Cognosy Scheme

Family

Plants

Aconite
Ranunculaceae
50 genera
2000 spcs

Botanical name

Part
used

Active constituents

Pharmacology

Uses

Aconitum napellus

Dried
roots

Aconitine,
picraconitine,
hypaconitine, aconine,
napelline

Neurotoxin,
antitumor,
antibacterial,
antifungal,antiinflammatory
analgesic

1.
2.
3.
4.

Delphinium
denudatum

Dried
roots
and
whole
dried
herb

Delphinidin,denudatin
, delphine,
condelphine,
ajacine,ajacinine

Neuronal
transmission
inhibition,

1. Anticonvulsant
2. In dropsy and
asthma
3. Toothache
4. Snake and scorpion
bite
5. Bitter tonic
6. Cholera and jaundice
1. Antibacterial
antifungal,
antimalarial
2. Emetic, purgative
3. Amenorrhea,
4. Analgesic
5. Used in homeopathy
1. Eye wash
2. Flu preparations
3. Bitter tonic
4. GIT & nasal
preparations
5. In hemorrhages

ALPH
Larkspur

Delphinium ajacis

e-Bad

Pulsatilla

Anemone pulsatilla
Pulsatilla vulgaris

Whole
dried
plant

Ranunculin,
protoanemonin,
anemonin

Antibacterial
antifungal,
antimalarial,
cytotoxic

Hydrastus

HydrastusCanadensis

Dried
roots
and
rhizomes

Hydrastine, berberine,
canadine, starch,
resin, V.O.

Antimicrobial
when applied
topically,
antitubercular,
antiinflammatory,

Cardiac effects
Local analgesic
For neuralgia
Rheumatic and gout
inflammation
5. Antipyretic
6. Used in homeopathy

Cognosy Scheme
Opium
Papaveraceae
26 genera
300 spcs

Papaversomniferrum

Air dried
latex
from
incisions
of unripe
capsule
od
opium

Morphine, codeine,
papaverine, narcotine,
thebaine

Sanguinaria

Sanguinariacanadensi
s

Dried
rhizomes

Isoquinoline alkaloids:
sanguinarine ,
chelerythrine,
protopine

Expectorant,
antimicrobial

Acacia(gondkikar)

Acacia Senegal
Acacia arabica

Gummy
exudate
from
stem

Arabin (Ca salt of

Arabic acid)

No significant
systemic effects,
local effects, used
in past as IV for
low BP

OS

Leguminosae

GSCAT
e-Bad

blockade of
glucose uptake by
cancer cells
Addictive,
relaxation of
smooth muscle
tone, sedative
analgesic

6. As uterine
hemostatic
1. Narcotic analgesic
2. Hypnotic and
Sedative
3. In epilepsy
4. In diarrhea &
dysentery
5. Pre-anesthetic
6. Abdominal cramps
7. Astringent and
aphrodisiac
1. Cathartic
2. Emetic
3. Expectorant
4. Topically for eczema
and ringworm
5. Lowering high pulse
and in heart
diseases
6. In plaque ad
gingivitis
7. Labor inducing
effect
1. Demulcent
2. topically for healing
wounds
3. suspending and
emulsifying agent
4. in tablet preparation
2

Cognosy Scheme

e-Bad

Glycyrrhiza (mulaithi)

Glycyrrhizaglabra

Dried
roots
and
stolons

Glycyrhhizin& K andCa
salts of glycyrrhizic
acid, glucose, sucrose,
starch, proteins, fats

Senna(sanamaki)

Cassia acutifolia
Cassia angustifolia

Dried
leaves

Sennosides A,B,C &D,

polysaccharides,
mucilages

Cassia(amaltas)

Cassia fistula

Dried
ripe fruit

Sennosides, V.O.,
sugars, rhien, waxy &
resinous derivatives

Tamarind(imli)

Tamarindusindica

Dried
ripe fruit

Sugar, tartaric acid,

malic acid, citric acid,
pectin, gum,

Antiinflammatory due
to inhib. of PGE2,
antibacterial,
antiviral,
antiulcer, dec.
scalp sebum
Peristalsis of large
intestine by
irritation

Antiinflammatory,
Anticholinesterase
Antitumurous,
anti-bacterial,
antiviral,
Liver protective,
Laxative,
cholesterol
lowering, pain
relieving, mild
estrogenic, fever
reducing
Cause thirst,
nutritive, cooling
effect, irritation

1. flavoring agent
2. demulcent
3. in peptic and
duodenal ulcer
4. in shampoos
5. anti-inflammatory
6. expectorant
1. Laxative, cathartic,
purgative for usual
and habitual
constipation,
2. For evacuation of
bowel for
colonoscopy
1. As cathartic
2. As anti-inflammatory
in gout
3. For throat
inflammation
4. As anthelmintic
5. Antioxidant
6. Lowers blood sugar
level

1. Laxative
2. For indigestion
3. Applied on
3

Cognosy Scheme
potassium bitratarate

of intestine

Umbelliferae
275
genera
2850 spcs

Fennel(sonf)

Foeniculumvulgare

Dried
ripe fruit

Anethole, fenchone,
limonene, camphor,
-pinene, F.O.

