Lecture 15.

Phase Diagrams (2)

Learning Objectives
After this lecture, you should be able to do the following:

1. Understand and describe binary eutectic systems.

2. Understand and describe the ironiron carbide phase diagram.

Reading

Chapter 9: Phase Diagrams (9.119.20)

Multimedia

Virtual Materials Science & Engineering (VMSE):

http://www.wiley.com/college/callister/CL_EWSTU01031_S/vmse/

MSE 3300 / 5300 UTA Spring 2015

Lecture 15 - 1

1. Binary Eutectic Systems

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Lecture 15 - 2

Binary Isomorphous Systems

Binary Isomorphous Systems: coppernickel system

Isomorphous: the complete liquid and solid solubility of the two components

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Lecture 15 - 3

Binary-Eutectic Systems
has a special composition
with a min. melting T.

2 components

Cu-Ag
system

T(C)

Ex.: Cu-Ag system

1200

3 single phase regions

L (liquid)
1000
(L, , )
L + 779C
Limited solubility:
L+
800
T
: mostly Cu
8.0
71.9 91.2
E
: mostly Ag
600
TE : No liquid below TE

400
CE : Composition at
temperature TE
200
Eutectic reaction

L(CE)

cooling
heating

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20

40

60 CE 80

100

C, wt% Ag

(CE) + (CE)
Lecture 15 - 4

Lead-Tin Phase Diagram

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Lecture 15 - 5

EX 1: Pb-Sn Eutectic System

For a 40 wt% Sn-60 wt% Pb alloy at 150C, determine:
-- the phases present
Answer: +
-- the phase compositions
Answer: C = 11 wt% Sn
C = 99 wt% Sn

-- the relative amount

of each phase

Answer:
C - C0
S
=
W =
R+S
C - C
59
99 - 40
=
= 0.67
88
99 - 11
C0 - C
R
W =
=
C - C
R+S
40 - 11
29
=
= 0.33
=
99 Spring
- 11 2015 88
MSE 3300 / 5300 UTA
=

Pb-Sn
system

T(C)
300

200
150
100

L (liquid)

L+
18.3

183C

61.9

L+
97.8

S
+

0 11 20
C

40
C0

60

80

C, wt% Sn

99100
C

Lecture 15 - 6

EX 2: Pb-Sn Eutectic System

For a 40 wt% Sn-60 wt% Pb alloy at 220C, determine:
-- the phases present:
Answer: + L
-- the phase compositions
Answer: C = 17 wt% Sn
CL = 46 wt% Sn

-- the relative amount

of each phase

Pb-Sn
system

T(C)
300

L+

220
200

L (liquid)
L+

S
183C

Answer:
CL - C0
46 - 40
=
W =
CL - C
46 - 17
6
=
= 0.21
29

100

+
0

17 20
C

40 46 60
C0 CL

100

80

C, wt% Sn

23
C0 - C
=
= 0.79
WL =
29
CL - C
MSE 3300 / 5300 UTA Spring 2015

Lecture 15 - 7

Microstructural Developments
in Eutectic Systems I
For alloys for which
C0 < 2 wt% Sn
Result: at room temperature
-- polycrystalline with grains of
phase having
composition C0

T(C)
400

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300

200

TE
100

Fig. 9.11, Callister &

Rethwisch 9e.

L: C0 wt% Sn

L+

: C0 wt% Sn

(Pb-Sn
System)

0
10
20
30
C0
C, wt% Sn
2
(room T solubility limit)
Lecture 15 - 8

Microstructural Developments
in Eutectic Systems II
L: C0 wt% Sn

T(C)

For alloys for which

400
2 wt% Sn < C0 < 18.3 wt% Sn
Result:
at temperatures in + range 300
-- polycrystalline with grains
and small -phase particles 200

L
L

L +

TE

: C0 wt% Sn

100

Fig. 9.12, Callister &

Rethwisch 9e.

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+
0

10

20

Pb-Sn
system
30

C0
C, wt%
2
(sol. limit at T room )
18.3
(sol. limit at TE)

Sn
Lecture 15 - 9

Microstructural Developments
in Eutectic Systems III
For alloy of composition C0 = CE
Result: Eutectic microstructure (lamellar structure)
-- alternating layers (lamellae) of and phases.

T(C)
L: C0 wt% Sn

300

Pb-Sn
system

200

L+

100

183C

TE

20
18.3

Fig. 9.13, Callister &

Rethwisch
9e. Spring 2015
MSE 3300
/ 5300 UTA

40

Micrograph of Pb-Sn
eutectic
microstructure

: 97.8 wt% Sn
: 18.3 wt%Sn

60
CE
61.9

80

100
97.8

C, wt% Sn

160 m
This microstructure consists of
alternating layers of a lead rich
-phase solid solution (dark
layers), and a tin-rich -phase
solid solution (light layers).
Lecture 15 - 10

Lamellar Eutectic Structure

Figs. 9.14 & 9.15, Callister & Rethwisch 9e.

