Sika Carbodur Calculation Software User Guide

USERGUIDE
SikaCarbodurcalculationsoftware
DECEMBER,2013/1.0.0/SIKASERVICESAG/
TABLEOFCONTENTS
1
2
2.1
TheoreticalBackground
FlexuralStrengthening
2.1.1 InitialSituation
3
3
4
2.1.2
UltimateLimitState(ULS)
2.1.3
ServiceabilityLimitState(SLS)
2.1.4
Firesituationcheck
10
2.1.5
Bondcheck
12
2.2
2.3
3
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
Introduction
16
18
ShearStrengthening
Columnconfinement
UseofSikaCarbodursoftware
Installationandactivation
Introduction
Flexuralstrengthening.
3.3.1 Crosssectionandconcrete
20
20
20
23
24
3.3.2
Steelreinforcement
26
3.3.3
Loading
28
3.3.4
CFRPstrengthening
33
3.3.5
Bondcheck
37
3.3.6
Printout
39
Shearreinforcement.
39
39
3.4.2
Loading
40
1.1.1
Laminates
41
3.4.3
Printout
43
Columnreinforcement
43
43
1.1.2
Laminates
43
3.5.2
Printout
45
46
Legalnote
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INTRODUCTION
TheaimofthissoftwareistoassisttheuserincalculatingtheCFRPdimensionsrequiredtoprovide(a)flexural
strengthening,(b)shearstrengtheningand(c)columnconfinement.Thesethreetopicsaredealtwithinthenext
sections,whichpresentthetheoreticalbasisofthecalculations.
ThecalculationproceduresemployedinthisprogramarebasedonthefibBulletinNo.14:"Designanduseof
ExternallyBondedFRPReinforcementforRCStructures".Additionalandauxiliarycalculationmethodsaretaken
fromEurocode2:Designofconcretestructures,aswellasEurocode:Basisofstructuraldesign.
THEORETICALBACKGROUND
2.1
FLEXURALSTRENGTHENING
Figure 2-1: parabola-rectangle stress block for concrete under compression (left) and sample in a beam under flexure
(right)
Reinforcedconcreteelements,suchasbeams,slabsandcolumns,maybestrengthenedinflexurethroughtheuse
ofFRPcompositesepoxybondedtotheirtensionzones,withthedirectionoffibresparalleltothatofhightensile
stresses(memberaxis).ThecalculationsdescribedbelowaddressboththeUltimateLimitState(ULS)andthe
ServiceabilityLimitState(SLS).
Forthedesign,theparabolarectangular
methodisusedbythesoftwaretodetermine
thecompressivestrainandstressratioofthe
concreteacrossthesectionsheight(Fig.21).
Thedesignvaluesforthereinforcingsteelare
derivedfromthecharacteristicvalues,fyk.In
thecaseofULSverifications,thesoftwareuses
asimplifiedbilineardiagram,withahorizontal
branchextendingfromthepointwherefydis
achieved(Fig.22).
Figure 2-2: simplified design stress-strain diagram for

reinforcing steel (tension and compression)
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(2.1a)
Forthedesignthevalueofthemodulusof
elasticity,Es,isassumedtobe200GPa.
ThedesignvaluesfortheSikaCarbodur
laminatesareobtainedassumingalinear
stressstraindiagram(Fig.23):
(2.1b)
Figure 2-3: simplified design stress-strain diagram for CFRP

composite (blue) compared to steel.
2.1.1
INITIALSITUATION
Thefirststepinthecalculationsistofindtheinitialstrain,o,thatispresentintheextremefibreofthecross
sectionwhenthestrengtheningoperationstakeplace.ThisstrainistheresultofamomentMo(servicemoment,
noloadsafetyfactorsareapplied)actingatthecriticalcrosssectionduringstrengthening(e.g.duetotheself
weightofthestructureandanyadditionalloadactingatthetimeofthestrengthening),andmaybecalculated
basedonequilibriumofinternalforcesandmoments(Fig.24).
Figure 2-4: determination of the initial strain at the extreme fibre (left), and its influence on the loaded, strengthened member
(right)
Thecalculationtodeterminetheinitialstrainattheextremefibreisbasedoncrackedsectionproperties.A
parabolicrectangularconcretestressblockisused(Fig.25).Theconcretesafetyfactorcandlongtermeffects
coefficientforconcreteccaredisabledtoevaluatethestraindistribution.
Concretestressisdeterminedaccordingtothefollowingequations:
forfck<50MPa:
1
for0c2
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(2.1.1a)
for2c3,5
(2.1.1b)
(2.1.1c)
(2.1.1d)
(2.1.1e)
for0cc2
(2.1.1f)
forc2ccu2
(2.1.1g)
forfck50MPa:
2,0
0.085
2,6
1.4
23.4
1
50
35
The initial o strain influence on the ULS

calculation is usually limited. However, its
influence on the Serviceability Limit State may
cause great differences in the necessary
quantityofFRP.Hence,theusershouldinputa
realistic Mo value for the expected moment
duringtheCFRPinstallation.
Subsequently:
Internalforceequilibrium(initialsituation):

Figure 2-5: Parabola-rectangle scheme (blue) used for
the determination of the concrete deformation at initial
state
(2.1.1h)
(2.1.1i)
(2.1.1j)
Compressivedepth,andFcvaluesareexactlydeterminedbythesoftwareinaniterativeprocess.
Assumingthatco<2,thecompressiveforcedevelopedbytheparabolastressblockcanbeestimatedbythe
equation:
1000
1000
(2.1.1k)
(2.1.1l)
(2.1.1m)
Anddepthcanbeestimatedby:
Momentequilibrium(initialsituation):
wherexoisthedepthofneutralaxisfromtheextremecompressivefibreandFs1,Fs2aretheforcesdevelopedby
thebottomandtopsteelreinforcement,respectively.fckisthecharacteristic(cylinder)strengthofconcrete.
Fromthenumericalsolutionoftheseequations,themaximumcompressiveconcretestrain,co,andtheneutral
axisdepth,xo,canbecalculated.Finally,theinitialstrainoisgivenas:
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(2.1.1n)
Figure 2-6: Stress and strain profiles under the acting moment during the strengthening process,
2.1.2
ULTIMATELIMITSTATE(ULS)
Theultimatelimitstatesareassociated,amongothers,withthefailureofastructuralmemberandtheygenerally
concernsafetyofpeople.
Fortheverificationoftheultimatelimitstate,designactionswillnotexceedthedesignresistanceofthestructure.
Onceoiscalculated,theanalysisofthecriticalcrosssectionfortheULS(UltimateLimitState)isperformedonthe
basisofFig.27,whichshowsthestrainprofileandinternalforcesattheUltimateLimitState.
Forcesequilibriumiscarriedoutbyusingaparabolarectangularstressblock,asprovidedbyEurocode2(Fig.28).
Concretestressisdeterminedaccordingtothefollowingequations:
forfck<50MPa:

for0c2
(2.1.2a)
for2c3,5
(2.1.2b)
(2.1.2c)
forfck50MPa:
2,0
2,6
1.4
23.4
1
0.085
50
35
(2.1.2d)
(2.1.2e)
for0cc2
(2.1.2f)
forc2ccu2
(2.1.2g)
(2.1.2h)
and:
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wherecisthepartialfactorfortheconcrete,andccisthecoefficienttakingaccountoflongtermeffectsonthe
compressivestrength.
Figure 2-7: Stress and strain profiles for the ultimate limit state, strengthened member. Note that strains are limited (in red) by
the maximum compressive strain of the concrete (3,5 in case of concrete class 50MPa), and the limiting strain of the
CFRP, f,lim.
Maximumcislimitedtocu2(3,5forfck50MPa).Inthesameway,CFRPstrain,f,islimitedtoalimitingstrain,
f,lim,totreatdebonding(Fig.27).
BothvaluesshouldbeselectedaccordingtotheEurocode2parametersandtherespectiveNationalAnnexes.
Steelstressisdeterminedbytheequation:

