REVIEW TEAM : 2014-15

Sl. No.

3.

Name

Designation

Dr. Vandita Kalra

Vice Principal / HOS

SKV, Moti Nagar

1.

Sh. Joginder Arora

(PGT Maths)

SBV Subhash Nagar, Delhi

2.

Ms. Rajni Arora

(PGT Maths)

SKV Ramesh Nagar, Delhi

Sh. Ashok Kumar Gupta GBSSS, SU Block, Pitam Pura, Delhi

(PGT Maths)

CLASS XII (2014 - 2015)

MATHEMATICS
Units

No. of
Periods

Weightage
(Marks)

(i) Relations and Functions

30

10

(ii) Algebra

50

13

(iii) Calculus

80

44

(iv) Vector and Three Dimensional Geometry

30

17

(v) Linear Programming

20

16

(vi) Probability

30

Total :

240

100

Unit I : RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

1. Relations and Functions

(15 Periods)

Types of Relations : Reflexive, symmetric, transitive and equivalence

relations. Functions. One to one and onto functions, composite functions,
inverse of a function. Binary operations.
2. Inverse Trigonometric Functions

(15Periods)

Definition, range, domain, principal value branches. Graphs of inverse

trigonometric functions. Elementary properties of inverse trigonometric
functions.

Unit II : ALGEBRA
1. Matrices

(25 Periods)

Concept, notation, order, equality, types of matrices, zero and identity

[Class XII : Maths]

[2]

matrix, transpose of a matrix, symmetric and skew symmetric matrices.

Addition, multiplication and scalar multiplication of matrices, simple
properties of addition, multiplication and scalar multiplication. Noncommutativity of multiplication of matrices and existence of non-zero
matrices whose product is the zero matrix (restrict to square matrices of
order 2). Concept of elementary row and column operations. Invertible
matrices and proof of the uniqueness of inverse, if it exists; (Here all
matrices will have real entries).
2. Determinants

(25 Periods)

Determinant of a square matrix (up to 3 3 matrices), properties of

determinants, minors, cofactors and applications of determinants in finding
the area of a triangle. adjoint and inverse of a square matrix. Consistency,
inconsistency and number of solutions of system of linear equations by
examples, solving system of linear equations in two or three variables
(having unique solution) using inverse of a matrix.

Unit III : CALCULUS

1. Continuity and Differentiability

(20 Periods)

Continuity and differentiability, derivative of composite functions, chain rule,

derivatives of inverse trigonometric functions, derivative of implicit function.
Concept of exponential and logarithmic functions and their derivatives.
Logarithmic differentiation. Derivative of functions expressed in parametric
forms. Second order derivatives. Rolles and Lagranges mean Value
Theorems (without proof) and their geometric interpretations.
2. Applications of Derivatives

(10 Periods)

Applications of Derivatives : Rate of change of bodies, increasing/

decreasing functions, tangents and normals, use of derivatives in
approximation, maxima and minima (first derivative test motivated
geometrically and second derivative test given as a provable tool). Sample
problems (that illustrate basic principles and understanding of the subject
as well as real-life situations).
3. Integrals

(20 Periods)

Integration as inverse process of differentiation. Integration of a variety of

functions by substitution, by partial fractions and by parts, only simple
integrals of the type to be evaluated.

[3]

[Class XII : Maths]

dx
2

dx

,
2

x a

x a

px q

ax 2 bx c

dx
2

a x

2,

ax

dx
2

dx
2

bx c

ax bx c

px q

dx ,

ax bx c

dx ,

a x

dx ,

x a dx,

2
2
ax bx c dx and px q ax bx c dx
Definite integrals as a limit of a sum, Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
(without proof). Basic properties of definite integrals and evaluation of
definite integrals.

4. Applications of the Integrals

(15 Periods)

Applications in finding the area under simple curves, especially lines, area
of circles/parabolas/ellipses (in standard form only), area between any of
the two above said curves (the region should be clearly identifiable).
5. Differential Equations

(15 Periods)

Definition, order and degree, general and particular solutions of a

differential equation. Formation of differential equation whose general
solution is given. Solution of differential equations by method of separation
of variables, homogeneous differential equations of first order and first
degree. Solutions of linear differential equation of the form:
dy
dx
dx
dy

py q , where p and q are functions of x or constants

px q , where p and q are functions of y or constants

Unit IV : VECTORS AND THREE-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY

1. Vectors

(15 Periods)

Vectors and scalars, magnitude and direction of a vector. Direction

cosines and direction ratios of a vector. Types of vectors (equal, unit, zero,
parallel and collinear vectors), position vector of a point, negative of a
vector, components of a vector, addition of vectors, multiplication of a
vector by a scalar, position vector of a point dividing a line segment in a
given ratio. Definition, Geometrical Interpretation, properties and
applications of scalar (dot) product of vectors, vector (cross) product of
vectors, scalar triple product of vectors, projection of a vector on a line.
[Class XII : Maths]

[4]

2. Three-Dimensional Geometry

(15 Periods)

Direction cosines and direction ratios of a line joining two points. Cartesian
and vector equation of a line, coplanar and skew lines, shortest distance
between two lines. Cartesian and vector equation of a plane. Angle
between (i) two lines, (ii) two planes, (iii) a line and a plane. Distance of a
point from a plane.

Unit V : LINEAR PROGRAMMING

(20 Periods)
1.

Linear Programming : Introduction, related terminology such as

constraints, objective function, optimization. Different types of linear programming
(L.P.) problems, mathematical formulation of L.P. problems, graphical method of
solution for problems in two variables, feasible and infeasible regions, feasible and
infeasible solutions, optimal feasible solutions (up to three non-trivial constraints).

Unit VI : PROBABILITY
1. Probability

(30 Periods)

Multiplication theorem on probability. Conditional probability, independent

events, total probability, Bayes theorem, Random variable and its
probability distribution, mean and variance of a random variable.
Repeated independent (Bernoulli) trials and Binomial distribution.

Marks per Question

[5]

Total Number of Questions in

2013-14

2014-15

10

12

13

Total

29

26

[Class XII : Maths]

MATHEMATICS (CODE NO. 041)

Time : 3 hours
Sl.No.

1.

5.

Typology of Questions

Max. Marks 100

Learning Outcomes
& Testing
Competencies

Very
Long Long Marks
Short Answer Answer
Answer
I
II
(1 M)
(4 M) (6 M)

* Reasoning
Remembering (Knowledge based
Analytical Skills
Simple recall questions, to know *
*
Critical thinking
specific
facts,
terms,
concepts,
principles, or theories; Identify, define, *
Derivative
or recite, information)

20

%
Weightage
20%

2. Understanding (Comprehensionto be familiar with meaning and to

understand conceptually, interpret,
compare,
contrast,
explain,
paraphrase, information)

16

16%

3. Application
(Use
abstract
information in concrete situation, to
apply knowledge to new situations;
Use given content to interpret a
situation, provide an example, or
solve a problem)

25

25%

4. High Order Thinking

Skills
(Analysis & Synthesis-classify,
compare, contrast, or differentiate
between
different pieces
of
information;
Organise
and/or
integrate
unique pieces
of
information from a variety of
sources)

21

21%

2+1 1 18 18% (values

Evaluation and Multi-Disciplinary

(Appraise, judge, and/or justify the
value or worth of a decision or
outcome, or to predict outcomes
based on values)

based)

61= 134= 76=

TOTAL

[Class XII : Maths]

[6]

52

42

100 100%

CONTENTS
S.No.

Chapter

1. Relations and Functions

2. Inverse Trigonometric Functions
3 & 4. Matrices and Determinants

Page
9
17
23

5. Continuity and Differentiation

39

6. Applications of Derivatives

47

7. Integrals

61

8. Applications of Integrals

85

9. Differential Equations

90

10. Vectors

101

11. Three-Dimensional Geometry

111

12. Linear Programming

122

13. Probability

127

Model Papers

[7]

141

[Class XII : Maths]

CHAPTER 1

RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

Relation R from a set A to a set B is subset of A B.

A B = {(a, b) : a A, b B}.

If n(A) = r, n (B) = s from set A to set B then n (A B) = rs.

and number of relations = 2

rs

is also a relation defined on set A, called the void (empty) relation.

R = A A is called universal relation.

Reflexive Relation : Relation R defined on set A is said to be reflexive iff

(a, a) R a A

Symmetric Relation : Relation R defined on set A is said to be

symmetric iff (a, b) R (b, a) R a, b, A

Transitive Relation : Relation R defined on set A is said to be transitive if

(a, b) R, (b, c) R (a, c) R a, b, c R

Equivalence Relation : A relation defined on set A is said to be

equivalence relation iff it is reflexive, symmetric and transitive.

One-One Function : f : A B is said to be one-one if distinct elements in

A have distinct images in B. i.e. x1, x2 A such that x1 x2 f(x1)
f(x2).

OR

x1, x2 A such that f(x1) = f(x2)

x1 = x2
One-one function is also called injective function.
[9]

[Class XII : Maths]

Onto function (surjective) : A function f : A B is said to be onto iff Rf = B

i.e. b B, there exists a A such that f(a) = b

A function which is not one-one is called many-one function.

A function which is not onto is called into function.

Bijective Function : A function which is both injective and surjective is

called bijective function.

Composition of Two Functions : If f : A B, g : B C are two

functions, then composition of f and g denoted by gof is a function from A
to C given by, (gof) (x) = g (f (x)) x A
Clearly gof is defined if Range of f domain of g. Similarly fog can be
defined.

Invertible Function : A function f : X Y is invertible iff it is bijective.

If f : X Y is bijective function, then function g : Y X is said to be
inverse of f iff fog = Iy and gof = Ix
when Ix, Iy are identity functions.
1

g is inverse of f and is denoted by f

Binary Operation : A binary operation * defined on set A is a function

from A A A. * (a, b) is denoted by a * b.

Binary operation * defined on set A is said to be commutative iff

a * b = b * a a, b A.

Binary operation * defined on set A is called associative iff a * (b * c) = (a

* b) * c a, b, c A

If * is Binary operation on A, then an element e A is said to be the

identity element iff a * e = e * a a A

Identity element is unique.

If * is Binary operation on set A, then an element b is said to be inverse of

a A iff a * b = b * a = e

Inverse of an element, if it exists, is unique.

[Class XII : Maths]

[10]

1. If A is the set of students of a school then write, which of following relations

are Universal, Empty or neither of the two.
R1 = {(a, b) : a, b are ages of students and |a b| 0}
R2 = {(a, b) : a, b are weights of students, and |a b| < 0}
R3 = {(a, b) : a, b are students studying in same class}
2. Is the relation R in the set A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} defined as
R = {(a, b) : b = a + 1} reflexive?
3. If R, is a relation in set N given by
R = {(a, b) : a = b 3, b > 5},
then does element (5, 7) R?
4. If f : {1, 3} {1, 2, 5} and g : {1, 2, 5} {1, 2, 3, 4} be given by f = {(1,
2), (3, 5)}, g = {(1, 3), (2, 3), (5, 1)},
write gof.
5. Let g, f : R R be defined by

x2

gx
6. If

3 ,f x 3x 2. write fogx

f : R R defined by
f x

2x 1
5

be an invertible function, write f

x

7. If f x

x 1, write
1

(x).

fo f x .

8. Let * be a Binary operation defined on R, then if

(i) a * b = a + b + ab, write 3 * 2

[11]

[Class XII : Maths]

ab
(ii) a * b

, write 2 * 3

* 4.

3
9. If n(A) = n(B) = 3, then how many bijective functions from A to B can be
formed?
10. If f (x) = x + 1, g(x) = x 1, then (gof) (3) = ?
2

11. Is f : N N given by f(x) = x

one-one? Give reason.

12. If f : R A, given by
f(x) = x

2x + 2 is onto function, find set A.

13. If f : A B is bijective function such that n (A) = 10, then n (B) = ?

14. If f : R R defined by f x

x1

, find (fof) (x)

2
15. R = {(a, b) : a, b N, a b and a divides b}. Is R reflexive? Give reason
16. Is f : R R, given by f(x) = |x 1| one-one? Give reason
17. f : R B given by f(x) = sin x is onto function, then write set B.
18. If f

1 x
log

2x
, show that f

2f

x.

1x
1 x
a*b
19. If * is a binary operation on set Q of rational numbers given by

ab
5

then write the identity element in Q.

20. If * is Binary operation on N defined by a * b = a + ab a, b N, write the
identity element in N if it exists.

21. Check the following functions for one-one and onto.

f : R R , f ( x ) 2 x 3
7
(b) f : R R, f(x) = |x + 1|

(a)

(c) f : R {2} R,
[Class XII : Maths]

3x
f x 1
x2
[12]

(d) f : R [1, 1], f(x) = sin x

22. Consider the binary operation * on the set {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} defined by a* b =
H.C.F. of a and b. Write the operation table for the operation *.

4 R 4 be a function given by f x
4x . Show
3x 4
3
3
4x
that f is invertible with f 1 x
.
4 3x
A = {x : x Z, 0 x 10} given by
24. Let R be the relation on
set
R = {(a, b) : (a b) is divisible by 4}. Show that R is an equivalence
relation. Also, write all elements related to 4.
23. Let f : R

25. Show that

AR

functionf : A

B defined as f x

,B R

3x 4
5x 7 where

is invertible and hence find f

5
5
26. Let * be a binary operation on Q such that a * b = a + b ab.
(i) Prove that * is commutative and associative.
(ii) Find identify element of * in Q (if it exists).
27. If * is a binary operation defined on R {0} defined by a * b

2a
b

, then

check * for commutativity and associativity.

28. If A = N N and binary operation * is defined on A as
(a, b) * (c, d) = (ac, bd).
(i) Check * for commutativity and associativity.
(ii) Find the identity element for * in A (If it exists).
29. Show that the relation R defined by (a, b) R(c, d) a + d = b + c on the
set N N is an equivalence relation.
30. Let * be a binary operation on set Q defined by a * b

ab

, show that
4

(i) 4 is the identity element in Q.

[13]

[Class XII : Maths]

(ii) Every non zero element of Q is invertible with

1

16
a ,

a Q

0 .

1
31. Show that f : R+ R+ defined by f x 2x is bijective where R+ is the
set of all non-zero positive real numbers.
32. Let A = {1, 2, 3, ...., 12} and R be a relation in A A defined by (a, b) R
(c, d) if ad = bc (a, b), (c, d), A A. Prove that R is an equivalence
relation. Also obtain the equivalence class [(3, 4)].
33. If * is a binary operation on R defined by a * b = a + b + ab. Prove that * is
commutative and associative. Find the identify element. Also show that
every element of R is invertible except 1.
2

34. If f, g : R R defined by f(x) = x x and g(x) = x + 1 find (fog) (x) and

(gof) (x). Are they equal?
1
35. f : [1, ) [2, ) is given by f x x 1 , find f x.
x
36. f : R R, g : R R given by f(x) = [x], g(x) = |x| then find
2
2
gof .

fog and

1. R1 : is universal relation. R2 : is empty relation.

R3 : is neither universal nor empty.
2. No, R is not reflexive.
3. (5, 7) R
4. gof = {(1, 3), (3, 1)}
5. (fog)(x) = x x R

[Class XII : Maths]

[14]

6. f 1 x

7.

5x1

, x 1
2x1
2
8. (i) 3 * 2 = 11

fof

1369
27

(ii)

9. 6
10. 3
11. Yes, f is one-one x
2
2
1, x 2 N x 1 x2 .
12. A = [1, ) because Rf
= [1, )
13. n(B) = 10
14. fof x x 3
4
15. No, R is not reflexive

a, a R a N
16. f is not
function

one-one

f(3) = f (1) = 2
3 1 i.e. distinct elements
have same images.
17. B = [1, 1]
19. e = 5
20. Identity element does
not exists.
21. (a) Bijective
(b) Neither
oneone nor onto.
(c) One-one,
not onto.
(d) Neither

but
one-

one nor onto.

[15]
[Class XII : Maths]

22.
*

4 5

1 1

2 1

1 1

4 1

1 5

24. Elements related to 4 are 0, 4, 8.

25. f

7x4
5x3

26. 0 is the identity element.

