Case Studies in Thermal Engineering 7 (2016) 2535

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Case Studies in Thermal Engineering

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Performance evaluation of combined ejector LiBr/H2O

absorption cooling cycle
Hasan Sh. Majdi
Al-Mustaqbal University College, Babylon, Iraq

a r t i c l e i n f o

abstract

Article history:
Received 16 November 2015
Received in revised form
4 January 2016
Accepted 12 January 2016
Available online 12 January 2016

The objective of this work is to develop a computer simulation program to evaluate the
performance of solar-assited combined ejector absorption (single-effect) cooling system
using LiBr/H2O as a working fluid and operating under steady-state conditions. The ejector
possess no moving parts and is simple and reliable, which makes it attractive for combination with single-stage absorption cycle for further improvement to the system's
performance. In this research, improvement to the system is achieved by utilizing the
potential kinetic energy of the ejector to enhance refrigeration efficiency. The effects of
the entrainment ratio of the ejector, operating temperature, on the thermal loads, and
system performance have been investigated. The results showed that the evaporator and
condenser loads, post-addition of the ejector, is found to be permanently higher than that
in the basic cycle, which indicates a significant enhancement of the proposed cycle and
the cooling capacity of the system increasing with the increase in evaporator temperature
and entrainment ratio. The COP of the modified cycle is improved by up to 60 % compared
with that of the basic cycle at the given condition. This process stabilizes the refrigeration
system, enhanced its function, and enabled the system to work under higher condenser
temperatures.
& 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC
BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Keywords:
LiBr/H2O absorption system
Enhance COP
Improved refrigerant quality
Combined ejector absorption cycle

1. Introduction
Many researches are recently interested in applications of solar-assisted absorption cooling/refrigeration systems and the
improvement of their corresponding performance [1,2], as it saves energy and is environmentally friendly. Solar energy is
available in most areas and regarded as a good source of thermal energy. For many solar absorption cooling systems, LiBr/
Water and Ammonia/Water is a major working fluid pair in the context of these systems. The absorption performance of a
cooling system is critically dependent on the chemical and thermodynamic properties of the working fluid [3]. A fundamental requirement of absorbent/refrigerant combination is that, in its liquid phase, they must have a margin of miscibility
within the operating temperature range of the cycle. The mixture should also be chemically stable, non-toxic, and nonexplosive. In solar applications, the LiBrH2O system is superior to the NH3H2O system, due to its simpler design and
operation and low cost. Moreover, it is functional under low generator temperature and perform better than that of
NH3H2O [4]. The LiBr/water system has been widely used for many years and their properties are well established. Many
types of absorption cycles have been developed, however, the system's complexities increased over a conventional singleeffect absorption system. The double-effect absorption systems using lithium bromide/water seem to be a high performance
E-mail addresses: Hasanshker1@gmail.com, info@mustaqbal-college.com
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.csite.2016.01.003
2214-157X/& 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

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H.Sh. Majdi / Case Studies in Thermal Engineering 7 (2016) 2535

Nomenclature
ARS
At
Ak
COP
h
m
M
P
Q
SHE
T
Tabs
Tcond
Tevp
Tgen
v
X

Absorption refrigeration system

Cross sectional area at nozzle throat (m2)
Cross sectional area at diffuser-inlet (m2)
Coefficient of performance
Enthalpy (kJ/kg)
Mass flow rate (kg/s)
Mach number
Pressure (kPa)
Thermal load (kJ/kg)
Solution heat exchanger
Temperature (C)
Absorber temperature (C)
Condenser temperature (C)
Evaporator temperature (C)
Generator temperature (C)
Specific volume (m3/kg)
Solution concentration

Vapor solution concentration

Effectiveness of heat exchanger
Flow entrainment ratio, secondary stream to
primary stream

