INT J CURR SCI 2015, 19: E 70-76

RESEARCH
ISSN 2250-1770

ARTICLE

Interfacing Of Photovoltaic Cell to the Grid without Boost Converter

Pala Prasad reddy M1, S Muqthair ali2 and K Gangadhar raju3
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, AITS, Rajampet, India
Department of Electrical Power Systems, AITS, Rajampet, India
*Corresponding author: gkgangaraju@gmail.com
Abstract
In this project, a single phase, single-stage current source inverter-based photovoltaic system for grid association is
proposed. The system uses transformer-less single-stage transformation for tracking the most extreme power point and
interfacing the photovoltaic array to the grid. The greatest power point is kept up with a fuzzy logic controller. To enhance
the power quality and system productivity, a twofold tuned parallel resonating circuit is proposed to lessen the second- and
fourth- harmonics at the inverter dc side.

Index Terms:
Current source inverter (CSI), grid-connected, maximum power point tracking (MPPT), photovoltaic (PV), Nonlinear pulse
width modulation (NPWM), pulse amplitude modulation (PAM).

Received: 24t h July 2015; Revised: 17thAugust; Accepted: 12thSeptember; IJCS New Liberty Group 2015

I. INTRODUCTION
Redress, and consonant decrease, are at the same time
Because of the energy emergency and ecological

considered. On the other hand, the focal points are

issues, renewable energy sources have pulled in the

accomplished to the detriment of a more mind boggling PV

consideration of specialists and speculators. Among the

system. Additionally, a massive transformer and a

accessible renewable energy sources, the photovoltaic (PV)

temperamental electrolytic capacitor are still needed.

system is thought to be practically encouraging innovation,

Grid associated PV systems utilizing a CSI have
in light of its suitability in circulated era, satellite systems,
been proposed. The three-stage CSI for PV system
and transportation. High-voltage systems experience the ill
association proposed in, effectively conveyed PV energy to
effects of hotspots amid incomplete shadowing and
the grid, without detecting the air conditioner yield current,
expanded spillage current between the board and the system
with an total harmonic distortion (THD) of 4.5%. Then
ground however parasitic capacitances. In addition, inverter
again, an AC current flow is fundamental in the network
control is entangled in light of the fact that the control
joined application with a specific end goal to utmost the
targets, for example, MPP tracking (MPPT), force element

Palaprasad reddy et al., 2015

current and rapidly recoups the grid current variety amid

applications and diminish the PV lifetime. To alleviate the

shifting climate conditions. To take out the harmonics

effect of these dc-side harmonics on the air conditioner side

without utilizing extensive inductance, two arrangements

and on the PV, the dc join inductance must be sufficiently

have been proposed in the writing, to be specific criticism

expansive to stifle the dc-join current swell created by these

current control and equipment methods. Nonlinear pulse

sounds. Accordingly, trying to enhance the parallel

width modulation (NPWM) has been proposed to enhance

thunderous circuit, this undertaking proposes a twofold

symphonious moderation. To show the adequacy and vigor

tuned parallel full circuit tuned at the second- and fourth-

of the proposed system, PC supported reenactment and

arrange harmonics

useful results are utilized to approve the system.

II. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION

Interfacing of photovoltaic cell to the grid is
shown in Figure 1. Each diode is connected in series with
an IGBT for getting reverse blocking purpose. A doubledtuned resonant filter is placed in series with dc-link
inductor Ldc to get the dc link current is smoothing. To
reduce the switching harmonics, a CL filter is placed at the
grid side

Table I shows the switch combination for each of

the ten regions. CPWM operates in two modes, a
conductive mode and a null mode, and the switching action
of each IGBT is equally distributed during every
fundamental period. To validate the proposed CPWM,
simulation results of a CSI operated by both CPWM and
SPWM. The CSI is operated in an island mode and has the

Figure 1. Interfacing of PV cell to the Grid

tracking specification.
III. DOUBLE-TUNED RESONANT FILTER
The dc voltage Vdc is 50 V; in the double-tuned resonant
In a CSI, the pulsating rapid power is double the
structural frequency will produce even harmonics in the dc
current. These harmonics emulate onto the grid side as

filter L1 = 10 mH, L2 = 5 mH, C1 = 125 F, and C2 = 250

F, the capacitor on the ac side is 20 F, the inductance is 1
mH, the resistive load is 50 , the output voltage is 110 V,

lower odd ripples in the current and voltage. Undesirably,

and the switch frequency is 4 kHz.
these even sounds influence MPPT in PV system

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Palaprasad reddy et al., 2015

The proposed CPWM generates lower switching

reference, and k is the sample instant. The variable inputs

frequency harmonics in the ac output current when

and output are divided into four fuzzy subsets: PB (Positive

compared with conventional SPWM. The THD is 1% with

Big), PS (Positive Small), NB (Negative Big), and NS

the proposed CPWM and 4.4% with conventional SPWM.

(Negative Small). Therefore, the fuzzy algorithm requires

16 fuzzy control rules; To operate the fuzzy combination,

V. PROPOSED SYSTEM CONTROL TECHNIQUE

Mamdanis method with MaxMin is used. From the
By reducing the harmonics, the PV output power
is equal to the grid power

behavior of the controller inputs and output, the shapes and

fuzzy subset partitions of the membership function in both
the inputs and output.