(2.1.2i)
(2.1.2j)
where

andsisthepartialfactorforthesteel.
ForCFRPreinforcedstructures,thecalculationsare
basedontheassumptionthatoneofthefollowing
twodesirablefailuremodesgovernthebehaviour:
Followingyieldingoftheinternaltension
steelreinforcementtheconcretecrushesinthe
compressionzone,asthestraininthetopfibre
exceedscu2(3,5forfck50MPa).
Followingyieldingoftheinternaltension
steelreinforcementtheFRPreachesalimitingstrain,
f,lim(thisisasimplifiedwaytopreventdebondingof
theFRPinareaswhereflexuredominatesthe
response,e.g.midspanofsimplysupportedbeams.
Figure 2-8: Parabola-rectangle scheme (red) used

for the determination of the concrete deformation at
ultimate.
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Somelocalregulationsmayalsolimitthemaximumyieldingstrainoftheinternalreinforcementattheultimate
limit state. The information provided by the software includes the necessary graphical and numerical data to
allowtheusertocheckthisrequirementifnecessary,andmodifythequantityofCFRPlaminatestomeetthis
condition.
Internalforceequilibrium(ULS):

where:
(2.1.2k)
istheconcretecompressiveforcefromtheparabolic
rectangularstressblock,andisautomatically
determinedbythesoftwarebymeansofaniterative
process.
,where
(2.1.2l)
,where
(2.1.2m)
,where
(2.1.2n)
(2.1.2o)
Figure 2-9: Simplified bilinear scheme (red) for the

reinforcing steel, used for the ULS analysis of the
member.
Momentequilibrium(ULS):

(2.1.2p)
Thesolutionsofeqs.2.1.2kand2.1.2pareperformednumericallythroughiterations,yieldingtherequiredFRP
crosssectionAf.
2.1.3
SERVICEABILITYLIMITSTATE(SLS)
TheServiceabilityLimitStateconcernsthefunctioningofthestructureorstructuralmembersundernormaluse.
FortheSLS(ServiceabilityLimitState),theanalysisofthecriticalcrosssectionisperformed,accordingtoEurocode
parameters,forthetwopossibleloadcombinations:CharacteristiccombinationofloadsandQuasipermanent
combinationofloads.
FortheCharacteristiccombinationofloads,thecalculationsareperformedasinthecaseoftheULS,withthe
followingmodifications:
Theparabolicrectangularstressblock
isdeterminedbyusingthecharacteristic
concretestrength(Fig.210).
Ms,disreplacedbytheactingmoment
(underthecharacteristiccombination)Mser,ck;
Underthecharacteristicloadcombination,
steelandconcretestressesarelimitedto:
0,6
Figure 2-10: Parabola-rectangle scheme (blue) used for the
determination of the concrete deformation

at ultimate.
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0,8
(2.1.3a)
(2.1.3b)
Asanexample(Fig.211),usingC25concreteclassandB500gradesteel(E=200.000MPa):
0,8
0,8
0,6
(2.1.3c)
15 MPa
(2.1.3d)
0,6 25 MPa
Figure 2-11: Stress and strain profiles for the serviceability limit state under characteristic loads, strengthened member.
(Limits are marked in red, for an example based on C25 concrete class and B500 grade steel)
Thestressintheconcreteisgivenbythefollowingstressstrainrelationshipofconcrete:
forfck<50MPa:
1
for0c2
(2.1.3e)
(2.1.3f)
(2.1.3g)
(2.1.3h)
forfck50MPa:
2,0
1.4
23.4
1
0.085
50
for0cc2
Forthecaseofquasipermanentcombinationofloads,thecalculationsareperformedasinthecaseofthe
characteristicload,withthefollowingmodifications:
a.
b.
Mser,ckisreplacedbytheactingmoment(underthequasipermanentloadcombination)Mser,qp;
FortheQuasipermanentloadcombination,thesoftwaretakescreepintoaccountusingasimplifiedcreep
model.Theanalysisismadeinonestep(creepistakenintoaccountfromtheinitialload,without
intermediateloadstages)consideringthequasipermanentloadcombination.
Acreepfactor(=2)isusedtodeterminethecompressiveconcretestrains.
c.
Thepreviousmodelsconsiderboththecompressivedeformationoftheconcreteaccordingtotheinstantloads
(c),aswellasthecreepdeformationrelatedtothelongtermloads(cc).
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(2.1.3i)
Accordingtotheparabolicstressblockusedbythesoftware,andassumingEcEcm:
,
~ 1
(2.1.3j)
Creeprelatestotheincreaseindeformationwithtimeduetothepermanentactions.Hence,theexpected
deformationoftheconcreteis(1+)timesthatresultingfromtheapplicationofaninstantloadofthesame
magnitude.Asaconsequenceoftheadditionalcreepdeformationoftheconcrete,andtomaintainstrain
compatibility,thedepthoftheneutralaxisincreases(comparedtothatforshorttermloads).Thisalsoaffectsthe
straindevelopedbythesteel.
Figure 2-12: Stress and strain profiles for the serviceability limit state under quasi-permanent loads, strengthened member.
(Limits are marked in red for an example based on C25 concrete class and B500 grade steel).
d)Underthequasipermanentcombinationofloads,steelandconcretestressesarelimitedto:
0,45
0,8
(2.1.3k)
(2.1.3l)
Asanexample(Fig. 2-12),usingC25concreteclassandB500gradesteel(E=200.000MPa):
0,8
0,8
0,45
0,45 25MPa
11.25MPa
(2.1.3m)
(2.1.3n)
2.1.4
FIRESITUATIONCHECK
Fireisanaccidentalsituationthatinvolvesexceptionaldesignconditionsofthestructureandtheactingloads.
Incaseoffire,unprotectedCFRPisexpectedtobelostduetothehightemperatures.Hence,theunstrengthened
memberissubjectedtoreduceddesignloads,asdefinedbythelocalregulationsandguidelines.
Thesoftwareincludesasimplifiedcheckoftheresistanceoftheunstrengthenedmemberincaseoffire,
accordingtoEurocode2:DesignofconcretestructuresPart12:GeneralrulesStructuralfiredesign.
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Thecombinationofactionsusedbythesoftwarefortheverificationofanunstrengthenedmemberstrengthis
basedonthesimplifiedmethodindicatedinEurocode2:Part12,2.4.2usingareductionfactor(fi=0.7)thatis
appliedtothedesignmomentatultimatelimitstate.
(2.1.4a)
IfSLSdesignshavebeeninput,thesoftwareincludesthepossibilityofusingthequasipermanentload
combinationforthefiresituation,accordingtotherecommendationsinEurocode1:ActionsonstructuresPart1
2:GeneralactionsActionsonstructuresexposedtofire.
(2.1.4b)
Alternatively,userscanalsodefinethedesignmomentincaseoffire,accordingtotheirneedsorthelocal
regulations.
Partialsafetyfactorsformaterialsaretakenequalto1,followingtherecommendationofEurocode2:Part12,
2.3:Designvaluesformaterialproperties.
,
,
(2.1.4c)
(2.1.4d)
Hence:
,
(2.1.4e)
forfck<50MPa:
1
for0c2
(2.1.4f)
for2c3,5
(2.1.4g)
forfck50MPa:
Figure 2-13: Parabola-rectangle scheme (green) used

