Vijayamangalam 638 056

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Effective Study Material

ME 6604 Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion

Prepared by
C.Ravindiran. ME.,
Assistant Professor,
Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Sasurie College of Engineering.

Vijayamangalam 638 056

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Subject Name: Gas Dynamics and Jet Propulsion
UNIT I
BASIC CONCEPTS AND ISENTROPIC FLOWS
Energy and momentum equations of compressible fluid flows Stagnation states, Mach waves
and Mach cone Effect of Mach number on compressibility Isentropic flow through variable
ducts Nozzle and Diffusers
PART-A
1. Define compressible flow and Mach number. (April/May 2015) (April/May 2010)
Key Hint:
Compressible flow:
The density of the fluid changes from point to point ( Constant) (1 mark)
Mach number:
The ratio of the fluid velocity to the velocity of sound
M=

c
a

(1

mark)
2. Define stagnation state. (Nov/Dec 2012) (April/May 2010)
Key Hint:
It is obtained by decelerating a gas isentropically to zero velocity at zero elevation.
(2 marks)
3. Distinguish between nozzle and diffuser. (May/June 2014)
Key Hint:
Nozzle:
It is used to increase the velocity and decrease the pressure of fluids. (1 mark)
Diffuser:

It is used to increase the pressure and decrease the velocity of fluids. (1 mark)

4. When does maximum flow occur for an isentropic flow with variable area duct?
(May/June 2014) (Nov/Dec 2014)
Key Hint:
Mass flow rate will be maximum at throat section where the Mach number is one.
(2 marks)

5. Define zone of action and zone of silence. (Nov/Dec 2013)

Key Hint:
Zone of action:
The region inside the Mach cone.
Zone of silence:

The region outside the Mach cone.

(1 mark)
(1 mark)

6. Name the different regions of compressible fluid flow. (Nov/Dec 2013) (May/June 2012)
Key Hint:
Incompressible flow region
Subsonic flow region
Transonic flow region
Supersonic flow region

Hypersonic flow region

(2 marks)

7. What are the basic differences between compressible and incompressible flows?
(May/June 2013)
Key Hint:
Compressible flow:

The density of the fluid changes from point to point ( Constant) (1 mark)

In Compressible flow:

The density of the fluid is constant ( Constant)

(1

mark)
8. What is the cross section of the nozzle required to increase the velocity of compressible
fluid flow from (a) Subsonic to supersonic, (b) Subsonic to sonic. (May/June 2012)
Key Hint:
The cross section of the nozzle is decided based on the equation,
dA
dc
2
A = c (M 1)
(a) Subsonic to supersonic: Convergent - Divergent

Subsonic to sonic: Convergent

(1 mark)
(1 mark)

9. What is subsonic, sonic and supersonic flow with respect to Mach number? (April/May
2011) (April/May 2010)
Key Hint:
Subsonic: Fluid velocity is less than the sound velocity.
Sonic: Fluid velocity is equal to the sound velocity.

Supersonic: Fluid velocity is more than the sound velocity

(2 marks)

10. How the area and velocity vary in supersonic flow of nozzle and diffuser? (April/May 2011)
Key Hint:
For nozzle: Area Decreases
Velocity Increases
(1 mark)
For Diffuser: Area Increases
Velocity Decreases
(1 mark)
11. Zone of silence is absent in subsonic flow. Why? (May/June 2012)
Key Hint:
It is observed that the wave fronts move ahead of the source of disturbance and therefore
the zone of silence is absent.
(2 marks)
12. Name the four reference velocities that are used in expressing the third velocities in nondimensional form. (May/June 2013)
Key Hint:
1. Local velocity of sound.
2. Stagnation velocity of sound.
3. Maximum velocity of fluid.
4. Critical velocity of fluid.

(2 marks)

13. What is mean by gas dynamics? (April/May 2015)

Key Hint:
Gas dynamics deals with the study of motion of gases and its effects.
(2
marks)
14. Express the stagnation enthalpy in terms of static enthalpy and velocity of flow.
(Nov/Dec
2009)
Key Hint:
1
h0=h+ c 2
2

(2 marks)

15. What is the advantage of using M* (second kind of Mach number) instead of M (Local
Mach Number) in some cases? (May/June 2009) (Nov/Dec 2008)
Key Hint:

At high velocities M approaches infinity but M* gives a finite value.

M is proportional to the fluid velocity and sound velocity, but M * is proportional

to the fluid velocity alone.
(2 marks)
Part B

1. A conical diffuser has entry and exit diameters of 15cm and 30cm respectively. The
pressure, temperature and velocity of air at entry are 0.69bar, 340 K and 180 m/s
respectively. Determine (i)the exit pressure, (ii)the exit velocity and (iii) the force exerted
on the diffuser walls assume isentropic flow, =1.4, C p=1.00kJ/kg-K. (Nov/Dec 2013)
(April/May 2011) (May/Jun 2009) (Nov/Dec 2008) (MK)
(16)
Key Hint:
T1
=0.952 From isentropic tables at this temperature ratio,
T 01
M1 = 0.5,

P1
A
F
=0.843, =1.34, =1.203
P01
A
F

A2
=5.37
A2

from isentropic tables at this area ratio,

M 2=0.107,

p2
F
=0.992, 2 =4.3
p02
F2

(i)
(ii)
(iii)

p2 = 0.992xp02
p2 =0.81145bar
A2c2= A1c1
c2=45m/s
=F2-F1
=4243 N

(2 marks)

(2 marks)

(4 marks)
(4 marks)
(4 marks)

2. The pressure, temperature and Mach number at the entry of a flow passage are 2.45bar,
26.50C and 1.4 respectively. If the exit Mach number is 2.5, determine the following for
adiabatic flow of a perfect gas ( = 1.3, R = 0.469 kJ/kg K). (i) Stagnation temperature, (ii)
Temperature and velocity of gas at exit, (iii) The flow rate per square meter of the inlet
cross section. (Nov/Dec 2012) (April/May 2010) (MK)
(16)
Key Hint:
From isentropic table, for = 1.3, M1 = 1.4
T1
=0.773,T 01=T 02=T 0=387.5 K
T 01

(4 marks)

From isentropic table, for = 1.3, M2 = 2.5

T2
=0.516,T 2=199.95 K
T 02
marks)

(4

M2=

c2
a2

c2 = 872.89 m/s

(4 marks)

m = Ac
m
=1040.96 kg/ s m2
A

(4 marks)

3. Air (=1.4, R=287J/kgK) enters a straight axisymmetric duct at 300K, 3.45 bar and 150
m/s and leaves it at 277 K, 2.058bar and 260m/s. the area of cross section at entry is
500cm2. Assuming adiabatic flow determine, (i) Stagnation temperature, (ii) Maximum
velocity, (iii) Mass flow rate, (iv) Area of cross section at exit. (Nov/Dec 2013)
(April/May 2010) (MK)
(16)
Key Hint:
a1= R T 1 ,

M 1=

c1
a1

= 0.432

From isentropic table, = 1.3, M1=0.432

T1
=0.964
T 01
T01=T02=311.2K
a 20
1 2
c max=
2
1

(4 marks)

cmax = 790.69 m/s

(4 marks)

m = Ac
m = 30.05 kg/s

(4 marks)

m = 2A2c2
A2 = 0.0446 m2

(4 marks)

4. Air is discharged from a reservoir at p0 = 6.91bar and T0=3250C through a nozzle to an exit
pressure of 0.98 bar. If the flow rate is 3600kg/hr. Determine throat area, pressure and
velocity at the throat, exit area, exit Mach number and maximum velocity. Consider the
flow is isentropic. (May/Jun 2012) (Nov/Dec 2009) (MK).
(16)
Key Hint:
At throat M = 1
From isentropic table, = 1.4, M=1

T
p
=0.834, =0.528
T0
p0
p* = 3.65 bar
c =a = RT

(2 marks)

c* = 447.65 m/s.

