Professional Documents
Culture Documents
FUTURE WORD
SUBMITTED IN FULLFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT OF BACHELOR OF
ENGINEERING
SUBMITTED BY,
ABBASI MOHAMMED RIZWAN
ANSARI ARSALAN
ROLL NO: 01
ROLL NO:
06
AWADHUT BHANDARE
AVINASH GAIKWAD
28
GUIDED BY
YUGANDHARA CHOUDHARY
HEAD OF DEPARTMENT
S.S.SANE
MUMBAI UNIVERSITY
1 | Page
ROLL NO: 10
ROLL NO:
2015-2016
CERTIFICATE
ROLL NO: 01
ROLL NO:
06
AWADHUT BHANDARE
AVINASH GAIKWAD
ROLL NO: 10
ROLL NO:
28
..
PROJECT GUIDE
(Miss Yugandhara chaudhary)
(Miss Sharwari Sane)
2 | Page
HOD. (Elect)
EXTEANALEXAMINER
PRINCIPAL
( Mr.Prafu
l Jawanjal)
PREFACE
We take an opportunity to present this project report on
Microcontroller based bottle separating process and put before
readers some useful information regarding our project.
We have made sincere attempts and taken every care to present
this manner in precise and compact form, the language is being as simple as
possible.
We are sure that the information contained in this volume would
certainly prove useful for better insight in the dimension of this project in its
true perspective.
The task of completion of the project through being difficult was
made simple, interesting and successful due to deep involvement and
complete dedication of our group Leader.
3 | Page
Acknowledgement
4 | Page
Abstract
circuits.
This
concept
will
be
implemented
in
large
take place where a pack station is used, making it easier on manual labor to
grab and pack the product as necessary.
INDEX
SR.NO
PAGE NO
TITLE NAME
Preface
03
Acknowledgement
04
Abstract
3
05
4
Chapter 1
08
-Introduction
08
-History
10
6 | Page
Chapter 2
11
-Working Principle
11
-Construction
13
- Microcontroller- 89S51
14
- Voltage regulator -7805
22
- 230v to 12v step down
24
transformer
- Inductive sensor
25
- IR Sensor
27
- Relay Driver
31
- LCD Display
32
- Power Supply
34
6
Chapter 3
39
-Operation
39
-Advantages, Disadvantages,
40
Applications.
Chapter 4
41
-List of Component
41
7 | Page
Chapter 5
49
-program
49
10
Chapter
51
-Future
Expansion
51
11
Chapter
57
-Conclusion
57
12
-Reference
58
8 | Page
Chapter 1
Introduction
term automation,
inspired
by
the
earlier
from automaton), was not widely used before 1947, when General Motors
established an automation department. It was during this time that industry
was rapidly adopting feedback controllers, which were introduced in the
1930s.
Automation has been achieved by various means including mechanical,
hydraulic, pneumatic, electrical, electronic devices and computers, usually in
combination. Complicated systems, such as modern factories, airplanes and
ships typically use all these combined techniques
10 | P a g e
History
The first single chip microcontroller was the 4 bit Intel 4004 released in
1971, with other more capable processors available over the next several
years. These, however all required external chips to implement a working
system, raising total system cost, and making it possible to economically
computerize appliances.
The first computer system on a chip optimized for control applicationmicro controllers was the Intel 8048 Released in 1976, the both RAM and
ROM on the same chip. This chip would find its way into over one Billion PC
keyboards, and other numerous applications.
Most Microcontrollers at this time had two variants. One had an
erasable EEPROM programmer memory, Which Was significantly more
expensive than the PROM variant which was only programmable once.
The Evolution of microcontrollers has undergone a significant change
since 1070s. The Development table of microcontrollers is given below:
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Chapter 2
Working Principle
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Construction
Major equipments:1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
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Microcontroller- 89S51
Voltage regulator -7805
230v to 12v step down transformer
Inductive sensor
IR Sensor
Relay Driver
LCD Display
Power Supply
MICROCONTROLLER 89S51
The main purpose of using this microcontroller is that it has Skilo bytes of
internal flash memory and it can be programmed thousand times. It needs 5
volt to program & function.
