Project Report

On
Blind Man Stick
Electronic Safety Guard

Submitted

Guided By:-Mrs Ritu Sharma

Submitted To:-Ms Aarchi

By:Mohit
Verma(EL/11
/314)
Aman
Saini(EL/11/
402)
Gaurav
Sharma(EL/1
1/411)
Jatin
Arora(EL/11/

Acknowledgment
We have taken efforts in this project. However, it would not have been possible without the
kind support and help of many individuals and organizations. We would like to extend our
sincere thanks to all of them.
We are highly indebted to Mrs. Ritu Sharma for her guidance and constant supervision as
well as for providing necessary information regarding the project & also for their support in
completing the project.
We would like to express our gratitude towards Ms.Aarchi for their kind co-operation and
encouragement which help me in completion of this project.
Our thanks and appreciations also go to my colleague in developing the project and people
who have willingly helped us out with their abilities.

Contents
1. Introduction

2. Block Diagram

3. Components

4. Circuit Diagram

5. Applications

6. Future Work

7. Conclusion

Introduction

Many people suffer from serious visual impairments

preventing them from travelling independently.
Accordingly, they need to use a wide range of tools and
techniques to help them in their mobility. One of these
techniques is orientation and mobility specialist who
helps the visually impaired and blind people and trains
them to move on their own independently and safely
depending on their other remaining senses. Another
method is the guide dogs which are trained specially to
help the blind people on their movement by navigating
around the obstacles to alert the person to change
his/her way. However, this method has some limitations
such as difficulty to understand the complex direction by
these dogs, and they are only suitable for about five
years. The cost of these trained dogs is very expensive,
also it is difficult for many of blind and visually impaired
persons to provide the necessary care for another living
being. There is an international symbol tool of blind and
visually impaired people just like the white cane with a
red tip which is used to enhance the blind movement.
Nowadays, different types of these canes have been used
such as the white cane, the smart cane , and the laser
cane . However, this tool has several constraints: long
length of the cane, limitations in recognizing obstacles,
and also difficulty to keep it in public places. Recently,
many techniques have been developed to enhance the
mobility of blind people that rely on signal processing
and sensor technology. These called electronic travel aid
(ETA) devices help the blind to move freely in an
environment regardless of its dynamic changes.
According to the literature, ETAs are mainly classified

into two major aspects: sonar input (laser signal, infrared

signals, or ultrasonic signals) and camera input systems
(consists mainly of a mini CCD camera). Their details are
shown in. The way these devices operate just like the
radar system that uses ultrasonic fascicle or laser to
identify height, the direction, and speed of fixed and
moving objects. The distance between the person and the
obstacles is measured by the time of the wave travel.
However, all existing systems inform the blind of the
presence of an object at a specific distance in front of or
near to him. These details permit the user to change his
or her way. Information about the object characteristics
can create additional knowledge to enhance space
manifestation and memory of the blind. To overcome the
above-mentioned limitations, this work offers a simple,
efficient, configurable electronic guidance system for the
blind and visually impaired persons to help them in their
mobility regardless of where they are, outdoor or indoor.
The originality of the proposed system is that it utilizes
an embedded vision system of three simple IR sensors
and brings together all reflective signals in order to codify
an obstacle through microcontroller. Hence, in addition
to distance the proposed guidance system enables the
determination of two main characteristics of the obstacle
which are material and shape. Furthermore, the user of
the system does not need to carry a cane or other
marked tool. He/she can just wear a hat and hand mini
stick (size of a pen) just like others. It has high immunity
to ambient light and colour of object. It has typical
response time about 39ms, and it is very suitable for

real-time applications.

Block Diagram

Components

HARDWARE

REQUIREMENTS

PCB
MICROCONTROLLER AT89S51
STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER 12V/500mA
VOLTAGE REGULATOR LM7805
RECTIFIER DIODES 1N4001
CAPACITORS
OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER
DC MOTOR
IR SENSORS
LDR
RESISTANCE
PCB :A printed circuit board (PCB) mechanically supports
and electrically connects electronic components
using conductive tracks, pads and other features
etched from copper sheets laminated onto a nonconductive substrate. PCBs can be single sided (one
copper layer),double sided (two copper layers) or
multilayer. Conductors on different layers are
connected with plated-through holes called vias.
Advanced PCBs may contain components
capacitors, resistors or active devices - embedded in
the substrate.
Printed circuit boards are used in all but the
simplest electronic products. Alternatives to PCBs
include wire wrap and point-to-point construction.