27. Neither commutative nor associative.
28. (i) Commutative and associative.
(ii) (1, 1) is identity in N N

3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 12

32. 3, 4

33. 0 is the identity element.

2

34. (fog) (x) = x + x

2

(gof) (x) = x x + 1
Clearly, they are unequal.

35. f 1 x

x x 2 4
2

fog 0

2 36.

gof 1

[Class XII : Maths]

[16]

CHAPTER 2

INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

x, cos

sin

If sinx and

Function

x, ... etc., are angles.

1
, then = sin x etc.
2 2

Domain

Range
(Principal Value Branch)

sin x

2 ,2

[1, 1]

cos x

[1, 1]

[0, ]

tan x

2 ,2

cot x

(0, )

0, 2

sec

R (1, 1)

2 2

1
cosec x

sin

cos

R (1, 1)

(sin x) = x x ,
2 2
(cos x) = x x [0, ] etc.
1

sin (sin x) = x x [1, 1]

1

cos (cos x) = x x [1, 1] etc.

[17]

[Class XII : Maths]

x cosec

sin

x 1, 1

tan x = cot
1

x = cos

(1/x) x > 0 sec

(1/x), |x| 1

sin (x) = sin x x [1, 1]

tan (x) = tan x x R

1

cosec (x) = cosec x |x|

1
1

cos (x) = cos x [1,

1] cot (x) = cot x x R

1

sec (x) = sec x |x| 1

sin

x cos

x
2

x 1, 1

tan

sec

x cot x 2
x cosec

tan

tan

x R

x x 1
2

tan

x tan

tan

y tan

xy
1

xy
xy

1
2 tan

2 tan

tan

x sin

2x

1 x
2x
1

1x2

,x

xy
1
1,

, x 0.

2 tan

x cos

1 x

1 x 2
2

1.
xy

; xy 1.

[Class XII : Maths]

[18]

1. Write the principal

value of
(i) sin

(ii)

(iv) cosec
( 2).

(iii) tan 1 1

(v) cot

(vii)

1 3

sin

(vi) sec
2).

2.

cos

cos

tan

1 1 3

2. What is the value of the following functions

(using principal value).

(i) tan

(iii) tan
(1).

sec

(1) cot

(ii) sin

cos

(iv) cosec

2 sec 1 2 .
1

(v) tan

(1) + cot

(1) + sin

(1).


3. Show that tan

[19]

1 cos x 1 cos x
1 cos x

1 cos x

[Class XII : Maths]

x
4 2 .

x [0, ]

4. Prove that
tan

cos x

1 sin x

cot

1 cos x

5. Prove that tan1

cos x

sin

2 tan

cot

7.

Prove that

2 tan

tan

1x

1x

cot

tan

1 x

2x cot

sin

3x .
4

1 2
cos x .

, m, n
0

m n

10.

Prove that tan

2x

sin

2
x2

11.

Solve for x, cos

1
3

tan

13. Solve for x ,

14. Prove that

tan cos
2tan 1

cos

2
1

tan

1
x
1

7
1

xy
1 xy

1
y

2x

1 y

tan

x 1
12. Prove that tan

1 x

x2

17

1 m n
tan
4

1x

9. Prove that

tan

cos

17

8. Solve :

cos

a
2

x 0, 2 .

6. Prove that

tan

8 4

x sin tan 2 ; x 0

1
1 tan 1 32
tan 1

tan

300
.

161


[Class XII : Maths]

[20]

43

15. Evaluate

cos

tan

11
2

a
cos
x

b
16. Prove that
1 sin x
tan

17. Prove that

a
x

b cos x a
sin x

cot tan

tan

x tan

cos

cos

2x

, x 0

1 2x

18. Prove that tan

a b tan1 b c tan 1 c a

1 ab

1 ca

1 bc

c>0
1

19. Solve for x, 2 tan (cos x) = tan

1

20. Express

sin

0 where a, b,

(2 cosec x)

1 x x 1 x

in simplest form.

21. If tan a + tan b + tan c =

then prove that a + b + c = abc
1

22. If cos x + cos y + cos z = , prove that x + y + z + 2xyz = 1

[Hint : Let cos

x = A, cos

y = B, cos

z = c then A + B + C = or

A+B=c
Take cos on both the sides].

1.

(i) 3
(v)

(ii)
(vi)

6
2
3

2.

(i)

(ii)

(iii)
(vii)

(iv)

.
6

(iii)
2

(iv)


(vi) 5

(v)

[21]

(vii)

(viii) 4 .

[Class XII : Maths]

11.

8. 1

tan

12

11 3
5
3

15.

19. x .
4

20

13.

21.

Hint: Let

tan

a=

tan

b=

c=

tan

then given,

take tangent on both sides,
tan () = tan

3 11
sin

x sin

x.

[Class XII : Maths]

[22]

CHAPTER 3 & 4

MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS

Matrix : A matrix is an ordered rectangular array of numbers or

functions. The numbers or functions are called the elements of the
matrix.

Order of Matrix : A matrix having m rows and n columns is called

the matrix of order mxn.

Square Matrix : An mxn matrix is said to be a square matrix of order

n if m = n.

Column Matrix : A matrix having only one column is called a column

matrix i.e. A = [aij]mx1 is a column matrix of order mx1.

Row Matrix : A matrix having only one row is called a row matrix

i.e. B bij is a row matrix of order 1xn.

1xn

Zero Matrix : A matrix having all the elements zero is called zero
matrix or null matrix.

Diagonal Matrix : A square matrix is called a diagonal matrix if all its

non diagonal elements are zero.

Scalar Matrix : A diagonal matrix in which all diagonal elements are equal
is called a scalar matrix.

Identity Matrix : A scalar matrix in which each diagonal element is 1,

is called an identity matrix or a unit matrix. It is denoted by I.
I = [eij]n n

where,

[23]

ij

1 if i j

0 if i j

[Class XII : Maths]

Transpose of a Matrix : If A = [ai j ]m n be an m n matrix then the

matrix obtained by interchanging the rows and columns of A is called the
T
transpose of the matrix. Transpose of A is denoted by A or A .
Properties of the transpose of a matrix.
(i) (A) = A

(ii) (A + B) = A + B

(iii) (kA) = kA, k is a scalar

Symmetric

(iv) (AB) = BA

Matrix :A square matrixA= [aij] is symmetric ifaij

=a

ji

i, j. Also a square matrix A is symmetric if A = A.

Skew Symmetric Matrix : A square matrix A = [aij] is skew-symmetric, if

aij = aji i, j. Also a square matrix A is skew - symmetric, if

A = A.

Determinant : To every square matrix A = [aij] of order n n, we can

associate a number (real or complex) called determinant of A. It is
denoted by det A or |A|.

Properties
(i) |AB| = |A| |B|
n

(ii) |kA|n n = k

|A|n n where k is a scalar.

Area of triangle with vertices (x1, y1), (x2, y2) and (x3, y3) is given
by
x 1
1

x 2
2
x3

y1 1
y2 1
y3 1

The points (x1, y1), (x2, y2), (x3, y3) are collinear

x1
x2
x3

y1 1
y2 1 0
y3 1

Adjoint of a Square Matrix A is the transpose of the matrix whose

elements have been replaced by their cofactors and is denoted as adj
A.
Let

A = [aij]n n
adj A = [Aji]n n

[Class XII : Maths]

[24]

Properties
(i) A(adj A) = (adj A) A = |A| I
n1

(ii) If A is a square matrix of order n then |adj A| = |A|

(iii) adj (AB) = (adj B) (adj A).
[Note : Correctness of adj A can be checked by using A.
(adj A) = (adj A) . A = |A| I ]

Singular Matrix : A square matrix is called singular if |A| = 0, otherwise it

will be called a non-singular matrix.
Inverse of a Matrix : A square matrix whose inverse exists, is called
invertible matrix. Inverse of only a non-singular matrix exists. Inverse of a
matrix A is denoted by A
A

and is given by

. adj A

A
Properties
(i) AA

=A A=I

1 1

(ii) (A )
(iii) (AB)

T 1

(iv) (A )
(v) A

=A
1 1

=B A

1 T

= (A )

1
, A 0
A

Solution of system of equations using matrix :

1

If AX = B is a matrix equation then its solution is X = A B.

(i) If |A| 0, system is consistent and has a unique solution.
(ii) If |A| = 0 and (adj A) B 0 then system is inconsistent and has
no solution.
(iii) If |A| = 0 and (adj A) B = 0 then system is either consistent and
has infinitely many solutions or system is inconsistent and has no
solution.
[25]

[Class XII : Maths]

 x3

1. If

y4

, find x and y.

x y 3 9

2. If A

5 4

and B

, find AB.

0 i
0
3. Find the value of a23 + a32 in the matrix A = [aij]3 3

2i j

if i j

i 2j

3 if i j

where aij

4. If B be a 4 5 type matrix, then what is the number of elements in the

third column.
5 2 and B
5. If A 0 9

2 3

6. If A

7
7. If A = [1

3 6 find 3A 2B.
0
1

1 0

and
B

4
x 2
8. If A

2x 3
x1

4] and B 5 find AB.

AB

2 6

find

is symmetric matrix, then find x.

0 2

9. For what value of x the matrix 2 0

4 is skew symmetric matrix.

x 5
3 4
2
3
P Q where P is symmetric and Q is skew-symmetric
10. If A

0
matrix, then find the matrix Q.
[Class XII : Maths]

[26]

a ib
c id

11. Find the value of

12. If

2x 5 3
5x 2

c id
a ib

0, find x .

9
k

13. For what value of k, the matrix

14.

sin 30

cos 30

sin 60

cos 60

If A

15. Find the cofactor of a12 in

1
16. Find the minor of a23 in

2
4 has no inverse.

, what is |A|.

6
1

0
5

4
7

3 2

4 5
3
5

6.
2

17. Find the value of P, such that the matrix

1 2
4 is singular.

18. Find the value of x such that the points (0, 2), (1, x) and (3, 1) are
collinear.

19. Area of a triangle with vertices (k, 0), (1, 1) and (0, 3) is 5 unit. Find the
value (s) of k.
20. If A is a square matrix of order 3 and |A| = 2, find the value of |3A|.
21. If A = 2B where A and B are square matrices of order 3 3 and |B| = 5,
what is |A|?
22. What is the number of all possible matrices of order 2 3 with each entry
0, 1 or 2.
23. Find the area of the triangle with vertices (0, 0), (6, 0) and (4, 3).
24. If

[27]

2x 4 6 3 , find x .
1 x
2 1
[Class XII : Maths]

 xy yz zx

25. If A

y , write the value of det A.

26. Write the value of the following determinant

2 3 4
5
6 8
6x 9x 12x
27. If A is a non-singular matrix of order 3 and |A| = 3 find |adj A|.
28. If

5 3

find adj A

6 8
29. Given a square matrix A of order 3 3 such that |A| = 12 find the value of
|A adj A|.
30. If A is a square matrix of order 3 such that |adj A| = 81 find |A|. 31. Let
A be a non-singular square matrix of order 3 3 find |adj A| if
|A| = 10.
2 1

32. If

find

A1 1

33. If A 1 2 3 and B

34. Find x, y, z and w if

.
3

4 find |AB|.

xy

2x z

2x y

3x

5 .

13

35. Construct a 3 3 matrix A = [aij] whose elements are given by

1 i j if i j

a =

i 2j

ij

[Class XII : Maths]

if i j

[28]

36. Find A and B if 2A + 3B =

1 2 3
2 0

37. If A

and A 2B

and B 2 1 4, verify that (AB) = BA.

3 1

38. Express the matrix 2 2

1

2
4 5
a skew-symmetric matrix.

cos

sin

If A =

PQ

where P is a symmetric and Q

2 1

, B

Let A

3 4

cos n

sinn

sinn

cosn

then prove that A

cos
sin
where n is a natural number.

40.

5 2

2 5 , find a matrix

7 4

3 8

41. Find the value of x such that

1 3

x 1

2 1

2 0

3 2 x

2 5 1

15

42. Prove that the product of the matrices

2

cos

cos

sin

cos sin

and

cos sin

cos sin

sin

.
is the null matrix, when and differ by an odd multiple of 2
5

43. If A

[29]

cos sin

12

3
7

, show that A

[Class XII : Maths]

44. Show that

12A I = 0. Hence find A .

D such that

CD AB = O.

39.

3 0 1
1 6 2

A1.
4
45. If
A

satisfies the equation x

find x and y such that A

6x + 17 = 0. Hence find

xA + yI = 0.

46. Find the matrix X so that X

47. If A

1 2 3
4 5 6

7 8 9
2

4 6

and B

1 2

then show that (AB)

1 1

=B A .

4
1 3
48. Test the consistency of the following system of equations by matrix method :
3x y = 5; 6x 2y = 3
49. Using elementary row transformations, find the inverse of the matrix
6 3
A
, if possible.
2
1

3
1
.
50. By using elementary column transformation, find the inverse of A

5 2

cos sin
sin
51. If A
and A + A = I, then find the general value of .

cos

Using properties of determinants, prove the following : Q 52 to Q 59.

abc
52.

2b
2c

2a
bca
2c

2a
2b
cab

b
c

x 2 x 3 x 2a
53.

x 3 x 4 x 2b 0 if a, b, c are in A.P.
x 4 x 5 x 2c
sin cos sin

54.

sin cos
sin cos

[Class XII : Maths]

sin 0
sin

[30]

a2
c2 a

c2

c2

bc

ca

qr
yz
a

57.

b2

55.

56.

r p
zx

a2
2

a2 b

ab
b

xa

bc

r
z

4a

2 2

b c .

x a b c .

x
yz

q
y

c x
xc

xb
a
a
b
59. Show that :

58.

ac

pq 2 p
xy
x

ab

ac c

2 2

b c .

ab

bc

4a

b2

y
zx

y z z x x y yz zx xy .

z
xy

60. (i) If the points (a, b) (a, b) and (a a, b b) are collinear, show
that ab = ab.
(ii) If A

61. Given A

1
2 2

and B

5
0

2 and B

ax
ax ax
ax
ax

also find (AB) .

62. Solve the following equation for x.

[31]

ax

ax
a x 0.
ax

[Class XII : Maths]

verify that AB A B .
1
0 . Find the product AB and

63. If A

tan 2

and I is the identity matrix of order 2, show

tan

that,
cos

I A I A

sin

cos
sin
64. Use matrix method to solve the following system of equations :
5x 7y = 2, 7x 5y = 3.

65. Obtain the inverse of the following matrix using elementary operations
2

1 4

2 .

2 7
1 1 0
2 2 4

are two square matrices, find AB

66. If A 2
3
2
4 and B 4
4

0
5
1 2

2 1

and hence solve the system of linear equations :

x y = 3, 2x + 3y + 4z = 17, y + 2z = 7.

67 S olve the follow ing system of equations by m atrix m ethod, w here x 0,

y 0, z 0
2 3 3 10, 1 1 1 10, 3 1 2 13.
x y z
x y z
x y z
1

68. Find A , where

2
3

equations :

2
3
3

2
4

x + 2y 3z = 4
2x + 3y + 2z = 2 3x
3y 4z = 11
[Class XII : Maths]

[32]

, hence solve the system of linear

69. The sum of three numbers is 2. If we subtract the second number from
twice the first number, we get 3. By adding double the second number
and the third number we get 0. Represent it algebraically and find the
numbers using matrix method.
70. Compute the inverse of the matrix.
1
1
5 and verify that A A = I .
3
1

A 15
6

2
5

1
A 0

71. If the matrix

2
1 2
1

2 3 and B
0 3

2
1 0
4

1 , then

compute (AB) .
72. Using matrix method, solve the following system of linear equations :
2x y = 4, 2y + z = 5, z + 2x = 7.

73.

Find

0 1 1
if A 1 0 1 .

1 1

b2 c
74. Show that

Also show that A

ab
c

75. Show that a c

ab

ac

ca
a

A 3I

ba

cb

bc

cb

b
ba

ca
c

2 2

4a b c

bc
2

a b c

cos sin 0

76. If A sin
0

[33]

cos
0

verify that A . (adj A) = (adj A) . A = |A| I3.

[Class XII : Maths]

 2 1
1 2

77. For the matrix A

find A .