Inc. digestion,
estrogenic
properties, inc.
milk secretion,
menstruation,
birth, libido

FCCCA

Caraway(zeera)

Carumcarvi

Dried
ripe fruit

V.O.:carvone,carveol,
limonene; F.O.,

Inc. GI secretions,
CNS stimulant,
Smooth muscle,
stimulant

Coriander(dhaniya)

Coriandrumsativum

Dried
leaves
and fruit

Coriandrol, limonene,
p-cymene, pinene

Conium(shukran)

Conium maculatum

Dried
unripe
fruit

Coniine, N-methyl
coniine, conhydrin,
pseudoconhydrin

Inc. gastric
enzyme
secretions,
relieves nervous
tention on GI
smooth muscles
Curare like
muscular
paralysis, nicotine
like ganglionic
blockade, VC

Asafetida(hing)

Ferula foetida

Oleo-

V.O.(having sulphur

e-Bad

Inc. GI enzymes

inflammations
4. In gargles or sore
throat
5. Restoration of
sensation in case of
paralysis
1. Flavoring agent
2. Carminative
3. Stimulant
4. Estrogenic agent
5. Promote lactation
and menstruation
6. Aphrodisiac
1. flavoring agent
2. carminative
3. stomachic
4. for colic
5. as lactagogue
1. flavoring agent
2. carminative
3. expectorant
4. antiseptic
5. aromatic stimulant
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
1.

analgesic
sedative
anti-cancer
emetic
in tetanus
antispasmodic
carminative
4

Cognosy Scheme
gum
resin
from
incisions
in roots
&
rhizomes
Dried
roots
and
rhizomes

compounds), gums
resins(have ferulic
acid and
asaresinolferulate),

secretion,
antiasthmatic

2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Reserpine, ajmaline,
amalinine, ajmalicine,
serpentine,
serpentinine,

biogenic amines
Uptake blocker,
antihypersensitiv
e
Anticancer,binding
with tubulin
protein causing
polymerization
leading to failure
of mitotis,
Antimuscarinic,
cause sedation
and hallucination
when act on CNS,
tachycardia,slight
effect on BP,
bronchodilation,
mydriasis,
Smooth muscle
relaxation of GIT
& UT

1. Antihypertensive
2. Sedative
3. Antiemetic
4. In epilepsy
5. For reptile poisoning
1. Anticancer
2. In leukemia
3. In lymphomas
4. Anti-diabetic in folk
medicine

Apocynacese
250
genera
2000 spcs

Rauwolfia(chotichandan
)

Rauvolfiaserpentina

RC

Catharanthus
(sadabahar)

Catharanthusroseus
Vincarosea

Dried
whole
plant

Vincristine,
vinblastine, reserpine,
serpentine

Atropa belladonna

Dried
leaves
and
flowerin
g tops

Atropine,
hyoscine,
hyosciyamine,
apoatropine

Belladonna
Solanaceae
85 genera (deadly nightshade)
2800 spcs

BSC-H

e-Bad

sedative
laxative
expectorant
anti-asthmatic
in whooping cough
hysteria

1. Mydriatic
2. Bronchodilator
3. In peptic ulcer
4. Relieves spasm of GIT
& UT
5. In CV problems
6. As local anesthetic
7. Sedative
8. Treatment of
Parkinson's disease
9. For cholinergic &
mushroom poisoning
5

Cognosy Scheme

Scrophulariacea
e
e-Bad

Stramonium

Daturastramonium

Dried
leaves
and
flowerin
g tops

Tropane alkaloids:
Hyoscine,
hyosciyamine
Tropine
Psuedotropine

Hyoscyamus

Hyoscyamusniger

Dried
leaves
and
flowerin
g tops

Hyoscyamine, little
amount of
scopolamine

Capsicum (laalmirch)

Capsicum annuum

Dried
ripe fruit

Capsaicin, V.O.,
ascorbic acid, red
carotenoids, F.O.

Digitalis (fox glove)

Digitalis purpurea
D. lanata

Dried
leaves

Purpurea glycosides A
& B, hydrolyze to

Antimuscarinic,
cause sedation
and hallucination
when act on CNS,
tachycardia,slight
effect on BP,
bronchodilation,
mydriasis,
Smooth muscle
relaxation of GIT
& UT
Antimuscarinic,
cause sedation
and hallucination
when act on CNS,
tachycardia,slight
effect on BP,
bronchodilation,
mydriasis,
Smooth muscle
relaxation of GIT
& UT
Powerful irritant,
depletion of
substance P,
release of GI
enzymes

Improves cardiac
conduction --

1.
Sedative
2.
In eye
preparations as
mydriatic
3.
Local
anesthetic
4.
Relieves spasm
of GIT & UT
5.
As recreational
drug
6.
Sedative
7.
In eye
preparations as
mydriatic
8.
Local
anesthetic
9.
Asthma
10.
Antiseptic
11.
Toothache
12.
Mydriatic
1.
Carminative
2.
spice
3.
used topically
to relieve pain in
arthritis, lumbago
and rheumatism
4.
for neuralgia
1. In cardiac failure
2. Cardiac arrhythmias
6

Cognosy Scheme

275
genera
5500 spcs

digitoxin and gitoxin,

further hydrolyze to
digitoxigenin and
gitoxigenin; digoxin,
gitaloxin
Saponins, tannins,
glycosides,mucilages,
V.O.

