Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Control of Pretensioned
Prestressed Beams
Edward G. Nawy
Professor of Civil Engineering
RutgersThe State University
of New Jersey
Piscataway, New Jersey
P. T. Huang
Senior Structural Engineer
Gibbs & Hill
Consulting Engineers
New York, N.Y.
he primary objective of this investigation was to study the serviceability of pretensioned prestressed I and T
beams through an analytical and experimental investigation of their flexural
cracking and deflection behavior up to
failure.
Available experimental data on cracking in prestressed concrete members is
30
Test Program
This section describes the properties
of the materials used in the experimental program and gives the details of fabrication of the beam specimens and the
testing procedure.
Materials
The mix was proportioned for a nominal 28-day compressive strength of approximately 4000 psi (281 kg/cm 2 ). The water-cement ratio varied between 5.4 and
7.1 gal. per sack of cement. The coarse
aggregate used was crushed stone of a/s in.
(9.35 mm) maximum size; while the fine
aggregate was natural local sand. The
slump varied between 5 and 71/2 in. (12.7
and 19.1 cm) as given in Table 1.
Uncoated, stress-relieved, 250 ksi sevenwire 1/4 -in, strands were used for prestressing. The strand nominal area was
0,0356 sq in. (0.234 cm2) and the material had a unit elongation of 0.65 percent
YIELD STRENGTH 8Y
0.2% SET METHOD
250
20C
%
y 15C
U)
w
rc
U)
IOC
50
0
0.000
Eg
V.VVO
V.V I'
u.V V
STRAIN (IN/IN)
31
Compressive
Strength (psi)
Age at
Test
(days)
3 Days
B1-64
B5-B6
B7-B8
69-610
611-612
B13-B14
615-B16
B17-B18
619-620
B21
B22
B23
B24
28
29
31
33
35
27
29
34
34
37
36
39
33
At Test
Water-Cement
Ratio
(gals/sack)
4780
4100
4350
2915
4740
4200
4130
4925
3010
4720
4350
4150
4385
650
545
555
470
705
650
660
695
470
730
660
670
620
5.4
6.2
6.3
7.1
5.8
6.4
6.6
5.5
7.1
5.8
6.4
6.6
5.5
3080
2920
2920
1850
3100
2900
2670
2650
1850
3100
2900
2670
2655
Tensile
Splitting
Strength
(psi)
Avg.
Slump
(in.)
5
6i
6',.
9
5
7
7
7z
9
5
7
7
7%,
Beam
Sect.
Total
Depth
(in.)
B-1
B-2
B-3
B-4
B-5
B-6
B-7
B-8
6-9
0-10
B-11
B-12
B-13
8-14
B-15
B-16
0-17
B-18
B-19
B-20
8-21
B-22
8-23
B-24
32
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
I
I
I
I
I
I
Eff.
Depth
(in.)
8.00
7.75
7.30
7.00
6.57
6.25
8.80
8.80
8.65
8.65
8.37
8.37
8.46
8.46
8.22
8.22
8.00
8.00
9.00
9.00
9.00
9.00
9.00
9.00
Flange
Width
(in.)
Longitudinal
Web
Thickness
No.
of
1/4-in.
Tendons
No.
of
#3
Bars
Compres.
Steel
Tensile Steel
No.
of
#4
Bars
As
As,
p
(in.)
Size
of
Bar
(5)
(s9
in.)
Web
Reinforcement
Spacing
(5)
(s9
in.)
(in.)
10
11
12
13
14
15
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
6
6
6
6
6
6
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
5
6
7
8
3
3
4
4
5
5
6
6
7
7
8
8
3
4
3
3
4
4
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
.108
.144
.180
.216
.252
.288
.328
.328
.364
.364
.400
.400
.616
.616
.652
.652
.688
.688
.328
,544
,328
.328
,544
.544
0.17
0.23
0.31
0.39
0.48
0.58
0.47
0.47
0.53
0.53
0.60
0.60
0.91
0.91
0.99
0.99
1.08
1.08
0.61
1.01
0.61
0.61
1.01
1.01
.22
.22
.22
.22
.22
.22
.22
.22
.22
.22
.22
.22
.22
.22
.22
.22
.22
.22
.22
.22
.22
.22
.22
.22
.34
.35
.38
.39
.42
.44
.31
.31
.32
.32
.33
.33
.33
.33
.33
.33
.34
.34
.41
.41
.41
.41
.41
.41
#3
#3
#3
#3
#3
#3
#3
#3
#3
#3
#3
#3
#3
#3
#3
#3
#3
#3
#3
#3
#3
#3
#3
#3
6
6
6
6
4
4
6
6
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
-
6
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
0)
Y
y
W
h
(a)
T - SECTION
(b)
I - SECTION
33
Calc, M
Mcr
Meas. M.