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Port 2
Port 2 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 2
output buffers can
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Sink/ source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 2 pins, they are
pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port
2 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of
the internal pull-ups. Port 2 emits the high-order address byte during fetches
from external program memory and during accesses to external data
memory that use 16-bit addresses (MOVX @ DPTR). In this application, Port 2
uses strong internal pull-ups when emitting 1s. During accesses to external
data memory that uses 8-bit addresses (MOVX @ RI), Port 2 emits the
contents of the P2 Special Function Register. Port 2 also receives the highorder address bits and some control signals during Flash programming and
verification.
Port 3
Port 3 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 3
output buffers can
Sink/ source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 3 pins, they are
pulled high by the interPort Pin Alternate Functions
P1.5 MOSI (used for In-System Programming)
P1.6 MISO (used for In-System Programming)
P1.7 SCK (used for In-System Programming)
nal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 3 pins that are
externally being pulled low
Will source current (IIL) because of the pull-ups.
Port 3 receives some control signals for Flash programming and verification.
Port 3 also serves the functions of various special features of the AT89S51, as
shown in the following
Table.
19 | P a g e
RST
Reset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is
running resets
The device. This pin drives High for 98 oscillator periods after the Watchdog
times out. The DISRTO bit in SFR AUXR (address 8EH) can be used to disable
this feature. In the default state of bit DISRTO, the RESET HIGH out feature is
enabled.
4.8 ALE/PROG
Address Latch Enable (ALE) is an output pulse for latching the low byte of the
address during
Accesses to external memory. This pin is also the program pulse input
(PROG) during Flash
Programming. In normal operation, ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6
the oscillator frequency and may be used for external timing or clocking
purposes. Note, however, that one ALE pulse is skipped during each access
to external data memory. If desired, ALE operation can be disabled by setting
bit 0 of SFR location 8EH. With the bit set, ALE is active only during a MOVX
or MOVC instruction. Otherwise, the pin is weakly pulled high. Setting the
ALE-disable bit has no effect if the microcontroller is in external execution
mode.
PSEN
20 | P a g e
Program Store Enable (PSEN) is the read strobe to external program memory.
When the AT89S51 is executing code from external program memory, PSEN
is activated twice
Each machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations are skipped during
each access to external data memory.
EA/VPP
External Access Enable. EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the
device to fetch
Code from external program memory locations starting at 0000H up to
FFFFH. Note, however,
That if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be internally latched on reset.
EA should be strapped to VCC for internal program executions.
This pin also receives the 12-volt programming enable voltage (VPP) during
Flash programming.
XTAL1
Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock
operating circuit.
XTAL2
Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier
11. Oscillator Characteristics
XTAL1 and XTAL2 are the input and output, respectively, of an inverting
amplifier that can be
Configured for use as an on-chip oscillator, as shown in Figure 11-1. Either a
quartz crystal or
Ceramic resonator may be used. To drive the device from an external clock
source, XTAL2
Should be left unconnected while XTAL1 is driven, as shown in Figure 11-2.
There are no
21 | P a g e
Requirements on the duty cycle of the external clock signal, since the input
to the internal clocking Circuitry is through a divide-by-two flip-flop, but
minimum and maximum voltage high and low
Time specifications must be observed.
Figure 11-1. Oscillator Connections
Note: C1, C2 = 30 pF 10 pF for Crystals
= 40 pF 10 pF for Ceramic Resonators
C2
XTAL2
GND
XTAL1
C1
Basic Reset Ckt.
For 89c51 and 89s51
6. Memory Organization
MCS-51 devices have a separate address space for Program and Data
Memory. Up to 64K
bytes each of external Program and Data Memory can be addressed.
6.1 Program Memory
If the EA pin is connected to GND, all program fetches are directed to
external memory.
On the AT89S51, if EA is connected to VCC, program fetches to addresses
0000H through FFFH are directed to internal memory and fetches to
addresses 1000H through FFFFH are directed to external memory.
22 | P a g e
2. Set RST to L.
3. Turn VCC power off.
Data Polling: The Data Polling feature is also available in the serial mode. In
this mode, during A write cycle an attempted read of the last byte written
will result in the complement of the MSB Of the serial output byte on MISO.