1 1

verify that A3 6A2 + 9A 4I = 0, hence

1 ,

78. Find the matrix X for which

3

2
7 5

.X.

1 1
2 1

2 1
0 4

79. By using properties of determinants prove the following :

2

1 a b

1 a b
2a

2ab
2b

y z
80.

a
81.

xy

xy

x z

xz

yz

ab

2b

2ab
2

2a
2
2
1 a b

abc
3

2a 3a 2b 4a 3b 2c a .
3a 6a 3b 10a 6b 3c

82. If x, y, z are different and

1 x

1 y

z 2 1 z

z
th

th

83. If x, y, z are the 10 , 13

and 15

th

log y 13 1 . log z 15 1

[Class XII : Maths]

0, show that xyz = 1.

terms of a G.P. find the value of

log x 10 1

2xyz x y z .

yz

x y

1 a

zx
2

[34]

84. Using the properties of determinants, show that :

1 a 1

1 b

1 c

abc 1

abc bc ca ab

85. Using properties of determinants prove that

bc

b 2 bc c 2 bc

ac
c ac
2
b ab ab

a ac
2
a ab
3

ab bc ca

1
86. If A 4 1 2 , find A and hence solve the system of equations

7 3 3
3x + 4y + 7z = 14, 2x y + 3z = 4, x + 2y 3z = 0.

2.

0 1
1

3. 11.

4.

9 6
5.
0 29 .

6.

7. AB = [26].

8.

1. x = 2, y = 7

3
3

0
1

10.

11. a

13. k
15. 46
[35]

+b
3
2

+c

+d .

12.

x = 13

14.

|A| = 1.

16.

[Class XII : Maths]

x=5

9. x = 5

1
.

17.

5
3 .

P=8

19. k 7 , 13 .
2 2

18.
20.

54.
x

21. 40.

22.

729

23. 9 sq. units

24.

x=2

25. 0

26.

27. 9

28.

8 3

29. 1728

30.

6 5
|A| = 9

31. 100

32.

11

33. |AB| = 11

34.

x = 1, y = 2, z = 3, w = 10

3 2 5 2

2 .
35. 4 5

5 6
7

11

36. A 7
1

7 , B
4

7
18

191 110
40. D

77
44

7
43. A1

5
7
4
7

7
12

7
5

41.

[Class XII : Maths]

x = 2 or 14

A1

12 5 .

44.

3
17

[36]

4 3
.
2

45. x = 9, y = 14

1 2

46.

48. Inconsistent

50.

A
1

51.

2 n

2 1

AB
61.

49.

0
Inverse does not
exist.

, AB

1 2 2

, n z

2 2

6 2

62 0, 3a

A
65.

11

1
1

68.

6 17

66.

x = 2, y = 1, z = 4

6
.

2
z
x 1
1 , 1
,
y3
67.
5
2

x 11 , y 1 .
2
4
24

64.

13

14 5 8 , x 3, y 2, z 1

6
7 15 9

69. x = 1, y = 2, z = 2

71. AB

16

12 1
1 21 11 7 .

19
2 3

10

2
70.

0 1 3

5 1 0

[37]

73.

0 1

72.

x = 3, y = 2, z = 1.

[Class XII : Maths]

78. X

1
1
1

1

1
2 1 1

16

24 5

86. x = 1, y = 1, z = 1.

77.

4
1

1.

83. 0

1 1
3 1 .

1 3

[Class XII : Maths]

[38]

CHAPTER 5

CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIATION

A functionf(x)

is said to be continuous atx=cifflimf x

x c

i.e., lim f x lim f x f

c

x c

x c

f(x) is continuous in (a, b) iff it is continuous at x c c a, b

f(x) is continuous in [a, b] iff

(i) f(x) is continuous in (a, b)
lim f x f a,

(ii)
x

(iii) lim f x f b
x

Trigonometric functions are continuous in their respective domains.

Every polynomial function is continuous on R.

If f (x) and g (x) are two continuous functions and c R then at x = a

(i) f (x) g (x) are also continuous functions at x = a.
(ii) g (x) . f (x), f (x) + c, cf (x), | f (x)| are also continuous at x = a.
f

x
(iii) is continuous at x = a provided g(a) 0. g x

[39]

f (x) is derivable at x = c in its domain iff

[Class XII : Maths]

f x f c lim

lim
x c

xc

x c

f c , and is finite
x
xc

The value of above limit is denoted by f(c) and is called the derivative of
f(x) at x = c.

d v d
d u v v u
dx
d u
x dx
d u d
u
v
d
u v
dx
x

d
v

dx

d d fu .g
If y = f(u) and u = d
y y u t
g(t) then

dt
du dt
If y =
x = g(u)
f(u),
then,

d
d

y
dy u
f u

u
,

cos

d
x
1x

d
x
d

dx

sin

d
x du
1

d ta
x n x

co
t
x

1
x

1
1

dx

Chain
Rule

1
sec

x x

d
x

ex
d

d
x

e ,

cosec

d
x

log
d x
d
x

1
2

1
x

f (x) = [x] is discontinuous at all integral points and continuous for all x
R Z.

Rolles theorem : If f (x) is continuous in [ a, b ], derivable in (a, b) and f

(a) = f (b) then there exists atleast one real number c (a, b) such that f
(c) = 0.

[Class XII : Maths]

[40]

Mean Value Theorem : If f (x) is continuous in [a, b] and derivable in

(a, b) then there exists atleast one real number c (a, b) such that

fc f b f a .
ba

f (x) = logex, (x > 0) is continuous function.

1. For what value of x, f(x) = |2x 7| is not derivable.

2. Write the set of points of continuity of g(x) = |x 1| + |x + 1|.
3. What is derivative of |x 3| at x = 1.

4. What are the points of discontinuity of f x

x 7 x 6

5. Write the number of points of discontinuity of f(x) = [x] in [3, 7].

x 3 if x 2

6.

4 if x 2 is a

The function, f x

continuous function for all

2x if x 2

x R, find .
tan3x
7.

For what value of K, f x sin2x

2K ,

, x 0 is continuous x R.
x0

8. Write derivative of sin x w.r.t. cos x.

2

9. If f(x) = x g(x) and g(1) = 6, g(x) = 3 find value of f (1).

10. Write the derivative of the following functions :
(i) log3 (3x + 5)

(iii) e

[41]

6 loge x 1

,x1

[Class XII : Maths]

(ii)

log 2 x

(iv) sec

(v)

x cosec

x , x 1.

72

sin x

(vi) logx 5, x > 0.

11. Discuss the continuity of following functions at the indicated points.

(i) f x

, x

at x 0.

2,
sin 2x , xx
0
0

(ii) g x

(iii) f x

at x 0.

3x
3

x 0
2
cos 1 x x 0
0
x 0

at x 0.

(iv) f(x) = |x| + |x 1| at x = 1.

(v) f x

x x

, x 1 at x 1.
x 1
3x

12. For what value of k, f x

kx 5,
1 3x

0 x 2 is continuous
2 x 3

x 0, 3.
13. For what values of a and b

x2

x2
f x
ab
x2

2
x2

if x 2
if x 2

if x 2

[Class XII : Maths]

[42]

is continuous at x = 2.

14. Prove that f(x) = |x + 1| is continuous at x = 1, but not derivable at x = 1.

15. For what value of p,

f x

16. If y

x0

1 x
sin

x 0 is derivable at x = 0.

tan

2x
2

1x

2 tan

dy

, 0 x 1, find

1x

dx

dy

18.

If

sin 2 tan

If 5 + 5 = 5

x+y

then

17.

dx

dy

then prove that

yx

0.

dx
then show that

dy

2
2
19. If x 1 y y 1 x a

dx

20. If

1 x

1 y 2

dy

a x y then show that

1 y

1 x

1 y .
2
1 x

dx
m+n

21. If (x + y)
22.

Find the derivative of

=x

dy y .

then prove that dx

.y
tan

2x

1 x 2

w.r.t. sin

x
1

2x
2

1x

[43]

[Class XII : Maths]

x = ae (sint
cos t)

I
26. f

y = ae (sint + cost) then

show that

is
d at x
1.
y

dx

4
1

d
y

1 x 1 then
I
x x find
27. f y sin x
loge x

loge
x

Different
29. iate
d
y ,
if
Fi
30. nd dx

x x w.r.t.
x

1
sin x

If

x.

cos x cos
x
y
y

31.

dy
.
then d
find x

I
28. f y x

1 sin
x

tan

.
d
x

d
y

where

2 x

find

d
x

1 sin
1 sin

x
x
Hint
:
1

32. If x

sin 2 cos

, .

for x

log y

sin

then show that (1 x2) y xy a2y = 0.

log
Different
x
33. iate
dy

,x1
.r .t . x

log
xw

sin a
2

If sin y = x sin (a + y) then

34. show that
d

sin
a

dx

y
dx
If y = sin x,
in terms of
2
35. find
y.
1

I
36. f

y2

2
b
then show dx a y

2 1, that

I
37. f y e

,1x
1,

x then
prove that

[Class XII : Maths]

x
dx

1
x

show
that
d

If y =
2
38. 3ax

a cos
1

dy

d
x

2a

y x

dx

d
y

[44]

ay
0

39. Verify Rolle's theorem for the function, y = x + 2 in the interval [a, b]
where a = 2, b = 2.
2

40. Verify Mean Value Theorem for the function, f(x) = x

1.

x 7 .
2

2. R

3.

4. x = 6, 7

in [2, 4]

5. Points of discontinuity of f(x) are 4, 5, 6, 7 i.e. four points.

lim f x 3 f 3.

Note : At x = 3, f(x) = [x] is continuous. because

6. 7 .
2

7. k 3
4.

8. cot x

9. 15
log3 e

3
10.

(i)

3x 5

(iii) 6 (x 1)
7 x
2

(v)

(ii) e log2 x 1
x .log2 e.
(iv) 0
loge 5

x
.

(vi)

x loge x

11.

x 3

1 x
(i) Discontinuous

(ii) Discontinuous

(iii) Continuous

(iv) continuous

(v) Discontinuous
12. k = 11

13. a = 0, b = 1.

15. p > 1.

16. 0

17.

x
1 x

22. 1

23. cot x logea

[45]

[Class XII : Maths]

dy

1 log x yx y 1 y x log y
y

x log x xy

24. dx

25.

d2y

dy

27.

1 x

dx
28.

cosec sec
2
. dx 3a

log x

2log x

2 x

log x

dy

xx

.x

log x 1 log x

x logx

dy y tan x logcos y

dx x tan y logcos x

31.

33.

1 log logx .

log

dx
30.

1 x

29.

dy

. dx 2

log x

log x

log log x
x

, x1

35. sec y tany.

[Class XII : Maths]

x 1

[46]

CHAPTER 6

APPLICATIONS OF DERIVATIVES

Rate of Change : Let y = f (x) be a function then the rate of change of

y with respect to x is given by

another quantity x.

dy

f x where a quantity y varies with

dx

dy

or f x 0 represents the rate of change of y w.r.t. x at x = x0.

If x = f (t) and y = g

dx

x x 0

(t) By chain rule

dy dy
dx
dt

dx if dx 0.
dt
dt

(i) A function f (x) is said to be increasing (non-decreasing) on an

interval (a, b) if x1 x2 in (a, b) f (x1) f (x2) x1, x2 (a, b).
Alternatively if f x 0 x a, b , then f (x) is increasing
function in (a, b).
(ii) A function f(x) is said to be decreasing (non-increasing) on an
interval (a, b). If x1 x2 in (a, b) f (x1) f (x2) x1, x2 (a, b).
Alternatively if f (x) 0 x (a, b), then f (x) is decreasing
function in (a, b).

The equation of tangent at the point (x0, y0) to a curve y = f(x) is given by
dy
yy0

[47]

x x0 .

dx

x 0 ,y0

[Class XII : Maths]

dy
where slope of the tangent at the point x 0, y 0 .
0

dy

dx x

(i) If

,y0

dx

x 0 ,y

does not exist then tangent is parallel to y-axis at

(x0, y0) and its equation is x = x0.

(ii) If tangent at x = x0 is parallel to x-axis then

dy

dx

x x0

dy
Slope of the normal to the curve at the point (x0,y0) is given by
dx

x x

Equation of the normal to the curve y = f (x) at a point (x0, y0) is given by
y y 0

1
dy

dx
dy

dx

If 0.
0 ,y 0

x x0 .

x 0 ,y 0

then equation of the normal is x=x0 and equation of the tangent is y=y0
dy
Ifdx does

not exist, then the normal is parallel tox-axis and the

x 0 ,y 0

equation of the normal is y = y0.

Let

y = f (x)
x = the small increment in x and
y be the increment in y corresponding to the increment in x

Then approximate change in y is given by

dy

x
dy = f (x) x
or
dx
The approximate change in the value of f is given by
dy

f x x f x f x x
[Class XII : Maths]

[48]

Let f be a function. Let point c be in the domain of the function f at which

either f (x) = 0 or f is not derivable is called a critical point of f.

First Derivative Test : Let f be a function defined on an open interval

I. Let f be continuous at a critical point c I. Then if,
(i) f (x) changes sign from positive to negative as x increases
through c, then c is called the point of the local maxima.
(ii) f (x) changes sign from negative to positive as x increases
through c, then c is a point of local minima.
(iii) f (x) does not change sign as x increases through c, then c is
neither a point of local maxima nor a point of local minima.
Such a point is called a point of inflexion.

Second Derivative Test : Let f be a function defined on an interval I

and let c I. Then
(i)

x = c is a point of local maxima if f (c) = 0 and f (c) < 0.

f (c) is local maximum value of f.
(ii) x = c is a point of local minima if f (c) = 0 and f "(c) > 0. f (c) is
local minimum value of f.

(iii) The test fails if f(c) = 0 and f(c) = 0.

1. The side of a square is increasing at the rate of 0.2 cm/sec. Find the
rate of increase of perimeter of the square.
2. The radius of the circle is increasing at the rate of 0.7 cm/sec. What is
the rate of increase of its circumference?
3. If the radius of a soap bubble is increasing at the rate of
what rate its volume is increasing when the radius is 1 cm.

cm sec. At
2

4. A stone is dropped into a quiet lake and waves move in circles at a

speed of 4 cm/sec. At the instant when the radius of the circular wave
is 10 cm, how fast is the enclosed area increasing?

[49]

[Class XII : Maths]

5.

T he totalrevenue in rupees received from

x units of a product

the sale of

is given by
R(x) = 13x

+ 26x + 15. Find the marginal revenue when x = 7.

6. Find the maximum and minimum values of function f (x) = sin 2x + 5.

7. Find the maximum and minimum values (if any) of the function
f (x) = |x 1| + 7 x R.
2

8. Find the value of a for which the function f (x) = x 2ax + 6, x > 0 is
strictly increasing.
9. Write the interval for which the function f (x) = cos x, 0 x 2 is
decreasing.
f x log x , x 0, is
x

10. What is the interval on which the function

increasing?
11. For which values of x, the function y x

4 x 3 is increasing?
3
1

12. Write the interval for which the function
13. Find the sub-interval of the interval
f (x) = sin 3x is increasing.

f x x is strictly decreasing.
(0, /2) in which the function

14. Without using derivatives, find the maximum and minimum value of
y = |3 sin x + 1|.
15. If f (x) = ax + cos x is strictly increasing on R, find a.
9

16. Write the interval in which the function f (x) = x + 3x + 64 is increasing.

3

17. What is the slope of the tangent to the curve f = x 5x + 3 at the point
whose x co-ordinate is 2?
2

18. At what point on the curve y = x does the tangent make an angle of 45
with positive direction of the x-axis?
2

19. Find the point on the curve y = 3x 12x + 9 at which the tangent is
parallel to x-axis.
[Class XII : Maths]

[50]

20. What is the slope of the normal to the curve y = 5x 4 sin x at x = 0.

2

21. Find the point on the curve y = 3x + 4 at which the tangent is perpendicular

to the line with slope 1 .