(Fig. 9.14 from Metals Handbook, 9th edition, Vol. 9,
Metallography and Microstructures, 1985. Reproduced by
permission of ASM International, Materials Park, OH.)

MSE 3300 / 5300 UTA Spring 2015

Lecture 15 - 11

Microstructural Developments
in Eutectic Systems IV
For alloys for which 18.3 wt% Sn < C0 < 61.9 wt% Sn
Result: phase particles and a eutectic microconstituent
T(C)

L: C0 wt% Sn
L

300

Pb-Sn
system

L+

200

TE

L+

20
18.3

CL = 61.9 wt% Sn
W = S = 0.50
R+S
WL = (1- W ) = 0.50
C = 18.3 wt% Sn

primary
eutectic
eutectic

C = 18.3 wt% Sn

Just below TE :

100

Just above TE :

40

Fig. 9.16, Callister &

Rethwisch 9e.
MSE 3300 / 5300 UTA Spring 2015

60
61.9

80

C, wt% Sn

100
97.8

C = 97.8 wt% Sn
W = S = 0.73
R+S
W = 0.27
Lecture 15 - 12

Hypoeutectic & Hypereutectic

300

T(C)
Fig. 9.8, Callister & Rethwisch 9e.
[Adapted from Binary Alloy Phase
Diagrams, 2nd edition, Vol. 3, T. B.
Massalski (Editor-in-Chief), 1990.
Reprinted by permission of ASM
International, Materials Park, OH.]

200

L+

L+

TE

+
100

20

40

hypoeutectic: C0 = 50 wt% Sn
(Figs. 9.14 and 9.17 from
Metals Handbook, 9th ed.,
Vol. 9, Metallography and
Microstructures, 1985.
Reproduced by permission
of ASM International,
Materials Park, OH.)

(Pb-Sn
System)

60

80

eutectic
61.9

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hypereutectic: (illustration only)

Fig. 9.17, Callister &

Rethwisch 9e.

C, wt% Sn

eutectic: C0 = 61.9 wt% Sn

175 m

100

160 m
eutectic micro-constituent
Fig. 9.14, Callister &
Rethwisch 9e.

Adapted from Fig. 9.17,

Callister & Rethwisch 9e.
(Illustration only)
Lecture 15 - 13

2. IronCarbon System:
IronIron Carbide (FeFe3C)
BCC

FCC

BCC

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Lecture 15 - 14

Iron-Carbon (Fe-C) Phase Diagram

L + Fe3C

- Eutectoid (B):
+ Fe3C

T(C)

Eutectic reaction

1600

1400
1200

+L

(austenite)

1000
800

120 m

Result: Pearlite = alternating

layers of and Fe3C phases
Fig. 9.27, Callister & Rethwisch 9e.
(From Metals Handbook, Vol. 9, 9th ed.,
Metallography and Microstructures, 1985.
Reproduced by permission of ASM
MSE International,
3300 / 5300Materials
UTA Spring
2015
Park, OH.)

L+Fe3C

+Fe3C

727C = T
eutectoid

600
400
0
(Fe)

1148C

Fe3C (cementite)

2 important
points
- Eutectic (A):

+Fe3C
1

0.76

4.30

6.7

C, wt% C

Fe3C (cementite-hard)
Eutectoid reaction (ferrite-soft)
Lecture 15 - 15

Hypoeutectoid (less than

T(C) eutectodi Steel)
1600

1200

+L

(austenite)

1000

+ Fe3C

800

727C

600

400
0
(Fe)C0
pearlite

+ Fe3C
1
0.76

L+Fe3C

1148C

6.7

MSE 3300 / 5300 UTA Spring 2015

Adapted from Figs. 9.24

and 9.29, Callister &
Rethwisch 9e.
[Figure 9.24 adapted from
Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams,
2nd edition, Vol. 1, T. B.
Massalski (Editor-in-Chief),
1990. Reprinted by permission
of ASM International, Materials
Park, OH.]

C, wt% C

100 m

pearlite

(Fe-C
System)

Fe3C (cementite)

1400

Hypoeutectoid
steel

proeutectoid ferrite
Lecture 15 - 16

Hypoeutectoid Steel

T(C)

1600

+L

1200
(austenite)
1000

+ Fe3C

W = s/(r + s)
800 r s
W =(1 - W)
600

pearlite

Wpearlite = W

727C

RS

400
0
(Fe)C0

+ Fe3C
1
0.76

L+Fe3C

1148C

W = S/(R + S)
WFe3C =(1 W)
pearlite

Adapted from Figs. 9.24

and 9.29, Callister &
Rethwisch 9e.
[Figure 9.24 adapted from
Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams,
2nd edition, Vol. 1, T. B.
Massalski (Editor-in-Chief),
1990. Reprinted by permission
of ASM International, Materials
Park, OH.]