(2 marks)

m = *A*c*
A* = 8.76x10-4 m2

(2 marks)

p2
=0.12, =1.4
p0
M2 = 1.93
A2
=1.593
A
A2 = 13.9x10-4 m2
+1
c max =c
1

(6 marks)

c max =1096.51m/ s

(4 marks)

5. Derive the expression for pressure co-efficient equation for compressible flow. (Nov/Dec
2014) (May/Jun 2013) (May/June 2009) (MK)
(16)
Key Hint:
From Bernoulli equation,
1 2
p0= p+ c
2

p0
1 2 1
=[1+
M ]
p
2

(4

marks)
By applying Taylor series,

[1+

(2 ) 6
1 2 1

M ] =1+ M 2+ M 4 +
M
2
2
8
48

(4 marks)

p0 p
M 2 (2) 4
=1+
+
M
2
4
24
p M
2

(4

marks)
M=

c
a

2
2
M ( 2 ) 4
M =1+
+
M
2
4
24

p0 p
M2 M4
=1+
+
1 2
4 40
c
2

(2 marks)

(2

marks)
6. An air jet at 400K has sonic velocity. Determine: velocity of sound at 400K, velocity of
sound at stagnation condition, maximum velocity of jet, stagnation enthalpy. (Nov/Dec
2012) (Nov/Dec 2008) (GK)
(16)
Key Hint:
T = 400K, M=1
a= RT
a = 400.89 m/s
At stagnation conditions,
T0
1 2
=1+
M
T
2

(4 marks)

T 0 =480 K .
a0 = RT 0
a0 = 439.16 m/s
a 20
1 2
c =
2 max 1

(4 marks)

cmax = 982 m/s

(4 marks)

1 2
h0= c max
2
h0=482162 J /kg

(4 marks)

7. An aircraft flies at a velocity of 700kmph in an atmosphere where the pressure is 75 kPa

and temperature is 50C. Calculate the Mach number and stagnation properties. (April/May
2015) (GK)
(16)
Key Hint:
M=

c
a ,

a= RT
M = 0.58

(4 marks)

From isentropic table, = 1.4, M=0.58

T
=0.937
T0
T0 = 296.69K

(4 marks)

p
=0.796
p0
p0 = 0.942 bar
0=

(4 marks)

p0
RT 0

0=1.106 kg/m3

(4 marks)

8. Air expands isentropically through the convergent nozzle from constant inlet conditions p 0
= 4bar, T0 = 550 K. exit area of nozzle is1000cm2. Determine the exit velocity and mass
flow rate for the following two cases at exit. (a) M = 1, (b) M = 0.85 (April/May 2015)
(BK)
(16)
Key Hint:
(a) M2 = 1, = 1.4
T2
=0.834,T 2=458.7 K
T 02
c 2=M 2 a2

c 2 = 429.3 m/s

(4 marks)

m = 2A2c2
m = 68.87 kg/s

(4 marks)

(b) M2 = 0.85, = 1.4

T2
=0.874,T 2=480.7 K
T 02
c 2=M 2 a2
c 2 = 373.56 m/s

(4 marks)

m = 2A2c2
m = 67.58 kg/s

(4 marks)
UNIT II
FLOW THROUGH DUCTS

Flows through constant area ducts with heat transfer (Rayleigh flow) and Friction (Fanno flow)
variation of flow properties.
1. What is meant by stagnation pressure? (April/May 2015)
Key Hint:
It is the pressure of the gas when it is isentropically decelerated to zero velocity at zero
elevation.
(2 marks)
2. Give Assumptions made on Rayleigh Flow. (May/June 2014) (Nov/Dec 2013) (May/June
2012)
Key Hint:
1-D steady flow.
Flow in constant area.
The gas is perfect.

Absence of work transfer across the boundaries.

(2 marks)

3. Define critical condition in Fanno flow. (May/June 2014)

Key Hint:
Due to friction in subsonic or supersonic flow in a constant area duct, flow will reach
the critical condition where M = 1.
(2 marks)

4. What is impulse function and give its uses? (May/June 2013)

Key Hint:
The sum of pressure force and impulse force gives impulse function.
5. Give the expression for

T0
T

(2 marks)

and

T
T

for isentropic flow through variable area in terms

of Mach number. (May/June 2013)

Key Hint:
T0
1 2
=1+
M
T
2

(1

mark)
T
2
1 2
=
+
M
T +1 +1

(1 mark)

6. Define Fanno flow and what are the assumptions made for Fanno flow? (April/May 2015)
(Nov/ Dec 2014) (Nov/ Dec 2013) (Nov/ Dec 2012) (April/May 2011)
Key Hint:
Fanno flow:
Flow in a constant area duct with friction and without heat transfer.
Assumptions:
1-D steady flow
Flow takes place in constant sectional area.
There is no heat transfer.

The gas is perfect with constant specific heats.

(1 mark)

(1 mark)

7. Give two practical examples for Fanno flow and Rayleigh flow analysis. (Nov/ Dec 2012,
April/May 2011)
Key Hint:
Fanno flow:
Flow in air breathing engines.
Flow in refrigeration and air conditioning.
(1 mark)
Rayleigh flow:
Flow in combustion chamber.

Flow in heat exchangers.

(1 mark)

8. Where are the convergent nozzles and convergent divergent nozzles used? (April/May
2010)
Key Hint:
Convergent nozzles:

 Subsonic and sonic flows.

It is used as flow measuring and flow regulating devices.
Convergent divergent nozzles:

Supersonic flow.

(1 mark)
(1 mark)

9. What is chocked flow through a nozzle? (Nov/Dec 2013)

Key Hint:
The maximum mass flow conditions are reached when the throat pressure ratio
achieves critical value. After that there is no further increase in mass flow with decrease in
back pressure.
(2 marks)
10. Show the Rayleigh line in h-s diagram and give the different Mach number regions for
heating and cooling. (Nov/Dec 2013)
Key Hint:

(2 marks)
11. List some flow properties. (May/June 2012)
Key Hint:
Mass density.
Specific volume
Specific weight
Temperature
Specific gravity
12. Give the assumption made in Isothermal flow.
Key Hint:
One dimensional flow.

(2 marks)

Constant area duct.

The gas is perfect.
Frictional flow at constant temperature.

(2 marks)

13. Write down the expression for the pressure ratio of two sections in terms of Mach number
in Rayleigh flow.
Key Hint:
2

p2 1+ M 1
=
p1 1+ M 22
(2 marks)
14. What are the three equation governing Fanno Process?
Key Hint:
Energy equation
Continuity equation

Equation of state.

(2 marks)

15. Define fannings coefficient of skin friction.

Key Hint:
It is the ratio between the wall shear stress and dynamic head.

(2 marks)

Part B
1. A circular duct passes 8.25 kg/s of air at an exit Mach number of 0.5. the entry pressure
and temperature are 3.5bar and 380C respectively and co-efficient of friction is 0.005. If
the Mach number at the entry is 0.15, determine, (i) Diameter of the duct, (ii) Length of
the duct, (iii) Pressure and temperature at the exit, (iv) Stagnation pressure loss. (Nov/Dec
2012) (May/Jun 2012) (April/May 2012) (May/Jun 2009) (MK)
(16)
Key Hint:
(i)

Diameter
m = 1A1c1
D1 = 0.224 m.