6
2

22. Find the point on the curve y = x where the slope of the tangent is
equal to the y co-ordinate.
x

23. If the curves y = 2e and y = ae

angles), what is the value of a?

intersect orthogonally (cut at right

2

24. Find the slope of the normal to the curve y = 8x

3 at x

4
25. Find the rate of change of the total surface area of a cylinder of radius r
and height h with respect to radius when height is equal to the radius of
the base of cylinder.
26. Find the rate of change of the area of a circle with respect to its radius.
How fast is the area changing w.r.t. its radius when its radius is 3 cm?
3

27. For the curve y = (2x + 1) find the rate of change of slope of the
tangent at x = 1.
28. Find the slope of the normal to the curve
2

x = 1 a sin ; y = b cos

at

2
2

29. If a manufacturers total cost function is C(x) = 1000 + 40x + x , where

x is the out put, find the marginal cost for producing 20 units.
30. Find a for which f (x) = a (x + sin x) is strictly increasing on R.

31. A particle moves along the curve 6y = x + 2. Find the points on the curve
at which the y co-ordinate is changing 8 times as fast as the x co-ordinate.

32. A ladder 5 metres long is leaning against a wall. The bottom of the
ladder is pulled along the ground away from the wall at the rate of 2
cm/sec. How fast is its height on the wall decreasing when the foot of
the ladder is 4 metres away from the wall?

[51]

[Class XII : Maths]

13. A balloon which always remain spherical is being inflated by pumping in

900 cubic cm of a gas per second. Find the rate at which the radius of
the balloon increases when the radius is 15 cm.
14. A man 2 metres high walks at a uniform speed of 6 metres per minute
away from a lamp post 5 metres high. Find the rate at which the length
of his shadow increases.
3

15. Water is running out of a conical funnel at the rate of 5 cm /sec. If the
radius of the base of the funnel is 10 cm and altitude is 20 cm, find the
rate at which the water level is dropping when it is 5 cm from the top.
16. The length x of a rectangle is decreasing at the rate of 2 cm/sec and the
width y is increasing as the rate of 2 cm/sec when x = 12 cm and y = 5
cm. Find the rate of change of
(a) Perimeter

(b) Area of the rectangle.

37. Sand is pouring from a pipe at the rate of 12c.c/sec. The falling sand
forms a cone on the ground in such a way that the height of the cone is
always one-sixth of the radius of the base. How fast is the height of the
sand cone increasing when height is 4 cm?
38. The area of an expanding rectangle is increasing at the rate of 48
2

cm /sec. The length of the rectangle is always equal to the square of

the breadth. At what rate is the length increasing at the instant when the
breadth is 4.5 cm?
2

39. Find a point on the curve y = (x 3) where the tangent is parallel to the
line joining the points (4, 1) and (3, 0).
40. Find the equation of all lines having slope zero which are tangents to the
curve y

1
2

x 2x3

.
2

41. Prove that the curves x = y

and xy = k cut at right angles if 8k

2

= 1.

42. Find the equation of the normal at the point (am , am ) for the curve
2
3
ay = x .
2

43. Show that the curves 4x = y and 4xy = k cut as right angles if k = 512.
44. Find the equation of the tangent to the curve y
parallel to the line 4x y + 5 = 0.

[Class XII : Maths]

[52]

3x 2 which is

45. Find the equation of the tangent to the curve

x y a at the point

2
2
a ,a .

4
16

46. Find the points on the curve 4y = x

where slope of the tangent is 3

x/a
at the point where the
47. Show that x y 1 touches the curve y = be
a b
curve crosses the y-axis.

48. Find the equation of the tangent to the curve given by x = 1 cos ,
y = sin at a point where

4
49. Find the intervals in which the function f (x) = log (1 + x)

x , x 1
1 x

is increasing or decreasing.
50. Find the intervals in which the function f (x) = x
(a) Increasing

12x

+ 36x + 17 is

(b) Decreasing.

51. Prove that the function f (x) = x

decreasing in [0, 1].
52.

x + 1 is neither increasing nor

x

Find the intervals on which the function f x

is decreasing.

x 1
2
53. Prove that f x x x 9x , x 1, 2 is strictly increasing. Hence find
3
the minimum value of f (x).
3

54. Find the intervals in which the function f (x) = sin x + cos x, 0 x 2 is
increasing or decreasing.
2

55. Find the least value of 'a' such that the function f (x) = x + ax + 1 is strictly
increasing on (1, 2).

[53]

[Class XII : Maths]

56. Find the interval in which the function f x 5x

3x 2 , x 0 is strictly

decreasing.
57. Show that the function f (x) = tan

(sin x + cos x), is strictly increasing on

the interval 0, .

58. Show

that the

f x cos 2x

function

3 7

is strictly increasing on

59. Show that the function

f x sin x is strictly decreasing on

0, .

2
x
Using differentials, find the approximate value of (Q. No. 60 to 64).
1

60. 0.009 3 .

61. 80 4 .

62. 0.0037 2 .
64.

63.

0.037.

25.02 .
3

65. Find the approximate value of f (5.001) where f(x) = x

66. Find the approximate value of f (3.02) where f (x) = 3x

7x

+ 15.

+ 5x + 3.

67. Show that of all rectangles inscribed in a given fixed circle, the square
has the maximum area.
68. Find two positive numbers x and y such that their sum is 35 and the
2 5

product x y is maximum.
69. Show that of all the rectangles of given area, the square has the smallest
perimeter.
70. Show that the right circular cone of least curved surface area and given
volume has an altitude equal to
[Class XII : Maths]

2 times the radius of the base.

[54]

71. Show that the semi vertical angle of right circular cone of given surface
area and maximum volume is sin

1 .

3
72. A point on the hypotenuse of a triangle is at a distance a and b from the
sides of the triangle. Show that the minimum length of the hypotenuse is
3
2 2

a 3 b 3 .
73. Prove that the volume of the largest cone that can be inscribed in a sphere

8
of radius R is 27 of the volume of the sphere.
74. Find the interval in which the function f given by f (x) = sin x + cos x, 0
x 2 is strictly increasing or strictly decreasing.
3

75. Find the intervals in which the function f (x) = (x + 1) (x 3) is strictly

increasing or strictly decreasing.
76. Find the local maximum and local minimum of f (x) = sin 2x x, x .
2
2
3

77. Find the intervals in which the function f (x) = 2x 15x + 36x + 1 is
strictly increasing or decreasing. Also find the points on which the tangents
are parallel to x-axis.
78. A solid is formed by a cylinder of radius r and height h together with two
hemisphere of radius r attached at each end. It the volume of the solid
is
constant but radius r is increasing at the rate of

1 metre min. How fast

2
must h (height) be changing when r and h are 10 metres.
79. Find the equation of the normal to the curve
x = a (cos + sin ) ; y = a (sin cos ) at the point and show that
its distance from the origin is a.
3

80. For the curve y = 4x 2x , find all the points at which the tangent
passes through the origin.
2

81. Find the equation of the normal to the curve x = 4y which passes
through the point (1, 2).

[55]

[Class XII : Maths]

82. Find the equation of the tangents at the points where the curve 2y = 3x
2x 8 cuts the x-axis and show that they make supplementary angles
with the x-axis.
2

83. Find the equations of the tangent and normal to the hyperbola

x
y
2 2 1
a
b

at the point (x0, y0).

84. A window is in the form of a rectangle surmounted by an equilateral
triangle. Given that the perimeter is 16 metres. Find the width of the
window in order that the maximum amount of light may be admitted.
2

85. A jet of an enemy is flying along the curve y = x + 2. A soldier is placed

at the point (3, 2). What is the nearest distance between the soldier and
the jet?
2

86. Find a point on the parabola y = 4x which is nearest to the point (2,
8).
87. A square piece of tin of side 24 cm is to be made into a box without top
by cutting a square from each corner and folding up the flaps to form
the box. What should be the side of the square to be cut off so that the
volume of the box is the maximum.
88. A window in the form of a rectangle is surmounted by a semi circular
opening. The total perimeter of the window is 30 metres. Find the
dimensions of the rectangular part of the window to admit maximum
light through the whole opening.
89. An open box with square base is to be made out of a given iron sheet of
area 27 sq. meter, show that the maximum value of the box is 13.5 cubic
metres.

90. A wire of length 36 m is to be cut into two pieces. One of the two pieces is
to be made into a square and other into a circle. What should be the
length of two pieces so that the combined area of the square and the circle
is minimum?
91. Show that the height of the cylinder of maximum volume which can be
inscribed in a sphere of radius R is

2R

. Also find the maximum volume.

3
92. Show that the altitude of the right circular cone of maximum volume that

can be inscribed is a sphere of radius r is

[Class XII : Maths]

[56]

4r

.
3

93. Prove that the surface area of solid cuboid of a square base and given
volume is minimum, when it is a cube.
94. Show that the volume of the greatest cylinder which can be inscribed in
a right circular cone of height h and semi-vertical angle is

4 h3 tan2 .

27

95. Show that the right triangle of maximum area that can be inscribed in a
circle is an isosceles triangle.
96. A given quantity of metal is to be cast half cylinder with a rectangular box
and semicircular ends. Show that the total surface area is minimum when
the ratio of the length of cylinder to the diameter of its semicircular ends is
: ( + 2).

1. 0.8 cm/sec.

2. 4.4 cm/sec.

3. 2 cm /sec.

4. 80 cm /sec.

5. Rs. 208.
6. Minimum value = 4, maximum value = 6.
7. Maximum value = 7, minimum value does not exist.
8. a 0.

9. [0, ]

10. (0, e]

11. x 1

12. ( , 0) U (0, )

13. 0, .

6
14. Maximum value = 4, minimum valve = 0. 15. a > 1.
16. R
18.

[57]

17. 7

1 1 .
,

2
1
20.
4

19. (2, 3)

4
21. (1, 7)

[Class XII : Maths]

22. (0, 0), (2, 4)
24.

.4

26. 2r cm /cm, 6 cm /cm

28. a .
2b
30.
31.

33.

1
23. .

a > 0.

4, 11 and

4,

31
3

25. 8r
27. 72

cm sec.

35.

29. Rs. 80.

cm sec.
45

37.

32. 8 cm sec.
3

cm sec.

48
7 1 39. ,

34. 4 metres/minute

2 4

42. 2x + 3my = am
45. 2x + 2y = a

(2 + 3m )

36. (a) 0 cm/sec., (b) 14 cm /sec.

38. 7.11 cm/sec.

48.

21xy2

2 1 4.

40. y

2
44. 48x 24y = 23

46.

8 128 8
128
,
,

,
.
3 27 3
27

49. Increasing in (0, ), decreasing in (1, 0).

50. Increasing in ( , 2) (6, ), Decreasing in (2, 6).

[Class XII : Maths]

[58]

52. ( , 1) and (1, ).

25 .

53.

3
54.

Increasing in

0,

Decreasing in

55. a = 2.

4
56. Strictly decreasing in (1, ).

60. 0.2083

61. 2.9907

62. 0.06083

63. 0.1925

64. 5.002

65. 34.995

66. 45.46
68. 25, 10

74. Strictly increasing in

0,

Strictly decreasing in

, 2

4 4
75. Strictly increasing in (1, 3) (3, ) Strictly
decreasing in (, 1) (1, 1).
76. Local maxima at

x
6

Local max. value

Local minima at

3
2 6

x
6

Local minimum value

3
2
6

77. Strictly increasing in (, 2] [3, )

Strictly decreasing in (2, 3).

[59]

[Class XII : Maths]

Points are (2, 29) and (3, 28).

78.

metres min.

79. x + y tan a sec = 0.

80. (0, 0), (1, 2) and (1, 2).
81. x + y = 3
82. 5x y 10 = 0 and 15x + 3y + 20 = 0

yy x
0
x
0

2 0. 2

xx 0
83. yy 2
0
2

1, a b

a y0b
x0

16
84.

85. 5

86. (4, 4)
88.

60 , 30
4
4R

91.

87. 4cm

90.

144
36

m.

4
4

[Class XII : Maths]

m,

[60]

CHAPTER 7

INTEGRALS

Integration is the reverse process of Differentiation.

d

Let

dx

then we write f x dx F c .
x

These integrals are called indefinite integrals and c is called constant of

integration.

From geometrical point of view an indefinite integral is collection of family

of curves each of which is obtained by translating one of the curves
parallel to itself upwards or downwards along y-axis.

1.

dx

n 1

n1

n 1

log x c

2.

ax b

ax b

dx 1

1
n

n 1
c

n a
1

log ax b c

n 1

n 1

3.

5.
[61]

sin x dx

cos x c.

tan x . dx log

4.

cos x dx sin x c.

cos x c log sec x c.

[Class XII : Maths]

6.

cot x dx

8.

cosec

log sin x c.

x . dx

cot x c.

10.

cosec x cot x dx

11.

sec x dx log sec x tan x

12.

cosec x dx
x

cosec x

log

7.

sec

9.

sec x . tan x . dx sec x c.

c.

cosec x cot x c.

15.

16.

e dx e

1x

1
1x

17.

c.

14.
x 1.

18.

19.

20.

x c,

x c.
1

x c , x 1.

1
dx

dx

dx

[Class XII : Maths]

1
a

tan

c.

ax

1 log x a
2a

a2

1 log a x
2a

x2

dx sec

1
a

tan

2 dx

dx sin

c.

xa
1 x

x . dx tan x c.

c.

c.

a
[62]

x
a

13.

dx

loga

21.

22.

2
3.

2
5.

2
6.

a x

2
4.

1
2

a2 x

dx sin

1 x

a
dx log x

c.

c.

1
x

dx log

x x

c.

a 2 sin
x
2
2

a x dx
2

x
a c.

2
2
x
a 2 x dx
2

a2

dx

a log x
2

a2 x

log x

1.

k .f x dx k f x dx .

2.

k f x g x dx k f x dx k g x dx .

2.

1.

2.

f x f ' x dx e f x c.

f x dx log
f x

f x
c.

f x f x dx

[63]

3.

f x

n 1

n1

c.

[Class XII : Maths]

f x

f x

x
dx

x . g x dx f

c.

c.

f x . g

x dx

x dx dx .

x dx F

b F a , where F

x dx.

f a f a h f a 2h
f x dx lim h
h
0

..... f a n 1 h

where

ba
.

or

f x dx lim h
h
0

f
b

3.

x dx

x dx

[Class XII : Maths]

r 1

x dx

t dt.

x dx

a
b

a
b

4. (i)

2.

x dx f x dx .

f a rh

1.

af

dx.

c
b

a b x dx.

(ii)

[64]

x dx f
0

a x dx.

5.

f x 0; if f x is odd function.
a
a
a

f x dx 2 f x dx ,

6.

2a

7.

if f(x) is even function.

2f

x dx

dx , if f

0,

Evaluate the following integrals

1.

sin

x cos

3.

dx.

1 sin
x

x dx .

5. x

99

cos 4 x dx .

7.

2 log

9.

11.

4 3sin x
4 3cos x

2
cos2x 2sin x

dx.

cos x

10 4 x x dx.

dx .

2a x

if f 2a x f x

2.

x
8

dx .

4.

8 x
x8
x

dx .

6.

1
x log x loglog x

8.

dx .

a log x

e x log a dx.

10.

sin x dx .

d
12. dx f x dx .
[65]

[Class XII : Maths]

sin x

13.

1
2

15.

17.

19.

loge

dx .

2 e dx .

x
2

x 1

dx .

21.

cos

23.

sec x .log sec x tan x dx.

25.

cot x .log sinx dx .

27.

29.

1 cos x dx .

33.

cos x dx .

dx .

1
x 2 3 log x

dx .

x1

sin x cos x

31.
dx.

x log x dx .

14.

16.

18.

dx.

x x1

ex

ax

dx .

dx.

x1
20.

dx .

x
22.

24.

cos 1x sin dx .

26.

dx .
x cos 1

1
x

28.

dx .

1 sin x dx .
x cos x

x e 1 ex 1
30.

dx .

x e

32.

ax

ax

dx .

2
34.

x dx where [ ] is greatest integer function.

0

[Class XII : Maths]

[66]

35.
36.

9 4x

dx

f x f

f x

dx .

ab
x

37.

x dx .
x

38.

39. If
40.

x dx .
1 x 2

b f x dx a f x dx.
a

42.

, then what is value of a.

41.

e log x 1

log x dx .

sin x dx .

43.

sin x sin2x dx .

sin2x
b

44.

46.