Calc. Mu
Meas. M.
--r
Ca
(in.-kips)
(in.-kips)
B-1
B-2
B -3
8 -4
B-5
6 -6
8-7
B-8
B-9
B-10
6-95
137.0
164.0
178.2
189.0
1,83.0
193,2,
126.0
136.4
130.0
126.5
136.9.
159.7
B-13
B-14
0-15
B -16
B-17
B-1@
B-19.
8-08
994.0
173.0
195.0
205.9.
201.$.
216.01
253,0
126.0
127.3
(in. -kips)
183.6
186.7
1.00
1.03
1..04
7.03
0,98.
258.3
310.8
344.4
390.6
4.17.9,
137.6
140.0
136..2
138.4
777,3:
177.3
0.92
0.98.
0.96
0.92
0913
0.98
336.0
336.0
336.0
327.6
445.2
443.1
1.04.
1.03
558.6
562.8
554.4
600.6.
592.2
308.,7
3003.
103,4;
979,0
6-12
(in.-kips)
4
170..6
1.,03
182.3
187.5
1.02
1.00
0.97
0.92,
0.75
1.175
1.121
1.149.
1.181
935,999;
Tension
Tension
Tension
: Tension
Compression
Compression
Tension
Tension
Compression
Compression
Compressin.
I Compression
Compression
Compression
Compression
Compress.i; Qn.
Compression
1..240
1.240
345.59
296.10
296.78
329.11
328.21
379.62
380.14
546.79
547.94
513.15
588.0
219.74
277.30
299.73.
330.68
430.5.
1.06
199.0
197..5.
215.0
219.1
737.3
167.9
Mode of
Failure
Cal c.Mu
1.135
1.132
1.021
0.998
1.172
1.166
1.075"
1;01.9
1.092
510,36.
1,999
580.65
584,90
293.57
454,11
1.030
0ompres$ son.
1..015
1.052
Compression.
Shear
0.660
Meas.
Stab. min.
Crack
Spacing
acs
min.
Theo.
- Stab. min.
Crack
Spacing
acs
a
Csmin.
ateCSein.
Meas.
Stab. max.
Crack
Spacing
acs
min.
max.
a
Stab. max.
Crack
Spacing
Meas.
Stab.
Mean
Crack
Spacing.
csmax.
aT
osmax.
acs
max.
a
(in.)
1
B-1
B-2
B-3-
8-4
B-5.
6-6
0-7
B-8.
B-9
B-10
8-11
B-12
0-13
0-14.
B-15
B -16
8-17"
8-18
0-19.
B-20
Mean
5.0.
34
2
5.00
4.13
4.31
3,7.3
2.38
2.50
2.1,3.3
1.94.
2.13
2.50
1.75
1.75
1.44
1.38
1,25
1.75.
1.63
1.50.
1,88
1.69.
(in.)
3
4.08
3.93
3.73
3.26
2.77
2.41
2.13
1.98
1.90
1.84
1.63.
1.65
1.58
1.51.
1.39
1.50
1.50
1.37
2.09.
1.85.
4
1.23-
1.05:
1.1.6
0.96
0.86
1.04
1.00
0.93.
1.12
1.36
1.07
1.06
0.91
0.91
0.90:.
1.17
1.08
1.09.
0.90
0,91
1.04:
0.13,
(in.)
(in.),
7.25
7.63
6.63
6.38:
5.00,
5.13
3.94
4.06.
3.75.
5.00
3.13
3.38
3,56
3.63
3.73
3.00
3.25.