General Description
The LM78XX series of three terminal regulators is available with
several fixed output voltages making them useful in a wide range of
applications. One of these is local on card regulation, eliminating the
distribution problems associated with single point regulation. The voltages
available allow these regulators to be used in logic systems, instrumentation,
HiFi, and other solid-state electronic equipment. Although designed primarily
as fixed voltage regulators these devices can be used with external
components to obtain adjustable voltages and currents. The LM78XX series
is available in an aluminumTO-3 package, which will allow over 1.0A load
25 | P a g e
Voltage Range
LM7805C 5V
LM7812C 12V
LM7815C 15V
26 | P a g e
In our project we require power supply of 5V. From the mains supply we get
230V, 50 Hz. So to convert that configuration into the required configuration
we need to use following circuits with signal conditioners:
INDUCTIVE SENSORS
27 | P a g e
not the switch is normally open or normally closed. Switch repeatability and
maximum switching frequency are important parameters to consider. The
switch may be a NAMUR type switch, a specialized switch for switching a
resistive load. Requires an external amplifier.
Other important parameters to consider when specifying inductive proximity
sensors include power requirements, housing materials, dimensions, special
features, and environmental operating conditions.
|
HOME
Proximity Sensors
- Proximity Sensors Overview
-Capacitive Proximity Sensors
-InductiveProximitySensor
-Magnetic Proximity Sensors
29 | P a g e
IR Sensor
The photo depicts the schematics for an infrared sensor which allows you to
detect an object's distance from the robot. The big picture problem is attach
this infrared sensor on both wings of the aerial robot. Attaching these
sensors on the wing tips will help the robot navigate through the halls of any
building.. This tutorial shows you how to construct and test one infrared
sensor and takes approximately 3 hours to complete.
Principle of operation of the I.R. L.E.D. and Phototransistor:A Photodiode is a p-n junction or p-i-n structure. When an infrared photon of
sufficient energy strikes the diode, it excites an electron thereby creating a
mobile electron and a positively charged electron hole. If the absorption
occurs in the junction's depletion region, or one diffusion length away from it,
these carriers are swept from the junction by the built-in field of the
30 | P a g e
depletion
layer
(therefore
expanding
the
reaction
volume)
and
POSITIONING OF SENSORS:31 | P a g e
32 | P a g e
EMITTER
33 | P a g e
The
generalized
microcontroller
34 | P a g e
connection
is
diagram
of
Sensor
shown
Interfacing
with
below:-
The eight NPN Darlington connected transistors in this family of arrays are
ideally suited for interfacing between low logic level digital circuitry (such as
TTL, CMOS or PMOS/NMOS) and the higher current/voltage requirements of
lamps, relays, printer hammers or other similar loads for a broad range of
computer, industrial, and consumer applications. All devices feature open
collector outputs and freewheeling clamp diodes for transient suppression.
The ULN2803 is designed to be compatible with standard TTL families while
the ULN2804 is optimized for 6 to 15 volt high level CMOS or PMOS.
Features
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
LCD Display
DISPLAY:
Various display device such as seven segment display. LCD display,
etc can be interfaced with microcontroller to read the output directly. In our
project we use a two line LCD display with 16 characters each.
LCD
Liquid crystal Display (LCD) displays temperature of the measured
element, which is calculated by the microcontroller. CMOS technology makes
35 | P a g e
the device ideal for application in hand held, portable and other battery
instruction with low power consumption.
GENERAL SPECIFICATION:
Drive method: 1/16 duty cycle
Display size: 16 character * 2 lines
Character structure: 5*8 dots.
Display data RAM: 80 characters (80*8 bits)
Pin Configuration
JP1/JP14 Pins 1 8
Pin1
Pin2
Pin3
Pin4
Pin5
Pin6
Pin7
36 | P a g e
Description
Ground
VCC (+5)
Contrast
Data/Command (R/S)
Read/Write (W)
Enable (E1)
D0 (Not Used)
Description
D2 (Not Used)
D3 (Not Used)
D4
D5
D6
D7
VCC (LEDSV+)
Pin8
D1 (Not Used)
Pin16
Ground
Keyboard Code
ASCII or Decimal
value
0-7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
**
19
20
21
22
23
**
22 255
Power supply design:Power supply is the first and the most important part of our project. For
our project we require +5V regulated power supply with maximum current
rating 500Ma.
Following basic building blocks are required to generate regulated
power supply.
Filter
Ckt.
Rectifier Unit:Rectifier unit is a ckt. which converts A.C. into pulsating D.C. Generally
semi-conducting diode is used as rectifying element due to its property of
conducting current in one direction only. Generally there are two types of
rectifier.
1) Half wave rectifier
2) Full wave rectifier.
