediment Routing through a C urved Channel l 371
14.6 Fluvial Design of River Bank Protection l 377
14.7 Stream Gaging of Fluvial Sediment l 384
Refer ences for Pa r t IV

391

CONTENTS

PART V

RIVER ENG I ~EERI~G

lS. River Training

Xiii

393
395

15. 1 Bank Protection l 396

15.2 Dikes l 403
15.3 Grade-Control Structures l 407
References l 411

APPENDIX:

SOME COMMONLY USED TABLES

NAME INDEX
SUBJECT INDEX

413

417
423