3.06-.
4.25
3.75
8.15:
7.86
7.4,6.
6.52
5.53,
4.51
4.26.
3.94:
3.80
3.68.
3.26
3.30.
3.16
3.03
2.773.00.
3..00
2.754.18
3.70
Corre-.
sponding
Initial
M/M
n
mean
(in.)
7
0..89
0,97
0.89
0.98
0.90
1..07
0.92
7.03
0.97'
1.36
0..96
1.02
1.13
1.20
1.13
1.00
1.08
1.11
1.02
1.03
1.03
0.11.
6.12
5.90
5.60
4.89
4.15
3.61
3.20
2.97
2.85
2.76
2.44
2.47
2.37
2.27
2.082.25.
2.25
2.06
3.732.78.
a
Theo.
Mean
Crack
Spacing
csmean
a
csmean
a csmean
(in.)
9
0..59
0.55
0.67
0.67
0.70
0..66
9,.75
0.75
0.73
0.76:
0.66
0.66
0.68
0.71
0..75
0.76
0.70
0.71
0.72
0.70
10..
6.33
5.34
5.13
4.75.
4.39
3.92
2.97
2.97
2.72
2.72
2.67
2.67
2.21
2.21.
2.46-.
2.46
2.29
2.29
3.52
2.57
11
0.97
1.11
1.09
1.03
0.95
0.92
1.08
1.00
1.05
1.02
0.91
0.93
1.07
1.03
0.84.
0.91
0.98
0.90
0.89
1.08
0.99.
0.08
Flexural cracking
Test Results
This section summarizes the test results for effective prestress force, moment capacity, flexural crack widths,
and load-deflection data.
W obs.
W theo,
40 ksi
W
Obs.
obs,
W #heo,
W theo.
obs.
Wis.
W #+eo,
the,,.
B-1
B-2
B-3
0-4
6-5
B-6
B-7
B-8
B-9
B-10
B-11
B-12
8-13
B-14
B-15
8-16
B-17
B-18
B-19
B-20
.0089
.0071
.0062
,0053
.0047
.0042
.0040
.0039
,0077
.0041
.0036
.0035
.0030
,0032
.0025
.0026
.0027
.0021
.0041
.0026
.0089
.0075
.0072
,0067
,0065
.0058
.0041
,0041
,0035
.0035
.0043
,0043
.0034
.0034
.0040
.0040
.0437
,0037
.0049
.0036
1.00
0.95
0.86
0.79
0.72
0.72
0,98
0.95
1.06
1.17
0.84
0.81
0.86
0,94
0.63
0.65
0.73
0.57
0.84
0.72
.0122
.0104
.0090
.0075
.0067
,0058
.0055
.0054
.0050
.0056
.0050
,0052
.0045
,0047
.0042
.0039
.0042
.0031
.9957
,0039
Mean
S. 0.
60 ksi
_ --- 6
0,84
0,18
,0118
.0100
.0096
.0089
.0087
.0078
.0055
.0055
.0047
.0047
.0058
.0058
.0046
.0046
.0053
,0053
.0049
.0049
,0065
.0047
Wig,
obs,
rhea,
Wtheo.
1,03
1.04
0.94
0.84
0.77
0.74
1.00
0.98
1,06
1.19
0.86
0,90
0.98
1.02
0.79
0.74
0.86
0.63
0.88
0.83
.0198
.0172
:,0149
.0127
,0108
.0095
,0095
,0089
.0081
.0090
.0080
.0086
.0077
.0080
.0077
.0067
.0074
.0063
.0090
.0070
.0177
.0150
.0144
.0133
.0130
.0116
.0082
.0082
.0070
,0070
.0087
.0087
.0088
.0068
.0080
.0080
.0074
.0074
.0097
.0071
0.90
0.14
80 ksi.