Subscripts
a
p
c
e
g
m
v
l
s
BC
110

Absorber
Primary
Condenser
Evaporator
Generator
Mixind flow
Vapor solution
Liquid solution
Secondery
Basic cycle
State points

system, which is available commercially. The (single-effect) cooling system using LiBr/H2O as its working fluid system can
provide COP as high as a double-effect system at minimal increase of system complexity. Thus, research has focused on
improving these absorption cooling systems by enhancing the coefficient of performance (COP) of these systems with
respect to both heating and cooling applications [5,6]. Ventas et al. [7] numerically studied single-effect absorption cycles
and utilized ammonia-lithium nitrate solution as its working pair to determine the effect of mass flow rate recirculating
through the absorber, as well as system performance. Numerous works also aim to optimize the operating parameters to
enhance performance and minimize energy consumption in ARS [816].
Kaynakli and Kilic [17] numerically investigate the effect of operating temperature and the effectiveness of the heat
exchangers in the ARS on the thermal loads of the components, the coefficient of performance (COP, COPc), and the
efficiency ratio () with water/lithium bromide. In their study, SHE affected the investigated parameters more than the
refrigerant heat exchanger (RHE); SHE increased the COP to a maximum rate of 44%, whereas the RHE increased this value
by only 2.8%. Moreover, ejector cooling systems can operate given refrigerants with low boiling points as working fluids.
These systems are among the most promising devices for solar cooling/refrigeration applications. Previous studies indicate
that the COP values of absorption and ejector refrigerators falls within 0.50.85, whereas those of the basic absorption
cycle range from 0.2 to 0.6 [3,1820]. The advantage of using an ejector refrigerator cycle can utilize thermal energy at
temperature levels upward from 333 K [19]. Heat energy at these temperatures is available from the absorber of the
absorption refrigerator. Arbel and Sokolov [21] proposed combined systems, using the booster sub-cycle as a compression
enhanced approach of increasing the COP of ERS. Yu et al. [22] evaluated a new ejector refrigeration system with an
additional liquidvapor jet pump. The jet pump was used to decrease the backpressure of the ejector, and then the
entrainment ratio and the coefficient of performance (COP) of the new system could be increased. Abdulateef et al. [23]
developed a model by adding an ejector between the generator and the condenser to improve the system's performance.
Sirwan et al. [24,25] showed that the performance of a combined absorptionejector cooling cycle can be further enhanced
by adding a flash tank to the cycle in the presence of the ejector. Abed et al. [26] modified the combined ejector-flash tank
absorption cycle by utilizing heat recovery via the rearrangement of the streamlines at the solution heat exchanger and the
addition of RHE. Recently, Abed et al. [27] reported that the ejector efficiency could be optimized by removing the booster
from the refrigerant streamline side and allowing the secondary flow of the ejector to work only under the intermediate
pressure of the flash tank with NH3H2O as its working fluid.
This work conceptualizes and analyze the single effect absorption refrigeration system combined with the ejector and an
upgraded system that considerably lower the energy footprint. This paper aims to improve the system's performance by
using the potential kinetic energy from the primary streamlines to drive the low pressure secondary streamlines to produce
a quieter flow with more thrust and lower temperature. The proposed cycle will be evaluated via the entrainment ratio and
the effect of the operation temperature on the thermal loads and the system's performance. A general description of the
proposed system will be presented, and further analysis on its performance is conducted based on a corresponding
mathematical model.

H.Sh. Majdi / Case Studies in Thermal Engineering 7 (2016) 2535

27

Fig. 1. System schematic of single effect combined absorptionejector cooling system.

2. Materials and methods

The binary mixture LiBr/H2O were used in the proposed system. The detailed thermodynamic property of LiBr/H2O were
coded with the help of correlations proposed by Patek and Klomfar [28], and Engineering Equation Software [29]. These
properties (i.e., pressure,temperature, concentration, enthalpy, and density) are necessary for the simulation to calculate
the heat and mass balance for the proposed cycle. A computer simulation program has been developed to evaluate the
performance of the system. The mass balances, energy balances, and the equations of state for LiBr/H2O solution, and
refrigerant at each component involved in the cycle are required for system simulation.