In half wave rectifier only half cycle of mains A.C. is rectified so its
efficiency is very poor. So we use full wave bridge type rectifier, in which four
diodes are used. In each half cycle, two diodes conduct at a time and we get
maximum efficiency at o/p.
Following are the main advantages and disadvantages of a full-wave
bridge type rectifier ckt.
Advantages:
Disadvantages:
1) It requires four diodes.
2) As during each half cycle of A.C. input, two diodes are
conducting therefore voltage drop in internal resistance of
rectifying unit will be twice as compared to center tap circuit.
38 | P a g e
Filter Circuit :Generally a rectifier is required to produce pure D.C. supply for using at
various places in the electronic circuit. However, the o/p of rectifier has
pulsating character i.e. if such a D.C. is applied to electronic circuit it will
produce a hum i.e. it will contain A.C. and D.C. components. The A.C.
components are undesirable and must be kept away from the load. To do so
a filter circuit is used which removes (or filters out) the A.C. components
reaching the load. Obviously a filter circuit is installed between rectifier and
voltage regulator. In our project we use capacitor filter because of its low
cost, small size and little weight and good characteristic. Capacitors are
connected in parallel to the rectifier o/p because it passes A.C. but does not
pass D.C. at all.
2) Operating Voltage.
3) Frequency Range.
4)Efficiency and Regulation.
Size of core;Size of core is one of the first considerations in regard of weight and
volume of transformer. This depends on type of core and winding
configuration used. Generally following formula is used to find area or size of
core.
Ai
Ai
P1
P1
----------0.87
In transformer
P1 = P2
For our project we required +5V regulated output. So transformer
secondary rating is 12V, 500mA.
So secondary power wattage is,
P2
= 12 x 500 x 10-3 w.
= 6w.
6
So
Ai
=
0.87
= 2.62
Generally 10% of area should be added to core to accommodate all
turns for low Iron losses and compact size.
So
Ai
= 2.88.
40 | P a g e
Following table gives the value of turns per volt for 50 Hz frequency.
Flux density Wb/m2
Turns per volt
1.14
40/Ai
1.01
45/Ai
0.91
50/Ai
0.83
55/Ai
0.76
60/Ai
= 50 / Ai
50
=
2.88
17
= 220 x 17 = 3800.
= 12 x 17 = 204.
Wire size:As stated above size depends upon the current to be carried out by the
winding, which depends upon current density of 3.1 A/mm2. For less copper
losses 1.6 A/mm2 or 2.4 A/mm2 may be used. Generally even size gauge of
wire are used.
Rectifier Design:-
41 | P a g e
2 Vm
---------
2 x 16.97
----------------------
= 10.80 V
PIV rating of each diode is
PIV
= 2 Vm.
= 2 x 16.97
= 34 V
& maximum forward current which flow from each diode is 500mA.
So from above parameter we select diode IN 4007 from diode selection
manual.
1
-----------------------------43 x 0.1 x 50 x 28
= 1030 f
1000 f.
And voltage rating of filter capacitor is double of Vdc i.e. rectifier
o/p which is 20V. So we choose 1000 f / 25V filter capacitor.
Chapter 3
Operation
42 | P a g e
Advantages:-
43 | P a g e
1)
2)
3)
4)
Disadvantage:1) It does not provide more functions as other system are providing
over controlling (PLC based systems).
2) The system is less secured.
Chapter 4
List Of Components
44 | P a g e
Voltage Regulator
Product Image
Item Name-
Price
Price - Rs.15.00
Price - Rs.5.00
78L05 - 5V regulator
This 7805 is an 5V 100mA regulator in TO92 package. 78 L 05 'L' stands for
low power. useful in low power application.
Price - Rs.45.00
Price - Rs.25.00
Price - Rs.25.00
LED Diodes
Product Image
45 | P a g e
Item Name-
Price
GLCD 128x64
Price - Rs.900.00
IC Base
46 | P a g e
Product Image
20 Pin IC Base
40 Pin IC Base
Transistor
47 | P a g e
Price
Price - Rs.8.00
Price - Rs.10.00
Price - Rs.14.00
Price - Rs.20.00
Price - Rs.65.00
Price - Rs.90.00
48 | P a g e
Product Image
Item Name-
Price
BC547 Transistor .