for the determination of the concrete deformation in
case of fire under flexural loads.
2,0
2,6
1.4
23.4
50
35
(2.1.4i)
(2.1.4j)
(2.1.4h)
0.085
for0cc2
(2.1.4k)
forc2ccu2
(2.1.4l)
(2.1.4m)
Andforthereinforcingsteel:
,
Thesoftwarechecksiftheunstrengthenedmemberstrengthisabletosupporttheexpectedloadsincaseoffire,
withoutthecontributionoftheCFRP.Otherwise,Sikacrete213Forotheralternativefireprotectionmethods
mustbeusedtoensuretheprotectionoftheCFRP.
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Thesoftwaredoesnotanalyzethestructuralbehaviorofthereinforcedconcretememberovertime,forthefire
loadcase.
2.1.5
BONDCHECK
Inelementswithsufficientinternalorexternalshearreinforcement,peelingoffoftheCFRPreinforcementis
usuallyrelatedtotheopeningofflexuralcracksthatpropagatehorizontallyalongthebeamorslab,inthe
directionofdecreasingmoment.
AsthesecracksopentheyinducehighinterfacialshearstressthatmaycauseCFRPdebonding.
Duetothis,itisnecessarytoensurea
properanchorageoftheCFRPonuncracked
concretebeyondtheoutermostflexural
crackpositioninultimatelimitstate.The
forcedevelopedbytheCFRPinthesection
correspondingtotheoutermostcrack(Nf,d)
needstobeanchoredtotheavailableun
crackedconcretelength(lb)(Fig.215).
Thesoftwareincludes2different
possibilitiesfortheendanchorage
verification:
Figure 2-14: flexural cracks distribution at ultimate,

strengthened member
Optiona):Approximatecalculationfor
simplysupportedelementswith
homogeneousdistributionofloads.This
calculationcomprisesalltheintermediate
steps,including:
Thedeterminationofthecracking
momentmagnitudeofthebeam/slab,
consideringtherealdistributionofthesteel
reinforcementintheareaadjacenttothe
support.
Theexpectedpositionofthe
outermostcrackatultimatelimitstate.
Thecalculationsoftheforce
developedbytheCFRPstrengtheninginthat
section.
Thecalculationofthemaximum
anchorableforce,accordingtotheconcrete
class,concretesurfacecompaction,
uncrackedconcretelengthandthe
geometryoftheelementandtheCFRP
reinforcement.
Figure 2-15: End anchorage in an un-cracked concrete zone.
Thesoftwaredeterminesthebending
moment(Mcr)atwhichthetensioninthe
lowestfibreequalsthemeanflexuraltensile
strengthoftheselectedconcrete(fctm,fl),as
follows:
Figure 2-16: strain and stress profile corresponding to crack
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max
1,6
(2.1.5a)
where:
histhetotalmemberdepthinmm
fctmisthemeanaxialtensilestrengthoftheconcrete:
0,30
2,12 ln 1
forconcreteclassC50/60
(2.1.5b)
forconcreteclass>C50/60(2.1.5c)
TheCFRPcontributionforthiscalculationisdismissedasbeing
negligible.
OncetheMcrvalueisobtained,theexpectedpositionoftheoutermost
flexuralcrackisdeterminedbyassuming:
Simplysupportedmember.
Homogeneousloaddistribution.
CFRPcontributionasnegligible.
Theestimationofthisposition(Fig.217),canbeaccomplishedby
determiningthepointatwhichthemomentenvelopeatULSequalsthe
valuecorrespondingtoMcr,previouslycalculated.
ThesoftwareconsiderstheshiftruleasindicatedinEurocode2.It
involvesahorizontaldisplacement(al)ofthebendingmoment
envelope,totakeintoaccountthetensionsgeneratedintheareaasa
secondaryconsequenceoftheshearforcesinthebeam/slab.In
accordancewiththis,theinitiallyavailablelengthfortheanchorage(x)
isreduced.
Thehorizontaldisplacementisestimatedinasimplifiedwaybythe
software,accordingtothestaticdepth(d)andfollowingthecriteria:
Figure 2-17
0.45
forbeams,assumingtheexistenceofinternalshearreinforcement,a
0.9
(2.1.5d)
(2.1.5e)
forslabs,assumingareducedorinexistentquantityofinternalshearreinforcement.
Finally,theavailablebondlength(lb)isdefinedbysubtractingthenonaccessiblelengthlocatedwithinthesupport
(ai).
Inthecaseofcontinuousbeams/slabs,theapproximatedeterminationoftheavailableanchoragelengthisnot
includedinthesoftware.
TheanchorageisachievedbyextendingtheCFRPtothecompressionzonehenceitisnecessarytohavedetailed
informationoftheloaddistributioninordertoestimatetheneutralpointofthebendingmomentenvelope.
Theestimationoftheanchoragelengthinthecaseofcontinuousbeamsandpositivebendingmomentscanbe
doneusingthefollowingprocess(Fig.218):
Thepositionwheretheenvelopeofthebendingmomentequalszero(x)atultimate,mustbedetermined.
Afterthis,ahorizontaldisplacementofthediagram(al)istakenintoaccount,accordingtotheshiftrule
indicatedinEurocode2.
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Fromthisdefinedsection,thedesignermustprovidethemaximum
anchoragelength,lb,max,asfollows:
,
(2.1.5f)
Similary,inthecaseofnegativebendingmoments,theCFRPis
anchoredtothecompressionzone.
Inthesameway,theshiftruleisappliedtotakeintoaccounttheshear
forces(Fig.219).
Asthepositioncorrespondingtothezeromomentvariessignificantly
accordingtothedifferentloadcombinations,someguidelines
recommendtouse:

,
(2.1.5g)
fortheanchorageofCFRPusedtoincreasenegativemomentcapacity.
Atthisstage,thesoftwaredeterminestheinitialstrainexpectedatthe
bottomfibreofthesectionasaconsequenceoftheexistingloadatthe
timeofstrengthening.
Asasimplification,the
initialmomentexpected
(Mo,cr)inthedetermined
Figure 2-18
outermostcrackedsectionat
ultimateisobtainedasresultoftheratiobetweentheultimate
moment(Msd)ofthestrengthenedmemberatmidspan,andtheinitial
momentatmidspan(Mo).
Accordingtothis,thesoftwaredeterminestheinitialstrainatthe
extremetensionfibreofthesection(uncrackedsection)
correspondingtotheexpectedinitialmoment(Mo,cr).
Thecalculationisbasedonstraincompatibility,takingintoaccountthe
contributionoftheconcrete(compressedandtensioned)aswellasthe
existingsteelintheareaadjacenttothesupport(Fig.220).
Afterthis,anewcalculationiscarriedoutbasedonthereinforced
crackedsectiontoevaluatethestrain(f,cr)developedbytheCFRPin
ULS(Fig.221).
Figure 2-19
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Figure 2-20
Figure 2-21
Asconsequenceofthisexpectedstrain,theCFRPforcecanbedetermined:
(2.1.5h)
whereAfisthecrosssectionoftheCFRPreinforcement.
OncetheforcetobedevelopedbytheCFRP(Nf,d)attheoutermostflexuralcrackisknown,itisnecessarytocheck
ifitcanbeanchored;accordingtotheavailableanchoragelength(lb)obtainedpreviously.
Forthesituationswherelblb,max,assuming:

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(2.1.5i)
(2.1.5j)
Themaximumforcewhichcanbeanchored,Nfa,maxcanbedetermined:
0,64 k k b
Wherekcisafactoraccountingforthestateofcompactionofconcrete(canbegenerallyassumedtobeequalto
1.0,butkc=0.67forCFRPbondedtoconcretefaceswithlowcompaction),andkbisageometryfactor:
1,06
(2.1.5k)
Inthecaseswheretheavailableanchoragelengthlb<lb,max,themaximumbondforceiscalculatedaccordingto:
(2.1.5l)
Optionb):Exactcalculation,validforanykindofbeamorsupport.Inthisoption,theuserdefinesthevalue
correspondingtothecrackingmomentforthestrengthenedmember,aswellastheavailablelengthofuncracked
concrete.ThesoftwaredeterminestheforcetobedevelopedbytheCFRPinthatsection,accordingtothe
characteristicsofthebeam/slab,andverifiesiftheawaitedCFRPforce(Nf,d)canbeanchoredtothelengthofthe
availableuncrackedconcretesurface(lb).
2.2
SHEARSTRENGTHENING
ShearstrengtheningofRCmembersusingFRPmaybeprovidedbybondingtheexternalreinforcementwiththe
principalfibredirectionasparallelaspracticallypossibletothatofmaximumprincipaltensilestresses,sothatthe
effectivenessoftheFRPismaximized.Forthemostcommoncaseofstructuralmemberssubjectedtolateral
loads,themaximumprincipalstresstrajectoriesintheshearcriticalzonesformananglewiththememberaxis
thatmaybetakenroughlyequalto45o.However,itisnormallymorepracticaltoattachtheexternalCFRP
reinforcementwiththeprincipalfibredirectionperpendiculartothememberaxis(Fig.222).
Figure 2-22
Closedjacketsorproperlyanchoredstripsarealwayspreferablecomparedwithopenjackets,asinthelattercase
CFRPprematuredebondingisusuallyexpected,hencetheeffectivenessoftheCFRPisreduced.
Formemberssubjectedtopredominantlyuniformlydistributedloadingthedesignshearforceneednottobe
checkedatadistancelessthandfromthefaceofthesupport(inadditionitshouldbeverifiedthattheshearatthe
supportdoesnotexceedVRd,max) (Fig.223).
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Figure 2-23
TheexternalFRPreinforcementmaybetreatedinanalogytotheinternalsteel(acceptingthattheCFRPcarries
onlynormalstressesintheprincipalCFRPmaterialdirection),assumingthatattheultimatelimitstateinshear
(concretediagonaltension)theCFRPdevelopsaneffectivestrainintheprincipalmaterialdirection,f,ewhichisin
general,lessthanthetensilefailurestrain,fu.TheeffectivestraindependsonthedegreeofCFRPdebonding
whentheshearcapacityoftheRCisreached;thatis,onthetypeofanchorage(properlyanchoredCFRP,e.g.
closedjackets,versuspoorlyanchoredFRP,i.e.openjackets).Hence,theshearcapacityofastrengthened
elementmaybecalculatedasfollows(e.g.inEurocode2format):
Vrd=min(VRd,s+Vfd,VRd,max)
(2.2a)
whereVfd,thecontributionofFRPtothemembersshearcapacity(Fig.224),isgivenbythefollowingexpression.
V fd 0.9 fd ,e E f f bw d 1 cot a sin a
(2.2b)
Figure 2-24
IntheaboveequationEfistheelasticmodulusofCFRPcomposite,accordingtothecharacteristicsofthe
SikaWrapandtheSikadurresinused,bwisthewidthofthecrosssection,disthestatic(oreffective)depth,is
theanglebetweentheprincipalFRPfibreorientationandthelongitudinalaxisofthemember(90forvertical
CFRPschemesinbeams),fd,eisthedesignvalueoftheeffectiveFRPstrainandfistheFRPcompositevolumetric
ratio,equalto(2tf/bw)sinforcontinuouslybondedCFRPofthicknesstf,or(2tf/bw)(bf/sf)forCFRPreinforcementin
theformofstripsorsheetsofwidthbf(perpendiculartothefibreorientation)ataspacingsf(axistoaxisofstrips
alongthememberaxis).Equation2.2bmaybesolvedforthethicknessofCFRPrequiredtoprovideashear
resistanceequaltoVfd.
ThedesignvalueoftheeffectiveCFRPstrainmaybeestimatedasfollows:
FullywrappedorproperlyanchoredCFRP:
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fd , e
0.3
2/3
0.8 0.17 fu f cm
E f f 0.6%
min
,
1.2
1.2
(2.2c)
UshapedCFRPjackets:
fd , e
0.3
0.56
2/3
2/3
0.8 0.17 fu f cm 0.8 0.65 10 3 f cm
Ef f
Ef f
0.6%
min
,
,
1.2
1.3
1.3
(2.2d)
2
Intheabove,fcmisthemeancompressivestrengthofconcreteinN/mm andEfistakeninkN/mm .
2.3
COLUMNCONFINEMENT
Themainobjectivesofconfinementare:
a.
b.
c.
toenhanceconcretestrengthanddeformationcapacities,
toprovidelateralsupporttothelongitudinalreinforcementand
topreventtheconcretecoverfromspalling.
Inthecaseofcircularcolumns,thesegoalscanbeachievedbyapplyingexternalFRPjackets,eithercontinuously
overthesurface,ordiscontinuouslyasstrips.Inthecaseofrectangularcolumns,confinementcanbeprovided
withrectangularshapedreinforcement,withcornersroundedbeforeapplication.Notethatrectangularconfining
reinforcement,althoughpossible,islesseffectiveastheconfinementactionismostlylocatedatthecornersanda
significantjacketthicknessneedstobeusedbetweencornerstorestrainlateraldilationandrebarbuckling.
ThestressstrainresponseofCFRPconfinedconcreteisillustratedschematicallyinFig.2.25.Thefiguredisplaysa
nearlybilinearresponsewithasharpsofteningandatransitionzoneatastresslevelthatisnearthestrengthof
unconfinedconcrete,fco.Afterthisstressthetangentstiffnesschangesonlyalittle,untiltheconcretereachesits
ultimatestrengthfccwhenthejacketreachestensilefailureatastressff,eandacorrespondingstrainfu,e,whichis,
ingeneral,lessthantheuniaxialtensilestrengthfu.
Thisreductioninfailurestressisattributedtoseveralreasons,including:(a)thetriaxialstateofstressintheCFRP
(duetoaxialloadingandconfiningaction,butalsoduetobending,e.g.atcornersoflowradius);and(b)the
qualityofexecution(potentiallocalineffectivenessofsomefibresduetomisalignment,andoverstressingof
others;damagedfibresatsharpcornersorlocalprotrusionsetc).
Figure 2-25: Stress-strain curves for plain (unconfined) and FRP-confined concrete.
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Forrectangularcrosssectionswithdimensionsbandh,theeffectofCFRPconfinementmaybecalculatedbased
onthefollowingexpressionsfortheconfinedconcretestrengthfccandthecorrespondingstraincu:
Figure 2-26: Rectangular cross section with radius r at corners.
f cc Esec,u cu f co
E E Esec,u
cu co 1 51 2 1 cc c
Esec,u Ec Ecc
E
1 cc
Eco
(2.3a)
(2.3b)
where
Ec
1 2 fu , e
Esec,u
Ecc
1 2.254 1 7.94
h 2