10
1.12
1.15
1.03
0.95
0.83
0,82
1.16
1.09
1.16
1.29
0.92
0.99
1.13
1.16
0.96
57.84
1.00
0.85
0.93
0.99
1.02
0.14
obs.
then
11
.0285
.0242
.0212
.0184
.0160
.0140
,0135
.0128
10123
.0132
.0123
,0130
.0112
.9117
.0117
.9355
.0112
,0106
.0132
.0110
12
13
.0236
.0198
.0193
.0178
.0174
.0155
,0109
.0109
.0094
.0094
.0115
.0115
.0091
,0091
.0107
.0107
.0098
.0098
.0130
.0096
1.21
1.22
1,10
1.03
0.92
0.90
1.25
1.17
1.31
1.40
1.07
1.13
1.23
1.28
1.09
0.98
1.14
3.08
1.02
1.16
1.13
0.13
35
aI
O
J
0.3
0.0
0.6
0.9
1.2
1.5
1.8
2.1
DEFLECTION (IN)
Fig. 4. Typical load -deflection relation for Beams B-3 and B-4.
Deflection
Deflection behavior of prestressed
concrete structural elements differs
from that of reinforced concrete systems. Initial reverse deflection due to
prestressing, namely camber, has to be
considered. Typical composite net
load-deflection relations due to external
load are shown in Fig. 4.
These curves essentially show a trilinear relation. The first stage represents the precracking stage, essentially
elastic, the second stage, namely, the
post-cracking stage where the deflection
of the beam increases faster as more
cracks develop, and the third stage denotes the behavior prior to failure.
Crack spacing
Primary cracks form in the region of
maximum bending moment when the
external load reaches the cracking load.
As loading is increased, additional
cracks will form and the number of
cracks will be stabilized when the stress
in the concrete no longer exceeds its
tensile strength at further locations regardless of load increase.
This condition is important as it essentially produces the absolute minimum crack spacing which can occur at
high steel stresses, to be termed the
stabilized minimum crack spacing. The
maximum possible crack spacing under this stabilized condition is twice
the minimum, to be termed the stabilized maximum crack spacing. Hence,
the stabilized mean crack spacing ad8
is shown to be the mean value of the
two extremes.
The total tensile force T transferred
from the steel to the concrete over the
stabilized mean crack spacing can be
defined as:
(1)
T = f a,, u, , Io
where
f = a factor reflecting the distribution of bond stress
u rn = maximum bond stress which is
a function of \/fa
Jo = sum of the circumferences of
the reinforcing elements
The resistance R of the concrete
area in tension A t can be defined as:
R = A t f't
(2)
By equating Eqs. (1) and (2), the
following expression for a C3 is obtained,
where c is a constant to be developed
from the tests:
a08
Cs
(3)
Crack width
If Af g is the net stress in the prestressed tendon or the magnitude of
the tensile stress in the normal steel at
any crack width load level in which
the decompression load (decompression
here means f c = 0 at the level of the
reinforcing steel) is taken as the reference point, 3 , 5 then for the prestressed
tendon:
where
ifs = fn.t fd
(5)
37
Z 5
d
o
4
to
z
a^ g =0.I5I f+At
a)
3
C.,
rc
C.,
a 2
w
0
w
M
sv
ov
LV
IV
V 20
0.1
Ila
0,!
Its
-0.,
z
II4
f tAt/V?,
jo
^
/
'
Wmax.5.85xt9" (Mo ^Dfs
__
0. f12
E
0. 110
*40%
0.
..-
---
.- _______
-40%
108
ac
g 0.
rc
a1 W4
Q 0,
0 )o
0
'SC)
Ivy
13v
Gvv
c:v
avv
(At)Af6
fig. 7, Linearized maximum crack width versus net steel stress.
38
aav
reinforeement level::
(7).
= J.4 X W 'i 4
g S (Of4)1..31
A 25 percent band of sc3tt-cv envelopes all the data for the expression.
ir> Eq.. (7) for Af 9 20 to 80 ksi.
Linearizing Eq. (7) for easier use by
the design engineer leads to the following simplified expression of the
maximur crack width at the reinforcing steel level:
= 5.85 X 10- 5
(8a)
w.
Deflection
Deflection computations under service load conditions will usually be
necessary to ensure deflection serviceability in addition to crack control serviceability. Since the deflection which
concerns the design engineer most is a
service load condition, both the nncracked and cracked section properties
are needed11,12 for the computations.
An estimate of the magnitude of deflection can be made from the following equation:
S c ML ?