48.

sin x dx .

dx.

f a b x

sin x dx .

sec x tanx

1 cos x

1 tan x

x
a b

dx .

49.

cx

dx .

1 tan x

x cosec
50.

47.

dx .

45.

x dx

(i)

tan1x2

1 x

(iii)

x1

dx .
dx .

(ii)
(iv)

x1

x1 x1
cos x a
cos x a

dx .

dx .


[67]

sin x a sin x b
[Class XII : Maths]

(v)

(vii)
(ix)

cos x cos 2x cos 3x dx .

sin

(viii)

cot

x cos x dx.
sin x cos x

(vi)

cos

sin

xb

x dx.

x cosec

x dx.

dx .
2

cos x
2

[Hint : put a sin x + b cos x = t or t ]

(x)

(xi)

dx .

cos x cos x a
6

[Hint : Take sec

sin x cos x dx .
2

sin

x cos

(xii)

x as numerator]

sin x cos x

2x

dx .

sin 2x

51. Evaluate :

(i)

(ii)

x
x

1
6 log x
dx

(iii)
(v)

(vi)

1xx

dx.

(iv)

1
9 8x x

dx .
2

dx .

5x 2

x2
dx .

[Class XII : Maths]

(vii)

2x 1

4x x

= t]

[Hint : put log x = t]

x2

7 log x 2

x a x b

3x

(viii)

[Hint : put x

dx .

dx .

(ix)

[68]

x2

dx .
6x 12

1x x

dx .


(x)

3x2

(xi)
sec x 1 dx.
x 1 dx .
[Hint : Multiply and divide by

52. Evaluate :
(i)

dx

(ii)

(iii)

sin x

cos 2

x1

x 2

x1

(v)

[69]

(vii)

(viii)

(ix)

dx

x
2x 1

dx.

2 dx . [Hint : x

x 1

3 x

x 3

dx .

x2

x2

(vi)

dx .

1 cos x 2 3 cos x
sin cos
d .
cos

(iv)

.
2

x 2 1 dx .

tan x dx.

[Class XII : Maths]

=t]

sec x 1]

53. Evaluate :

(i)

x 5 sin x 3dx.

(ii)

sec

x dx.

[Hint : Write sec x = sec x . sec x and take sec x as first function]

(iii)

(v)
(vii)

(ix)

(xi)

ax

bx
cos c

cos

x dx.
1 sin 2x

2x

1 cos 2x
2

2ax x dx.

x 2 sin 2x

1 cos 2x

dx.

dx .

dx.

(iv)

sin

6x
1 9x 2 dx .

[Hint : put 3x = tan ]

(vi)
(viii)

tan

x dx .

e x x 1 dx .

(x) e

2x

2 dx

(xii)

log x

log log x

(xiii)

6x

(xiv)

dx.

[Hint : put log x = t x = e ]

dx.

dx .
1

(xv) 2x 5

(xvi)

6 xx

4x 3 dx.

4x 8 dx.

[Class XII : Maths]

[70]

54. Evaluate the following definite integrals :

(i)

sin x cos x
9 16 sin 2x

(ii)

cos 2x log sin x dx.

0

1
1

(iii)

(iv)

dx

(vi)
4 sin 2x
sin x cos

x sin x dx
1 cos x

2
0

Hint : Write

1
2

1 x

(vii)

sin

32

dx .

(v)

1x

[Hint : put x

1x

5x

4x 3

dx .

x sin x

as

1 cos x

1 cos x

sin x
1 cos x

55. Evaluate :

(i)

x1

x2

dx.

x3

(ii)

1 x 2

(iv)

f x dx where f
2

Hint : f

x dx

2x x

dx .

x sin x

1x

[71]

dx .

1 sin x

x dx.

e tan

(v)

(iii)

1 cos

when 2 x

3
x

[Class XII : Maths]

3x
3x 22

dx

when
when 11xx

f
1

x dx

f
1

2.

x dx

sin

x sin x cos x

(vi)

x cos

(vii)

cos

x
xb

dx .
x

dx .

sin x

Hint : Use f

x dx

(i)

dx

tan x

sin
0

(iii)

(ii)

2x
1x

ecos x
cos x

e cos x dx .

(iv)

x tan x
dx.
sec x cosec x

(v)

57. x 2 x 4 x 5 dx
1

58.

59.

Evaluate

log x log sin x

(i)

dx .

sin

1
1

sin
[Class XII : Maths]

x cos
x cos

1
1

dx , x 0, 1

x
[72]

ax
dx.
ax

a x dx

56. Evaluate the following integrals

3

dx .

(ii)

(iii)
(iv)

x dx

1
2

x sin x cos x

(v)

x
x

log

dx

sin

ax

sin x cos

(vi)

sin 2x

(vii)

sin x

2
3
2

(viii)

x sin x

60. Evaluate
following
integrals :

the

x
x

(i)

(iii)

x dx
3

2x

x 1 x

dx

2 log x

dx

(ii)

(iv)

[73]

dx

x1x2

dx

dx

16
[Class XII : Maths]

(v)

tan x

cot x dx .

(vi)

tan

x4

x
2

dx .

1 x
2

61. Evaluate the following integrals as limit of sums :

4

(i)

2x 1 dx .

(ii)

2
3

(iii)

1
1 dx .

(vii)

3 dx.

0
4

3x 2

2x 4 dx .

(iv)

3x 2

dx.

2x

(v)

3x dx .

62. Evaluate
1

(i)

1
2
cot 1 x x dx

dx

(ii)

sin x 2 cos x 2 sin x cos x

1

(iii)

log 1 x dx
1x

(iv)

1
63.

dx .

64.

sin x sin2x

[Class XII : Maths]

[74]

02 log sin x log sin 2x dx.

3sin 2cos d .
5 cos 2 4sin

65.

1x tan1x

66.

dx

67.

2x

cos 3 x dx .

/2 log sin x dx
0

1.

x c.

2.

2e 2
x

8
3. tan x + c.

c.

9 8log x 16

4.
log8

5. 0
7. 0

8.

9. tan x + c
11.

6. log log log x

x a 1

a 1 loga

10. 0

x 2 x 2 4x 10
3log x 2 x 2 4x 10 c
2

12. f (x) + c
2

32

32

13. tan x cot x + c

14. 3 x

15. log |x| + c

16.

3 x1

log
e a c

x x

2 e

32

17. log 2e c

18. 3 x 1
1

19. log x 1 x 1 c.
21. x cos

[75]

+c

20. 2e

12

2 x

x cos 1 c.
22. log
cos
[Class XII : Maths]

c.

log sec x tan x

23.

25.

24.

log cos x sin c

sin

x4

log sinx 2

26.

1
27. log 2 3log x c.

2x

3x

3 log x c.

28. log |x + cos x | + c

3
29. 2 log |sec x/2| + c.
2

x log x

31.

sin

36.

2x c

x 2 log x

2 x c.

ba

2
38. 0
40. 0

39. 1
42.

41. x + log x + c.

34. 1

2
37. 1

43.

32.

33. 0
35.

1
e
x
log x e c.
e

30.

1 sin3x

sin x

c or

log sec x tanx c. 2

sin x c

44. 2 2

45. 0

46. log |1 + sin x| + c

47. x sin x + c

48. log |cos x + sin x| + c

a c x

b c x

49. log a c log b c c1.

[Class XII : Maths]

[76]

1
50.

(i)

log

(ii)

2
1

1
cosec tan

2 x x x

1
(iii)

sin a b

c.

1
2
1 2 log x x 1 c.

log sin x a c
sin x b

(iv) x cos 2a sin 2a log |sec (x a)| + c.

(v)

1
48

12x 6 sin 2x 3 sin 4x 2 sin 6x c.

3

2 sin x 1 sin x c.
(vi) sin x
5
3
1

2x

sin 2x

1 sin 4x 1

2
2
32
cot 6 x
cot 4 x

c.
(viii)
6
4

(vii)

(ix)

cos a tan x . sin a c.

(xi) tan x cot x 3x + c.

1

(xii) sin
51.

(i)

(sin x cos x) + c.

2
1 tan 1 2x 1 c.

2 log x 1
(ii) log 3 log x 2 C

[77]

1
2
2
2
2
a sin x b cos x c
b2

(x) 2 cosec a

[Class XII : Maths]

c.

sin 6x

5
1
1 2x c
5

(i l 1
ii o
) 5g 2x

xc
4
.
1

s
(i i
v) n

c
( lx x
v o
) ga b

5
(
v
i
) 6

(v 3
ii) log

3
x

11

l
o 3
g

3
6
x ta
12 2 n

x2
c
4
s
i
n 2

(
v 4
iii
) x

3
2

3
x

2
x

11

t
a
n

1 2

x2 x

1 x 2 1
1
(i
1
x
x
) 3
8 x

2
x
s
i
5n11 c
5
1
6

( 2
x
)

2
x
x

x2 1
1

3 7
2 4
x 1

2 3

12

l
x
o

g x2 x 1

(
x l
i o
) g

c
o
s
x

c
o
c
s
o c
2
s
xx

x
1

5(
l
2i o x
7
.) 7 g
1

[Class XII : Maths]

[78]

1 cos
x
lo 2 3 cos
(ii) g
x
c

lo cos
lo 1
1 g cos c.
(iii) 2 g 2
3
x
lo x
1 lo x
1
2
g 3
2
(iv) g 1
15 log
5

2 2
x4
x
(v) log
1
c

ta
n

(vi) x

3
tan

1
7

lo 2 x
lo
1g
(vii) 2 g 1
1
7

tan

1
4 1

34

2 x
lo
1
1
(viii) g
2 x x
2
1

(ix)

tan

2 tan x

x c
2

tan x
1

2 tan
tan x x
1

1
log

22

tan x

1
2 tan

x
1
53.

cos
(i) 3 x x

sin
x c

sec x tan x sec x

c
(ii) 1 log
tan x
2
ea a cos bx c b sin bx
(iii)

2
2 b

2 x tan
(iv) 3 x

[79]

c c 1

1 1
2
log 9x
3

[Class XII : Maths]


si
n x cos x c

(v)

(vi)

x4

ta
n

c.
x
x

1
2 4

4
e
(vii x
i)
c.
2
x

tan x
1 2x c.
(vii
)

2
a
2

xe
a

2ax x 2

(ix)
2 si
n
2
x
c
x 1
(x) e
.

(
x
i
)
e
x

t
a
n
x
+
c
.
(xii x log x
) log x
c.

a c

log
x

6xx

(xiii 2
) 2
2x
1

3
2

2
5
6x
x
2

si
8n

2x
1

x
ta 2 x
lo x
lo

1
1
1 n 1 1
21
(xiv g 1 g x

)
6

3
3
x2
3
3
3
2
4x
4x

x 3
2
(xv 2 2

x
)

3
2
1
lo x 2 x2 4x

c
g
3
2
x
2

(xvi
) 2

4x 2
x2 8
log

[Class XII : Maths]

4x
x 2 x2 8
c

[80]

54.

(i)

(ii)
4

log 3.

20

(iii)

(v)

1
(iv) 4 2 log 2.

2 .

.
15

(vi)

5 10 log
8

(vii) /2.
55.

(iii) e

6
.

log

5
(ii)

(i) 5.
4

25

1 2
(iv) .

(vi) . 16

2
9
(v)
4
2
(vii)

2
a
b

(i) 1 .
2

56
.

/2
(iii) .

(v) a.
1
3
57
. 2
58. x cos x + sin x + c.

(ii) log 2. 2
2

(iv)

[81]

[Class XII : Maths]


59.

(i)

2 xx

sin

2x1

cos

(ii) 2 1 x

(iii)

xx

32

log

xc

1
1

x2

3
sin x x cos x
c
(iv)
cos
x sin x
x
(v) x a tan

x
a ax

3 1
2

(vi) 2 sin
(vii) 0
3

.
2

(viii)
60.

x4
(i) log

x
lo x
log 1
x5 g 1
tan

43 log 2 1
1 c.

1
(ii)

logx 1

log x 4

ta
n

c.

2
5
10
10
8 lo x
2 x lo x
1g 3

(iii) 1 g 1
8
1
(iv)

log

8
x
2
x

tan

27
2 x
3

c.

c.

2
(v)

[Class XII : Maths]

2.

[82]


1
(vi)

2 2

x
tan

2x

2x 1 c

1 log

x2

x 2x1

4 2

(vii) /8.

61.

2
(i 6
i) .
3

(i) 14.

(iii) 26.

12
7 e

(iv)

(ii)

tan x
1
2
c
lo 2 tan x
g
1

14
1
(v)
.
2

62.

(i)

(iii)

log
2

log
2.

(iv)

8
6 log

1 cos x

64. 3log 2 sin

65.

66.

2 1

2 16 4 2

c.

2 sin

log

e2x 2cos 3 x 3sin3 x c.

13

67.

1
2 log 1 cos x

2 log 2

1
log

1
63.

3 log

1 2cos x

c.

[83]

[Class XII : Maths]

CHAPTER 8

APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRALS

Area bounded by the curve y = f(x), the x axis and between the ordinates,
x = a and x = b is given by
b

Area =

x dx

y
y = f( x )

a
O

y = f( x )

Area bounded by the curve x = f(y) the y-axis and between abscissas,
y = c and y = d is given by
d

Area = f y dy
c

x = f( y )

x = f( y )
c

c
x

O
[Class XII : Maths]

[84]

Area bounded by two curves y = f(x) and y = g(x) such that 0 g(x) f(x)
for all x [a, b] and between the ordinate at x = a and x = b is given by
Y
y = f( x )
A

B
y = g(x)
X

Area = f x g x dx
a

Required Area
k

f x dx

f x dx.

Y
y = f( x )
A2

O A

1x

A1

=a

1. Find the area enclosed by circle x

2. Find the area of region bounded by

+y

3. Find the area enclosed by the ellipse

[85]

B (k , 0 ) x = b

[Class XII : Maths]

=a .

x , y :
x2
2

x 1 y 25

y2 1
2

4. Find the area of region in the first quadrant enclosed by xaxis, the line y
2

= x and the circle x + y = 32.

5. Find the area of region {(x, y) : y

4x, 4x

+ 4y

9}

6. Prove that the curve y = x and, x = y divide the square bounded by x =

0, y = 0, x = 1, y = 1 into three equal parts.
7. Find smaller of the two areas enclosed between the ellipse

and the line

y
b

bx + ay = ab.
2

8. Find the common area bounded by the circles x

(x 2)

+y

= 4 and

= 4.

9. Using integration, find the area of the region bounded by the triangle
whose vertices are
(a) (1, 0), (1, 3) and (3, 2)

(b) (2, 2) (0, 5) and (3, 2)

10. Using integration, find the area bounded by the lines.

(i) x + 2y = 2,
(ii) y = 4x + 5,

yx=1
y=5x

and 2x + y 7 = 0
and 4y x = 5.
2

11. Find the area of the region {(x, y) : x

+y

1 x + y}.

12. Find the area of the region bounded by

y = |x 1| and y = 1.
3
13. Find the area enclosed by the curve y = sin x between x = 0 and x
and x-axis.
14. Find the area bounded by semi circle y
2

15. Find area of region given by {(x, y) : x

25 x

[Class XII : Maths]

[86]

and x-axis.

y |x|}.

16. Find area of smaller region bounded by ellipse x

line 2x + 3y = 6.

1 and straight

17. Find the area of region bounded by the curve x = 4y and line x = 4y 2.
18. Using integration find the area of region in first quadrant enclosed by x2

axis, the line x

3y and the circle x + y = 4.

2

19. Find smaller of two areas bounded by the curve y = |x| and x + y = 8.
20. Find the area lying above x-axis
x

+y

= 8x and inside the parabola y

21. Using integration, find the area

= 4x.

enclosed by the curve y

0,

y = sin x and x-axis in the interval

22.

and included between the circle

6
Sketch the graph y = |x 5|. Evaluate

= cos x,

x 5 dx.

23. Find area enclosed between the curves, y = 4x and x

= 6y.

24. Using integration, find the area of the following region :

x , y : x 1 y
2

1. a

5x

sq. units.

1 sq. units.

2. 25 4

3. ab sq. units

5.

sq. units

sq. units

2 3

7.

sq. units

9. (a) 4 sq. units (b)

15 sq. units
2

10. (a) 6 sq. units

[87]

sin

2 ab

8
8.

