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CIGRE 2012

Service experience of IEC 61850 Process Bus using Non Conventional

Instrument Transformers and implications in the evolution of High Voltage
Switching Plant
A. HENRION, D. PITA and P. SCHAUB
Powerlink Queensland
Australia

SUMMARY
Powerlink Queensland (Powerlink) is the Electricity Transmission Authority in the State of
Queensland Australia, operating at voltages up to 330kV, with an overall strategy in place to move the
organisation towards full IEC 61850 substation solutions incorporating both process and station bus
networks. This paper focuses mainly on process bus using Non Conventional Instrument Transformers
(NCITs) and details steps already taken to gain design and service experience as well as projects
currently in progress to further develop this learning, and then maps the progressive strategy in rolling
out process bus for future projects.
Consequently, market maturity of NCITs is assessed with respect to IEC 61850 applications on the
basis of more simplified and compact primary layout as well as improved safety, reliability,
environmental footprint and reduced cost. The integration and/or mounting possibilities with
conventional HV plant will be considered in terms of layout flexibility. Other areas requiring
direction, include, Merging Unit (MU) concepts, redundancy considerations and unresolved issues in
products and international standards.
While being aware of the ongoing development of the IEC 61850 suite of standards, this strategy will
achieve an IEC 61850 process bus solution to be implemented across Greenfield, Brownfield and
HV plant replacement applications. Each of these scenarios has different solutions depending on site
specifics and the technical environment to which they interface.

KEYWORDS
Non conventional instrument transformer, fibre optic current transformer, merging unit, stand alone
merging unit, IEC 61850-9-2 process bus, sampled value, time synchronisation to IEEE 1588,
IEC 61869, redundancy

INTRODUCTION

Powerlinks internal Engineering Group develops in-house standard substation designs based on
commercially available products from global suppliers. Project specific designs based on the standard
designs are implemented by the in-house Engineering Group as well as external contractors. The
organisation is currently undergoing an extensive program of research, development and the
implementation of IEC 61850 based system solutions.

ahenrion@powerlink.com.au

The intention is to move towards an IEC 61850 process bus in two major steps. The first step is the
development and implementation of a new multi-vendor Substation Automation System (SAS)
standard design based on IEC 61850 station bus [1] by 2013 (design in progress). The second step
includes the implementation of technology facilitated by an IEC 61850-9-2 process bus [2], including
NCIT stand alone applications as well as their combined application with conventional instrument
transformers. This paper focuses on the second step, with timing depending upon the ongoing
development of international standards and the availability of product compliant to those standards.

1.1

NCIT and Merging Unit Concepts

The new International multipart Standard IEC 61869 replaces the existing IEC 60044 standard
series for instrument transformers. The standard includes product family standards for Low
Power Instrument Transformer (LPIT) commonly called NCIT as well as a Stand-alone
Merging Units (SAMU) with digital outputs. IEC 61869 further defines a method for digital
communications of instrument transformer measurements based on the IEC 61850 series of
standards, IEC 60044-8 [3] and the UCA International User Group document Implementation
Guideline for Digital Interface to Instrument Transformers using IEC 61850-9-2 [4]. In
addition to this, IEC 61869 incorporates other improvements, including IEC 61588 [5] network
based time synchronization, and frequency response requirements.
IEC 61869 has split NCIT functionality into several components (see Figure 1). The primary
sensor is defined as an electrical, optical or other device intended to provide information about
the input signal to transmit it to the secondary converter, either directly or by means of a
primary converter. The primary converter is an electrical, optical or other arrangement that
converts the signal coming from one or more primary sensors into a signal suitable for the
transmitting system, which is a short or long-distance coupling arrangement between primary
and secondary converter. The secondary converter then converts the remitted signal into a
signal proportional to the input signal.
Primary
Input Signal

Primary
Sensor

Primary
Converter
Primary Power
Supply

Transmitting
System

Secondary
Converter (SC)

Output
Signal

Secondary
Power Supply

Figure 1 - General block diagram of a single-phase low power instrument transformer

This path may be repeated for multiple input signals from current and/or voltage sources
through secondary conversion to a single Merging Unit (MU) which performs digital data
processing (sampling, scaling, message formatting, etc.) necessary to produce a time-coherent
output data stream compliant with IEC 61850 , to supply measuring instrument and revenue
meters as well as protection and control IEDs. The MU is considered as a physical device
(hardware subsystem) used to assemble and publish digital output data frames.
Unlike the MU, a SAMU is a separate product with a digital output compliant with IEC 61850,
but not an instrument transformer component. It accepts as inputs the outputs of instrument
transformers (analogue or digital), which conform to the specifications of one of the product
standards in the IEC 61869 family. Data produced by either a SAMU or an electronic
instrument transformer with built in MU, should be indistinguishable from each other.