3. Description of absorption cycle

3.1. Description of solar single effect absorption cycle
The basic cycle consists of generator, absorber, a condenser, an evaporator, solution heat exchanger, circulating pumps,
and a solar collector. The cycle works between two pressure levels: low pressure at the evaporator-absorber, and high
pressure at condenser-generator. The emitted vapors in the generator consist of pure water, while LiBr sal remained in the
solution.
3.2. Description of modified single effect combined absorptionejector cooling system
The main part of the single effect absorption cooling system is shown schematically in Fig. 1. The solution heat exchanger
is advantageous, because it cools down the solution coming from the generator, which then heats up the solution entering
the generator [30]. An ejector was added between the generator and the condenser. The primary high-pressure water vapor
from the generator enters the ejector, then from the secondary inlet of the ejector, the entrainment low pressure water
vapor from the evaporator is mixed with the primary flow at the mixing chamber, passing the diffuser, then entering the
condenser.
In this new design, the lithium bromide mixture leaves the absorber (state 1) in the form of a saturated solution at low
pressure. It is pumped to the system at high pressure (state 3). The generator operates from a high temperture source to
separate the binary solution of water and Lithium bromide (strong solution comes from absorber). This two-phase mixture
is separated, and the weak liquid flows through SHE (state 4 to state 5) than throttled to the low pressure system and
sprayed into the absorber (state 6). On the ejector, the secondary flow (water vapor from evaporator (state 10A)) and the
primary flow of water vapor from the generator are mixed and passed to the condenser (state 7).

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H.Sh. Majdi / Case Studies in Thermal Engineering 7 (2016) 2535

4. Simulation and analysis of proposed cycle

For the purpose of simulation and analysis, the following assumptions are made:
1. The system operates under a steady state condition.
2. The refrigerant leaving the condenser and evaporator is saturated (state points 8 and 10).
3. LiBr/H2O solution in the generator, solution heat exchanger, and absorber are assumed to be in the equilibrium state at
their respective pressure and temperature and assumed saturated state.
4. The frictional pressure drop in the cycle is neglected except through the expansion device.
5. The flow inside the ejector is steady and one-dimensional. The ejector walls are adiabatic.
6. The primary flow and the secondary flow are saturated and their velocities are negligible before entering the ejector
(states 7 and 10B in Fig. 1 respectively). The velocity of the mixed flow leaving the ejector (at state 7) is also neglected.
In order to calculate the heat and mass balance for the proposed cycle, the thermodynamic properties (pressure,
temperature, concentration, enthalpy and density) are necessary for the simulation. The binary mixture of LiBr/H2O and
pure H2O are used in the proposed system. The detailed thermodynamic property equations of LiBr/H2O are found by
Engineering Equation Software [29].
4.1. Thermodynamic analysis
The coefficient of performance (COP) is used to measure the system performance:

COP =

Qe
Q g + Pwork

(4.1)

In order to use Eq. (4.1), mass and energy conservation should be determined at each component.
For the generator SHE Absorber loop
The mass and energy balances around the generator

m 3=m 4 +m 7 ( total mass balance)

(4.2)

m3 x3 = m4 x 4 + m7 x7 ( H2 Omass balance)

(4.3)

(where x3 x1 and x4 x6)

Q g = m4 h4 + m7 h m3 h3

(4.4)

The fluid properties in this loop can be derived and developed as:
The liquid weak solution at state (4)T4 Tgen, P4 Pgen, x 4 xs (Tgen, Pgen), and h4 hS (Tgen,x 4 )
Heat exchanger
SHE performance is expressed in terms of effectiveness she .
The solution and refrigerant heat exchanger performance, expressed in terms of an effectiveness she .

she=(T 4 T5)/(T 4 T 2)
Chot = m 4 ( h4 h5 )/(T 4 T 5)
Ccold = m 2 ( h3 h2 )/(T 3 T 2)
Q hx = m1 ( h3 h2 )
Q hx = m4 ( h4 h5 )

(4.5)
(4.6)
(4.7)
(4.8)
(4.9)

where,

m 1 = 0. 05

kg
= m2 , T1 = Tabs = T2, h5 = h S ( T5, x5 ) x5 = x 4
s

Solution expansion valve model

h5=h6 , m 5=m 6,x5=x6

Pump calculation

h2 = h1 + Pwork/m 1
Pwork = m 1v1 ( P high P low )/1000
v1 = vS (T1,x1)

(4.10)

(4.11)
(4.12)

H.Sh. Majdi / Case Studies in Thermal Engineering 7 (2016) 2535

29

Absorber

(4.13)