DV

Verbascum

VerbascumThapsus

Leaves
and
flowers

Labiatae
200
genera
3300 spcs

Salvia (magic mint)

Salvia officinalis
S. divinorum

Dried
leaves
and
flowerin
g tops

Thujane, Pinene,
resins, tannins,
Salvinorin A

SPOTS

Peppermint (podina)

Menthapiperita

Dried
leaves
and
flowerin
g tops

Menthol, menthone,
menthofuran,
piperitone, pinene,
cineol

Thyme (ban ajvain)

Thymus vulgaris

Dried
leaves
and
flowerin
g tops

Thymol,
carvacol,pinene,cineol

e-Bad

>improve
contractility,
Red. Arrhythmias,
Antitumor
Expectorant,
demulcent,
antiviral

1. In sore throat
2. In cough
preparations
3. As antiviral
Salvinorin A: most 1. In psychic disorder
potent naturally
2. Antispasmodic
occurring
3. Analgesic
psychoactive
4. Carminative
agent, selective
5. Antiseptic
kappa opioid
receptor agonist,
carminative
Stimulate
1.
Carminative
intestinal motility
2.
antispasmodic
and gastric
3.
antiseptic
secretion,
4.
abortificient
Smooth muscle
5.
flavoring agent
relaxant,
6.
stimulant
Antiseptic,
7.
counter irritant
Uterine
contraction
Carminative,
1. carminative
antispasmodic
2. antiseptic
Antitussive,
3. in cough
expectorant,
preparations
antiseptic,
4. for sore throat
7

Cognosy Scheme

Ocimum (tulsi)

Ocimumbasilicum

Dried
leaves

Euginol,
menthyleuginol,
carvacol, limonene,
citral, camphene,
anethole

Spearmint (podina)

Menthaspicata

Carvone,limonene,
menthone, tannins,
resins,

Liliaceae
249
genera
3700 spcs

Aloe (kanvargandal)

Aloe barbadensis
Aloe vera
Aloe ferox
Aloe spicata

Dried
leaves
and
flowerin
g tops
Dried
juice of
leaves

ACG

Colchicum
(surinjan)

Colchicum autumnale
C. leuteum

Dried
ripe seed
and
corm

Colchicine,
clchicoresin,
demecoicine

Garlic (lehsan)

Allium sativum

Dried
ripe bulb

Allicin, Allin, V.O., F.A.,

albumin, mucilage

e-Bad

Mixture of glycosides
Aloin: barbaloin,
isobarbaloin, aloeemodin, beta
barbaloin;
Flavonoids, resins

Inc. gastric
secretions,
Smooth muscle
relaxant,
Antiseptic,
Effects on CNS
Inc. gastric
enzyme secretion,
antiseptic

Orally: stimulate
intestinal motility,
Topically:
emollient,
protective, antiseptic, immune
stimulating
Antiinflammatory:
binds to cellular
protein tubulin,
inhibits
leukocytes and
phagocytosis
Anti-bacterial,
anti-septic,

5. in asthma
6. as sedative
7. anthelmintic
8. antifungal
carminative
antispasmodic
antiseptic
in gonorrhea
as anxiolytic
carminative
antispasmodic
antiseptic
diuretic
1. Purgative
2. For sun burn and
wounds as sun block
in creams etc.
3. Emenagogue
4. Vermifuge
5. Tonic
1. In gout
2. In arthritis
3. As cathartic
4. As emetic
5. In leukemia
6. In homeopathy
1. Anti-bacterial
2. anti-septic
8

Cognosy Scheme
reduce risk of
atheriosclerosis,
Reduce sugar
level in diabetes

Ginger (adrak)
Zingiberaceae
49 genera
1300 spcs

GC

Curcuma (haldi)

Zingiberofficinale

Dried
rhizome

V.O., Gingerol,
camphene, cineol,
citral, zingiberene,
zingirone, starch,
mucilage, protiens

Anti-oxidant,
anti nauseatic,
anti-inflammatory

Curcuma longa

Dried
rhizome

Cucuminoids, V.O.,
zingiberine, borneol,
cineol, starch ,gums

Carminative
anti-inflammatory
anti-cancer
anti-septic

3. anti-fungal
4. in diabetes
5. in heart diseases
6. in asthma and
whooping cough
7. as expectorant and
aphrodiasic
1. Carminative
2. Anti-emetic
3. In cold
preparations
4. Anti-oxidant
5. antiinflammatory
1. Carminative
2. In cold
preparations
3. antiinflammatory
4. anti-cancer
5. anti-septic
6. in Alzheimer's
disease

By:IslahkhanSaffi
Pharm.D 2ndProff(12-17)Faculty of Pharmacy, IUB BWP Punjab.
e-Bad