1.2

Process Bus Applications

Powerlinks design and service experience to date is based on existing installations which utilise
intelligent hybrid switchgear (six sites) incorporating NCITs into a proprietary station and
process bus solution (pre IEC 61850), as well as a more recent pilot process bus installation

using a Fibre Optic Current Transformer (FOCT) in compliance with IEC 61850. In continuing
this learning, a project currently in progress is a SAS system replacement solution of the
existing six intelligent hybrid substations mentioned above. These three projects are described
in more detail below.
1.2.1

Intelligent Hybrid Station and Process Bus Application

As well as NCITs, intelligent hybrid switchgear incorporates Circuit Breaker, Disconnector
and Earthing switch functions within a common enclosure, with this switchgear first
implemented in 1999 across four substations (275 and 330kV), and subsequently extended to
two more substations (275kV). The NCITs integrated within the hybrids use Rogowski coils
as current sensors and gas capacitors as voltage sensors, creating two fully redundant
measuring systems, with individual phase current and voltage signals sampled, merged
locally and transmitted to IEDs within the substation control buildings. Fibre optic point-topoint connections from the NCITs to IEDs for control and protection functionality, establishes
a proprietary process bus solution at these sites.
These projects created a large learning curve and clearly demonstrated a future for NCITs in
terms of reliability and service life along with considerable space saving and reduced cabling.
However, there were reliability issues encountered in relation to electronics mounted on or
close to the primary plant, and correspondingly exposed to the harsh Queensland outdoor
environment, and this will need to be considered in future process bus applications,
particularly with respect to primary converters and SAMUs.

1.2.2

Fibre Optic Current Transformer Pilot (Process Bus)

A pilot process bus application was commissioned in 2009 [7], utilising a FOCT. This
installation shadows the existing digital protection system installed within the 275 kV Line
Reactor bay at Braemar substation (one of the six intelligent hybrid substations). The main
driver was to trial an alternative NCIT device communicating across a switched Ethernet
network applying the UCAIug Implementation Guideline for IEC 61850-9-2 (9-2 Light
Edition or 9-2LE) [3] in the implementation of a Sampled Value (SV) process bus, and testing
its interoperability with the existing NCITs (within the hybrid switchgear), as well as mixed
application with conventional CTs (within the Reactor bushings), for Reactor protection. The
pilot was also a trial for different MUs and their IEC 61850-9-2 interoperability, before the
planned SAS replacement project (at the six intelligent hybrid sites).
The FOCT was independently mounted on a post support insulator between the existing
hybrid and the Line Reactor with fibre optics (housed within a polymer insulator) connecting
the sensor head to a fibre optic patch box on an adjacent structure, before final routing to the
MU and IED that reside within the control building.
With the installation in service for nearly two years, its operation has been stable and reliable
throughout, including during a power system event subjecting it to a high level fault of 36 kA.

1.2.3

Substation Automation System Replacement (Process and Station Bus)

With the SAS of the existing six intelligent hybrid substations approaching the end of their
expected service life, the propriety process and station bus solutions are to be replaced by a
system compliant with IEC 61850 [6]. With the Primary elements to remain, the original
design philosophy for fully overlapping protection zones utilising all NCITs shall continue in
the new system, however, much of the process bus as well as all of the station bus components
will be replaced. This solution does continue to incorporate manufacturers propriety
equipment in interfacing the NCITs at the process level but via MUs capable of IEC61850 SV
data compliance to allow connection with control and protection IEDs at the station level. The
first of the six sites has now been commissioned.

MARKET MATURITY

2.1

NCITs Development
Introduction of the IEC 61850-9-2 process bus standard and the incorporation of NCITs into
IEC 61869 are drivers for both technology and the market to move towards a digital interface
through NCITs to substation metering, protection and control IEDs. While many NCITs have
been developed, tested and are available commercially, others are still in the development
phase. Discussion of NCIT development and application follows.