(ii)

(4 marks)

Length
4 f Lmax
4 f L 4 f Lmax
=[
] [
]
D
D
D
M
M
1

L=305.59 m
(iii)

(4 marks)

From Fanno flow table, = 1.4 , M2 = 0.5

p2
=2.138
p2
p2 = 1.021 bar
T2
=1.143
T2
T2 = 297.58 K

(iv)

(4 marks)

p= p 02p 01
p=2.34

(4 marks)

2. Air is supplied to a combustion chamber in a gas turbine plant at 350K, 0.55 bar, and 75
m/s. the air-fuel ratio is 29 and the calorific value of the fuel is 42 MJ/kg. Assuming =1.4
and R=287J/kgK for the gas, determine, (i) The initial and final Mach numbers, (ii) Final
pressure, temperature and velocity of the gas, (iii) the maximum stagnation temperature
attainable, (iv) stagnation pressure loss in the combustion chamber. (Nov/Dec 2013)
(May/Jun 2013) (April/May 2011) (Nov/Dec 2007) (MK)
(16)
Key Hint:
c
c
M= =
a RT
M1 = 0.2
h 0=c p ( T 02T 01 )
T 02
=0.859
T 0
M2 = 0.64
p0
p
=1.525, =1.061
p
p0
p2 = 0.369 bar

(4 marks)

T
=0.953
T
T2 = 1611.35K
c
=0.625
c

c2 = 515.11 m/s

(4 marks)

T0 max = T02*= T01*= T01*

T0 max = 2027.7K

(4 marks)

3. Air at P0=11bar, T0=420K enters a 45mm diameter pipe at the Mach number of 3 and the
friction co-efficient for the pipe surface is 0.001. If the Mach number at exit is 0.8,
Determine (i) Mass flow rate, (ii) Length of the pipe (April/May 2015) (May/Jun 2013)
(April/May 2011) (MK)
(16)
Key Hint:
m = 1A1c1
T1
p
=0.357, 1 =0.0272
T 01
p01
m = 0.813 kg/s
4 f Lmax
4 f L 4 f Lmax
=[
] [
]
D
D
D
M
M
1

(8 marks)
2

4 f L
=0.449
D
L = 5.05m

(8 marks)

4. A long pipe of 25.4 mm diameter has a mean co-efficient of friction of 0.003. Air enters
the pipe at a Mach number of 2.5, stagnation temperature 310 K and static pressure 0.507
bar. Determine for a section at which the Mach number reaches 1.2 (i) static pressure and
temperature, (ii) stagnation pressure and temperature (iii) velocity of air, (iv) distance of
this section from the inlet and (v) mass flow rate of air. (Nov/Dec 2013) (Nov/Dec 2008)
(April/May 2008) (MK)
(16)
Key Hint:
= 1.4, M1 = 2.5

T1
p
=0.444, 1 =0.0585
T 01
p01
T1 = 240.676K, p1 = 1.396 bar

(4 marks)

T01 = 310K, p01 = 3.386 bar

(4 marks)

M=

c
a

c2 = 373.16 m/s

(2 marks)

4 f Lmax
4 f L 4 f Lmax
=[
] [
]
D
D
D
M
M
1

L = 0.842 m.

(2 marks)

m = 1A1c1
m = 0.382 kg/s

(4 marks)

5. The stagnation temperature of air in a combustion chamber is increased to 3.5 times its
initial value. If the air at entry is at 5bar, 105 0C and a Mach number of 0.25, determine: (i)
the Mach number, Pressure and temperature at the exit, (ii)Stagnation pressure loss, (iii)
the heat supplied per kg of air.(April/May 2010) (April/May 2008) (MK)
(16)
Key Hint:
Refer isentropic flow table for = 1.4, and M1 = 0.25,
T1
p
=0.987, 1 =0.957
T 01
p01
Refer Rayleigh flow table for = 1.4, and M1 = 0.25,
p1
p0
T1
T0
=2.207, =1.217, =0.305, =0.252
p1
p0
T1
T0

Refer Rayleigh flow table for = 1.4 and

M2 = 0.68

T 02
=0.5
T 02
(4 marks)

p1
p0
T1
T0
=2.207, =1.217, =0.305, =0.252
p1
p0
T1
T0
p2 = 3.3bar, T2 = 9440C

(4 marks)

p0= p 01p 02
p0=0.735

(4 marks)

Q=m c p (T 02T 01)

Q=962.3 kJ /kg

(4 marks)

6. A convergent divergent nozzle is provided with a pipe of constant cross section at its
exit. The exit diameter of the nozzle and that of the pipe is 40cm. The mean co-efficient f
friction for the pipe is 0.0025. the stagnation pressure and temperature of air at the nozzle
entry are 12 bar and 600 K. the Mach numbers at the entry and exit of the pipe are 1.8 and
1.0 respectively. Determine (i) The length of the pipe, (ii) Diameter of the nozzle throat
and (iii) Pressure and temperature at the pipe exit. (Nov/Dec 2013) (GK)
(16)
Key Hint:
Refer isentropic flow table for = 1.4, and M1 = 1.8,
T1
p
A
=0.607, 1 =0.174, 1 =1.439
T 01
p01
A1

A 1=0.8735 m

A 1=

(4 marks)

2
D
4

D =33.5 cm

(4

marks)
4 f Lmax
4 f L 4 f Lmax
=[
] [
]
D
D
D
M
M
1

Lmax =968 cm

(4 marks)

From Fanno table, = 1.4, M1 = 1.8

p1
T1
=0.474, =0.728
p
T1
p =4.405
T 1 =500.275 K

(4 marks)

7. The stagnation temperature of air is raised from 85 0C to 3760C in a heat exchanger. If the
inlet Mach number is 0.4, determine the final Mach number and percentage drop in
pressure. (April/May 2015) (GK)
(16)
Key Hint:
Rayleigh flow table, = 1.4 and M1 = 0.4
p1
p0
T1
T0
=1.961, =1.157, =0.615, =0.529
p1
p0
T1
T0
For = 1.4and

(4 marks)

T 02
=0.955
T 02

M2 = 0.78

Percentage drop in pressure =

p1 p2

p1 p2
100
p1
p 1

=33.9 %

(4 marks)

(8 marks)

8. The Mach number at inlet and exit for a Rayleigh flow are 3 and 1.5 respectively. At inlet
static pressure is 50kPa and stagnation temperature is 295K. Consider the fluid is air. Find
(i) the static pressure, temperature and velocity at exit, (ii) stagnation pressure at inlet and
exit, (iii) heat transferred, (iv) Maximum possible heat transfer, (v) change in entropy
between the two sections, (vi) is it a cooling or a heating process. (May/Jun 2012) (BK)
(16)

Key Hint:
Refer isentropic flow table for = 1.4, and M1 = 3,

T1
p
=0.357, 1 =0.0272
T 01
p01
Rayleigh flow table, = 1.4 and M1 = 3,
p1
p0
T1
T0
=0.176, =3.424, =0.281, =0.654
p1
p0
T1
T0
Rayleigh flow table, = 1.4 and M2 = 1.5,
p2
p0
T2
T0
=0.578, =1.122, =0.753, =0.909
p2
p0
T2
T0
p2=1.64 , T 2=282.19 K , c 2=505.56 m/s

(3 marks)

p1
=0.0272
p01
p01=18.38bar
p02=6.01bar

(3 marks)

Q=m c p (T 02T 01)

Q = 115.59 kJ/kg.

(3 marks)
2 2

[1M 1 ]
Qmax =c p T 1
2
2(1+ ) M 1
Qmax =156.79 kJ /kg
p2
p1

T2
T1

s 2s1=c p ln

(2 marks)

s 2s1=649.51 J /kgK

(3 marks)

The heat transfer rate is positive, it is cooling process

(2 marks)

UNIT III
NORMAL AND OBLIQUE SHOCKS
Governing equations Variation of flow parameters across the normal and oblique shocks
Prandtl Meyer relations Applications.
PART A
1. What is Oblique shock? (April/May 2015) (Nov/Dec 2012) (April/May 2011)
Key Hint:
When the shock wave is inclined at an angle to flow.