(9)
(7).
Tables 5 and 6 give the relation between the observed and theoretical
39 ksi.
Beam
W obs.thea.
W
.
W obs.
W obs-
Wibeo.
c.
1
B-1
6-2
B-3
B-4
B-5
6-6
B-7
B-8
6-9
B-10
8-11
B-12
B-13
B-14
B-15
B-16
B-17
B-18
B-19
B-20
Mean
S.D.
.0111
.0127
.0131
.0097
.0091
.0124
.0052.
.0049
.0051
.0058
.0054
.0048
.0043
.0052
.0039
.0038
.0039
.0030
.0057
.0034
.0731
.0110
.0128
.0130
.0147
.0148.
.0051
.0051
.0045
.0045
.0059
.0059
.0046
.0046
.0057
.0057.
.0056
.0056
.0061
.0045
Steel Stress.4fs.
0.847
1.079
1.022
0.742
0.619
0.835
1..015
0,956
1.130
1.285
0,917
0,815
0.937
1.133
0.682
0.664
0.698
0.537
0.931.
0.750
.0151
.0175.
.0204 ' .0157
.0166:
.0172
.0174
.0158
.0117
.0197.
.0181
.0199
.0068
.0069
.0061
.0069
.0064
.0061
.0082
.0061
.0069
.0079
.0076
.0079
.0058
.0062
.0062
.0059
.0061
.0076
.0057
.0076
.0060
.0074
.0045
.0074
.0085
.0081.
.0045:
.0059,
0.8800.196.
,
PCI JOURNAL/May-June 1977
80 ksi
60 ksi
W obS.
Wtheo.
Webs.
0,865
1.299
0.971
-. 0.910
0.595
0.906
0.989
0.887
1.056,
1.352
0.868
0.956
0.934
0.950
0.805
0.752
0.811
0,608
1.046.
0.760
0.916
0.187
WtheO.
Wobs.
Webs
Web s .
Wtheo.
.0261
" .0275
.0304
: .0226
.0205
.0213
.0117
.3111
.0107
.0134
.0112
.0134
.0105
.0103
.011.5
.0093
.0098
.0086
.0129
.0089
9
..0262
.`9236.
.0256,
.0259
.0294
.0297:
.0103:"
.01.03
.0090
.0090
.01.19
.0119
.0092
.0092
.0114
.0114
.0112
.0112
.0121
.0089
10
1.000
1.108
1.166
:' 0.871
0.698
! 0.717
1.141
1.Q63
1..185:
1,484
0.940
1.124
1 144
1.122
1.005
0.81.3
0.877
0,770
1.064
1.000
1.017
0.190
Wtheo.
11
12.
13
.0400
.0409
.0382
.0304
.0320
.0364
.0188
.0146
.0165
.0185.
.0172.
.0192
( .0138
.0145
.0181
.0160
.0159
.0147
.0202
.0139
.0349:.
.0313
.0344
.0347
.0393,
.0397
.0137
.0137
.0121
.0121
.0158
.0158
.0123
.0123
.0153
.0153
.0148
.0148
.0163
.0119
1.1.45.
1.309
1.112
0.876
0.814
0.917
1.380
1.072
1.361
1.526
1.092
1.219
1.1.23
1.180
1.183
1.046
1.074
0.993
1.243
1.161
1.141
0.174
39
1 ' = (Mcr
3 1,
[i_(Mcr)]1^^
(10)
The cracking moment M0,. of a prestressed concrete beam can be computed from the following expression
for evaluating le:
M c,.=Fe-}
AI9
9y t
+frl.9 (11)
yt
7.5a/f..
Discussion of
Test Results
It is observed from this investigation
that the initial flexural cracks started at
a relatively low net steel stress level
between 3 and 8 ksi. These initial
cracks formed in a rather random manner and with an irregular spacing. All
major cracks usually developed at a net
steel stress level of 25 to 30 ksi.
At higher stresses the existing cracks
widened and new cracks of narrow
width usually formed between major
cracks. A visibile stabilized cracking
space condition was generally reached
z
0)
z
0
t-
U
W
J
W
W
O
O
W
F-
a.