2.1.1

Rogowski Coil Current Transformer

The Rogowski Coil has been in existence for more than 90 years and is similar to conventional
Current Transformers (CTs), without the iron core. The result is that saturation (due to nonlinear magnetizing behaviour) is avoided and transient behaviour is improved.
The CT is smaller in size and weight making it suitable for applications where space is at a
premium. However, an issue in the context of process bus application is the need for
electronics in proximity of the coil, required to convert the analogue signal into digital before
being transmitted. Powerlinks experience shows this electronics to have a high failure rate
due to environmental influences, with replacement likely to require HV plant outages.

2.1.2

Fibre Optic Current Transformer (FOCT)

Development of FOCTs has continued for more than 25 years. The device is based on the
Faraday Effect, which is the influence of the magnetic field created by the current, on light
passing around that current path. A linear polarised light wave is transmitted through a glass
block or a loop of fibre optic cable with the angle of polarisation change being proportional to
the strength of the magnetic field and correspondingly proportional to the current.
Typically FOCTs offer better accuracy, better transient response and a higher bandwidth as
well as being safer, lighter and smaller. With direct fibre connection between the FOCT and
the MU, there is little or no need for electronics at the primary interface.

2.1.3

Fibre Optic Voltage Transformer (FOVT)

The FOVT is still being developed as an alternative to the conventional Voltage Transformer
(VT), with current development concentrating on improving sensor applications as well as
proving performance and efficiency for their use in power systems.

2.1.4

Electronic Voltage Transformers (Capacitor Divider and Primary Electronics)

These VTs utilise a capacitive divider to measure voltage in combination with a primary
converter (an electronic device replacing the conventional transformer) to allow data
transmission to a MU via a fibre optical cable. Although these devices offer many advantages
such as low cost, harmonic capability, use in revenue metering and fibre optic communication,
this technology is still dependant on HV insulation, often SF6, resulting in a similar level of
monitoring and maintenance as conventional VTs. There is also the issue of electronics in an
outdoor environment, as discussed for the Rogowski coil.

2.2

IED and Merging Unit Development

IEC 61850-9-2LE has been implemented by various manufacturers, however Powerlinks
investigations have shown that not all manufacturers have implemented the standard correctly.
This prevents interoperability, suggesting that products need to mature further. Also the new
multi-part standard IEC 61869 has not yet been released in all its parts with the SAMU standard
scheduled for release in 2014. There are prototype merging units currently in service [8] capable

of accepting CT and VT analogue input signals and providing an IEC 61850 compliant digital
output transmission to IEDs.
In looking to implement a SV process bus, the lack of commercially available products,
particularly for MUs, is often a constraint. Western protection manufacturers are yet to bring a
MU for connection of conventional instrument transformers and switched Ethernet to market,
while China manufacturers have process bus product available but with sufficient home market
demand there is little promotion of their products in Australia.
A major impediment to the wide spread introduction of 9-2 process bus is the very limited
availability of SV subscribing revenue meters, phasor measurement units and transducers.

3
3.1

SETTING PROCESS BUS STRATEGIES

NCITs
There is an expectation that NCITs will be more reliable during their service-life compared to
conventional Instrument Transformers (ITs) and Powerlinks service experience supports that.
Given the advantages documented in this paper, combined with the knowledge gained through
the use of an FOCT in the pilot project at Braemar substation, Fibre Optic Instrument
Transformers seem a logical direction in the application of NCITs within Air Insulated
Switchgear (AIS) substations. Unfortunately, while FOCTs are a multi-vendor device, FOVTs
remain in early development with limited market availability, and therefore, in the interest of
taking small steps rather than embark on other electronic VT technologies, the continued use
of conventional VTs for the moment, appears reasonable.
The use of FOCTs alone will facilitate space savings to some degree, by the use of common
structures, but this saving will increase significantly in the future with the consolidation of
FOVT technology, FOCT/FOVT combinations and/or hybrid switchgear. Note that if market
development of FOVTs is slow and overtaken by the development of hybrid switchgear utilising
Electronic Current Transformers (ECTs) and Electronic Voltage Transformers (EVTs) in the
form of Rogowski coils for current and Capacitive Dividers for voltage, then an additional
interim strategy may be taken up. This change may require the environmental robustness and
quality of the primary electronics (Primary Converters) to improve.
Issues in applying NCIT technology to revenue metering still remain, particularly in terms of
whether separation from the control and protection sensor heads is required to ensure security as
well as a distinct lack of market availability in associated IEDs for digital revenue metering
applications in Australia. For this reason, initially, revenue metering will continue to be
provided through the use of conventional ITs (possibly conventional CT/VT metering units).