h
2 1 0.6 1.4 0.8 1,b
b
f co
b
1,b
Ec
1
f co co
(2.3c)
(2.3d)
(2.3e)
(2.3f)
(2.3g)
(2.3h)
1 2 f co
co 1 51 2 1
2t f
h
1,b
f co
k e f f ,e
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1,b
1.254
f co
ke
2
2
b 2 R h 2 R
1
3 Ag
(Confinementeffectivenesscoefficient)
(2.3i)
And:
Ec=initialtangentmodulusofconcrete.
co=0.002(straincorrespondingtofco).
Ag=grosssectionalareaofconcrete.
USEOFSIKACARBODURSOFTWARE
3.1
INSTALLATIONANDACTIVATION
Onceinstalled,thesoftwareneedstobeactivatedinordertoensureitsoperationindefinitely.Otherwise,theuser
canuseitonlyforalimitedperiodoftime.
Inordertorequesttheactivationcode,theusermustinputtheinformationrequestedintheactivationform(Fig.
31).Duringalimitedperiodoftime,thesoftwarecanbelaunchedbyselectingtheCompatibilitymodeoption
withoutanypreviousactivation.
Figure 3-1
AnautomaticemailwillbegeneratedanddeliveredtoSika.Theactivationcodewillbereceivedbytheuser
withinthenextdays,whomustenteractivationcodeinthecorrespondingfield,andpresstheActivatesoftware
button.
Incaseofnewversionsoradditionalmodifications,thesoftwareisautomaticallyupdatedifconnectedtothe
Internet.Theupdateprocedurecanbeforcedmanuallyoradjustedbyclickingthefirsttabontheupperleft
corner(Sikalogo),andselectingSikaCarbodurUpdateoption.
3.2
INTRODUCTION
ThesoftwarepackageSikaCarbodurisauserfriendly,simpleandreliabledesigntoolfortheselectionof
requiredCFRPdimensionstoprovideflexuralstrengthening,shearstrengtheningorconfinementinreinforced
concretesections.
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Whentheprogramstarts,theuserisaskedtoselectoneofthefollowingthreecases:flexuralreinforcement,shear
forcereinforcement,orcolumnreinforcement(Fig.32).
Figure 3-1
Theselectioncanbedoneeitherbyselectingoneoftheschematiciconsintheupperleftcorner,oroneofthe
maindrawingsshowninthemainscreen(Fig.33).
Thearealocatedontheleftofthescreencontainstheinformationconcerningtheproject,whichwillbeincluded
inthesubsequentprintoutdocuments(Fig.34).
Languageandcountryselectionappearsontheupperband.Byselectingthecountry,thesoftwaredatabaseis
adaptedtotheavailableSikastrengtheningproductrangeforthatterritory(Fig.35).
Figure 3-2
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Figure 3-3
Regardlessofthetypeofstrengtheningselected,thecalculationprocessisorganizedintosuccessivestages,which
areshowninthetabssituatedinthetopofthescreen.Thetypeandquantityofstagesvaryasafunctionofthe
selectedstrengtheningmethodandthedataintroducedbytheuser(Fig.36).
Ifinadmissibleorincoherentvaluesareenteredduringtheprocess,ahintwillbepresentedinthelowerleftarea
ofthescreen.Theusercandirectlymovetothecorrespondingscreenbydoubleclickingonthehinttext(Fig.37).
Figure 3-4
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Figure 3-5
Figure 3-6
3.3
FLEXURALSTRENGTHENING.
Theflexuralreinforcementcalculationincludesthenecessarycalculationsfortheflexuralstrengtheningof
concretebeamsandslabswithSikaCarbodurorSikaWrapCFRPlaminatesinULSconditions.
Calculationstoverifytheserviceabilitylimitstate(SLS),firesituationandbondanchoragearealsocoveredbythe
program,andcanbeenabledordisabledbytheuseraccordingtotheirneeds,theavailableinformationofthe
existingstructureandtheexpectedloads.
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3.3.1
CROSSSECTIONANDCONCRETE
Figure 3-7
Theuserneedstoprovideinputasdescribedbelow:
Geometryselection
Theupperleftareashowstheprofilesofthemostcharacteristicconcreteelementsworkingunderflexure(Fig.3
9).
Aslaboptionisalsoavailablebyselectingslab.Whenselected,thesoftwaremodifiessomeinternalparameters
withrespecttothebeamcalculation.SuchastheCFRPdistribution,geometrylimitsoftheprofileandsome
aspectsregardingbondanchoragechecks.
Figure 3-8
Notethat,byselectingasuitablegeometryprofile,theusercanrecreatepartofcomplexelements(Fig.310).
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Figure 3-9
Geometrydefinition
Oncetheprofileisselected,theusercandefinethedifferentdimensions.Asamplemodelwiththedifferent
dimensionsnomenclatureisdisplayedontheleftsideofthescreen.Arealdraftoftheprofile,shownonthemain
screen,isupdatedaccordingtothevaluesintroducedbytheuser(Fig.311).
Notethatcomplexprofilescanbeachievedbyusingtheexistingprofileoptions(Fig.312).
Thesoftwareappliessomegeometricallimitstoreducetheriskofusertypingerrors.
Figure 3-10
Figure 3-11
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Concretedefinition
Concreteisdefinedbytheuser,eitherbyselectingtheconcreteclassorbyenteringthemeancompressive
strength.
NotethattheconcreteclassisdefinedaccordingtoEurocode2.Itconsistsoftherespectivecharacteristic(5%)
compressivecylinderstrengthfck,andcubecompressivestrengthfck,cube,determinedat28days,inaccordancewith
EN2061.
Themeancompressivestrengthistakenasfcm=fck+8MPa.
Asanexample:
C25/30concreteclass:
Characteristic(5%)concretecylindercompressivestress:fck=25MPa.
Characteristic(5%)concretecubecompressivestress:fck,cube=30MPa.
Meancompressivestrength:fcm=25MPa+8MPa=33MPa.
Figure 3-12
Theusermustalsodefineadditionalconcreteparameters(Fig.313),suchas:
c,partialsafetyfactorforconcrete.Thisfactorreducesthecompressiveconcretestrengthofthe
concretefortheULScalculation.
Thecccoefficienttakesintoaccountthelongtermeffectsoncompressivestrengthandanyun
favourableeffectsresultingfromthewaytheloadisapplied.Itreducesthevalueofthecompressive
stressblockfortheULScalculationandtheflexuralresistanceoftheexistingmemberinthefiresituation.
Acreepfactor(=2)fortheconcreteisautomaticallyusedtodeterminethecompressiveconcretestrainsfor
longtermloadcases(SLS,quasipermanentloadcombination).
3.3.2
STEELREINFORCEMENT
Theexistingsteelreinforcementisinputbytheuserinthenextstageoftheprogram.Itcomprisesaversatile
interfacethatallowstheintroductionofcomplexsteeldistributions(Fig.314).
Itcomprisessomeaspects,as:
Enteringofseveralsteellayers(max.10).
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Steelgradedefinitionperlayer.
Eachlayerisdefinedeitherbyitseffectivecrosssectionorthenumberanddiameterofthebars.
Figure 3-13
Thetopbandcontainsthetooltoadd/removesteellayers.Italsocomprisesthepartialsafetyfactorforthe
reinforcingsteel(s)(Fig.315).
Figure 3-14
Thesteeldefinitiontoolisshownontheleftcolumn.Theusercanselectandmodifytheparametersforeach
individuallayer,includingthedepthofthelayer,theeffectivecrosssection/rebardefinition,andthecharacteristic
steelstrength(Fig.316).
Finally,thedraftshownonthemainscreenisupdatedbasedonthereinforcingsteelinput.Notethatthebarsare
shownevenlyspacedinthedrawing.Inthecaseoflayersdefinedbythesteelcrosssection,ahomogeneouslineis
showninsteadofsteelbars.Atleastonebottomtensilesteellayerisnecessaryforthecalculations.Somelimits
regardingconcretecoverageandthemaximumnumberofsteelbarsbylayerareincluded,inordertoreduce
typingerrors.
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Figure 3-15
3.3.3
LOADING
Oncethegeometriesandmaterialsoftheexistingmemberaredefined,theusermustinputtheinformation
relatedtotheexistingloadsonthememberatthetimetheCFRPisinstalled,aswellasanddesignmomentsafter
theCFRPreinforcementisinstalled.
Figure 3-16
Themainscreenshowsadditionalinformation(Fig.317)inagraphicalway,including:
Theactingmomentduringstrengthening:
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Figure 3-17