0
U
8.0
2
E 6.0
z
a'' 4.0
U
U
V
Z
W 2.0
2
0.0
5.0
150
25.0
35.0
45.0
55.0
65.0
75.0
41
Tenon
NonPrestressed
Steel
Percentage
of Tension
Steel
B -1
8-7
64
3-1/4'
3-1/4"
31/4"
None
243
-2=0
0.17
0.47
9.47
6=2
8'-9
8=10
4.1/4"
4-1/4"
4-1/4"
588'e
2=#3
2-#3
B-3
8-12
5 -1/4"
5-1/4"
5 -1/4'
B-4
8-- 13
6-1/4"
2-#4
2-#4
B-11
8-14
8-5
B-15
8 -16
8-6
B-17
8-18
of steel*
(in. from Top
Fiber)
Crack
Spacing
No. of
Flexural
Cracks
8.52
8.75
8,75
6.12
3.20
2,37
.0198
.0095
.0089
10
.395
0:23
0,53
0.53
8,43
8,71
8.71
5,90
2.85
2.76
.0172
.0081
10
.390
.342
.350
None
2=93
2-03
0.31
0,60
0.60
8,22
8.63
8.63
5.60
2.44
2.47
,00$0
,0286
11
6
11
.320
.299
.288
6689
0.39
0.91
0.91
8.06
8.65
8.65
4,89
2,37
2,27
.0127
.0077
.0080
7
11
12
.255
.228
.247
7 -1/4"
7-1/4"
None
2-#4
2-#4
0.48
7.74
8,57
4.15
2.08
.0108
8
12
.234
.211
0-1/4"
Non
2- 64
2-#4
0.58
1.08
1.08
7,44
8.49
8,49
3.61
2.25
2,06
.0095
8
12
13
,176
6-1/4"
6-1/4'
7=1/4"
8-1/4"
8-1/4"
0.99
0.99
C.G.
8.57
2.25
.0090
10
.0149
.0077
.0067
.0074
.0093
12
Midspan
Deflection
at P = lOk
.950
.400
.207
.258
.192
Distance from compression fiber to the center of lAytr of mild reinforcing steel closest to tension fiber.
Conclusions
1. The maximum crack width (in.)
at the level of reinforcement closest to
the tensile face can be predicted from
the expression:
w = 5.85 x 10- 5(A 2/I9)f8
42
REFERENCES
1. Huang, P. T., "Serviceability Behavior
and Crack Control in Pretensioned Prestressed Concrete I- and T-Beams,"
PhD Thesis under the direction of the
first author, Rutgers University, June
1975, 338 pp.
2. Nawy, E. C., and Potyondy, J. C.,
"Moment Rotation, Cracking and Deflection of Spirally Bound, Pretensioned
Prestressed Beams," Engineering Research Bulletin No. 51, Rutgers University, November 1970, 96 pp.
3. Nawy, E. G., and Potyondy, J. C.,
"Flexural Cracking Behavior of Pretensioned, Prestressed Concrete I- and
T-Beams," ACI Journal, Proceedings
V. 68, No. 5, May 1971, pp. 355-360.
4. Nawy, E. G., "Crack Control in Reinforced Concrete Structures," ACI Journal, Proceedings V. 65, October 1968,
pp. 825-836.
5. ACI Committee 224, "Control of
Cracking inConcrete Structures, ACI
Journal, Proceedings V. 69, No. 12,
December 1972, pp. 717-752.
6. Ferry-Borges, J. N., "Preliminary Report," Comite Europeen du Beton,
Commission IV aCracking.
7. Holmberg, A., and Lindgern, S.,
"Crack Spacing and Crack Width due
to Normal Force or Bending Moment," Document D2:1970, National
Swedish Building Research.
NOTE
Four numerical examples showing the applicability of the recommended crack width
equations and a notation section, summarizing in alphabetical order the meaning of each
mathematical symbol, appear on the next four
pages.
43
APPENDIX-DESIGN EXAMPLES
The following design examples are
prepared solely to illustrate the application of the preceding recommended
crack width equations. In these examples it is assumed that the member
geometry, load condition, stresses in
tendons and mild steel have been defined. Consequently, the detailed moment and stress calculations are
omitted.