Q a = m 10 h10 + m 6 h6 m 1h1

EjectorCondenser evaporator loop

With regard to the cycle layout, the refrigeration vapor produced from the generator induces the primary ejector flow. It
then entrains the secondary vapor from the evaporator. Given the properties above, the ejector entrainment ratio, which
is expressed as =m 10b /m 7, can be determined based on the following relationship:

A
=f Pgen , T7, P10A , T10A, P7 t

Ak

(4.14)

To calculate the entrainment ratio, we apply the performance evolution procedure for the ejector. We determine the
entrainment ratio through iterative mathematical calculation, which defines ejector capacity and performance. Once we
obtain , we derive the properties at states (10B) and (7) from the following mixing process:

m 10A = m 7
m 7 =(1 + ) m 7
h +h10B
h7 = 7
1+
h10 = h10A = h10B , m 10 = m 10B + m 10A , m 10 = m 9
h10 = hV (WATER, T 10, X = 1)

(4.15)
(4.16)
(4.17)

Condenser

Q c = m7 ( h7h8 ), h8 = hv ( WATER, T 8, X = 0)

(4.18)

Refrigerant valve

h8=h9 , x8=x 9
Evaporator

Q = Q m 9 (h10 h9)

(4.19)

4.2. Ejector analysis

A one-dimensoional mathematical model for prediction of ejectoer performnce of Huang et al. [31] is used to analyze the
effect of mixing chamber and enterinment ratio on the performnce of system. The schematic diagram of the ejector used in
the present study is shown in Fig. 2.
4.3. Nozzle equations
For a givan pressure Pg P7, tempertature Tg =T7 and m p=m 7, the nozzle throat area required for choking condition follows
the gas dynamic equation:

m p Tg

At =
Pg p

k
R

(k + 1)
2
(k 1)
k+1

( )

(4.20)

where p is a coefficint relationg to the isentropic efficincy of the compressible flow in the nozzle. The relations between
the Mach number at the exit of nozzle Mp1 and the exit corss section area AP1 and pressure Pp1 are, using isentropic relations
as showing in the following eqautions:

Fig. 2. schematic diagram of the ejector.

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H.Sh. Majdi / Case Studies in Thermal Engineering 7 (2016) 2535

(k +1)

(k 1)
(k1
AP1
1 2
)=
1+
Mp12

At
Mp1 k+1
2

Pg
= 1+
Pp1

(4.21)

k
(k1)Mp12 (k 1)

(4.22)

4.4. Mixing section equations

The Mach number Mpy of the primary flow at the yy section follows the isentropic relations as an approximation
k

Ppy ( 1 + ((k1)/2)Mp12) (k 1)
=
k
Pp1
( 1 + ((k1)/2)Mpy2) (k 1)

(4.23)

and the primary flow core at the yy section, can expressed in terms of isentropic relation

M
A py
Py =

A p1

Mpy

( ) ( 1 + ((k1)/2))M
2
(k +1)

py

k +1
2 (2 (k 1))

k +1
2 (2 (k 1))
p1

( ) ( 1 + ((k1)/2))M
2
(k +1)

(4.24)

The arbiterary coefficint p is included to account for the loss of the primary flow from section 11 to yy.
The entrained flow reaches chocking condition at the yy section, i.e. Msy=1. similarty to the primary nozzle, the
equivalent form of Mach number the secondry fluid at the nozzle exit plane is given as:
k

(k 1)
Plow
k1
= 1+
Msy2

Psy
2

(4.25)

The entrained flow rate at choking condition follows

ms =

Plow Asy
Tlow

(k + 1) / (k 1)
k 2

R k + 1)

(4.26)

where s is the coefficinet related to the isentropic efficincy of the entrained flow.
The geometrical cross sectional area at section yy is A3 that is the sum of the areas for the primary flow APy and for the
entrained flow Asy . That is,

APy +Asy =A3

(4.27)

Temperture and Mach number at section yy

The temperture and the Mach number of the two stream at section yy can be derived as

T2
k1
=1 +
Mpy2
Tpy
2

(4.28)

Tlow
k1
=1 +
Msy2
Tsy
2

(4.29)

4.4.1. Mixed flow at section mm before the shock

Two streams starts to mix from section yy. Ashock then takes place with a sharp pressure rise at section ss. A momentum balance relation thus obtained from:

m m p Vpy+m s Vsy =(m p +m s ) Vm

(4.30)