6.7

C, wt% C

100 m Hypoeutectoid
steel

proeutectoid ferrite
Adapted from Fig. 9.30, Callister & Rethwisch 9e.

MSE 3300 / 5300 UTA Spring 2015

(Fe-C
System)

Fe3C (cementite)

1400

(Photomicrograph courtesy of Republic Steel Corporation.)

Lecture 15 - 17

Hypereutectoid Steel

T(C)

1600

Fe3C

+L

1200
(austenite)

1000

800

727C

600
400
0
(Fe)C0
pearlite

L+Fe3C

1148C

+ Fe3C

+ Fe3C
0.76

1 C0

(Fe-C
System)

Fe3C (cementite)

1400

Adapted from Figs. 9.24

and 9.32, Callister &
Rethwisch 9e.
[Figure 9.24 adapted from
Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams,
2nd edition, Vol. 1, T. B.
Massalski (Editor-in-Chief),
1990. Reprinted by permission
of ASM International, Materials
Park, OH.]

6.7

C, wt% C

60 mHypereutectoid
steel

pearlite
MSE 3300 / 5300 UTA Spring 2015

proeutectoid Fe3C

Adapted from Fig. 9.33, Callister & Rethwisch 9e.

(Copyright 1971 by United States Steel Corporation.)

Lecture 15 - 18

Hypereutectoid Steel

T(C)

1600

W =x/(v + x)
WFe3C =(1-W)

+ Fe3C
v x

800

V
600

pearlite
400
0
(Fe)C0

Wpearlite = W

3C

=(1 - W)

727C

X
1 C0

W = X/(V + X)
WFe

L+Fe3C

1148C

1000

0.76

Fe3C

+L

1200
(austenite)

+ Fe3C
2

(Fe-C
System)

Fe3C (cementite)

1400

Adapted from Figs. 9.24

and 9.32, Callister &
Rethwisch 9e.
[Figure 9.24 adapted from
Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams,
2nd edition, Vol. 1, T. B.
Massalski (Editor-in-Chief),
1990. Reprinted by permission
of ASM International, Materials
Park, OH.]

6.7

C, wt% C

60 mHypereutectoid
steel

pearlite

proeutectoid Fe3C

Adapted from Fig. 9.33, Callister & Rethwisch 9e.

MSE 3300 / 5300 UTA Spring 2015

(Copyright 1971 by United States Steel Corporation.)

Lecture 15 - 19

Example Problem
For a 99.6 wt% Fe-0.40 wt% C steel at a
temperature just below the eutectoid,
determine the following:
a) The compositions of Fe3C and ferrite ().
b) The amount of cementite (in grams) that
forms in 100 g of steel.
c) The amounts of pearlite and proeutectoid
ferrite () in the 100 g.

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Lecture 15 - 20

Solution to Example Problem

a) Using the RS tie line just below the eutectoid
C = 0.022 wt% C
CFe3C = 6.70 wt% C

Fig. 9.24, Callister & Rethwisch 9e.

1600

1400

T(C)

1200

+L

(austenite)

+ Fe3C

800

Amount of Fe3C in 100 g

= (100 g)WFe3C
= (100 g)(0.057) = 5.7 g
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727C

S
+ Fe3C

600
400
0

L+Fe3C

1148C

1000

Fe3C (cementite)

b) Using the lever rule with

the tie line shown

[From Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams, 2nd edition, Vol. 1, T.

B. Massalski (Editor-in-Chief), 1990. Reprinted by
permission of ASM International, Materials Park, OH.]

C C0

C, wt% C

6.7

CFe

3C

Lecture 15 - 21

Solution to Example Problem (cont.)

c) Using the VX tie line just above the eutectoid and
realizing that
Fig. 9.24, Callister & Rethwisch 9e.
[From Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams, 2nd edition, Vol. 1, T.
B. Massalski (Editor-in-Chief), 1990. Reprinted by
permission of ASM International, Materials Park, OH.]

1600

1400

T(C)

1200

+L

(austenite)

1000

+ Fe3C

800

Amount of pearlite in 100 g

= (100 g)Wpearlite

600

+ Fe3C
1

C C0 C

= (100 g)(0.512) = 51.2 g

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727C

VX
400
0

L+Fe3C

1148C

Fe3C (cementite)

C0 = 0.40 wt% C
C = 0.022 wt% C
Cpearlite = C = 0.76 wt% C

6.7

C, wt% C
Lecture 15 - 22

Summary
1. Binary eutectic systems
2. Ironiron carbide phase diagram

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Lecture 15 - 23

Homework 7
9.7, 9.14, 9.18, 9.21, 9.38, 9.43
9.43: Use Figure 9.20

* Problems from Callister, 9th Edition

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Lecture 15 - 24