4. 4 sq. units

[Hint. Coordinate of vertices are (0, 1) (2, 3) (4, 1)]

[Class XII : Maths]

(b)

15

sq. units

2
[Hint : Coordinate of vertices are ( 1, 1) (0, 5) (3, 2)]

11.

12. 1 sq. units

sq. units

2
25

13. 3 sq. units

14.

16.

15. 3 sq. units

17.

sq. units

8
19. 2 sq. units.
21.

sq. units

2 sq. units.

23. 384 sq. units.

2 sq. units

18.

sq. units

4
20. 8 3 sq. units
3
22. 13 sq. units.

24.

sq. units

[Class XII : Maths]

[88]

CHAPTER 9

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

Differential Equation : Equation containing derivatives of a

dependant variable with respect to an independent variable is called
differential equation.

Order of a Differential Equation : The order of a differential equation

is defined to be the order of the highest order derivative occurring in
the differential equation.

Degree of a Differential Equation : Highest power of highest order

derivative involved in the equation is called degree of differential
equation where equation is a polynomial equation in differential
coefficients.

Formation of a Differential Equation : We differentiate the family of

curves as many times as the number of arbitrary constant in the given
family of curves. Now eliminate the arbitrary constants from these
equations. After elimination the equation obtained is differential equation.

Solution of Differential Equation

(i) Variable Separable Method
dy
f x , y

dx
We separate the variables and get
f(x)dx = g(y)dy

Then

f x dx g y dy c

is the required solutions.

(ii) Homogenous Differential Equation : A differential equation of

the form

dy
dx

[89]

f x , y
g x , y

where f(x, y) and g(x, y) are both

[Class XII : Maths]

homogeneous functions of the same degree in x and y i.e., of the

y

dy

form

is called a homogeneous differential equation.

x
dx
For solving this type of equations we substitute y = vx and then

dy

vx
dx dx method.

dv

. The equation can be solved by variable separable

(iii) Linear Differential Equation : An equation of the from

dy

Py Q where P and Q are constant or functions of x only

dx
is called a linear differential equation. For finding solution of this

type of equations, we find integrating factor

Solution is y I.F .

(I .F .) e

Q. I.F . dx c

P dx

dx Px Q
where P
Similarly, differential equations of the type dy
and Q are constants or functions of y only can be solved.

1. Write the order and degree of the following differential equations.

(i)

dy

cos y

0.

dx
d

(iii)

dx

sin x

d y

dx

(ii)

dy

3 d y 4.

dx

dx

(iv)

dx
(v)

dy

d y
log

1 dy
dx

0.

2
d y
2
dx

13

dx

(vi) 1

dx

d3y
3

dx

d2y

(vii)

2 32

dy

dx

d y

3
sin x . (viii)

dx
[Class XII : Maths]

dy
dx

dy
tan

dx
[90]

2. Write the general solution of following differential equations.

(i)

dy x 5 x 2 2 .
dx
x
dy

(iii)

dx

x .

(v) dy 1 cos 2x .
dx
1 cos 2y

(ii)

(e + e ) dy = (e e )dx
dy
xy
.
(iv) dx 5

(vi) dy 1 2y
3x 1
dx

3. Write integrating factor of the following differential equations

dy
(i) y cos x sin x dx

(ii)

dy
2
y sec x sec x tan x
dx
y x

2 dy

(iii) x

dy y log x x y

dx

(iv)

dy

dy

(v) x dx 3y x

(vii)

dy
dx

x dx

dx y tan x sec x

2 y sin x

x
1

(vi)

4. Write order of the differential equation of the family of following curves

(i) y = Ae

+ Be

+ (y b) = 9

(iii) (x a)
(v)

a2

x+c
2

b2

y = a + be

[91]

0.
x+c

[Class XII : Maths]

(ii) Ay = Bx

(iv) Ax + By = Bx Ay
(vi) y = a cos (x + b)

5.

(i) Show that y

2

d y

dx 2

1 x

e m sin
x

is a solution of

dy
2
m y 0.
dx

(ii) Show that y = sin(sin x) is a solution of differential equation

2

d y
dx

dy y cos
tan x dx

0.

x d y

dy

x dx y 0.
is a solution of dx
x
(iv) Show that y = a cos (log x) + b sin (log x) is a solution of

(iii) Show that y Ax

d y x dy

dx

y 0.

dx

(v) Verify that y log x

satisfies the differential

equation :

a x
2

d y

dy
x dx 0.
2

dx
(vi) Find the differential equation of the family of curves
x

y = e (A cos x + B sin x), where A and B are arbitrary constants.

(vii) Find the differential equation of an ellipse with major and minor
axes 2a and 2b respectively.
(viii)

Form the differential equation representing the family of curves

2

(y b) = 4(x a).
6. Solve the following differential equations.
(i)

2
(ii) x dy 2y x log x .
dx

dy y cot x sin 2x .
dx

[Class XII : Maths]

[92]

d
(iii) y
d
x

sinx

1 . y cos x
x

(iv) cos

x 0.

x dy cos x sin x .
dx

dy

2 xe

(v) ydx x y

y
(vi) ye dx y

dy

7. Solve each of the following differential equations :

(i) y x

2 y

dx
dy

dy .

dx

(ii) cos y dx + (1 + 2e ) sin y dy = 0.

(iii)

x 1y

dx y

1x

1x21 y2

(iv)

(v) (xy
(vi)

dy

dy 0.

dy xy dx 0.

+ x) dx + (yx

+ y) dy = 0; y(0) = 1.

y sin x cos x xy e
. dx

(vii) tan x tan y dx + sec

x sec

y dy = 0

8. Solve the following differential equations :

(i) x

(ii) x

(iii)

[93]

y dx (x
2 dy

dx

dx

+ y ) dy = 0.
2

xy y .

2 xy dy 0, y
1 1.

[Class XII : Maths]

(iv)

x
y sin

dx x sin y y dy .

dy
(v)

dx

Put

(vi)

y
dy

2xy

dx
(viii) dy

1y

2
2
2

3 xy

tan

(ix)

1x

dx

dx x 2

xy

e .

dy

xy

9. (i) Form the differential equation of the family

of circles touching y-axis at (0, 0).
(ii) Form the differential equation of family
of parabolas having vertex at (0, 0) and
axis along the (i) positive y-axis (ii)
positive x-axis.
(iii) Form differential equation of family of
circles passing through origin and whose
centre lie on x-axis.
(iv) Form the differential equation of the
family of circles in the first quadrant
and touching the coordinate axes.
dy

10. Show that the differential equation

dx

solve it.

x 2y

is homogeneous and

x y

11. Show that the differential equation :

2

(x + 2xy y ) dx + (y + 2xy x ) dy = 0 is
homogeneous and solve it.
12. Solve the following differential equations :
(i)

dy

2y

cos 3x .

dx
(ii)

sin x

dy

y cos x 2 sin

if y

dx
[Class XII : Maths]

x cos x

[94]

tan y dx 1 e

(iii) 3e

sec

y dy 0

13. Solve the following differential equations :

(i) (x

+ y ) dx = (x y + xy )dy.

2
x
x
d y
2
(i y d y
i) x dx .

y
y


(ii
i)

yx
cos

si
n

dx

y

x y
sin

x
cos

dy 0
.

(iv) x dy + y(x + y) dx = 0 given that y = 1 when x = 1.

y

(v) xe y x
(vi) (x

dy
2

0 if y(e) = 0 dx
3

3xy ) dx = (y

3x y)dy.

dy

(vii)

cosec

0 given that y 0 when x 1

x
dx
x
14. Solve the following differential equations :
dy
(i) cos x dx tanx y.
2

dy
(ii) x cos x dx y x sin x cos x 1.

(iii)

x
y

dx

x
y

dy

0.

(iv) (y sin x) dx + tan x dy = 0, y(0) = 0.

[95]

[Class XII : Maths]

15. Solve the following differential equations :

y

x dy

(i)

y dx y sin

x
x

y dx x dy x cos

(ii) 3e tan y dx + (1 e ) sec

y , when
4

y dy = 0 given that

x = 1.
dy

(iii)

dx

1.(i) order = 1,
(iii) order = 4,
(v) order = 2,
(vii) order = 3,
2.(i) y x
6
(iii) y

y cot x 2 x x

cot x

degree = 1

(ii) order = 2, degree = 1

degree = 1

(iv) order = 5, degree is not defined.

degree = 2

(vi) order = 2, degree = 2

degree = 2

(viii) order = 1, degree is not defined

(ii) y loge e

2 log x c

x e 1 c .

(iv) 5 + 5

e1

tan x

(ii) e
log x 2

sin x

1/x

(iv) e

(vi) sec x

(iii) e

x3

[Class XII : Maths]

=c

(vi) 2 log |3x + 1| + 3log |1 2y| = c.

(v) 2(y x) + sin 2y + sin 2x = c.

(v)

3.(i) e

given that y(0) = 0.

[96]

(vii) e tan

1 x

4.(i) 2

(ii) 1

(iii) 2

(iv) 1

(v) 1

(vi) 2

(vii) 2
2

dy 2
2
dx

d y

5.(vi)

dx

2
2

d y

(viii) 2

dx

dy

(vii)

xy

dx

(ii) y

2 sin
x
3

16

tan x

+ ce
c
(iii) y sin x x ,

2 y

(vi) x = y e
cy

(ii)
7.(i) cy x 2 1

2
sec y c
x

1y

log

1y

1
(iv)

1
1

1x

1y

2
(v)
x
[97]

y4 c
4

1x

x 2 4 log x 1
e

(iv) y = tan x 1

(iii)

=y

dy
dx

6.(i) y sin x

x
(v) y

d y

dy
dx

dx

1 y
[Class XII : Maths]

c
x

1
1
4
6
x
x
e c
(vi) log y 4 cos x cos x xe

6
3
x
1
cos
2x

cos 2 x x 1e c

16

cos 2x
(vii) log tan y

8.(i)

x
3y

(iii) x

log y

(ii)

tan

+y

y log x c

= 2x

cos x y

(iv) y ce
(v) sin

cx

(vi)

c x

x
y

(vii) e

(viii)

sin

y sin x c

3
c
y

2xy

dy
2xy dx 0

dy
2xy dx 0

dy

dy

2y x dx

, y 2x dx

(ix)
9.(i) x

(iii) x
(iv)

x y 2 1 y ' 2

10. log x

11.

x
x

xy y

(ii)

x yy '
2 3 tan

x 2y

3x

c x y
x

[Class XII : Maths]

[98]

12.(i) y

3 sin 3 x

2 cos 3x
2x
13 ce

13

(ii)

x 3

(iii) tan y k1 e

1 cosec
x
3

sin x

13.(i) y x log c x y
(iii)

y
xy cos

(ii)

cx

y x

(iv) 3 x y y 2x

(v) y x log log x , x 0

(vi)

(vii) cos y log x 1

x
14.

(i)

y = tan x 1 + ce

tan x

15.

(iii)

x ye

(i)

c xy sec

y
x

x 3

(ii) (1 e) tan y = (1 e )
2

(iii) y = x .

c x

sin x c cos x
(ii) y
x
x
(iv) 2y = sin x

[99]

[Class XII : Maths]

CHAPTER 10

VECTORS

A quantity that has magnitude as well as direction is called a vector. It

is denoted by a directed line segment.

Two or more vectors which are parallel to same line are called
collinear vectors.

Position vector of a point P(a, b, c) w.r.t. origin (0, 0, 0) is denoted by OP ,

where OP ai b j c k
IfA(x1,y1,z1)

and OP

j z 2 z 1 k and
2
2
x 2 x 1 y 2 y 1 z 2 z 1 .

If two vectors a and b are represented in magnitude and direction by the

two sides of a triangle taken in order, then their sum a b is represented
in magnitude and direction by third side of triangle taken in opposite
order. This is called triangle law of addition of vectors.

If a

is any vector and is a scalar, then a

a and a

c .

andB(x2, y2, z2) be any two points in space, then

AB x 2 x 1 i y 2 y 1
AB

a2 b

is a vector collinear with

a .

If a and b are two collinear vectors, then a b where is some

scalar.

Any
vectora

can be written as a

the direction of a .
[Class XII : Maths]

[100]

a a , where a is a unit vector in

If a and b be the position vectors of points A and B, and C is any point

which divides

AB in ratio m : n internally then position vector c of point

mb na

c m n . If C divides

C is given as
then c

AB in ratio m : n externally,

mb na

mn
The

angles,andmade byraib j

ck with positive direction

of x, y and z-axis are called direction angles and cosines of these angles
are called direction cosines of r usually denoted as l = cos , m = cos ,
n = cos .
a
b
c
2
2
2
Also l

,n

and l + m + n = 1.

The numbers a, b, c proportional to l, m, n are called direction ratios.

Scalar product of two vectors a and b is denoted as a.b and is defined

as a.b a b cos , where is the angle between a and b (0 ).

Dot

productof two vectors is commutativei.e.abba.

a b 0 a o, b o or a b.

aa

, so i

j k

1.

If a a 1i a 2 j a 3 k and b b 1l b
a b = a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2.

Projection

ofaon b

a. b

a.b

a along b

b 3 k, then

and projection vector of

b.

Cross product or vector product of two vectors a and b is denoted as

a b and is defined as a b

[101]

a b

[Class XII : Maths]

sin n . were is the angle between

a and b (0 ) and
such that a , b and n
is a unit vector perpendicular to both a and b n

form a right handed system.

Cross product of two vectors is not commutative i.e., a b
a b b a

but

aboa=o,b=o

ba,

or a||b.

ii j j k k o.
k
ij
If

k,j k i,k i
a

j and j i k , k j i , i
b b , then
and b

a1i

a2 j

2j

bi

a3 k

3k

a b

3
3

Unit

a and b

vector perpendicular to both

a b

a b

is the area of parallelogram whose adjacent

sides are

a and b .
1

a b

If a , b

and b .

and c forms a triangle, then area of the triangle.

is the area of parallelogram where diagonals are a

1
2

a b

1
2

b c

Scalar triple product of three vectors

c a

a , b and c

a . b c and is denoted as
[Class XII : Maths]

[102]

b c

is defined as

Geometrically, absolute value of scalar triple product

represents
a b c

volume of a parallelepiped whose coterminous edges are a , b and c .

a , b and c are coplanar a b c

c a b

a b c
If

b c a
^

b b1 i b 2 j b 3 k &

c 1 i c 2 j c 3 k , then

a a1 i a2 j a3 k ,
^

a b c

a1
b1
c1

a3
b3
c3

a2
b2

c2

The scalar triple product of three vectors is zero if any two of them are
same or collinear.

1. What are the horizontal and vertical components of a vector a of

magnitude 5 making an angle of 150 with the direction of x-axis.
2. What is a
3. When is

R such that a x
x

4. What is the area of

?
2i j and i 5k

2j

a and

3 and a b

2k ?

a parallelogram whose sides

5. What is the angle between

a b

1, where x

are given by

b , If
3 3.

6. Write a unit vector which makes an angle of 4 with x-axis and 3 with zaxis and an acute angle with y-axis.
7.

If A is the point (4, 5) and vector AB has components 2 and 6 along x-axis
and y-axis respectively then write point B.

[103]

[Class XII : Maths]

8. What is the point of trisection of PQ nearer to P if positions of P and Q

are 3i 3 j 4k and 9i 8 j 10k respectively?
9. Write the vector in the direction of 2i 3 j
10 units.

2 3k , whose magnitude is

10. What are the direction cosines of a vector equiangular with co-ordinate
axes?
11. What is the angle which the vector 3i 6 j 2k makes with the x-axis?
12. Write a unit vector perpendicular to both the vectors
3i 2j k and 2i j 2k .
13. What is the projection of the vector i j on the vector i j ?
2, b

14. If a
15. For
b

2 3 and

what value

of ,

a b , what is the value of

a

2i 6 j 3k ?

16. What is

a , if a b . a b

17. What is the angle between

a and

4k

is

a b

perpendicular

and 2 b

b , if

a b

?
to

?
b ?