A
Where,m =1.037+ 0.02857 3
At

(4.31)

where Vm is the velocity of the mixed flow and m is the coefficient accounting for the frictional loss [32]. Similarly, an
energy balance relation can be derived as

H.Sh. Majdi / Case Studies in Thermal Engineering 7 (2016) 2535

2

Vpy
V2
V2
+m s Cp Tsy+ sy =(m p +m s ) Cp Tm+ m
m p Cp Tpy+
2
2
2

31

(4.32)

where Vpy and Vsy are the vapor velocity of the primary and secondery flow at the section yy.

Vpy=Mpy apy apy= kRTpy

(4.33)

Vsy=Msy asy asy= kRTsy

(4.34)

The Mach number of the mixed flow can be evaluted using the following relation:

Mm=

Vm
am= kRTm
am

(4.35)

4.4.2. Mixed flow across the shock from section mm to section 33

A sharp pressure rise occur at section ss due to a supersonic shock will take place at this section in the constant area
mixing chamber. Assuming that the mixed flow after the shock undergoing an isentropic process, the flow inside the
constent area mixing chamber between the section mm and section 3-3 has a uniform pressure P3. Therefore, the pressure

Fig. 3. (ad) Comparison of influence of operation temperature on the COP values for basic and modified cycle.

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H.Sh. Majdi / Case Studies in Thermal Engineering 7 (2016) 2535

ratio across the mixing chamber can be obtained from:

P3
2k
=1+
(Mm2-1)
Pm
k+1
M23=

(4.36)

( )M
kM -( )

1+

k-1
2

k-1
2

(4.37)

4.5. Diffuser equations

4.5.1. Pressure ratio across the subsonic diffuser
The pressure at the exit of the diffuser folllows the relation, assuming isentropic process
k

Pc
k-1 2 k-1
= 1+
M3

P3
2

(4.38)

4.6. Optimization of ejector geometry

Finally, using the above 1-D model of the ejector, we can carry out the performnce analysis to determine the entraimnent
ratio and the required cross sectional area of the constant area section A3 and nozzle throat area At. The considered
ejector's thermodynamic parameters are its entrainment ratio

m s
m p

(4.39)

The ejector geometry ratio can determined from the following equation
1

Ppy k
At Pc
1
=

A3 P2 (1+)(1+ Te ) Pc
T
g

1-

( )
Ppy

2 1/(k-1)
k+ 1

( )

(k-1)
k

Pc

1-( k+1 )

(4.40)

Eqs. (4.20)(4. 40) will be solved by iteration to optimize the ejector geometry.
5. Results and discussion
Engineering Equation Software [29] is used to evaluate the performance of the system. The operating temperatures of the
proposed cycles were set to Tgen 60110C, Tcond Tabs 2050 C, Tevp 015 C. The effectiveness values of SHE is presumably 0.64. Given the operating condition and the cooling load, the software predicts the COP for the system.
5.1. Comparison between the basic and the modified cycle
Fig. 3(ad) depicts the COP of basic cycle and the modified absorption cycle under various operating temperatures.
Comparison of COP values vs. generator temperature for (basic and modified cycles) are shown in Fig. 3(a). It is noticed that
for the two absorption cycle, there is an optimum value of COP. This value of COP increases with generator temperature until
it reaches the optimum value. This value depends on the type of the cycle. Moreover, there is a low generator temperature
limit, where the the cycle cannot operate at a generator lower than this. This is an important point for the utilization solar
energy, since the fluid temperature for solar collector are generally below 100 C. Therefore, the simulation exhibited in this
figure reveals that modified cycle has a higher COP value than the basic cycle. The effect of evaporator temperature on the
COP of the cycles is shown in Fig. 3(b). It is evident that the COP value of two cycles increases as the evaporation temperature increases, as shown in Fig. 3(b). It also can be seen that the highest value of the COP is obtained from the modified
cycle. Fig. 3(c and d). illustrate the comparison of COP value vs. condenser and absorber temperature for two cycles. Increase
condenser and absorber temperature causes a decrease in COP for each cycle. For modified cycle operation under choked
conditions, the cycle is independent of condenser pressure when the condenser pressure is less than a certain critical value;
however, the cycle falls to similar values to the basic cycle when the condenser pressure is greater than this critical value, as
shown in Fig. 3(c). It is observed that the absorber temperature of 44 C and above the performance of the system tend to
lean towards zero. This is due to the fact that the the concentration of the liquid leaving the absorber has dropped to the
same concentration as the liquid coming back from the generator. From this figure, it could be determined that the COP of
the modified cycle is higher than that of the conventional cycles at all simulated working conditions. This is due to the fact
that the performance of a refrigeration system is influenced by adding an ejector to the basic cycle.