Thecurrent(bottom)andrequired(top)strengthsofthememberinULS:
Figure 3-18
Thecurrent(bottom)andrequired(top)strengthsofthememberinSLS,underbothcharacteristicand
quasipermanentloadcombination(iftheSLScheckisenabled):
Figure 3-19
Thecurrentstrengthoftheexisting,unreinforcedelement(bottom)andtheestimatedactingload(top)in
caseoffire(ifthefiresituationcheckisenabled):
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Figure 3-20
Theleftareaincludesthenumericalinputboxes.Thelimitingvaluesaredisplayedbesidetheinputbox.Incaseof
unsuitablevalues,awarningtextwillbedisplayedatthebottomofthescreen(Fig.322).
Figure 3-21
Theloaddefinitionconsistsof3differentstages:
a)
TheminimumnecessaryloadstoevaluatethestrengtheningperformanceinULS;thispartcomprisesthe
definitionoftheactingmomentduringthestrengthening(Mo),andthedemandedstrengthbytheuseras
consequenceoftheCFRPstrengthening(Ms,d)(Fig.323).
Figure 3-22
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Asexplainedin2.1.1,itisimportanttonotethattheexistingmomentduringthestrengthening(Mo)generatesan
imposeddeformationofthetensilesteelthatcannotberestoredunlessprestessingtheCFRP.Thismomentcan
haveasignificantinfluenceonthenecessaryCFRPquantityintheSLSincaseofasubstantialinitialmoment.
Therefore,theusermustinputarealisticvaluefortheactingmoment(Mo)expectedduringthestrengthening
process.Thisshouldnotincludeloadfactorsandwillbeessentiallycomposedoftheexistingdeadloadsandthe
reducedcombinationoftheexpectedliveloadsduringtheinstallation.Duetosafetyreasons,thisvaluecannot
exceed:
ThestrengthoftheunstrengthenedmemberundertheServiceabilityLimitState(characteristicload),ifSLS
verificationisenabled.
80%ofthestrengthoftheunstrengthenedmemberundertheServiceabilityLimitState(characteristicload),if
SLSverificationisdisabled.
Thelimitingvaluesareshownbesidetheinputbox.
Afterthis,theusermustinputthenecessarystrengthoftheelementafterthestrengthening,i.e.theexpected
momentcorrespondingtothefactoredloadsatultimate(Ms,d).Duetosafetyreasons,themaximumstrengthof
thememberaftertheCFRPreinforcementislimitedtothefollowingvalues:
3xtheoriginalstrengthatultimateoftheunstrengthenedmember,iftheserviceabilitylimitstate(SLS)check
isactivated.
1,6xtheoriginalstrengthatultimateoftheunstrengthenedmemberifuserdoesntproceedwiththeSLS
check.
Forobviousreasons,theusercannotrequestastrengthlowerthantheexistingcapacitybeforethestrengthening.
b) Serviceabilitylimitstate(SLS)check(Fig.324):
Figure 3-23
Byenablingthisoption,thesoftwareverifiestheperformanceofthereinforcedconcretememberunderquasi
permanentandcharacteristiccombinationofloads:
Thoseserviceloadscorrespondtotheunfactoredcombinationofloads,asindicatedinEurocode,Eurocode2
andtherespectiveNationalAnnexes.
The quasipermanent combination of loads corresponds to the sum of the permanent load plus a limited
percentage of variable actions. This value is determined so that the total period of time for which it will be
exceededrepresentsalargefractionofthereferenceperiod.
The characteristic combination of loads corresponds to the sum of the permanent load plus a significant
percentageofvariableactions.Thismagnitudeischosensoastocorrespondtoaprescribedprobabilityofnot
beingexceededontheunfavorablesideduringareferenceperiod,takingintoaccountthedesignworkinglifeof
thestructureandthedurationofthedesignsituation.
Asshownin2.1.3,thestrainsandstressesdevelopedbythecompressedconcreteandtensilesteelmustbe
limitedundercertainvalues,toavoidexcessivecreepand/orcracking.
TheusermustinputtheexpectedSLSdesignmomentsforthestrengthenedmember:
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Thecharacteristicloadcombinationvaluemustequalorexceedtheexpectedquasipermanentloadcombination
value,butcannotexceedthevaluerequestedforULS.
c)
Firesituationcheck:
Whentheuserenablesthisoption(Fig.324),thesoftwareanalysestheperformanceoftheexisting(un
strengthened)memberincaseoffire,byusingthestrengthofconcreteandsteelwithoutsafetyfactors,as
determinedbyEurocode2.
Theuserisrequestedtoestablishthedesignload.Incaseoffirethereare3optionsdisplayed:
Figure 3-24
IfSLSloadshavebeendefined,thesoftwaretakesthequasipermanentload(Mser,qp,d,Eq.2.1.4b)asdefaultvalue.
Ifnot,thedefaultvalueisadjustedto70%ofthedesignloadatultimate(0.7xMs,d,Eq2.1.4a).
Theusercandirectlyinputthevaluebyusingthethirdoption,whichallowsentryofaspecificvaluebasedonan
exactcalculationofthefireloadcombination,accordingtothelocalregulations.
Afterthis,theinformationisshowninthegraphicalarea,togetherwithamessagethatindicatesiftheCFRP
strengtheningneedsprotectionincaseoffire,accordingtotheexpectedloadandthestrengthoftheun
strengthenedmember(Fig.326and327).
Figure 3-25
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Figure 3-26
The softwareevaluates theinitial strength of the unstrengthenedmember and the expected loads in caseof
fire, according to that indicated in fib Bulletin 14, parts 3.1.2.5 and 3.2.2. Any additional protection for the
reinforced concrete member as resulting of the strengths development throughout a fire situation (concrete
and/orsteelreinforcement)mustbedeterminedindependently.
3.3.4
CFRPSTRENGTHENING
Aftertheintroductionofthesuitableinitialanddesignloads,thehintsareaatthebottomofthescreenwill
disappear,andnewtabs(laminatesanduserdefinedsetting)willbedisplayedatthetopofthescreen.
BothtabsallowtheusertointroducethenecessarySikaCarbodurorSikaWrapCFRPlaminates;
Thefirstoption(laminates)givestheuserautomaticallythosecalculatedcombinationsbasedonthecorrect
numberofeachsize/typeofCFRPlaminatestomeettheULSandSLSrequirements(ifenabled),accordingtothe
availablewidthofthesoffit.
Thesecondoption(userdefinedsetting)allowstheusertomeetmoreflexibility,byallowingthecombinationof
anytypeandquantityofCFRPlayers.
Bothoptionscanbeusedinterchangeably.
Laminates
Whenselected,thesoftwareautomaticallyestablishesthenecessaryquantityofCFRPtomeettherequestedULS
(andSLSifenabled),correspondingtotheeffectiveCFRPstrainf,eff,inputatthetop(8asdefault).
Accordingtothisinitialestimation,theusercanaccessalltheinformationrelatedtothedifferentloadstages,by
clickingontheiconslocatedinthetopofthescreen;themainscreen,whichdisplaysthenumericalandgraphical
data,willchangedependingontheselection(Fig.328).
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Figure 3-27
Thedifferentoptionscomprise:
Overview:summarizesthenecessaryCFRPcrosssectionandtheresistingbendingmomentsthroughoutthe
differentstages,bothfortheunreinforcedandstrengthenedmember(Fig.329).
Figure 3-28
Mo:displaystheinformationregardingtheinitialstateofthemember,undertheactingmomentduringthe
strengthening(Fig.330).
Figure 3-29
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Ms:displaysthestrainsandstressdistributionofthestrengthenedmemberatultimate,aswellastheductility
check,asindicatedinfibBulletin14,section3.3(Fig.331).
Figure 3-30
Mser,ck:exposestheinformationrelatedtothestateofthestrengthenedmemberunderSLS,characteristicload
(Fig.332).
Figure 3-31
Mser,qp:finally,thisstagepresentsthestressandstrainsprofilesofthestrengthenedsectionunderthequasi
permanentloadcombination,consideringtheeffectofcreep(Fig.333).
Figure 3-32
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TheusermustselectthesuitableCFRPlaminatecombination.AfterselectingthetypeofCFRP(top),thesoftware