3.2

Merging Units
In the application of IEC 61850, MUs are an integral component of the process bus with their
distribution either within the switchyard environment or within the control building. With
respect to FOCTs, the MU is generally considered a proprietary component of the FOCT and
connected by fibre optic cable, with no real advantage of exposing these devices unnecessarily
within the switchyard environment, and Powerlinks experience to date with digital input MUs
supports this reasoning.
However, connection of analogue VT devices as well as connection of analogue CT devices in a
Brownfield application of IEC 61850 process bus, leads to choice of a SAMU (to be defined by
the IEC 61869 standard and discussed in 1.1 and 2.2 of this paper). These devices can accept
digital and analogue from different devices (mixed mode), however there is no clarity around
mixed mode solutions in the standards, resulting in some manufacturers achieving this within
the control and protection IEDs rather than SAMUs. In consideration of this, SAMU devices are

preferred at this point, in all analogue VT and CT applications of IEC 61850, and due to the
considerable savings in multi-core cabling costs, these devices are to be distributed within the
switchyard as close as possible to the associated HV Plant.

3.3

Level of Redundancy
With respect to the National Electricity Rules (NER), a compliant level of duplication of
protection systems is required, which will influence both process and station bus strategies. In
considering NCITs, this extends to primary sensor head, primary converter, transmission system
and secondary converter . As result, the ongoing strategy will be to duplicate sensor heads (or
multiple cores and dual windings in conventional current and voltage measurement
respectively), as well duplication of MU devices and the associated data/signal transmission
cabling (fibre or multi-core cable).
In terms of duplicate fibre optic sensors for CT applications, in line with long term convention,
it would be acceptable to contain the duplication within the same housing and on the same
structure. Should this solution not be available, it is of little consequence to have separate
housings on the same structure.
While the utilisation of embedded ECTs and EVTs within Dead Tank Circuit Breakers
(DTCBs), Hybrids and Gas Insulated Switchgear (GIS) may well be a future step (with
consideration of distributed CTs either side of the CB), Powerlinks focus is currently on its
conventional AIS standard, which is a CT on one side of a CB only. This philosophy will be
extended to NCIT solutions detailed in the next section of this paper. Should CT measurement
on both sides of the CB be required in the future, the strategy will be revised to suit this need.

ROLLING OUT PROCESS BUS

In the application of an IEC 61850 process bus, it is important to be able to adjust the strategy to
accommodate market changes and changes to the IEC 61850 suite of standards. With this in mind this
strategy targets intermediate steps in Greenfield and Brownfield applications while attempting to preempt the final solution (best described in a Greenfield application). Figure 2 indicates major decision
making areas in the targeted scenarios and the following sections expand on these scenarios.

AIS OPTONS (Powerlink)

Conventional/Non Conventional CT
Conventional/Non Conventional VT
Integrated/Stand alone CT and VT
Independent or use of other
structures
Single/duplicate CT and VT sensors
Separate/common sensors for
protection and revenue metering
Single/duplicate Primary Converter
Single/duplicate Secondary Converter
Single/duplicate transmission path
Time Synch network
Localised/distributed MUs
Single/duplicate MUs
SAMU/mixed mode MUs
Localised/distributed SAMUs
Single/duplicate SAMUs
Single/duplicate IED's
Digital/analogue IED inputs
Separate/integrated LAN's for
Process and Station Bus

FINAL
GREENFIELD
SOLUTION
ECT
EVT
Application dependant
Integrated into CB's
as applicable
Duplicate sensors
Common sensors
Duplicate
Duplicate
Duplicate fibre
To IEEE Std 1588
Control room
Duplicate
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Duplicate
Digital
Integrated LAN's

INTERMEDIATE SOLUTIONS
GREENFIELD BROWNFIELD BROWNFIELD
(new circuit)
(Secondary
System)
FOCT
Conventional VT
Stand alone
Use other
structures
Duplicate sensors
Conventional CT/
VT Metering Units
Duplicate
Duplicate
Duplicate fibre
To IEEE Std 1588
Control room
Duplicate
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Duplicate
Digital
Integrated LAN's