H.Sh. Majdi / Case Studies in Thermal Engineering 7 (2016) 2535

33

Fig. 4. Variation of thermal loads and entrainment ratio vs.: (a) generator temperature, (b) evaporator temperature, and (c) condenser temperature.

5.2. Effect of operating temperature on thermal loads

The effect of the generator, evaporator, and condenser temperature on the thermal loads of the condenser and the
evaporator are shown in Fig. 4(ac). It can be seen from Fig. 4(a and b) that when the generator and evaporator temperature
increases, the thermal loads of the condenser and the evaporator increases for the two cycles. It is also shown that the
generator temperature does not affect the entrainment ratio of ejector, while the entrainment ratio () increases rapidly
with the evaporator's temperature, since an increase in the evaporator pressure causes an increase in the vapor flow rate
from the evaporator entering the ejector. It can also be seen that the higher value of thermal loads is obtained with the
modified cycle. The variations of the thermal loads with a condenser temperature is given in Fig. 4(c). It is shown that the
thermal loads of the two cycle decrease with increasing condenser temperature. This is due to the fact that increased
pressure of the system will increase the amount of the saturated liquid enthalpies leaving the condenser. This leads to a
decrease in the thermal load of the condenser. It is also shown that the entrainment ratio decreases, and hence the pressure
or the ejector back pressure increases with increased secondary flow pressure at the evaporator, leading to low ejector
efficiency. The results also show that the new modified cycle has higher thermal loads than that of the basic cycle.

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H.Sh. Majdi / Case Studies in Thermal Engineering 7 (2016) 2535

Fig. 5. Comparison of COP versus generator temperature at different operating conditions for modified and basic cycles.

5.3. Evaluate system performance at different operating temperature

The temperatures of the components that evaluate system performance falls within the following ranges: 70110 C for
the generator temperature; 2545 C for water-cooled condensers and absorbers; and 010 C for evaporators. Thus, the
ideal cooling effect was obtained under the employed generator and ambient-condensation temperature ranges. Fig. 5(ad)
illustrates the comparison between the modified and the basic cycle at different condenser and evaporator temperatures.
The proposed cycle enhances cycle peak under all operating conditions, therefore, the improvement in the modified cycle
increases the COP by 860 % under condenser temperature range, and by 3085% under evaporator temperature range over
the basic cycle. This improvement in the overall COP is attributed to the ability of the ejector to achieve highest discharge
pressure with the given amount of motive steam, thereby increasing the energy available to entrain and compress the
suction load.
6. Conclusions
In this study, an improved system of the single-stage absorption cycle operated with LiBr/H2O as its working fluid was
conducted. Thermodynamic analysis of ejectorabsorption refrigeration system has been carried out, and the theoretical

H.Sh. Majdi / Case Studies in Thermal Engineering 7 (2016) 2535

35

performance of the cycles were compared. The results show that the modified combined absorption cycle is superior to the
basic cycle over a wide range of operating conditions. The results also show that the thermal load of the condenser and
the evaporator increase as the generator and evaporator temperature increases, while it decreases as the condenser
temperature increases. It is shown that the entrainment ratio of the ejector is unaffected by the generator temperature,
while increases rapidly with evaporator temperatures, and decreases with condenser temperature, leading to a decrease in
the ejectors efficiency. The results indicated that the overall COPs increments of the modified cycle was  860 % at a
condenser temperature of 2545 C, and by 3085% at evaporator temperature of 010 C over the basic cycle. Finally, the
contribution of the present study is the stimulation of wider interest in the technology of absorption refrigeration system,
which can be useful for any newcomer in this field of technology, with the greatest benefits in hot climates.

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