Example Al
A prestressed concrete beam has a T
section as shown in Fig. Al. It is prestressed with fifteen 7/16-in. diameter,
7-wire strand of 270-kip grade. The locations of neutral axis and center of gravity
of steel are shown in the figure. f's, = 5000
psi, E, = 57,000V f',, E, = 28,000 psi.
Find the mean stabilized crack spacing
and the crack widths at the steel level as
well as at the tensile face of the beam at
Ofa = 30 ksi. Assume that no failure in
shear or bond takes place.
(a) Mean stabilized crack spacing
A, = 7 X 14 = 98 sq in.
Eo=15,rD
= 15i-(7/16)
= 20.62 in.
at, =1.2(A:/yo)
= 1.2(98/20.62)
=5.7in.
(b) Maximum crack width at steel level
w,naa = 5.85 x 10-s(A, /lo)Ofs
= 5.85 x 10-6(98/20.62)30
= 834.1 x 10 -6 in.
-^ 0.0083 in.
(c) Maximum crack width at tensile face
of beam
_
25 - 10.36
R` 25-10.36-3.5
= 1.31
w' ax = wma.c R,
= 0.0083 X 1.31
= 0.011 in.
Example A2
For the prestressed beam in Example
44
Al except that three additional #6 nonprestressed mild steel bars are added as
shown in Fig. A2.
Find the crack spacing and crack widths
at Af, = 30 ksi.
(a) Mean stabilized crack spacing
A, = 14(3 x 1.75 + 1/ X 7hs+ 13/a)
= 14 x 6.84
= 95.8 sq in.
Eo=20.62+3X2.36
= 27.70 in.
a,, = 1.2(At /mo)
= 1.2(95.8/27.7)
= 4.15 in.
(b) Maximum crack width at steel level
wmaz = 5.85 X 10-5(A,/^o)\f,
= 5.85 x 10-5(95.8/27.7)30
= 606.9 X 10-5
- 0.0061 in.
(c) Maximum crack width at tensile face
of beam
25 - 10.6
R`= 25-10.6-2.75
= 1.24
w'max = wma: R
= 0.0061 X 1.24
= 0.007 in.
Example A3
A prestressed concrete beam has an I
section as shown in Fig. A3. It is prestressed with twenty-four 7/16-in. diameter, 7-wire strand of 270-kip grade. The
locations of neutral axis and center of
gravity of steel are shown in the figure.
f', = 5000 psi,
14"
C..Ci.S_N
15 '0
7-WIRE STRAND
^j
^I
+ ._ _ C.^S. M
I5
7-WIRE STRAND
3-s
l
14'
FIG. At
FIG. A2
ri
_
co
5.5'
5.5'
N.A.
-_
MM
^
24 - 16'D
7-WIRE STRAND
O1
N.A.
r-
FIG. A 3
20 6 i
7-WIRE
4 -STRAND
-7
FIG. A 4
45
== 0.0045 in.
= 5.85 X 10-5(A,/Xo)Of,
= 5.85 x 10`5(122.06/38.49)20
= 371.0 x 10 -5
0.0037 in.
(c) Maximum crack width at tensile face
of beam
_ 36 18.72
R`- 36-18.72 3.5
36 19.23
_
R` 36-19.23-2.79
= 1.25
w'mz = w ar R,
= 0.0045 X 1.25
= 1.2
w' as = w,naz R,
=0.0037>< 1.2
= 0.004 in.
= 0.006 in.
Example A4
For the prestressed beam in Example
= 20^D + 4 X 2.75
=207rX7/6+4x2.75
= 38.49 in.
a g = 1.2(At/2o)
1.2(122.06/38.49)
= 3.8 in.
NOTATION
Ag
As
At
a,s
E,
E5
F
46
f'0
f't
fa
ft
Acknowledgment
This investigation is part of a continuing research program on the behavior of
prestressed concrete beams and slabs, initiated by the first author and conducted at
the Concrete Research Laboratories of the
Department of Civil and Environmental
Engineering of Rutgers UniversityThe
State University of New Jersey. The paper
is based in part on the PhD thesis of the
second author under the direction of the
first.
47