(2 marks)

2. Write the Prantl Meyer relation? (April/May 2015) (Nov/Dec 2012)

Key Hint:
2

a =c x c y

Mx

M y =1

(2

marks)
3. Why the efficiency of a machine, experiencing shock wave is considerably low?
(May/June 2014)
Key Hint:
Shock may cause boundary layer separation and deviation of flow from its designed
direction.
There will be a loss in stagnation pressure and increase in entropy across the shock
wave.
(2 marks)
4. What is the use of pitot tube in supersonic flow? (May/June 2014)
Key Hint:

Introduction of the pitot tube produces a curved shock a little distance upstream of its
mouth.

Therefore it measures the stagnation pressure downstream the shock wave. (2 marks)

5. What are the beneficial and adverse effects of shock waves? (May/June 2012)
Key Hint:
Beneficial effects:
A strong wave is utilized to accelerate the flow to a high Mach number in a shock tube.
Used in supersonic compressor to obtain considerably high pressure ratio in one stge.
Adverse effects:
It cause undesirable interference with normal flow behavior. Therefore, the efficiency
of turbo machineries decreases.
It create sonic flows in supersonic aircraft and damage the flow passage. (2 marks)
6. Why the shock waves cannot be developed in subsonic flow? (April/May 2011)
Key Hint:
Velocity of fluid is less than the velocity of sound. Due to this reason deceleration is
not possible in subsonic flow.
(2 marks)
7. Mention the useful applications of shock wave. (April/May 2010)
Key Hint:
Jet engines
Shock tubes
Supersonic wind tunnel

Practical admission turbines.

(2 marks)

8. What are the situations where shocks are undesirable? (April/May 2010)
Key Hint:
They interfere with the normal flow behavior. Thus the efficiencies of turbo machines
experiencing shock waves are considerably low.
The sonic boom created by supersonic aircraft and the blast waves generated by an
explosion.
(2 marks)
9. Give the difference between normal and oblique shocks.(Nov/Dec 2014)
Key Hint:
S. No.
1
2

Normal shock
Shock wave is right angle to
the flow

Oblique shock
Shock wave is inclined at an angle
to the flow

One dimensional flow

Two dimensional flow

(2 marks)

10. What are the properties changes across a normal shock? Is the flow through a normal shock
an equilibrium one? (Nov/Dec 2014)
Key Hint:
Stagnation pressure decreases.
Stagnation temperature remains constant.
Static temperature and static pressure increases.
(1 mark)
No. Since the fluid properties like pressure, temperature and density are changed during
normal shock.
(1 mark)

11. Define compression and rarefaction shocks. ( Nov/Dec 2013)

Key Hint:
Compression shocks:
A shock wave which is at a higher pressure than the fluid into which it is moving.
(1 mark)
Rarefaction shocks:
A shock wave which is at a lower pressure than the fluid into which it is moving. It is
not possible.
(1 mark)
12. What are the assumptions used for oblique shock flow? (Nov/Dec 2013)
Key Hint:
Flow is steady, adiabatic and frictionless.
The gas is perfect with constant specific heats.
Absence of work transfer across the boundaries.
Absence of body forces.

(2 marks)

13. Define the strength of shock wave.

Key Hint:
The ratio of difference in downstream and upstream shock pressures to upstream shock
pressure.
(2 marks)
14. State the necessary conditions for a normal shock to occur in compressible flow.
Key Hint:
i.
The compression wave is to be at right angle to the compressible flow.
ii.
Flow should be supersonic.
(2 marks)
15. Calculate the strength of shock wave when normal shock appears at M = 2.

Key Hint:
=

p y p x
px

(1 mark)

Refer normal shocks table for Mx = 2, = 1.4,

py
=4.5
px
=3.5

(1 mark)

Part B
1. Derive the expression for Rankine Hugoniot Equations. (Nov/Dec 2014) (Nov/Dec 2008)
(MK)
(16)
Key Hint:
=

p
RT

y py T x
=
x p x T y
M 2x =

(2 marks)

+1 p y 1
+
2 px
2

( )

p y 1 p y
+1
T y p x +1 p x
=
Tx
p y 1
+
p x +1

(4 marks)

p y 1
+
py Tx
px + 1
=
px T y
1 p y
1+

+1 p x
1 p y
+1
y +1 p x
=
x
1 p y

+1 p x
(6 marks)
y +1
1
p y x 1
=
px
+1 y

1 x

[ ]

(4 marks)
2. A gas at a pressure of 340 mbar, temperature of 355K and entry Mach number of 1.4 is
expanded isentropically to 140mbar. Calculate the following: (i) Deflection Angle, (ii)
Final Mach number, (iii) Final temperature of the gas. Take = 1.3 (April/May 2015)
(May/Jun 2014) (April/May 2011) (MK)
(16)
Key Hint:
Refer isentropic flow table for = 1.3, and M1 = 1.4,
T1
p
=0.773, 1 =0.327
T 01
p01
= w(M1) w(M2)
= -18.510
Refer isentropic flow table for = 1.3, and
M2 = 1.98

(6 marks)
p2
=0.135
p02
(6 marks)

T2
=0.629
T 02
T2 = 288.86K

(4 marks)

3. An oblique shock wave occurs at the leading edge of a symmetrical wedge. Air has a Mach
number of 2.1 and deflection angle of 150. Determine the following for strong and weak
waves. (i) Wave angle, (ii) Pressure ratio, (iii) Density ratio, (iv) Temperature ratio, (v)
Downstream Mach number. (Nov/Dec 2014) (Nov/Dec 2014) (May/Jun 2012) (MK)
(16)
Key Hint:
2

12 sin
2+ M 21+ M 21
M 21 sin 2
tan =2 cot

strong=80.8 0
0

weak =4 3

(4 marks)

For strong shock wave,

M x =M 1 sin
p y p2
= =4.832
p x p1
(2 marks)
=

p
RT

2
=2.769
1

T y T2
= =1.745
T x T1
marks)
M 2=

My
sin ( )

(2

M 2=0.619

(2 marks)

For strong weak wave,

M x =M 1 sin
p y p2
= =2.219
p x p1
(2 marks)
=

p
RT

2
=1.741
1

T y T2
= =1.274
T x T1

(2

marks)
M 2=

My
sin ( )

M 2=1.548

(2 marks)

4. The ratio of the exit to the entry area in a subsonic diffuser is 4.0. The Mach number of a
jet of air approaching the diffuser at p0 = 1.013bar, T = 290 K is 2.2. There is a standing
normal shock wave just outside the diffuser entry. The flow in the diffuser is isentropic.
Determine at the exit of the diffuser, (i) Mach number, (ii) Temperature and pressure, (iii)
Stagnation pressure loss between the initial and final states of the flow. (May/Jun 2013)
(April/May 2011) (April/May 2010) (MK)
(16)
Key Hint:
From isentropic tables = 1.4, Mx = 2.2,

Tx
p
=0.508, x =0.0935
T 0x
p0x
From normal shock tables, = 1.4, Mx = 2.2,
My = 0.547,

py
T
p
=5.48, y =1.857, 0 y =0.628
px
Tx
p0x

A
=5.04
A
ME = 0.116

(4 marks)

TE
=0.997
T 0E
TE = 569.15K

(4 marks)

Ac= y A y c y
PE
=1.212
Py
pE = 0.629 bar

(4 marks)

p0= p 0 x poy
p0=377
5.