VPVIPV = 1/2 Ig,peakVg,peak cos

(1)
Table II

Where is the phase angle, Vpv and Ipv are the

Fuzzy logic rules

PV output voltage and current, respectively, while Vg,peak
and Ig,peak are the grid peak voltage and current,
respectively. The grid current is equal to the PV output
current multiplied by the inverter modulation index M

Ig,peak = MIPV

(2)

Substituting (2) into (1), we get the relationship between

the PV output voltage and the grid voltage is

I
n

VPV =1/2 MVg,peak

(3)

I g ,ref

g , ref ,i

g , ref ,i

Therefore, a fuzzy logic controller (FLC) is used

I
n

g , ref ,i

(7)

to quickly locate the MPP. The inputs of the FLC are

Where Ig ,ref is the fuzzy controller output and
P = P(k) P(k 1)

(4)

IPV = IPV(k) IPV(k 1)

(5)

Ig,ref ,i is the center of maxmin composition at the output

membership function. For precise control of the singlephase inverter, proportional resonant (PR) control is
employed in the voltage and current loop controllers.

and the output equation is

Ig,ref = Ig,ref (k) Ig,ref (k 1)

The basic principle of the PR controller is to

(6)

introduce an infinite gain at a selected resonant frequency

in order to eliminate steady-state error at that frequency.

Where P and IPV are the PV array output

The PR controller transfer function is expressed as

power and current change, Ig,ref is the grid current

amplitude change reference, Ig,ref is the grid current

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Palaprasad reddy et al., 2015

y K pe Ki

es
s o2

From (12), (13), and (14), the state- space model of the

(8)

current-loop controller is obtained as

R K pi

I
(t)

Where Kp is the proportional gain, Ki is the integral gain, e g

L

d

K it
Zi (t)
dt
is the signal error, and o is the fundamental angular

0
W i (t)

frequency. The transfer function of the PR controller is

K pi
0

I g (t) L
1 z i (t) K ii

0 w i (t) 0

1
L
0

02

I g ,ref t

(15)

Similarly, the differential equation that describes the ac-

z s K i

s
e s
s o2

side dynamic current is

(9)

The differential equation that describes the ac-side dynamic

dVc I in I g

dt
C

(16)

voltage is

dI g
dt

Vc V g
R
Ig
L
L

(10)

The value of u is obtained as

u t k pi I g ,ref t I g t z i t

k pv Vc ,ref t Vc t z v t

(17)

Substituting (17) into (16)

(11)

dVc t 1
k pvVc,ref k pvVc t z v t
dt
C

(18)

Substituting (11) into (10)

Where kpv is the voltage controller proportional gain and

dI g
dt

1
k pi I g ,ref t k pi I g t RI g t zi t
L

kiv is the voltage controller integral gain.

dz v t
k iv Vc,ref Vc t wv t
dt

(19)

dwv t
o2 z v t
dt

(20)

(12)
Where kpi is the current controller proportional gain and kii
is the current controller integral gain.

dz i t
k i I g ,ref t I g t wi t
dt
dwi t
o2 z i t
dt

From (18), (19), and (20), the state- space model of the
voltage loop controller is
(13)

(14)

K pv
Vc (t) C

d
Z v (t) K iv
dt

Wv (t) 0

1
C
0

02

K
0 Vc (t) pv

L
1 Z v (t) K iv Vc ,ref t
0 Wv (t) 0

(21)

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Palaprasad reddy et al., 2015

regulate the output parameters of PV grid system and the

SIMULATION RESULTS

simulation results of the extension work through the

The general simulation model for

carrier-based
simulation is given as Figure 4

pulse width modulation (CPWM) is proposed to control the

switching pattern for the single-phase grid-connected CSI
will be as shown in Figure 2. without any step

Figure 4. Extension simulation model for without step

Figure 2.Simulation model for without step
Extension simulation results of CPWM for Active
The simulation results of CPWM for Active & Reactive

&Reactive parameters will be given as follows

parameters will be given as follows

Figure 5 Active & Reactive powers

VI.CONCLUSION
Figure 3 Active & reactive powers
A solitary stage single-stage system joined PV
EXTENSION WORK:
system utilizing a CSI has been recommended that can
The extension for the proposed model will be

meet the grid necessities without utilizing a high dc voltage

carried out by simply connecting some additional filters to

or a massive transformer. The control structure of the

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Palaprasad reddy et al., 2015

proposed system comprises of MPPT, a present circle, and

Science and Technology, Vol 7(9), 1342-1349, September

a voltage circle to enhance system execution amid typical

2014

and differing climate conditions. Since the system

"MiladGheydi, Reza Effatnejad and Parviz Ramezanpour.

comprises of a solitary stage, the PV force is conveyed to

Evaluation of Uncertainty in Hybrid Plants, Including Wind

the lattice with high productivity, ease, and little foot

Turbine, Photovoltaic, Fuel Cell, and Battery System using

shaped impression. Also, a twofold tuned full channel has

Fuzzy Logic. Indian Journal of Science and Technology,

been proposed to smother the second- and fourth-arrange

Vol 7(2), 113-122, February 2014

harmonics on the dc side with moderately little inductance.

"D. Carnevale, A. Astolfi, C. Centioli, S. Podda, V.

The THD of the lattice infused current was 1.5% in the

Vitale,and L. Zaccarian(2009).A new extremum seeking

reproduction and around 2% for all intents and purposes.

technique and its application to maximize RF heating on

The possibility and adequacy of the proposed system has

FTU. Fusion Eng. Des., vol. 84. pp. 554-558.

been effectively assessed with different reproduction

"M.

studies and down to earth usage.

extremum seeking control of nonisothermal continuous

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