Price - Rs.8.00
BC557 Transistor
Price - Rs.8.00
BC549 Transistor
Price - Rs.8.00
Price - Rs.10.00
IRFZ44 mosfet
Price - Rs.20.00
ICS
Product Image
IC-555
Price - Rs.10.00
49 | P a g e
Item Name-
IC -HT12E & D
Price - Rs.90.00
Price
IC- ULN2803
Price - Rs.30.00
IC-MAX232
Price - Rs.35.00
IC-LM324
Price - Rs.25.00
IC-CD4047
Price - Rs.20.00
IC-DTMF8870D
Price - Rs.85.00
IC-CD4047
Price - Rs.20.00
IC-ADC0808
Price - Rs.100.00
IC-7414
Price - Rs.25.00
IC-L293D
Price - Rs.60.00
MICROCONTROLLER
Product Image
50 | P a g e
Item Name-
Price
MICROCONTROLLER
89S51
Price - Rs.85.00
MICROCONTROLLER
AVR8535
Price - Rs.150.00
MICROCONTROLLER
AVR16
Price - Rs.170.00
MICROCONTROLLER
ARM7-LPC2148SMD64PIN
Price - Rs.700.00
MICROCONTROLLER
PIC-16F877A
Price - Rs.160.00
Motors
Product Image
51 | P a g e
Item Name-
Price
Price - Rs.250.00
Price - Rs.500.00
Price - Rs.850.00
Price - Rs.250.00
Price - Rs.50.00
Price - Rs.20.00
3v vibration Motor
Product Image
52 | P a g e
Item Name-
Price
Price - Rs.80.00
Price - Rs.70.00
Price - Rs.50.00
Price - Rs.50.00
Price - Rs.50.00
Price - Rs.40.00
Chapter 5
Program
53 | P a g e
Dim A As Byte
Dim C As Byte
P1 = 255
P2 = 0
Cls
Lcd " SES GOI FOE"
Wait 2
Cls
Lcd "Guided By:Prof. "
Lowerline
Lcd "Yugandhara C."
Wait 2
Cls
Lcd " Metal Bottle"
Lowerline
Lcd " Seperator "
Wait 2
Do
Cls
Lcd "Metal: " ; Not P1.0
Lowerline
Lcd "Count:" ; C
P2.0 = 1
P2.1 = 0
If P1.0 = 0 Then
Waitms 250
Waitms 250
54 | P a g e
Waitms 250
P2.0 = 0
P2.1 = 1
Waitms 250
P2.1 = 0
C=C+1
Wait 1
End If
Waitms 100
Loop
Chapter 6
Future expansion
55 | P a g e
SENSOR / MODULE
56 | P a g e
Product Image
Item Name-
Price
Price - Rs.250.00
Price - Rs.65.00
Price - Rs.95.00
Price - Rs.350.00
PIR sensor
Price - Rs.150.00
Switches
Product Image
57 | P a g e
Item Name-
Price
Relay
58 | P a g e
Price - Rs.8.00
Price - Rs.10.00
Price - Rs.25.00
Price - Rs.20.00
Price - Rs.15.00
Price - Rs.20.00
Product Image
Item Name-
230v/9v Transformer
230v/12v Transformer
Connector
59 | P a g e
Price
Price - Rs.45.00
Price - Rs.75.00
Price - Rs.120.00
Price - Rs.20.00
Product Image
Item Name-
Price
Price - Rs.12.00
Price - Rs.18.00
Price - Rs.20.00
Price - Rs.25.00
Mount Connector
Price - Rs.18.00
Price - Rs.6.00
MIX
Product Image
60 | P a g e
Item Name-
Price
Price - Rs.40.00
Price - Rs.140.00
Copper wire
Gauges 1 to 36
Price - Rs.1200.00
Per kg/-
Price - Rs.30.00
Price - Rs.50.00
Price - Rs.40.00
Chapter 7
61 | P a g e
Conclusion
NEGLECTING THE COST ISSUE THE PROJECT CAN BE STEPPING STONE
TOWORD THE FIELD OF AUTOMATION SO THE AOST IS NOT
EXPENDITURE BUT IT IS AN INVESTMENT WHICH CAN LEAD OUR
COUNTRY TO BRIGHT FUTURE. IT WILL MAKE US STAND IN THE ERA OF
AUTOMATION.
References
Websites:62 | P a g e
www.google.com
www.wikipedia.com
www.engineersgarage.com
Books:-
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