FOCT
Conventional VT
Stand alone
Use other
structures
Duplicate sensors
Conventional CT/
VT Metering Units
Duplicate
Duplicate
Duplicate fibre
To IEEE Std 1588
Control room
Duplicate
SAMU
Close to HV Plant
Duplicate
Duplicate
Digital
Separate LANs

Conventional CT
Conventional VT
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Conventional CT/
VT Metering Units
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Duplicate fibre
To IEEE Std 1588
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
SAMU
Close to HV Plant
Duplicate
Duplicate
Digital
Separate LANs

Figure 2 Setting strategies for IEC 61850 process bus

4.1

Greenfield sites
Greenfield application is clean in that integration with old systems has mostly been removed,
other than at remote feeder ends, resulting in possible protection IED replacements at those
sites. The strategy illustrated in Figure 3 considers a full 1 CB diameter with both process and
station bus compliance with IEC 61850. The protection is fully duplicated.

Figure 3 Greenfield process bus solution (1 CB)

The HV Plant is conventional except for FOCTs (duplicate sensor heads) at the current
measuring points. The FOCTs and associated MUs will be a proprietary system with the MUs
located within the control building and directly connected to the FOCT via fibre optic cable.
The outputs of the MU shall be IEC 61850-9-2 compliant to interface with protection and
control IEDs. The VTs shall be conventional with duplicate windings interfacing (via copper
connections), with SAMUs (close to the associated HV Plant). Connection from the SAMUs to
the IEDs within the control building will be via fibre optic cable. The SAMU will be an
independent device in that it may accept analogue inputs from multi vendor suppliers of
conventional VTs, with IEC 61850-9-2 compliant SV outputs.
To align with possible future HV Plant integration, the conventional bay VTs are physically
located adjacent to the FOCT. This is slightly different from a more standard configuration
where the VT is located on the line side of the Disconnector on the stub within the bay, and
this difference will be accounted for within the protection logic. The strategy although shown as
a 1 CB configuration, can equally be rolled out for other single bay, single CB configurations.

4.2
4.2.1

Brownfield
Diameter/Bay Replacements
In roll-out of any new standard there is an expectation that it would encompass new
augmentations to substations, but there will always be exceptions. In the short term, such

exceptions may dominate potential IEC 61850 roll-outs to Brownfield sites, in favour of
conventional means. However, a strategy is still essential in order to grow and ultimately gain
ascendency over conventional means.
With this in mind, such a strategy has been developed to allow augmentation of a new HV
circuit into an existing substation. This strategy is illustrated in Figure 4 in the completion of
an existing two Circuit Breaker 1 CB diameter (conventional ITs) with an additional third
CB and associated Plant, as well as an integrated process and station bus compliant with
IEC 61850. The protection is fully duplicated.

Figure 4 Brownfield process bus solution (partial augmentation 1 CB)

The augmentation will deploy conventional HV plant except for an FOCT (with duplicate
sensor heads and associated MUs), interfacing with conventional ITs via duplicated SAMUs
close to the associated HV plant. All paths from the FOCT and SAMUs will be duplicated
fibre optic cable. In alignment with the Greenfield solution, the conventional VT for the new
bay is physically adjacent to the FOCT to align with future HV plant integration. The
configuration shows analogue VT and CT (from the coupler bay) inputs into common SAMUs
and while acceptable under the standard, separate SAMUs for the coupler CT circuits may be
selected in the final solution, to achieve isolation.
This strategy although shown as a 1 CB configuration, can equally be rolled out for other
single bay, single CB configurations.
4.2.2

SAS Replacements
With SAS replacements within substations occurring, as a general rule, at least once during the
expected life of HV plant, rolling out an IEC 61850 solution for a Brownfield site
incorporating conventional HV plant becomes an important strategy, and most likely to be
consistently taken up by the organisation from the outset. This strategy is illustrated in Figure

5 showing an existing 1 CB configuration (conventional ITs) with an integrated process and

station bus compliant with IEC 61850. The protection is fully duplicated.