(4 marks)

A supersonic nozzle is provided with a constant diameter circular duct at its exit. The duct
diameter is same as the nozzle exit diameter. Nozzle exit cross-section is three times that of
its throat. The entry conditions of the gas (=1.4, R=0.287 kJ/kgK) are p 0 = 10 bar, T0 =
600K. Calculate the static pressure, Mach number and the velocity of the gas in the duct: (i)
when the nozzle operates at its design condition, (ii) when a normal shock occurs at its exit.
(April/May 2010) (April/May 2008) (MK)
(16)
Key Hint:
From isentropic table,
A2
=3 , = 1.4
A

M 2=2.64,

T2
P
=0.417, 2 =0.0471
T 02
P 02

marks)
T2 = 250.2K
p2 = 0.471 bar
c 2=M 2 a2

(2

(2 marks)

c 2=837.05 m/s

(4 marks)

From isentropic table,

A2 Ax
=
=3
, = 1.4
A A x
M x =2.64,

Tx
P
=0.417, x =0.0471
T0x
P0x

(2

marks)
M y =0.5
Ty = 570.2K
py = 3.75 bar
c y =M y a y

(2 marks)

c y =239.32 m/s

(4 marks)

6. Starting from energy equation derive Prandtl-Mayer equation. (May/Jun 2013) (Nov/Dec
2012) (GK)
(16)
Key Hint:

Stagnation Enthalpy relation,

h0=

a 2 c 2 1 + 1 2
+ =
a
1 2 2 1

( )

Before shock wave,

(2 marks)

a2x +1 a2 1
=

c
cx
2 cx
2 x

( )

(2

marks)
After shock wave,
a2y +1 a2 1
=

c
cy
2 cy
2 y

( )

(2

marks)
m
=x c x = y c y
A
px p y

= (c y c x )
x c x y c y

(4 marks)

a2x a2y
= ( c y c x )
cx c y
a 2=c x c y

(4 marks)

M x M y =1

(2 marks)

7. (i) Derive the equation for static pressure ratio across the shock waves. (May/Jun 2012)
(Nov/Dec 2009) (GK)
(8)
Key Hint:
F = p+c2
p y 1+ M 2x
=
p x 1+ M 2y

(4

marks)
py
=
px

(1+ M 2x )

2
( 1
) M 1

+1
M 2x + 1 ]
[
1

2
x

py 2
1
=
M 2
p x +1 x +1

( )
(4 marks)

(ii) The velocity of a normal shock wave moving into stagnant air (p=1.0bar, T = 17 0C)is
500 m/s. if the area of cross section of the duct is constant, determine pressure,
temperature, velocity of air, stagnation temperature and Mach number imparted upstream
of the wave front. (May/Jun 2012) (GK)
(8)
Key Hint:
M x=

cx
=1.465
ax

From normal shock tables,

py
Ty
M y =
=2.335,
=1.297
0.715, p x
Tx

(2

marks)
p y =2.335

T y =376.13 K

(2

marks)
c y =M y a y
c 'y =c x c y
c 'y =222.05 m/s

(2 marks)

c 'y
M =
ay
'
y

M 'y =0.571
From isentropic tables

(1 mark)
M 'y =0.571

Ty
=0.939
T0y
T '0 y =400.56 K
mark)

(1

8. A converging-diverging nozzle has an exit area to throat area ratio of 2. Air enters this
nozzle with a stagnation pressure of 6.5bar and a stagnation temperature of 93 0C. The
throat area is 6.25cm2. The divergent section of the nozzle acts as a supersonic nozzle.
Assume that a normal shock stands at a point M = 1.5. Determine the exit plane of the
nozzle, the static pressure and temperature and Mach number. (May/Jun 2009) (BK)
(16)
Key Hint:
From isentropic tables = 1.4, Mx = 1.5,
Tx
p
=0.689, x =0.272
T 0x
p0x

(2 marks)

T x =252.17 K
px =1.768

(4 marks)

From normal shock tables, = 1.4, Mx = 1.5,

My = 0.701,
py
T
=2.458, y =1.320
px
Tx

(2 marks)
(2

marks)
p y =4.345
T y =332.86 K

(6

marks)
UNIT IV
JET PROPULSION
Theory of jet propulsion Thrust equation Thrust power and propulsive efficiency Operating
principle, cycle analysis and use of stagnation state performance of ram jet, turbojet, turbofan
and turbo prop engines.
PART-A
1. Define propulsive efficiency. (April/May 2015)
Key Hint:
The ratio of propulsive power to the power output of the engine.

(2 marks)

2. What is the type of compressor used in turbo-jet? (April/May 2015)

Key Hint:
Rotary compressor is used due to its high thrust and high efficiency.

(2 marks)

3. Define thrust power and propulsive efficiency of aircraft engine. (May/June 2014)
Key Hint:
Thrust power:
The product of thrust and flight speed.
(1 mark)
Propulsive efficiency:

The ratio of propulsive power to the power output of the engine.

(1 mark)

4. Why a ram jet engine does not require a compressor and turbine? (May/June 2014)
(Nov/Dec 2014) (Nov/Dec 2013)
Key Hint:
Due to supersonic and subsonic diffuser, the static pressure of air is increased to
ignition pressure.
(2 marks)
5. List out the different types of jet engines. (May/June 2013)
Key Hint:
Ramjet engine
Pulse jet engine
Turbo jet engine
Turboprop engine
Turbo fan engine.

6. Give the components of a turbo jet. (May/June 2013)

Key Hint:
Diffuser
Rotary compressor
Combustion chamber
Turbine

Exhaust nozzle

(1 mark)
(1 mark)

(1 mark)

(1 mark)

7. What are the benefits of thrust augmentation in a turbojet engine? (May/June 2012)
(April/May 2011)
Key Hint:
Short take-off distance.
(1 mark)

High climb rate to very high altitude.

(1 mark)

8. What is a bypass engine and define bypass ratio. (April/May 2011)

Key Hint:
Bypass engine:
Turbo fan engine. A portion of the total flow of air bypass part of the compressor.
(1
mark)
Bypass ratio:
The ratio of the mass flow rates of cold air and the hot air is known as Bypass ratio.
(1
mark)
9. Define speed ratio in propulsive system ( Nov/Dec 2012)
Key Hint:
The ratio of flight speed to the jet velocity

(2 marks)

10. Write down the principle of jet engine (Nov/Dec 2012)

Key Hint:
Every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.

(2 marks)

11. Find the optimum propulsive efficiency when the jet velocity is 500 m/s and flight velocity is
900 m/s. (Nov/Dec 2014)
Key Hint:
2u
p=
(1
c j+u
mark)
p = 1.28
(1 mark)
12. What is thrust augmentation? (April/May 2011)
Key Hint:
To achive better take-off performance, additional fuel is burnt in the tail pipe between the
turbine exhaust section and entrance section of the exhaust nozzle. Thrust augmentation
increases the jet velocity and is known as after burning. It is used for fast and easier take off.
(2 marks)
13. What is ram effect?
Key Hint:
In ramjet engine the subsonic and supersonic diffusers are used to convert the kinetic
energy of the entering air into pressure energy. This energy transformation is called ram
effect.
(2 marks)
14. Give the expression for the thrust developed by a turbojet engine.
Key Hint:
F=m
c j m
au
(2 marks)

15. What is scram jet?

Key Hint:
A supersonic combustion ramjet engine is known as scramjet.