automaticallyshowstheappropriatenumberandsectionsrequiredtoachievethenecessarycrosssection(Fig.3
34).
Figure 3-33
Basedonthegeometryoftheconcretesection,thesoftwareautomaticallydisables(grey)thosecombinationsthat
cannotbeplacedduetotheavailablespace.NotethatthemaximumnumberofSikaCarbodurlayersthatcan
bedisplayedis3,andtheminimumdistancetotheedgeofthebeamshouldequaltheconcretecoverofthe
internalsteelreinforcement(fibBulletin14,sections7.2.1.1and7.2.1.2).ThemaximumnumberofSikaWrap
layersthatcanbedisplayedis5.
Importantnote:incaseofusingSikaWrapfabrics,thesoftwarecalculationisbasedontherealperformanceof
theCFRPcompositeobtainedasaresultofusingthechosenSikaWrapandtheappropriateSikadurresin,as
indicated in the corresponding Product Data Sheet, and according to the EN 2561 test method. Hence, the
displayedresultcannotbeextendedtoanycompositeobtainedbytheuseofanyotherresinorbyanyother
systemdifferentfromthatindicatedintheProductDataSheet.
TheselectedoptionisfinallyappliedbyclickingtheApplyselectediconsituatedintheupperleftcornerofthe
screen.Clicknonetodeletetheselection.
Figure 3-34
AfteranumberandtypeofCFRPlaminateisselected,allthegraphicalandnumericalinformationregardingthe
differentloadstagesisautomaticallyupdated.
Userdefinedsetting
Inthistabtheusercanfreelycombinetheappropriateamountandtypeoflaminates,soastoobtainorexceed
thenecessaryCFRPcrosssection.
Theappearanceissimilartothatshowninthepreviousstage,exceptforthecentralarea,whichincludesthetools
neededtomakethedistributionofthedifferentlayersofreinforcement(Fig.336).
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Figure 3-35
Thisareacomprises:
Add/removeicons,includingtheoptionforfillingthecurrentlayeroralltheavailablelayersbyusingthe
selectedlamellainasingleclick.
Layerselection,bymeansofthetopselectionbox.
InformationregardingtheoverallselectedCFRParea,aswellastheremainingarearequiredtomeetthe
necessaryarearequired,displayedatthebottom.
OnceaprojectissavedregardingtheflexuralstrengtheningofaRCmember,theselectedcombinationofCFRP
laminatesisautomaticallystoredasaUserdefinedsetting.Hence,theusermustsimplyaccesstothisstageto
recoverthechosenselectionwhenopeningthatexistingproject.
3.3.5
BONDCHECK
Byenteringthisoptionalstage,theusercanverifyiftheforcedevelopedbytheCFRPsectioncanbeanchoredto
theavailableuncrackedconcreteatultimate.
Theprocessisinitiatedbyclickingtheselectionboxpositionedintheupperleftcorner(Fig.337).
Figure 3-36
Oncedone,thecalculationprocessisactivated.Theusermustverifythelongitudinalsteeldistributioninasection
adjacenttothesupport,asthissteeldistributioninfluencesthelocationoftheoutermostflexuralcrackat
ultimate.Incaseofanexactcalculation(seebelow),thischeckisnotnecessary.Theuserisautomaticallyshown
thesteeldistributioncorrespondingtothemiddleofthespan(previouslyinputinthesteeldefinitionstage)as
default(Fig.337).
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Figure 3-37
Thesoftwarealsoincludesthepossibilityofreducingthebondingcapacityoftheanchorageasaconsequenceofa
lowcompactionconcretesurface(e.g.ifsurfacewasnotincontactwiththeformworkduringcasting).
Figure 3-38
Finally,theusercanalsoselectadirectcalculation,byintroducingtheavailablebondlengthandthevalue
correspondingtothecrackingmomentofthestrengthenedmember.
Figure 3-39
Or,forsimplysupportedbeamsorslabs,wherethedeterminationoftheanchoragecanbecriticalduetothe
flexuralcrackingatultimate,thesoftwareincludesanoptionwhichautomaticallydeterminesthepositionofthe
outermostcrackpositionatultimate,aswellasallthenecessaryparameterstodeterminatethefeasibilityofthe
endanchorage(Fig.341).
Figure 3-40
Whereaicorrespondstothedistancefromthecentreofthesupporttothe
innerface,andLindicatesthelengthofthesimplysupportedspan(Fig.3
42).
Figure 3-41
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Note that this Approximate calculation is only valid for homogeneous load distributions, and beams with
sufficientinternalorexternalshearreinforcement.
3.3.6
PRINTOUT
ByselectingthePrintoutoption,thesoftwareautomaticallygeneratesaprintabledocumentwiththeinformation
obtainedthroughoutthecalculationprocess.
3.4
SHEARREINFORCEMENT.
TheshearreinforcementcalculationisbasedonthecontributionoftheSikaWraptotheshearcapacityofthe
strengthenedmemberunderULS.
Hence,theusermustpreviouslydeterminethedesignvalueoftheappliedshearforce(VEd).Thisvaluemustbe
matchedorexceededbythesumofthedesignvalueoftheshearforcewhichcanbesustainedbytheyielding
shearreinforcement(VRd,s)plusthecontributionoftheCFRP(Vfd).
Formemberssubjecttopredominantlyuniformlydistributedloadingthedesignshearforceneednotbechecked
atadistancelessthandfromthefaceofthesupport(inadditionitshouldbeverifiedthattheshearatthesupport
doesnotexceedVRd,max)(Fig.343).
Figure 3-42
VRd=min(VRd,s+Vfd,VRd,max)
3.4.1
(3.3a)
Inafirststage,thegeometryandconcreteclassisdefined(Fig.344).
Thetopbandofthescreenincludesthegeometryselection,aswellasthedefinitionofthecharacteristicsofthe
concrete.Thestrengthoftheconcretecanbeeitherdefinedbyusingthecharacteristic(fck)orthemean
compressivestrength(fcm).
Intheleftarea,theuserisrequestedtointroducethedatarelatedtothegeometryofthesection,whichis
displayedinthediagramlocatedinthemainscreen.Notethatitsnecessarytoinputtheconcretecover,inorder
todeterminethestaticdepthoftheelement.
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Figure 3-43
TheoptionRectangleorTbeamisselectedtodeterminatethewrappingschemeoftheCFRP(fullwrappingfor
therectangularsections,andUshapedconfigurationincaseofTbeams,wherefullwrappingisnotpossible)(Fig.
345).
Figure 3-44
Shearstrengtheningofcolumnswhereallfoursidesareaccessibleistypicallyoftheclosedtype.Moreover,shear
strengtheningofTbeamswithmechanicalanchoragesystemsthatensureperfectanchorageoftheFRPinthe
compressionzonemaybeconsideredtobeclosedtypetoo.Thisisthecase,forinstance,withtheCarboShear
elements,ifsufficientanchoragelengthisavailablethroughtheslab.
3.4.2
LOADING
TherequestedCFRP(Vfd)contributionisinputbytheuser(Fig.346).
NotethattheCFRPshearstrengtheningactsinasimilarwaytoexternalstirrups.Hence,theycontributeto
increasethedesignvalueoftheshearforcewhichcanbesustainedbytheyieldingshearreinforcement.(VRd,s).
Afterthis,theresultisdisplayedinthenextstage.
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Figure 3-45
1.1.1
LAMINATES
Theuserhastheoptioneithertoselectacontinuousjacketschemeoraconfigurationbasedondiscretestrips,in
theselectionboxsituatedintheupperleftcorner(Fig.347).
Figure 3-46
Takeintoaccountthat,ifthediscretestripsoptionisselected,itisnecessarytoinputavalueforthespacings(sf).
Duetosafetyreasons,thisvalueislimitedto0,8d(0,8xstaticdepthoftheelement),sothatnodiagonalcrack
maybeformedwithoutinterceptingastrip.
Inthesameway,theminimumvalueforthespacingsequalsthewidthoftheselectedSikaWrapfabric(bf),since
otherwisetheCFRPschemeactsasacontinuousjacket.
Duetotheselimitations,thediscretestripsconfigurationisnotpossibleforthosebeamswithalimitedheight
and/orwideSikaWrapfabrics.
Noticethat,accordingtothegeometryof
thesectionandthewrappingscheme,4
differentconfigurationsarepossible(Fig.3
48):
Thearealocatedontheleftshowsthe
availableSikaWraprangeintheindicated
country.Thebottomsectiondisplaysthe
widthanddrythicknessoftheSikaWrap.
Thesubsequentcalculationwillbedone