PCBs require the additional design effort to lay out

the circuit but manufacturing and assembly can be
automated. Manufacturing circuits with PCBs is
cheaper and faster than with other wiring methods
as components are mounted and wired with one
single part. Furthermore, operator wiring errors are
eliminated.
When the board has only copper connections and no
embedded components it is more correctly called a
printed wiring board (PWB) or etched wiring board.
Although more accurate, the term printed wiring
board has fallen into disuse. A PCB populated with
electronic components is called a printed circuit
assembly (PCA), printed circuit board assembly or
PCB assembly (PCBA). The IPC preferred term for
assembled boards is circuit card assembly (CCA), for
assembled backplanes it is backplane assemblies.
The term PCB is used informally both for bare and
assembled boards.
The world market for bare PCBs reached nearly $60
billion in 2012.
Microcontroller AT89S51:ATMEL make microcontroller AT89S51 is the main
contoller being used in this project due to its easy
availability and low cost. The function of the
microcontroller is to read the pulses collected by
electronics hardware. The collected pulses are
analyzed by microcontroller in per minute format.

The Microcontroller based Blind Person Electronic

Safety Guard information may be further processed &
send to any remote monitoring.

TRANSFORMER:Two coils are wound over a Core such that they are
magnetically coupled. The two coils are known as the
primary and secondary windings.
In a Transformer, an iron core is used. The coupling
between the coils is source of making a path for the
magnetic flux to link both the coils. A core is used
and the coils are wound on the limbs of the core.
Because of high permeability of iron, the flux path for
the flux is only in the iron and hence the flux links
both windings. Hence there is very little leakage flux.
This term leakage flux denotes the part of the flux,
which does not link both the coils, i.e., when coupling
is not perfect. In the high frequency transformers,
ferrite core is used. The transformers may be step-up,
step-down, frequency matching, sound output,
amplifier driver etc. The basic principles of all the
transformers are same.

Voltage Regulator:-

One can get a constant high-voltage power supply

using inexpensive 3-terminal voltage regulators

through some simple techniques described below.
Depending upon the current requirement, a
reasonable load regulation can be achieved. Line
regulation in all cases is equal to that of the voltage
regulator used.
Though high voltage can be obtained with suitable
voltage boost circuitry using ICs like LM 723, some
advantages of the circuits presented below are:
simplicity, low cost, and practically reasonable

regulation characteristics. For currents of the order of

1A or less, only one zener and some resistors and
capacitors are needed. For higher currents, one pass
transistor such as ECP055 is needed.
Before developing the final circuits, let us first
understand the 3-terminal type constant voltage
regulators. Let us see the schematic in Fig. where
78XX is a 3-terminal voltage regulator.
Rectifier Diodes :A rectifier is an electrical device that converts
alternating current (AC), which periodically reverses
direction, to direct current (DC), which flows in only
one direction. The process is known as rectification.
Physically, rectifiers take a number of forms,
including vacuum tube diodes, mercury-arc valves,
copper and selenium oxide rectifiers, semiconductor

diodes, silicon-controlled rectifiers and other siliconbased semiconductor switches. Historically, even
synchronous electromechanical switches and motors
have been used of fine wire pressing on a crystal of
galena (lead sulfide) to serve as a point-contact
rectifier or "crystal detector".
Rectifiers have many uses, but are often found
serving as components of DC power supplies and
high-voltage direct current power transmission
systems. Rectification may serve in roles other than to
generate direct current for use as a source of power.
As noted, detectors of radio signals serve as rectifiers.
In gas heating systems flame rectification is used to
detect presence of a flame.

Because of the alternating nature of the input AC sine

wave, the process of rectification alone produces a DC
current that, though unidirectional, consists of
pulses of current. Many applications of rectifiers,
such as power supplies for radio, television and
computer equipment, require a steady constant DC
current (as would be produced by a battery). In these
applications the output of the rectifier is smoothed by
an electronic filter (usually a capacitor) to produce a
steady current.
A more complex circuitry device that performs the
opposite function, converting DC to AC, is called an
inverter.