(2 marks)

PART B
1. Derive the expression for the jet thrust, propeller thrust, propulsive efficiency, thermal
efficiency, overall efficiency and the optimum value of flight to jet speed ratio for a turbo jet
engine. (Nov/Dec 2014) (May/Jun 2014) (MK)
(16)
Key Hint:
Jet thrust

Mass flow rate of nozzle at exit of the nozzle =

m a + m f

Net thrust = Momentum thrust +Pressure Thrust

m + m c m a u
Net thrust(F) = ( a f ) e

(3 marks)

Propeller thrust

m + m c m a u
Net thrust considering mass of fuel (F) = ( a f ) e
c e =c j

F=

m( c ju)
(or)


F = m a (c j u)

(3 marks)

Propulsive efficiency:
p=

p=

Propulsive power ( ) Thrust power

Power output of the engine

2u
c j+u

p=

2
1+

(3

marks)
Thermal efficiency:
Power input
Power output of the engine
t =
the engine through fuel

1 m( c ju )
2 m f C .V
t =
2

(3 marks)
Overall efficiency:
Power input
Propulsive power ( ) Thrust power
0 =
theengine

m( c ju)
u
m f C . V
0=
0= p t

(2 marks)

Effective speed ratio

=

Flight speed
Jet velocity

u
cj
(2 marks)

2. Explain with neat sketches the principle of operation of (i) Turbo fan engine and (ii) Turbo jet
Engine. (May/Jun 2015) (Nov/Dec 2013) (Nov/Dec 2012) (April/May 2011) (MK)
(16)
Key Hint:
Turbo fan engine:
Combination of turboprop and turbo jet engine. Air from the atmosphere enters into turbofan
engine, employing a low pressure ducted fan. The air after passing through the fan is divided
into two streams, namely primary air and secondary air.
The primary air flow through the turbofan engine consisting of compressor, combustion
chamber, turbine and exhaust nozzle. Combustion takes place in the combustion chamber
and the thrust is produced in the opposite direction. The thrust developed by the secondary air
is at lower velocity.
(3 marks)
Air and the thrust developed by the primary air is at much higher velocity. The total thrust
produced in this engine is the sum of thrust produced by the primary air and the secondary air.
This total thrust propels the aircraft.
(2 marks)

(3 marks)
Turbo jet Engine:
(i) Diffuser - The function of the diffuser is to convert the kinetic energy of the entering air
into pressure energy.
(ii) Rotary compressor The air passes through the rotary compressor in which the air is
further compressed.
(2 marks)
(iii) Combustion chamber - High pressure air flows into the combustion chamber. In the
combustion chamber, the fuel is injected by suitable injectors and the air-fuel mixture is burnt.
Heat is supplied at constant pressure.
(iv) Turbine - The highly heated products of combustion gases are then enters the turbine and
partially expanded.
(v) Exhaust nozzle- The function of the nozzle is to convert the pressure energy of the
combustion gases into kinetic energy.
(3 marks)

(3 marks)
3. Explain the working principle of the ramjet engines with neat sketch and state its advantages
and disadvantages. (May/Jun 2013) (April/May 2010) (May/Jun 2009) (MK)
(16)
Key Hint:

(4 marks)

The function of supersonic and subsonic diffusers are to convert the kinetic energy of the
entering air into pressure energy. This energy transformation is called ram effect and the
pressure rise is called the ram pressure.
The high pressure air flows into the combustion chamber. In the combustion chamber, the
fuel is injected by suitable injectors and the air fuel mixture is burnt.
(3 marks)
The highly heated products of combustion gases are then allowed to expand in the exhaust
nozzle section.
The function of nozzle is to convert pressure energy of gas into kinetic energy. Due to high
velocity of gases coming out from the unit, a reaction or thrust is produced in the opposite
direction. This thrust propels the air craft.
(3 marks)
Advantages:
Ramjet engine is very simple and does not have any moving part.
Cost is low
Less maintenance
The specific fuel consumption is better than other gas turbine power plants at high
speed.
There is no upper limit to the flight speed.
(3 marks)
Disadvantages
Since the take-off thrust is zero, it is not possible to start a ramjet engine without
an external launching device.
The combustion chan:ber required flame holder to stabilize the combustion due
to high speed of air .
It is very difficult to design a diffuser which will give good pressure recovery
over a wide range of speeds.
It has low thermal efficiency.
(3 marks)
4. A turbo jet flies at a speed of 870kmph at an altitude of 10000m. the data for the engine is ,
Diameter at inlet section = 0.74 m, Velocity of the gases at the exit of the jet pipe = 505 m/s,
Pressure at the exit of the jet pipe = 0.28 bar, Air fuel ratio = 42, Determine, (i) Air flow
rate through the engine, (ii) Thrust, (iii) Specific thrust, (iv) Specific impulse, (v) Thrust
power, (vi) TSFC (April/May 2011) (Nov/Dec 2012) (May/Jun 2007) (MK)
(16)
Key Hint:

A i= d 2i
4
m=

i Aiu
m=
m
a +m
f

m
a=41.9 kg/ s

(3 marks)

F = 11538 N.

(3 marks)

F=m
c j m
au

F sp =

F
m

F sp=268.95 N /

I sp =

( kgs )

(3 marks)

F
mg

I sp=27.41 s

(2 marks)

P=Fxu
P = 2.78 x 106 W
TSFC=

(2 marks)

m
f
F

TSFC=0.312

kg
hN

(3

marks)
5. An air craft propeller flies at a speed of 440 kmph. The diameter of the propeller is 4.1m and
the speed ratio is 0.8. the ambient conditions of air at the flight altitude are T = 255 K and p =
0.55 bar. Find the following: (i) Thrust, (ii) Thrust power, (iii) Propulsive efficiency.
(May/Jun 2015) (May/Jun 2013) (Nov/Dec 2008) (MK)
(16)
Key Hint:

F = m a (c j u)
m
a=m=
Ac = 1363.9 kg/s
1
c= ( u+ c j ) = 137.49 kg/s
2

F = 41667 N

(6 marks)

P=Fxu
P = 5.09 x 106 W
p=

(5 marks)

2u
c j+u

p=0.88 ( ) 88

(5 marks)

6. An air craft flies at 960 km/hr. one of its turbo jet engines takes in 40 kg/s of air expands the
gases to the ambient pressure. The air-fuel ratio is 50 and the lower calorific value of the fuel
is 43 MJ/kg. for maximum thrust power, determine: (i) Jet velocity, (ii) Thrust, (iii) Specific
thrust, (iv) Thrust power, (v) Propulsive, thermal and overall efficiencies. (May/Jun 2014)
(GK)
(16)
Key Hint:
=

u
cj
c j =533.4 m/s

(3 marks)

F=11.094 kN

(3 marks)

F=m
c j m
au

F sp =

F
m

F sp=277.35 N /

( kgs )

(3 marks)

P=Fxu
P = 2.958 x 106 W

p=

2u
c j+u

(3 marks)

 p=66.6

1 m( c ju )
2 m f C .V
t =
2

t =12.65
0= p t
0=8.42

(4 marks)

7. (i) Differentiate turbo jet and turboprop engines with suitable diagrams. (May/June 2012)
(GK)
(12)
Key Hint:
Turbo jet Engine:
(i) Diffuser - The function of the diffuser is to convert the kinetic energy of the entering air
into pressure energy.
(ii) Rotary compressor The air passes through the rotary compressor in which the air is
further compressed.
(iii) Combustion chamber - High pressure air flows into the combustion chamber. In the
combustion chamber, the fuel is injected by suitable injectors and the air-fuel mixture is burnt.
Heat is supplied at constant pressure.
(iv) Turbine - The highly heated products of combustion gases are then enters the turbine and
partially expanded.
(v) Exhaust nozzle- The function of the nozzle is to convert the pressure energy of the
combustion gases into kinetic energy.
(3 marks)

