LIST OF FIGURES

Fig no

Title of the figure

Page no

1.1

Solar Power Module

1.2

Electrical Connection Of The Cells

1.3

Series connection of cells

1.4

Parallel connection of cells, with resulting currentvoltage

characteristic

1.5

Percenta ge variation of annual sunlight levels as a function of

tilt angle

11

1.6

Schematic diagram of a stand-alone photovoltaic system

14

1.7

Schematic diagram of grid-connected photovoltaic system

14

1.8

Schematic diagram of hybrid system incorporating a photovoltaic

15

2.1

1- H bridge PWM converter

21

2.2

Multi Stage High Frequency Transformer

22

3.1

1- structure of a multilevel cascaded H bridge

26

3.2

Output phase voltage wave form of an 11 level cascaded inverter

27

3.3

3- Wie connection structure for electrical vehicle motor

28

3.4

3- 6 level Structure of a diode clamped inverter

30

3.5

3- 6 level Structure of a Flying capacitor inverter

32

3.6

Flying capacitor 6 level inverter redundant voltage levels

34

3.7

series parallel connection to electrical system

35

3.8

six level diode clamped back to back converter structure

36

3.9

Classification of PWM multilevel conveter modulation strategies

36

3.10

Structure of fault diagnosis system of a multilevel

40

4.1

Average output positive voltage

43

4.2

Average output negative voltage

43

4.3

comparison of triangular and square wave forms

45

4.4

Different Duty Cycles

46

4.5

Low frequency pulse width modulation with D> rise time

47

4.6

Rise time of current

48

6.1

Sub module

57

6.2

1- of 3 level modular multilevel converter

58

6.3

Characteristics of module

59

6.4

photovoltaic supported 3 level modular multilevel converter

60

7.1

photovoltaic supported 3 level modular multilevel converter

62

7.2

capacitor voltage across lower and upper arm

62

7.3

current tracking of grid current

63

7.4

block diagram

64

7.5

internal block diagram

65

7.6

converter voltage and current

65

7.7

converter voltage and grid voltage

66

7.8

solar input voltage

66

7.9

upper and lower arm voltage and current

67

7.10

voltage across AB

67

vi

ABBREVATIONS
MPPT

Maxim um Power Point Tracking

PV

photovoltaic

MMC

Modular Multilevel Converter

INC

incremental conductance

CV

constant voltage

P&O

perturbation and observation

VRM

voltage-regulator

PWM

pulse width modulation

SMPS

Switched mode power supply

PA

power amplifier

HEV

hybrid electric vehicles

ASDs

adjustable speed drives

UPS

uninterruptible power supplies

AF

active filters

THM

Total Harmonic Distortion

vii

NOMENCLATURE
Vo

output voltage

Vi

input voltage

IL

curre nt through the induc tor

time period

Io

output current

ILmax

maximum load current

Ic

actual current signal

ID

diode current

viii