Capacitors :It is an electronic component whose function is to

accumulate charges and then release it .To understand
the concept of capacitance, consider a
pair of metal plates which all are placed near to each
other without touching. If a battery is connected to
these plates the positive pole to one and the negative
pole to the other, electrons from the battery will be
attracted from the plate connected to the positive
terminal of the battery. If the battery is then
disconnected, one plate will be left with an excess of
electrons, the other shortage, and a potential or voltage
difference will exists between them. These plates will
be acting as capacitors. Capacitors are of two types: (1) fixed type: Like ceramic, polyester, electrolytic
capacitors-these names refer to the material they are
made of aluminium foil. (2) Variable type: Like gang
condenser in radio or trimmer. In fixed
type capacitors, it has two leads and its value is written
over its body and variable type has three leads. Unit of
measurement of a capacitor is farad denoted by the
symbol F. It is a very big unit of capacitance. Small unit
capacitor are pico-farad denoted by pf
(Ipf=1/1000,000,000,000 f) Above all, in case of
electrolytic capacitors, it's two terminal are marked as (-)
and (+) so check it while using capacitors in the circuit
in right direction. Mistake can destroy the capacitor or
entire circuit in operational.

Operational amplifier:An operational amplifier (op-amp) is a DC-coupled

high-gain electronic voltage amplifier with a
differential input and, usually, a single-ended output.
In this configuration, an op-amp produces an output
potential (relative to circuit ground) that is typically
hundreds of thousands of times larger than the
potential difference between its input terminals.

Operational amplifiers had their origins in analog

computers, where they were used to do mathematical
operations in many linear, non-linear and frequencydependent circuits. Characteristics of a circuit using
an op-amp are set by external components with little
dependence on temperature changes or
manufacturing variations in the op-amp itself, which

makes op-amps popular building blocks for circuit

design.
Op-amps are among the most widely used electronic
devices today, being used in a vast array of consumer,
industrial, and scientific devices. Many standard IC
op-amps cost only a few cents in moderate production
volume; however some integrated or hybrid
operational amplifiers with special performance
specifications may cost over $100 US in small
quantities.Op-amps may be packaged as components,
or used as elements of more complex integrated
circuits.
The op-amp is one type of differential amplifier. Other
types of differential amplifier include the fully
differential amplifier (similar to the op-amp, but with
two outputs), the instrumentation amplifier (usually
built from three op-amps), the isolation amplifier
(similar to the instrumentation amplifier, but with
tolerance to common-mode voltages that would
destroy an ordinary op-amp), and negative feedback
amplifier (usually built from one or more op-amps
and a resistive feedback network).

D.C Motors :A DC motor relies on the fact that like magnet poles
repel and unlike magnetic poles attract each other. A
coil of wire with a current running through it
generates an electromagnetic field aligned with the
center of the coil. By switching the current on or off
in a coil its magnetic field can be switched on or off or
by switching the direction of the current in the coil
the direction of the generated magnetic field can be
switched 180. A simple DC motor typically has a
stationary set of magnets in the stator and an
armature with a series of two or more windings of
wire wrapped in insulated stack slots around iron
pole pieces (called stack teeth) with the ends of the
wires terminating on a commutator. The armature
includes the mounting bearings that keep it in the
center of the motor and the power shaft of the motor
and the commutator connections. The winding in the
armature continues to loop all the way around the
armature and uses either single or parallel
conductors (wires), and can circle several times
around the stack teeth. The total amount of current
sent to the coil, the coil's size and what it's wrapped
around dictate the strength of the electromagnetic
field created. The sequence of turning a particular coil
on or off dictates what direction the effective
electromagnetic fields are pointed. By turning on and
off coils in sequence a rotating magnetic field can be
created. These rotating magnetic fields interact with
the magnetic fields of the magnets (permanent or
electromagnets) in the stationary part of the motor

(stator) to create a force on the armature which

causes it to rotate.