(3 marks)
Turboprop Engine:

The angular velocity of the shaft is very high. But the propeller cannot run at
higher angular velocity. So a reduction gear box is provided before the power is transmitted
to the propeller. the turbine drives the compressor and propeller.
Propeller is used to increase the flow rate of air which results in better fuel economy.
Due to high velocity of gases coming out from the unit, a reaction (or) thrust is produced
in the opposite direction.
The total thrust produced in this engine is the sum of the thrust produced by the
propeller and the thrust produced by the nozzle. This total thrust propels the air craft.
(3
marks)

(3 marks)

(ii) Write the equations to calculate propulsive efficiency and thermal efficiency of an aircraft.
(May/June 2012) (GK)
(4)
Key Hint:
Propulsive efficiency:
p=

Propulsive power ( ) Thrust power

Power output of the engine
p=

2u
c j+u

marks)

(2

Thermal efficiency:
Power input
Power output of the engine
t =
the engine through fuel

2 2
1 m( c ju )
2 m f C .V
t =
(2 marks)
8. A turbo jet engine operating at a Mach number of 0.8 and the altitude is 10km has the
following data. Calorific value of the fuel is 42800 kJ/kg. Thrust force is 50 kN, mass flow
rate of air is 45 kg/s, mass flow rate of fuel is 2.65 kg/s. Determine the specific thrust, thrust
specific fuel consumption, jet velocity, thermal efficiency, propulsive efficiency and overall
efficiency. Assuming the exit pressure is equal to ambient pressure. (May/June 2012) (BK)
(16)
Key Hint:
m=
m a + m f

F = m(c j u)
c j =1275.67

F sp =

m
s

(4 marks)

F
m

F sp=1049.32 N /

TSFC=

( kgs )

(3 marks)

m
f
F

TSFC=5.3 105

kg
sN

(3 marks)

 p=

2u
c j+u

p=31.97

(2 marks)

t =33.04

(2 marks)

2 2
1 m( c ju )
2 m f C .V
t =

0= p t
0=10.57

(2 marks)

UNIT V
SPACE PROPULSION
Types of rocket engines Propellants-feeding systems Ignition and combustion Theory of
rocket propulsion Performance study Staging Terminal and characteristic velocity
Applications space flights.
PART A
1. What is mono propellant? Give Examples. (April/May 2015) (May/June 2013) (April/May
2011)
Key Hint:
A liquid propellant which contains both the fuel and the oxidizer in a single chemical.
(1 mark)
Example:
Nitroglycerine.
Nitro methane.
(1 mark)
2. Why rocket is called as non breathing engine? Can rocket work at vacuum? (May/June
2014)
Key Hint:
Combustion takes place by using its own Oxygen supply instead of atmospheric air.
It can work at vacuum.
(2 marks)
3. What is the use of inhibitors in solid propellants? (May/June 2014)
Key Hint:
To regulate the burning of propellant.

(2 marks)

4. What are the types of rocket engines based on source of energy employed? (April/May
2015) (May/June 2013)
Key Hint:
Chemical rocket engine
Solar rocket engine
(1 mark)
Nuclear rocket engine
Electrical rocket engine
(1 mark)

5. A rocket flies at 10080 km/hr with an effective exhaust jet velocity of 1400 m/s, and the
propellant flow rate of 5kg/s. Find the propulsion power of the rocket. (May/June 2012)
Key Hint:
p=

2
2+1
=

u
C j =2

p = 80%

(1 mark)

propulsive power = mp.Cj.u

= 19.6 MW.
6. Mention any four applications of rocket. (May/June 2012)
Key Hint:
Military
Space
Aircraft
Communication.

(1 mark)

(1 mark)
(1 mark)

7. What is meant by hypergolic propellant? (April/May 2010)

Key Hint:
Hypergolic propellant do not require ignition

(2 marks)

8. Explain chemical rocket propulsion system. (Nov/Dec 2012)

Key Hint:
High pressure and high temperature gases are produced in combustion chamber due to
chemical reaction.
(2 marks)
9. What are the properties of solid propellants? (Nov/Dec 2014)
Key Hint:
It should release large amount of heat during combustion.
Physical and chemical properties should not change during processing.(1 mark)
It should have high density.
It should be non-corrosive and non-reactive with components of the engine.
(1
mark)
10. Define characteristic velocity. (Nov/Dec 2014)
Key Hint:
The ratio between effective jet velocity and thrust coefficient.

(2 marks)

11. What are the advantages of a hybrid rocket? (Nov/Dec 2013)

Key Hint:
Speed regulation is possible
High load capacity.
Lighter than liquid propellant rocket
High fuel density.

There is no chemical deterioration between fuel and Oxidizer.

(1 mark)

(1 mark)

12. What is specific impulse of a rocket?

Key Hint:
The thrust developed per unit weight flow rate of the propellant is known as specific
impulse.
(1 mark)
I sp =

F
Wp

(1

mark)
13. What is bipropellant?

Key Hint:
If the fuel and oxidizer are different from each other in its chemical nature, then the
propellant is called bipropellant.
(2 marks)
14. Define specific propellant consumption.

Key Hint:
The propellant consumption rate per unit thrust is known as specific propellant
consumption.
(1 mark)
SPC =

WP
F

(1 mark)

15. Name some propellants for space application.

Key Hint:

Nitroglycerine.
Nitromethane.
Hydrazine.
Hydrogen peroxide.

(2 marks)
PART B

1. List the main components of liquid propellant rocket engine and explain. (April/May 2015)
(MK)
(16)
Key Hint:

Liquid fuel (refined petrol, liquid hydrogen, hydrazine, etc) and liquid oxygen are used in
this engine. Liquid fuel and liquid oxygen are stored separately in two different tanks.
Preheater is used to heat the fuel and oxidizer. Nozzle is used to increase the velocity
and decrease the pressure of the gases.
(2 marks)

(4 marks)
Liquid fuel and liquid oxygen are pumped separately into a combustion chamber through
control valves.
The preheated fuel-oxidizer mixture is injected into the combustion chamber through
suitable injector and combustion takes place.
When the combustion takes place in the combustion chamber, very high pressure and
very high temperature gases are produced.
The highly heated products of combustion gases are then allowed to expand in the
nozzle section.
Due to high velocity of gases coming out from the unit, a force (or) thrust is
produced in the opposite direction. This thrust propels the rocket.
(4 marks)

Advantages

Liquid propellant engines can be reused after recovery. So it is economical.

Combustion process is controllable i.e., it is easy to stop the combustion by closing the
fuel valve (or) oxidizer valve.
Speed regulation i.e., increase and decrease of speed is possible.
High specific impulse.
(3 marks)

Disadvantages

Construction is more complicated compared to solid propellant rocket.

Manufacturing cost is high.
There are additional handling and safety problems if the propellants are poisonous
and corrosive.

The size and weight of the engine is more compared to solid propellant rocket.

High vibration.