Figure 5 Brownfield process bus solution (SAS replacement for 1 CB)

Conventional HV Plant is assumed, in a standard configuration, with conventional IT
measuring circuits interfacing with duplicated SAMUs close to the associated HV Plant. All
paths from the SAMUs will be duplicated fibre optic cable. The configuration shows analogue
VT and CT (including the coupler bay CT) inputs into common SAMUs and while acceptable
under the standard, separate SAMUs for the coupler CT circuits may be selected in the final
solution, to achieve isolation.
This strategy although shown as a 1 CB configuration, can equally be rolled out for other
single bay, single CB configurations.
4.2.3

Individual HV Plant Replacements

There will often be isolated HV plant replacements within a transmission network, questioning
whether a strategy should be in place to allow replacement of a conventional CT with a FOCT.
As this would add considerable SAS work to the task, timing would not make it an option if
that circuit was critical to network security. Even when replacement is not critical with respect
to timing, cost implications may make it unacceptable. The secondary system modifications as
a minimum would include MUs and replacement protection relays (aligned with Figure 4), and
because of this, is not considered further in this paper.

FUTURE CONSIDERATIONS

Given that application of IEC 61850 is still evolving due to different market drivers and change to the
IEC 61850 suite of standards, it is a challenge for utilities to map the most likely architecture.
In the strategy outlined in this paper and in an attempt to pre-empt and adjust direction accordingly,
several likely developments (or product maturity) have already been mentioned, namely;
- Establishment of FOVT technology

NCIT combinations and/or integration within DTCBs, Hybrids and GIS

Application of NCIT technology to Revenue Metering, Power Quality measurement etc.
Mixed mode MUs to accept digital/analogue from different devices/manufacturers.

With only protection and control considered in the strategy documented, a further development likely
is the integration of HV plant functions into the process bus data stream (e.g. status and on-line
monitoring).
The advantages of NCITs and IEC 61850 process bus implementation in the primary area of HV
substations have been documented in this paper, and these include safety, cost, reliability, environment
and space saving. Of these advantages, space savings largely depend on market direction in the
development of HV plant (e.g. NCIT combinations and/or integration within DTCBs, Hybrids and
GIS). While reduced AIS substation footprints are evident in many installations around the world
(among them being Powerlinks implementation of intelligent hybrid switchgear), such examples are
often one off sites or the implementation of one manufacturers product at multiple sites. For
sustainable primary applications, in order to maximise space saving opportunities, market focus and
multi vendor options are essential.
One consequence of primary plant development in the hybrid context, accelerated by NCITs, could
see a reduction of primary components (namely Disconnectors). This does venture into organisational
operation and maintenance philosophies and is outside process bus drivers, but further space savings
in an AIS environment may lay with change in that direction.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. IEC 61850-8-1 2004, Communication networks and systems in substations Part 8-1:
Specific communication service mapping (SCSM) Mappings to MMS (ISO 9506-1 and ISO
9506-2) and to ISO/IEC 8802-3, IEC 61 850-8-1:2004(E), First Edition, May 2004.
2. IEC 61850-9-2 2004, Communication Networks and Systems in Substations Part 9-2:
Specific Communication System mapping (SCSM) Sampled Values Over ISO/IEC 802-3,
First Edition, May 2005.
3. IEC 60044-8 2002, Instrument transformers Part 8: Electronic current transformers, First
Edition, July 2002.
4. UCAIug. (2004), Implementation guideline for digital interface to instrument transformers
using IEC 61850-9-2. UCA International Users Group. Raleigh, NC, USA. [Online].
Available: http://tc57wg10.info/downloads/digifspec92ler21040707cb.pdf
5. IEC 61588 (IEEE 1588-2002), dual logo standard, Precision clock synchronization protocol
for networked measurement and control systems, September 2004.
6. Cigr Australia Panel B5, SEAPAC Conference 2009: An IEC 61850 Process Bus Solution for
Powerlink's iPASS Substation Refurbishment Project, Pascal Schaub & Anthony Kenwrick Powerlink Queensland, March 2009.
7. Cigr Australia Panel B5, SEAPAC Conference 2011 Test and Evaluation of Non
Conventional Instrument Transformers and Sampled Value Process Bus on Powerlinks
Transmission Network, Pascal Schaub, John Haywood, David Ingram, Anthony Kenwrick &
Geoff Dusha - Powerlink Queensland, March 2011.

8. IEEE Bucharest Power Tech Conference 2009 Reducing Conventional Copper Signalling in
High Voltage Substations with IEC 61850 Process Bus System, D Mc Ginn, M Adamiak, M
Goraj, J Cardenas - GE Digital Energy

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