Infrared Sensors:A passive infrared sensor (PIR sensor) is an electronic

sensor that measures infrared (IR) light radiating
from objects in its field of view. They are most often
used in PIR-based motion detectors. All objects with a
temperature above absolute zero emit heat energy in
the form of radiation. Usually this radiation is
invisible to the human eye because it radiates at
infrared wavelengths, but it can be detected by
electronic devices designed for such a purpose.
The term passive in this instance refers to the fact
that PIR devices do not generate or radiate any energy
for detection purposes. They work entirely by
detecting the energy given off by other objects. PIR
sensors don't detect or measure "heat"; instead they
detect the infrared radiation emitted or reflected from
an object.

Light Dependent Resistor:A photoresistor or light-dependent resistor (LDR) or

photocell is a light-controlled variable resistor. The
resistance of a photoresistor decreases with
increasing incident light intensity; in other words, it
exhibits photoconductivity. A photoresistor can be

applied in light-sensitive detector circuits, and lightand dark-activated switching circuits.

A photoresistor is made of a high resistance
semiconductor. In the dark, a photoresistor can have
a resistance as high as a few megaohms (M), while
in the light, a photoresistor can have a resistance as

low as a few hundred ohms. If incident light on a

photoresistor exceeds a certain frequency, photons
absorbed by the semiconductor give bound electrons
enough energy to jump into the conduction band. The
resulting free electrons (and their hole partners)
conduct electricity, thereby lowering resistance. The
resistance range and sensitivity of a photoresistor can
substantially differ among dissimilar devices.
Moreover,
unique
photoresistors
may
react
substantially differently to photons within certain
wavelength bands.
A photoelectric device can be either intrinsic or
extrinsic. An intrinsic semiconductor has its own
charge carriers and is not an efficient semiconductor,
for example, silicon. In intrinsic devices the only
available electrons are in the valence band, and hence
the photon must have enough energy to excite the
electron across the entire bandgap. Extrinsic devices
have impurities, also called dopants, added whose
ground state energy is closer to the conduction band;
since the electrons do not have as far to jump, lower
energy photons (that is, longer wavelengths and lower

frequencies) are sufficient to trigger the device. If a

sample of silicon has some of its atoms replaced by
phosphorus atoms (impurities), there will be extra
electrons available for conduction. This is an example
of an extrinsic semiconductor.

Resistance :Resistance is the opposition of a material to the

current. It is measured in Ohms (W). All conductors
represent a certain amount of resistance, since no
conductor is 100% efficient.
To control the electron flow (current) in a predictable
Manner resistors. Electronic circuits use calibrated
Lumped resistance to control the flow of current.
Broadly speaking, resistor can be divided into two
groups viz. fixed & adjustable (variable) resistors. In
fixed resistors, the value is fixed & cannot be varied.
In variable resistors, the resistance value can be
varied by an adjuster knob. It can be divided into (a)

Carbon composition (b) Wire wound (c) Special type.

The most common type of resistors used in our
projects is carbon type. The resistance value is
normally indicated by colour bands. Each resistance
has four colours, one of the band on either side will
be gold or silver, this is called fourth band and
indicates the tolerance, others three band will give the
value of resistance (see table). For example if a
resistor has the following marking on it say red,
violet, gold. Comparing these coloured rings with the
colour code, its value is 27000 ohms or 27 kilo ohms
and its tolerance is 5%.

Resistor comes in various sizes(Power rating). The

bigger, the size, the more power rating of 1/4 watts.
The four colour rings on its body tells us the value of
resistor value as given below.

Circuit Diagram:-

Applications

Microcontroller based Blind Person Electronic Safety

Guard is used in Auto Monitoring and helping for Blind
Person.

Future work
Use of GSM module.
Use of GPS to detect the location of the Blind
Person.
Use of Ultra Sonic Sensors.

Conclusion
This Project has described a system to transform visual
information to auditory information. The broad beam
angle ultrasonic sensors allow wide-range environment
recognition. The main functions of this system are clear
path indication and environment recognition. The visual
information acquired by the ultrasonic sensors is
ultimately transformed into auditory information. The
audio components of frequency, binaural phase
difference, and intensity are used to represent
information about the position of obstacles. We expect
that the signal transformation system will reduce the
training time needed to use a white stick, and augment
handicapped people's welfare.