accordingtotheselectedproduct(Fig.3
49).
Figure 3-47
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Figure 3-48
Finally,themainscreendisplaysthegraphicalinformationregardingtheSikaWrapconfigurationandthe
contributionoftheCFRPtotheshearstrengthofthemember.Inthebottom,thenumericaldataisdisplayed,
includingthenecessarynumberoflayersoftheselectedSikaWrap,aswellastherealcontributiontotheshear
strength,accordingtotheresultingnumberoflayers(Fig.350).
Figure 3-49
Importantnote:thesoftwarecalculationisbasedontherealperformanceoftheCFRPcompositeobtainedasa
result of using the chosen SikaWrap and the appropriate Sikadur resin, as indicated in the corresponding
ProductDataSheet,andaccordingtotheEN2561testmethod.Hence,thedisplayedresultcannotbeextended
toanycompositeobtainedbytheuseofanyotherresinorbyanyothersystemdifferentfromthatindicatedin
theProductDataSheet.
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3.4.3
PRINTOUT
3.5
COLUMNREINFORCEMENT
Confinementisusuallyappliedtomembersincompression,withthefunctionofincreasingtheirloadcarrying
capabilityunderaxialload.
Theexternalconfinementofcolumnsisaccomplishedbyorientingthefibrestransversetothelongitudinalaxisof
themember.
Thecolumnreinforcementmodulecomprisestwostages,asfollows:
3.5.1
Thegeometryandconcreteclassisdefinedbytheuser(Fig.351).
Thetopbandofthescreenincludesthegeometryselection,aswellasthedefinitionofthecharacteristicsofthe
concrete.Thestrengthoftheconcretecanbeeitherdefinedbyusingthecharacteristic(fck)orthemean
compressivestrength(fcm).
Intheleftarea,theuserinputsthedatarelatedtothegeometryofthesection,whichisthendisplayedinthe
diagramlocatedinthemainscreen.
TheoptionRoundedrectangleorCircularcanbeselectedtodefinethegeometryofthecolumn.Notethat,in
caseofrectangularsections:
Itsnecessarytoinputtheradiusoftheedges.Agreaterradiusincreasestheeffectivenessofthe
confinement.Theminimumacceptableradiusis10mm.
Rectangularcolumnswithaspectratiosh/bexceeding2arenotallowed,astheconfiningeffectis
negligible.
Figure 3-50
1.1.2
LAMINATES
Thisscreenconsistsofindependentareas:ontheupperleftcorner,theeffectiveultimate
Figure 3-51
strainoftheCFRPjacketisdisplayed.Theeffectiveultimatestrainwillbelessthanthe
CFRPsultimatestrainduetothemultiaxialityofstressesintheFRPandthequalityofexecution(Fig.352).
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Note:ThedefaultvalueshownfortheeffectivestrainoftheCFRP(Fig.352)isbasedonanefficiencyfactorof
0.55suggestedinACI440.2R08,section12.1.Hence:
fu,eff=0,55xfu.
(3.4.2a)
Byusingtheselectionboxesatthetop(Fig.353),theuserhastheoptiontorequest:
Figure 3-52
Increaseofmeanstrengthfcc:Inputtherequiredstrengthoftheconfinedconcrete(thetargetvalueafter
strengthening),and/or
Increaseofultimateaxialstraincu:Inputtherequiredultimateaxialstrainoftheconfinedconcrete(the
targetvalueafterstrengthening).
Figure 3-53
UserGuide
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TheareasituatedontheleftshowstheavailableSikaWraprangeintheselectedcountry.Thebottomsection
displaysthewidthanddrythicknessoftheSikaWrap.Thesubsequentcalculationwillbedoneaccordingtothe
selectedproduct(Fig.354).
Finally,themainscreen(Fig.355)displaysthegraphicalinformationregardingtheSikaWrapconfigurationand
thenewstrengthoftheconfinedconcreteresultingfromtheconfinement.Ontheleftarea,thenumericaldatais
displayed,showingthenecessarynumberoflayersoftheselectedSikaWrap,aswellastheultimateaxialstrainof
theconfinedconcrete.
Figure 3-54
Importantnote:thesoftwarecalculationisbasedontherealperformanceoftheCFRPcompositeobtainedas
result of using the chosen SikaWrap and the appropriate Sikadur resin, as indicated in the corresponding
ProductDataSheet,andaccordingtotheEN2561testmethod.Hence,thedisplayedresultcannotbeextended
toanycompositeobtainedbytheuseofanyotherresinorbyanyothersystemdifferentfromthatindicatedin
theProductDataSheet.
3.5.2
PRINTOUT
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LEGALNOTE
Thissoftwareapplicationisprotectedbycopyrightlawsandinternationalcopyrighttreaties.Thesoftware
applicationislicensed,notsold.
THISSOFTWAREAPPLICATIONANDTHERESULTSDERIVEDFROMITSUTILIZATIONAREINTENDEDONLYFORUSE
BYPROFESSIONALUSERSWITHEXPERTKNOWLEDGEINTHEAREAOFTHEINTENDEDAPPLICATION.USERSMUST
INDEPENDENTLYVERIFYTHERESULTSBEFOREANYUSEANDTAKEINTOACCOUNTTHESITEANDAPPLICATION
CONDITIONS,PRODUCTDATASHEETANDPRODUCTLITERATURE,TECHNICALSTATEOFTHEARTASWELLAS
LOCALAPPLICABLESTANDARDSANDREGULATIONS.
Withrespecttothesoftwareapplicationandresultsderivedfromitsuse,SIKAMAKESNOWARRANTIESOF
ACCURACY,RELIABILITY,COMPLETENESS,MERCHANTABILITYORFITNESSFORANYPURPOSE.THESOFTWARE
APPLICATIONISPROVIDEDONANASISBASISANDSIKAEXPRESSLYDISCLAIMSANYWARRANTIESWITH
RESPECTTOTHESOFTWAREAPPLICATIONANDRESULTSDERIVEDFROMITSUSE.
Sikashallnotbeliableforanyconsequential,punitive,incidental,exemplary,orspecialdamages(includingbutnot
limitedtolossofbusinessopportunityorlossofprofit)arisingoutoftheevaluationoruseofthesoftware
applicationandresultsderivedfromitsuse.
Theinformation,and,inparticular,therecommendationsrelatingtotheapplicationandenduseofSikaproducts,
aregiveningoodfaithbasedonSika'scurrentknowledgeandexperienceoftheproductswhenproperlystored,
handledandappliedundernormalconditionsinaccordancewithSikasrecommendations.Inpractice,the
differencesinmaterials,substratesandactualsiteconditionsaresuchthatnowarrantyinrespectof
merchantabilityoroffitnessforaparticularpurpose,noranyliabilityarisingoutofanylegalrelationship
whatsoever,canbeinferredeitherfromthisinformation,orfromanywrittenrecommendations,orfromany
otheradviceoffered.Theuseroftheproductmusttesttheproductssuitabilityfortheintendedapplicationand
purpose.Sikareservestherighttochangethepropertiesofitsproducts.Theproprietaryrightsofthirdparties
mustbeobserved.Allordersareacceptedsubjecttoourcurrenttermsofsaleanddelivery.Usersmustalways
refertothemostrecentissueofthelocalProductDataSheetfortheproductconcerned,copiesofwhichwillbe
suppliedonrequest.
ThisLicenseshallbegovernedbyandconstruedandenforcedinaccordancewiththemateriallawsofSwitzerland.
Thenonmandatoryconflictoflawsprovisionsshallbeexcluded.ExclusiveforumshallbethecourtsofZrich,
Switzerland.
Sika,SikaDur,CarboDurandSikaWrapareregisteredtrademarksofSikaAG.
Allotherproductsandbrandnamesmaybetrademarksorregisteredtrademarksoftheirrespectiveowners.
CopyrightSikaServicesAG2013
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2013SikaServicesAG/Nr8704106

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USERGUIDE

Figure 2-2: simplified design stress-strain diagram for

Figure 2-3: simplified design stress-strain diagram for CFRP

The initial o strain influence on the ULS

Figure 2-8: Parabola-rectangle scheme (red) used

Figure 2-9: Simplified bilinear scheme (red) for the

Figure 2-10: Parabola-rectangle scheme (blue) used for the

determination of the concrete deformation

Figure 2-13: Parabola-rectangle scheme (green) used

Figure 2-14: flexural cracks distribution at ultimate,

Figure 2-15: End anchorage in an un-cracked concrete zone.

Figure 2-16: strain and stress profile corresponding to crack

V fd 0.9 fd ,e E f f bw d 1 cot a sin a

Figure 2-26: Rectangular cross section with radius r at corners.

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