(3 marks)

2. A rocket engine has the following data: Effective jet velocity = 1200 m/s, Flight to jet speed
ratio = 0.82, Oxidizer flow rate = 3.4 kg/s, fuel flow rate = 1.2 kg/s, Heat of reaction per kg
of the exhaust gases = 2520 kJ/kg. Calculate the following: (i) Thrust, (ii) Specific impulse,
(iii) Propulsive efficiency, (iv) Thermal efficiency, (v) Overall efficiency (April/May 2015)
(MK)
(16)
Key Hint:
F=m p c j
m p=m 0 + m f
m p=4.6

kg
s
F=5520 N

I sp =

(4 marks)

F
Wp
I sp =122.32 s

(3

marks)
p=

2
2
1+
p=98
2

t =

(3 marks)

c j +u
2C .V
t =0.477

(3 marks)

0= p t
0=46.8

(3 marks)

3. Explain the working of a turbo pump feed system used in a liquid propellant rocket.
(May/Jun 2014) (April/May 2010) (MK)
(16)
Key Hint:

In this system, liquid fuel and the liquid oxidizer are stored in a separate tank at
low pressure.
Liquid fuel and liquid oxidizer are forced into the combustion chamber at high
pressure by the fuel and oxidizer pumps.
Gas turbine is used to operate the fuel and oxidizer pumps.
Liquid
hydrogen
peroxide
(H2O2)
from the tank is decomposed by
a catalyst such as calcium or sodium permanganate.
Due to this, steam
and oxygen are generated. This steam is used to drive the turbine.
Because of the third liquid, the gas turbine, the pumps and additional lines are
necessary. So the pump pressurization system is considerably more complex
than gas pressurization system.
Design of pump is a greatest problem that will handle the liquids safely and
without leaks.
(6 marks)

(4 marks)

Combustion of a liquid propellant (fuel and oxidizer mixture) in the combustion

chamber requires the following basic processes .
(i)
Injection
(ii)
Atomization
(iii)
Mixing
(iv)
Vaporization
(v)
Ignition
(vi)
Chemical reaction between fuel and oxidizer
(3 marks)
The propellants are injected into the combustion chamber through fine orifices for
proper atomization. Various methods are followed to atomize and mix the fuel and
oxidizer.

The combustion starts with the arrival of one of the propellants. In order to
obtain a low value of the oxidizer fuel ratio, the fuel jet is allowed to enter the
combustion chamber first.

The combustion pressure and temperature depends on the flow rates of the propellants,
the combustion rate and the gas flow rate through the exhaust nozzle.
(3 marks)

4. Describe the important properties of liquid and solid propellants desired for rocket propulsion
(May/Jun 2013) (April/May 2011) (April/May 2010) (MK)
(16)
Key Hint:
PROPERTIES OF LIQUID PROPELLANTS

Propellant should have high calorific value.

It density should be high.
It should have low values of vapor pressure and viscosity.
It should have higher specific heat and thermal conductivity .
Products of combustion should have low molecular weight to produce high jet
velocity.
It should be non-corrosive and non-reactive with components of the engine.
It should not be poisonous and hazardous.
It should be cheap and easily available.
Energy released
during combustion
per unit mass of the propellant
combination should be high.
It should be easily ignitable.
(8 marks)

PROPERTIES OF SOLID PROPELLANTS

It should release large amount of heat during combustion.
Physical and chemical properties should not change during processing.
It should have high density.
It should not be poisonous and hazardous.
It should be cheap and easily available.
It should be non-corrosive and non-reactive with components of the engine.
Storage' and handling should be easy.
(8 marks)
5. Draw a neat sketch explaining the general working of the hybrid propellant rocket. (Nov/Dec
2013) (Nov/Dec 2012) (MK)
(16)
Key Hint:

(4 marks)

The hybrid rocket engines combine the advantages of both solid and liquid propellant
rockets.
In this type, solid fuel along with liquid oxidizer is used as a propellant.
Solid fuel is packed in the combustion chamber and the liquid oxidizer is stored in the
separate tank.
(2 marks)

Working

The liquid oxidizer which is stored in the separate tank is injected into the
combustion chamber.
When liquid oxidizer mixes with solid fuel in the combustion chamber, combustion
takes place automatically.
When the combustion takes place in the combustion chamber, very high pressure
and very high temperature gases are produced.
The highly heated products of combustion gases are then allowed to expand in the
nozzle section.
In the nozzle, pressure energy of the gas is converted into kinetic energy. So the
gases coming out from the unit with very high velocity.
Due to high velocity of gases coming out from the unit, a force (or) thrust is
produced in the opposite direction. This thrust propels the rocket. (4 marks)

Advantages

Speed regulation is possible by regulating the supply of oxidizer.

High load capacity.

Hybrid rockets are lighter when compared to the liquid propellant type rockets.
Higher fuel density.
Since the fuel and oxidizer are kept separately, there is no chemical deterioration
between fuel and oxidizer.
In case of an accident or crash the explosion is less destructive compared to
the liquid propellant rocket engines.
(4 marks)

Disadvantage

Nozzle erosion cannot be avoided.

(2 marks)

6. Describe briefly the important applications of rocket propulsion in the following fields. (i)
Aircrafts, (ii) Military, (iii) Space, (iv) Scientific. (May/Jun 2014) (GK)
(16)
Key Hint:
i.

Aircrafts:
(a) Primary power plants e.g.:- German Mel 163 fighter used in II World war
X- 1 Research engine (first to break the sonic barrier)
X - 15 supersonic research aircraft

ii.

(b) Auxiliary power plants for super performance or improving the performance
(speed, rate of climb), assisted take-off.
(4 marks)
Military:
(a) Rocket projectiles (unguided missile) - not accurate, payloads explosive
charges, smoke charge, other military payloads (or mail carriers to reach
remote villages in mountain areas)
(b) Guided missiles:- similar to rocket projectiles but bigger in size and the
trajectory is controlled - ground to ground, ground to air (aircraft), air to air,
air to ground, ship to air and ship to ship missiles - payloads are atomic
weapons.
(4 marks)

iii.

iv.

Space:
(a) Military purposes reconnaissance,
(b) Commercial purposes - communication and weather studies scientific
purposes - lunar, space and planets
(c) Manned and unmanned space vehicles
(d) Near earth, longer, interplanetary, trains- solar systems
(e) Rocket engines are use to (1) take-off from earth, ascend and achievement of
orbit (2) altitude control, trajectory connections, reentry, attainment of lunar
and planetary orbits and landing, separation of vehicle stages, maneuvers etc.
(4 marks)
Scientific.
(a) Rockets which carry instruments to measure meteorological and scientific
data at high altitudes may be guided or unguided.
(b) For throwing life line to ships, signal rockets, antitank rockets, under water
rockets etc.

(c) Miscellaneous - ejection or crew escape capsules and stores personnel

propulsion belts,
(4 marks)
7. A rocket flies at 10080 kmph with an effective exhaust jet velocity of 1400 m/s and
propellant floe rate of 5.0 kg/s. if the heat of reaction of the propellant is 6500 kJ/kg of the
propellant mixture determine (i) the propulsive efficiency and power, (ii) engine output and
thermal efficiency and (iii) overall efficiency. (May/Jun 2013) (GK)
(16)
Key Hint:
u
= =2
cj
p=

2
1+ 2
p=80

(3 marks)

Power=19.6 MW

(3 marks)

Engine output =24.5 MW

(3 marks)

t =75.38

(3 marks)

0=0.603

(4 marks)

F=m p c j
F=7000 N
Power=F u

Engine output =

t =

Power
p

c 2j +u 2
2C .V

0= p t

8. A rocket has the following data: Combustion chamber pressure = 36 bar, Combustion
chamber temperature = 3600 K, Oxidizer flow rate = 41 kg/s, Mixture ratio = 5, Ambient
pressure = 585 N/m2. Determine: (i) Nozzle throat area, (ii) Thrust, (iii) Thrust co-efficient,
(iv) Characteristic velocity, (v) Exit velocity of exhaust gases. (Nov/Dec 2014) (May/Jun
2012) (BK)
(16)
Key Hint:
From isentropic table,
pe
=16.25 105
po
Ae
=285.3
A
A e =3.694 m2
A =0.0129 m2

(6

marks)
F=m
p ce
F=137.68 103 N
cF =

p0 A

c F =2.96
c=

(4 marks)

(4 marks)

cj
cF
c =945.45 m/s

(2 marks)