18. In a parallelogram ABCD, AB 2i j 4k and AC i j 4k . What is

the length of side BC ?
19. What is the area of a parallelogram whose diagonals are given by vectors
2i

20. Find

2k and

21. If a and

i 2k ?

if for a unit vector a, x

b are two unit vectors and

what is the angle between

. x

a b

12 .

is also a unit vector then

a and b ?

22. If i , j , k are the usual three mutually perpendicular unit vectors then what

is the value of i . j k j . i k k . j i ?
23. What is the angle between x and y if x . y
[Class XII : Maths]

[104]

x y

24. Write a unit vector in xy-plane, making an angle of 30 with the +ve
direction of xaxis.
25. If a , b and

c are unit vectors with a

5 a

0 , then what

a .b b .c c .a ?

is the value of
26. If a and

b c

b are unit vectors such that a

2 b is perpendicular to

4 b , then what is the angle between a

and b

27. If ABCDEF is a regular hexagon then using triangle law of addition prove
that :
AB AC AD AE AF 3 AD 6 AO
O being the centre of hexagon.
28. Points L, M, N divides the sides BC, CA, AB of a ABC in the ratios
AL

1 : 4, 3 : 2, 3 : 7 respectively. Prove that

parallel to CK

where K divides AB in ratio 1 : 3.

29. The scalar product of vector i j k

of the vectors
value of .

BM CN is a vector

2i 4 j 5k and

with a unit vector along the sum

i 2j 3k

is equal to 1. Find the

30. a , b and c are three mutually perpendicular vectors of equal

magnitude. Show
a , b and c

that

a b

+c

with each angle as cos

makes equal

1
3

angles with

in the form of
3i j and 2i j 3k then express

1

2, where 1 is parallel to and 2 is perpendicular

.
to

31. If

32. If

a , b , c are three vectors such that a

that a
[105]

c c

[Class XII : Maths]

a.

b c

0 then prove

33. If

3, b

between a

5,

7 and a

b c

0 , find the angle

and b .

and c
ij, b 3j k
7i
k, find a vector d which
34. Let a

1.
is perpendicular to a and b and c . d
35. If a i j k , c j k
are the given vectors then find a vector
3.
b satisfying the equation a b c , a . b
36. Find a unit vector perpendicular to plane ABC, when position vectors of A,
B, C are 3i j 2k , i j
37. For any two vector, show that
2

38. Evaluate

3k and 4i 3 j
k respectively.
a b a b .
2

a k

if

a is a unit vector.

39. If a and b are unit vector inclined at an angle than prove that :
(i)

sin 1
2

2 a

(ii)

tan
2

40. For any two vectors, show that

a b

41.

a i

j k, b i j

lies in the plane of

2k and c xi

a bx 2

between b and c is

k . If

and b , then find the value of x.

are unit vectors such that a b a c

, then prove that

6

1
3 .

0 and the angle

.

2 b

44. Prove that the normal vector to the plane containing three points with
position vectors a , b and c lies in the direction of vector
b c c a a b.

[Class XII : Maths]

42. Prove that angle between any two diagonals of a cube is cos
43. Let a, b and c

[106]

45. If a , b , c

are position vectors of the vertices A, B, C of a triangle ABC

1
.
b b c
a
c a
then show that the area of ABC is 2

46. If a b c d
a d

is parallel to

47. Dot product of

and 2i

and a

b d , then prove that

b c provided a d

a vector with vectors i j

3k , i
is 0, 5 and 8 respectively. Find the vectors.

a and b

then find
50. If

2,

51.

a, b,c
a b

find such

be vectors such that

2k

that

and

a b

1,

a b .
b

5 and

are

three

a b 2i j

2 k, find the value of

52. If

vectors

such

that

b c a

and

c . Prove that a , b and c are mutually perpendicular to

each other and

1, c

a .
find

a
2i 3 j , b
i
j
k and c
3i k
a b c
Find volume of parallelepiped whose coterminous edges are given by
vectors



a
2i
3 j 4k, b
i
2 j k, and c
3i
j 2k.
54. Find the value of such that
c i j k are coplanar.

55.

3j

b.

53.

c.

4k

48. If a 5i j 7k, b i j k,
a b are orthogonal.
49. Let

and b

a i j k, b

2i j k and

Show that the four points (1, 4, 3), (3, 2, 5) (3, 8, 5) and (3, 2, 1)
are coplanar.
56. For any three vectors

a b

a , b and c , prove that

b c
[107]

c a 2 a b c

[Class XII : Maths]

57.

For any three vectors a , b and c , prove that a b , b c and

c a are coplanar.

1. 5 3 , 5 .
2
2
3.

x and

2. a 1
3

are like parallel vectors.

5.

4.

7. (6, 11)

2i 2 j 2k

6.
8.

126 sq units.

5,

14

,6

9. 4 i 6 j

11. cos
1
10.

1 , 1 .
3
3

4 3 k.

3
7

13. 0
12.

3i

4j

26

.
15. 9

14. 4

17. 2 .

16. 2

3
19. 2 sq. units.

18. 5

2
21.

20.

13

[Class XII : Maths]

[108]

22.

23.

3
25.

24.
26.

29. = 1
31.

3
i

3k

1
3
1
34. 4 i 4 j 4 k.

33. 60

1
i

10i 7 j 4k .

35. 3 i 3 j 3 k.

36.

38. 2

41. x = 2

47. i 2 j k

48. 73

49.

50.

52. 4

91

53. 37

54. = 1

[109]

165

[Class XII : Maths]

CHAPTER 11

THREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY

Distance between points P(x1, y1, z1) and Q(x2, y2, z2) is

x 2

PQ

x1

y 2 y 1

z 2 z 1 .
2

(i) The coordinates of point R which divides line segment PQ where

P(x1, y1, z1) and Q(x2, y2,

z2) in the ratio m : n internally are

mx 2 nx 1 , my 2 ny 1 , mz 2 nz 1
mn
mn
mn

(ii) The co-ordinates of a point which divides join of (x1, y1, z1) and
(x2, y2, z2) in the ratio of m : n externally are
mx 2 nx 1 , my 2 ny 1 , mz 2 nz 1 .
mn
mn
mn

Direction ratios of a line through (x1, y1, z1) and (x2, y2, z2) are x2 x1, y2
y1, z2 z1.
Direction cosines of a line whose direction ratios are a, b, c are given by

l
a

, m

(i)

, n

b
a

Vector equation of a line through point a

c
a

.
2

and parallel to vector

b is r a b .
(ii) Cartesian equation of a line through point (x1, y1, z1) and having
direction ratios a, b, c is

[Class XII : Maths]

xx1 y y1 zz1 .
a
b
c
[110]

(i) Vector equation of line through two points having position vectors
and b is r

(ii)

a b a .

C artesian equation of a line through tw o points (x1,

xx1
x2 x1

(x2, y2, z2) is

Angle

zz1

y1

b1
b

Anglebetween

a2

lines x x 1 y y 1 z z 1

c2

a a

cos

b 2 is given

a1
z z 2 is given by

b2

z1 .

between lines r a 1 b 1 and r

by cos

yy2

yy1

y1, z1) and

1 2

b1

and

xx2

c1

b 1b 2 c 1c 2

a2

2
2
2
2
2
2
a1 b1 c1 a2 b2 c 2

Two lines are perpendicular to each other if

b 1 b 2 0 or a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = 0.

Equation of plane :
(i) At a distance of p unit from origin and perpendicular to

is

r n p and corresponding Cartesian form is lx + my + nz = p

when l, m and n are d.c.s of normal to plane.
(ii) Passing through a and normal to n is r a . n 0 and
form is a(x x1) + b (y y1) +
corresponding Cartesian
c(z z1) = 0 where a, b,
c are d.r.s of normal to plane and
(x1, y1, z1) lies on the plane.
(iii) Passing through three non collinear points is

r
[111]

ac

[Class XII : Maths]

a 0

xx1

yy1

or x 2 x 1
x3 x1

zz1

y2 y1
y3 y1

z2 z1 0
z3 z1
x

(iv) H aving intercepts a, b and c on co-ordinate axis is a b c 1.

(v) Planes passing through the line of intersection of
planes

r n 1 d 1 and r

n1d1

d 2 is

n2 d2

0.

(i) Angle between planes r n 1 d 1 and r

n
cos n 1
2
given by

is

n1

n2

(ii) Angle between a1x + b1y + c1z = d1 and a2x + b2y + c2z = d2 is
given by

a a

cos

b 1b 2 c 1c 2

1 2

a1 b1 c1

a2

.
2

b2 c2

(iii) Two planes are perpendicular to each other iff

n 1 . n 2 0 or

a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = 0.

(iv) Two planes

are

a1
0 or

b1

a2 b2

(i) Distance

of a point

a n d

for some scaler

c1
c2

n 1 n 2

parallel iff

from

plane

n d is

n
(ii) Distance of a point (x1, y1, z1) from plane ax + by + cz = d is
ax 1 by 1 cz 1 d .
a
12.

(i) Two lines

iff

a2

these lines is
[Class XII : Maths]

a 1 b 1 and r

a 2 b 2 are coplanar.

b 1 b 2 0 . Equation of plane containing

r a 1 b 1 b 2 0.
[112]

(ii) Two lines x a x 1 y y 1 z z 1 and

b

y y 2 z z 2 arec 1coplanar Iff

xx2

a2
b2
x2 x1 y2 y1
a1
b1
a2
b2

c2
z2 z1 0
c1
c2

and equation of plane containing them is

xx1 yy1 zz1
a
b
c
0.
1
1
1
a2
b2
c2
(i) The angle between line r a b
sin b n
is given as
.
b
n

90

and plane r n d

x x 1 y y 1 z z 1 and plane
(ii) The angle between line

b1

c1

a1

a2x + b2y + c2 z = d
sin

is given as

a a

1 2

b 1b 2 c 1c 2

2
2
2
2
2
2
a1 b1 c1 a2 b2 c2

(iii) A line r
b

is parallel to

0 or a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = 0.

r = a +b

r .n =d

[113]

[Class XII : Maths]

plane r

. n

1.

W hat is the distance of point (a, b, c) from x-axis?

2. What is the angle between the lines 2x = 3y = z and 6x = y = 4z?

3. Write the equation of a line passing through (2, 3, 5) and parallel to line

4.

x1 y2 z1 .
1
3
4
Write the equation of a line through (1, 2, 3) and perpendicular to
r i j 3 k 5.

5. What is the value of for which the lines

x2

y1

x1
y3
z1
2
5
and

2
3
2 are perpendicular to each other.
6. If a line makes angle , , and with co-ordinate axes, then what is the
value of
sin

+ sin

+ sin ?

i j 2j k into Cartesian form.

7. Write line r
8. If the direction ratios of a line are 1, 2, 2 then what are the direction
cosines of the line?
9. Find the angle between the planes 2x 3y + 6z = 9 and xy plane.
10. Write equation of a line passing through (0, 1, 2) and equally inclined to
co-ordinate axes.
11. What is the perpendicular distance of plane 2x y + 3z = 10 from origin?
12. What is the y-intercept of the plane x 5y + 7z = 10?
13. What is the distance between the planes 2x + 2y z + 2 = 0 and 4x +
4y 2z + 5 = 0.
14. What is the equation of the plane which cuts off equal intercepts of unit
length on the coordinate axes.
15. Are the planes x + y 2z + 4 = 0 and 3x + 3y 6z + 5 = 0 intersecting?
16. What is the equation of the plane through the point (1, 4, 2) and parallel
to the plane 2x + y 3z = 7?

[Class XII : Maths]

[114]

17. Write the vector equation of the plane which is at a distance of 8 units from
the origin and is normal to the vector 2i
j 2k .
18. What is equation of the plane if the foot of perpendicular from origin to
this plane is (2, 3, 4)?
19. Find the
r

3i

angles between the planes

6j

2k

r i

2j 2k

1 and

0.

20. What is the angle between the line

x 1 2y 1 2 z and the
4
3
4

plane 2x + y 2z + 4 = 0?
21. If O is origin OP = 3 with direction ratios proportional to 1, 2, 2 then
what are the coordinates of P?
22. What is the distance between the line r 2i 2 j 3 k

4k

from the plane r . i 5 j k 5 0.

23. Write the line 2x = 3y = 4z in vector form.

x 4
2y 4
kz

lies exactly in the plane

2
1
2

24. The line

2x 4y + z = 7. Find the value of k.

25. Find the equation of a plane containing the points (0, 1, 1), (4, 4, 4)
and (4, 5, 1). Also show that (3, 9, 4) lies on that plane.
26. Find the equation of the plane which is perpendicular to the plane
r 5i 3 j

of the planes

6k

0 & which is containing the line of intersection

r i 2 j 3k 4 and

r 2i j k

0.

27. If l1, m1, n1, and l2, m2, n2 are direction cosines of two mutually
perpendicular lines, show that the direction cosines of line perpendicular
to both of them are
m1n2 n1m2, n1l2 l1n2, l1m2 m1l2.

[115]

[Class XII : Maths]

28. Find vector and Cartesian equation of a line passing through a point with
position vector

2i

and which is parallel to the line joining the

points with position vectors i 4 j k and i 2 j 2k.

29. Find the equation of the plane passing through the point (3, 4, 2) and (7,
0, 6) and is perpendicular to the plane 2x 5y = 15.
30.

Find equation of plane through line of intersection of planes

r 2i 6j 12
distance from origin.

0 and r

3i

j 4k

0 which is at a unit

31. Find the image of the point (3, 2, 1) in the plane 3x y + 4z = 2.

32. Find the equation of a line passing through (2, 0, 5) and which is parallel
to line 6x 2 = 3y + 1 = 2z 2.
33. Find
x

image (reflection) of the point (7, 4, 3) in the line

y 1

z2

1
2
3
34. Find equations of a plane passing through the points (2, 1, 0) and (3, 4,
5) and parallel to the line 2x = 3y = 4z.
35. Find distance of the point ( 1, 5, 10) from the point of intersection of
line x 2 y 1 z 2 and the plane x y + z = 5.
3
4
2
36. Find equation of the plane passing through the points (2, 3, 4) and (1,
1, 3) and parallel to the xaxis.
37. Find the distance of the point (1, 2, 3) from the plane x y + z = 5,
measured parallel to the line

2 3 6
38. Find the equation of the plane passing through the intersection of two
plane 3x 4y + 5z = 10, 2x + 2y 3z = 4 and parallel to the line x = 2y =
3z.
39. Find the

distance between the planes 2x + 3y 4z + 5 = 0 and

r. 4i 6j
8 k 11.
40. Find the equations of the planes parallel to the plane x 2y + 2z 3 = 0
whose perpendicular distance from the point (1, 2, 3) is 1 unit.
[Class XII : Maths]

[116]

x1
y3

41. Show that the lines 3

5
y4
z6

5
1
3
intersection.

z 5
7 and

x 2

intersect each

other. Find the point of

42. Find the shortest distance between the lines

r

2j

3k

3 j 4k and

2i

2i 4 j 5k 3i 4 j 5k

43. Find the

distance of

.
x2

the point (2, 3, 4) from the line

2y 3
3z 4 measured parallel to the plane 4x + 12y 3z + 1 = 0.

4
5
44. Find the equation of plane passing through the point (1, 1, 2) and
perpendicular to each of the plane
r 2i 3 j 3k

2 and

5i 4j k

6.

45. Find the equation of a plane passing through (1, 3, 2) and parallel to each

x2

of the line 1 2 3

and

46. Show that the plane

r i 3 j 3k

3i

3
i

y1

z1

3j

5k

contains the line

47. Check the coplanarity of lines

r 3 i

3
j 5 k i

j 5k

r i 2 j 5 k i 2 j 5k
If they are coplanar, find equation of the plane containing the lines.
48. Find shortest distance between the lines :
x 8
y 9
z 10

3
[117]

16

and

[Class XII : Maths]

x 15
3

y 29
8

z5
5

49. Find shortest distance between the lines :

50.

1 i 2 1 j

3 2

2 1 k.

A variable plane is at a constant distance 3p

from the origin and meets the

coordinate axes in A, B and C. If the centroid of ABC is (), then

2
2
2
2
show that + + = p .
51. A vector
n of magnitude 8 units is inclined to xaxis at 45, y axis at
60 and an acute angle with z-axis. If a plane passes through a point

2, 1, 1 and is normal to

n , find its equation in vector form.

52. Find the foot of perpendicular from

r
11i 2 j 8k 10i
perpendicular.

the point 2i

5k

on the line

11k . Also find the length of the

4j

53. A line makes angles , , , with the four diagonals of a cube. Prove that

cos

cos

cos

cos

3 .

54. Find the equation of the plane passing through the intersection of
planes 2x + 3y z = 1 and x + y 2z + 3 = 0 and perpendicular to the
plane 3x y 2z = 4. Also find the inclination of this plane with xyplane.

1.

2. 90

b2 c2

3. x 2 y 3 z 5
1
3
4

4. r i 2 j 3 k i j 3k
5. = 2
6. 2
x 1
7.

y1

[Class XII : Maths]

1 .

8. 3 ,

[118]

2, 2
3

9. cos

(6/7).

z 2 , a R 0
10. x y 1

a
a
a
10

11.

13.

12. 2

14
1
6

14.

15. No

x+y+z=1

16. 2x + y 3z = 8

17. r 2i j
19. cos 1 11

2k

24

18. 2x + 3y + 4z = 29
20. 0 (line is parallel to plane)

21
21. (1, 2, 2)

22.

23. r o
24. k = 7

6i

2i

4j 3k
25. 5x 7y + 11z + 4 = 0.

26. r 51i 15j 50k

28.

10
3 3

173

2 i

2j

and

x 2 y1 z1
.
2
2
1

29. 5x + 2y 3z 17 = 0
r 8 i 4 j 8 k 12 0 or

30.

31. (0, 1, 3)

51

33.
7,
35. 13
[119]

18

43

4 i 8 j

8 k

12 0

32.

z5
x 2
y

1
3 .
2

34.

29x 27y 22z = 85

36.

7y + 4z = 5

7 , 7

[Class XII : Maths]

37.

1 unit

39.

38. x 20y + 27z = 14

21

units.
29

40. x 2y + 2z = 0 and x 2y + 2z = 6
1

41.

42.

1
6

17
44. r 9 i 17 j 23 k 20

43. 2 units.
45. 2x 7y + 4z + 14 = 0
47. x 2y + z = 0

48. 14 units.

8
49.
52.

51.

29

1, 2, 3 ,

14
1

54. 7x 13y 4z 9, cos

[Class XII : Maths]

4
234 .

[120]

2 i j

CHAPTER 12

LINEAR PROGRAMMING

Linear programming is the process used to obtain minimum or maximum

value of the linear objective function under known linear constraints.

Constraints : The linear inequalities or inequations or restrictions on the

variables of a linear programming problem.

1.

Feasible Region : It is defined as a set of points which satisfy all the

constraints.

To Find Feasible Region : Draw the graph of all the linear inequations
and shade common region determined by all the constraints.

Objective Functions : Linear function z = ax + by where a and b are

constants, which has to be maximized or minimized is called a linear
objective function.

Feasible Solutions : Points within and on the boundary of the feasible

region represents feasible solutions of the constraints.

Optimal Feasible Solution : Feasible solution which optimizes the

objective function is called optimal feasible solution.

Solve the following L.P.P. graphically

Minimise and maximise

z = 3x + 9y

Subject to the constraints

x + 3y 60
x + y 10
xy
x 0, y 0
[121]

[Class XII : Maths]

2.

Determine graphically the minimum value of the objective function z =

50x + 20 y, subject to the constraints
2x y 5
3x + y 3
2x 3y 12
x 0, y 0
3. Two tailors A and B earn Rs. 150 and Rs. 200 per day respectively. A
can stitch 6 shirts and 4 pants per day, while B can stitch 10 shirts and
4 pants per day. How many days shall each work if it is desired to
produce atleast 60 shirts and 32 pants at a minimum labour cost?
Solve the problem graphically.
4. There are two types of fertilisers A and B. A consists of 10% nitrogen
and 6% phosphoric acid and B consists of 5% nitrogen and 10%
phosphoric acid. After testing the soil conditions, a farmer finds that he
needs at least 14 kg of nitrogen and 14 kg of phosphoric acid for his
crop. If A costs Rs. 6 per kg and B costs Rs. 5 per kg, determine how
much of each type of fertiliser should be used so that nutrient
requirements are met at minimum cost. What is the minimum cost?
What values are being promoted here?
5. A man has Rs. 1500 to purchase two types of shares of two different
companies S1 and S2. Market price of one share of S1 is Rs 180 and
S2 is Rs. 120. He wishes to purchase a maximum of ten shares only. If
one share of type S1 gives a yield of Rs. 11 and of type S2 yields Rs. 8
then how much shares of each type must be purchased to get
maximum profit? And what will be the maximum profit?

6. A company manufactures two types of lamps say A and B. Both lamps go

through a cutter and then a finisher. Lamp A requires 2 hours of the
cutters time and 1 hours of the finishers time. Lamp B requires 1 hour of
cutters and 2 hours of finishers time. The cutter has 100 hours and
finishers has 80 hours of time available each month. Profit on one lamp A
is Rs. 7.00 and on one lamp B is Rs. 13.00. Assuming that he can sell all
that he produces, how many of each type of lamps should be
manufactured to obtain maximum profit?
7. A dealer wishes to purchase a number of fans and sewing machines.
He has only Rs. 5760 to invest and has space for almost 20 items. A
fan and sewing machine cost Rs. 360 and Rs. 240 respectively. He
can sell a fan
[Class XII : Maths]

[122]

at a profit of Rs. 22 and sewing machine at a profit of Rs. 18. Assuming

that he can sell whatever he buys, how should he invest his money to
maximise his profit?
8.

If a young man rides his motorcycle at 25 km/h, he has to spend Rs. 2 per
km on petrol. If he rides at a faster speed of 40 km/h, the petrol cost
increases to Rs. 5 per km. He has Rs. 100 to spend on petrol and wishes
to cover the maximum distance within one hour. Express this as L.P.P. and
then solve it graphically.

9.

A producer has 20 and 10 units of labour and capital respectively which

he can use to produce two kinds of goods X and Y. To produce one unit
of X, 2 units of capital and 1 unit of labour is required. To produce one unit
of Y, 3 units of labour and one unit of capital is required. If X and Y are
priced at Rs. 80 and Rs. 100 per unit respectively, how should the producer
use his resources to maximise the total revenue?

10.

A factory owner purchases two types of machines A and B for his factory.
The requirements and limitations for the machines are as follows:
Machine

Area Occupied
2

1000 m

1200 m

Labour Force

Daily Output (In units)

12 men

50

8 men

40

He has maximum area of 7600 m available and 72 skilled labourers who

can operate both the machines. How many machines of each type should
he buy to maximise the daily output.
11.

A manufacturer makes two types of cups A and B. Three machines are

required to manufacture the cups and the time in minutes required by each
in as given below :
Types of Cup

Machine
I

II

III

12

18

Each machine is available for a maximum period of 6 hours per day. If the
profit on each cup A is 75 paise and on B is 50 paise, find how many cups
of each type should be manufactured to maximise the profit per day.

[123]

[Class XII : Maths]

12. A company produces two types of belts A and B. Profits on these belts
are Rs. 2 and Rs. 1.50 per belt respectively. A belt of type A requires
twice as much time as belt of type B. The company can produce almost
1000 belts of type B per day. Material for 800 belts per day is available.
Almost 400 buckles for belts of type A and 700 for type B are available
per day. How much belts of each type should the company produce so
as to maximize the profit?
13. An Aeroplane can carry a maximum of 200 passengers. A profit of Rs.
400 is made on each first class ticket and a profit of Rs. 300 is made on
each second class ticket. The airline reserves at least 20 seats for first
class. However atleast four times as many passengers prefer to travel
by second class than by first class. Determine, how many tickets of
each type must be sold to maximize profit for the airline.
14. A diet for a sick person must contain atleast 4000 units of vitamins, 50
units of minerals and 1400 units of calories. Two foods A and B are
available at a cost of Rs. 5 and Rs. 4 per unit respectively. One unit of
food A contains 200 unit of vitamins, 1 unit of minerals and 40 units of
calories whereas one unit of food B contains 100 units of vitamins, 2
units of minerals and 40 units of calories. Find what combination of the
food A and B should be used to have least cost but it must satisfy the
requirements of the sick person. What is balanced diet and what is the
importance of balanced diet in daily life?

1. Min z = 60 at x = 5, y = 5.
Max z = 180 at the two corner points (0, 20) and (15, 15).
2. No minimum value.
3. Minimum cost = Rs. 1350 at 5 days of A and 3 days of B.
4. 100 kg. of fertiliser A and 80 kg of fertilisers B; minimum cost Rs. 1000.
Values promoted are keeping the productivity of the soil so that
vegetables and fruits are free from chemicals.
5. Maximum Profit = Rs. 95 with 5 shares of each type.
6. Lamps of type A = 40, Lamps of type B = 20.

[Class XII : Maths]

[124]

7. Fan : 8; Sewing machine : 12, Max. Profit = Rs. 392.

8. At 25 km/h he should travel 50/3 km, At 40 km/h, 40/3 km. Max.
distance 30 km in 1 hr.
9. X : 2 units; Y : 6 units; Maximum revenue Rs. 760.
10. Type A : 4; Type B : 3
11. Cup A : 15; Cup B : 30
12. Maximum profit Rs. 1300, No. of belts of type A = 200 No. of bells of
type B = 600.
13. No. of first class tickets = 40, No. of 2nd class tickets = 160.
14. Food A : 5 units, Food B : 30 units.
A diet containing all the nutrients in appropriate quantity is called balanced
diet. It is important to have all the nutrients in our diet to keep the body
healthy.

[125]

[Class XII : Maths]

CHAPTER 13

PROBABILITY

Conditional Probability : If A and B are two events associated with

any random experiment, then P(A/B) represents the probability of
occurrence of event-A knowing that event B has already occurred.
P A B

P A B

, P B 0

P B

P(B) 0, means that the event should not be impossible.

P(A B) = P(A and B) = P(B) P(A/B)
Similarly P(A B C) = P(A) P(B/A) P(C/AB)

Multiplication Theorem on Probability : If the events A and B are

associated with any random experiment and the occurrence of one
depends on the other then
P(A B) = P(A) P(B/A) where P(A) 0

When the occurrence of one does not depend on the other then these
events are said to be independent events.

Here

P(A/B) = P(A) and P(B/A) = P(B)

P(A B) = P(A) P(B)

Theorem on total probability : If E1, E2, E3..., En be a partition of

sample space and E1, E2... En all have non-zero probability. A be any
event associated with sample space S, which occurs with E1 or
E2,...... or En, then
P(A) = P(E1) . P(A/E1) + P(E2) . P(A/E2) + .... + P(En) . P(A/En).

[Class XII : Maths]

[126]

Bayes' theorem : Let S be the sample space and E1, E2 ... En be n

mutually exclusive and exhaustive events associated with a random
experiment. If A is any event which occurs with E1, or E2 or ... En, then.
P E i A

P E i P A Ei

P E i P A Ei
i 1

Random variable : It is real valued function whose domain is the sample

space of random experiment.

Probability distribution : It is a system of number of random variable

(X), such that
X:

x1

x2

x3...

xn

P(X):

P(x1)

P(x2)

P(x3)...

P(xn)

Where

P x i 0 and
i

P xi

Mean or expectation of a random variables (X) is denoted by E(X)

n

E X x i P xi
i

Variance of X denoted by var(X) or x

and

n
2

var(X) = x x i
i 1

The

n
2

P x i

non-negative numberx

i 1

2
2
x i P xi

var X is called standard deviation of

random variable X.

Bernoulli Trials : Trials of random experiment are called Bernoulli trials if:

(i) Number of trials is finite.

(ii) Trials are independent.
(iii) Each trial has exactly two outcomes-either success or failure.
(iv) Probability of success remains same in each trial.
[127]

[Class XII : Maths]

Binomial Distribution :

nr

P(X = r) = Cr q p , where r = 0, 1, 2, ... n p

= Probability of Success
q = Probability of Failure
n = total number of trails
r = value of random variable.

1.

Find P (A/B) if P(A) = 0.4, P(B) = 0.8 and P(B/A) = 0.6

2. Find P(A B) if A and B are two events such that P(A) = 0.5, P(B) = 0.6
and P(A B) = 0.8
3. A soldier fires three bullets on enemy. The probability that the enemy will
be killed by one bullet is 0.7. What is the probability that the enemy is still
alive?

4.
5.

What is the probability that a leap year has 53 Sundays?

20 cards are numbered 1 to 20. One card is drawn at random. What is the
probability that the number on the card will be a multiple of 4?
6. Three coins are tossed once. Find the probability of getting at least one
head.
1
7. The probability that a student is not a swimmer is 5 . Find the probability
that out of 5 students, 4 are swimmers.

8.

Find P(A/B), if P(B) = 0.5 and P(A B) = 0.32

9.

A random variable X has the following probability distribution.

X

P(X)

1
15

2
15k 2
15

Find the value of k.

[Class XII : Maths]

[128]

4
15k 1
15

5
1
15

10. A random variable X, taking values 0, 1, 2 has the following probability

distribution for some number k.
k

if X 0

P X 2k

3k

if X = 1

, find k.

if X = 2

11. A problem in Mathematics is given to three students whose chances of

1 1
1 . What is the probability that the problem is
solving it are
solved.

2 , 3 and 4

12. A die is rolled. If the outcome is an even number, what is the probability
that it is a prime?
13. If A and B are two events such that

P A 4 , P B 2 and P A B 8 . Find P (not A and not B).

14. In a class of 25 students with roll numbers 1 to 25, a student is picked up
at random to answer a question. Find the probability that the roll number
of the selected student is either a multiple of 5 or of 7.
15. A can hit a target 4 times in 5 shots B three times in 4 shots and C
twice in 3 shots. They fire a volley. What is the probability that atleast
two shots hit.
16. Two dice are thrown once. Find the probability of getting an even number
on the first die or a total of 8.
17. A and B throw a die alternatively till one of them throws a 6 and wins
the game. Find their respective probabilities of winning, if A starts the
game.
1
3

18. If A and B are events such that P A 2 , P A B 5 and P(B) = p
find p if events
(i) are mutually exclusive,
(ii) are independent.

[129]

[Class XII : Maths]

19. A man takes a step forward with probability 0.4 and backward with
probability 0.6. Find the probability that at the end of eleven steps he is
one step away from the starting point.
20. Two cards are drawn from a pack of well shuffled 52 cards one by one
with replacement. Getting an ace or a spade is considered a success.
Find the probability distribution for the number of successes.
21. In a game, a man wins a rupee for a six and looses a rupee for any
other number when a fair die is thrown. The man decided to throw a die
thrice but to quit as and when he gets a six. Find the expected value of
the amount he wins/looses.
22. Suppose that 10% of men and 5% of women have grey hair. A grey haired
person is selected at random. What is the probability that the selected
person is male assuming that there are 60% males and 40% females.

23. A card from a pack of 52 cards is lost. From the remaining cards of the
pack, two cards are drawn. What is the probability that they both are
diamonds?
24. Ten eggs are drawn successively with replacement from a lot containing
10% defective eggs. Find the probability that there is at least one defective
egg.

25. Find the variance of the number obtained on a throw of an unbiased die.

26.

In a hurdle race, a player has to cross 8 hurdles. The probability that he

4
will clear a hurdle is 5 , what is the probability that he will knock down in
fewer than 2 hurdles?
27. Bag A contains 4 red, 3 white and 2 black balls. Bag B contains 3 red, 2
white and 3 black balls. One ball is transferred from bag A to bag B and
then a ball is drawn from bag B. The ball so drawn is found to be red.
Find the probability that the transferred ball is black.

28. If a fair coin is tossed 10 times, find the probability of getting.

(i)

exactly six heads,

(ii) at least six heads,

(iii) at most six heads.

29. A doctor is to visit a patient. From the past experience, it is known that
the probabilities that he will come by train, bus, scooter by other means
of
[Class XII : Maths]

[130]

3 1 1 and 2
transport are respectively 10 , 5 , 10
5
1 , 1 , and 1

. The probabilities that he

will be late are 4 3

12
if he comes by train, bus and scooter
respectively but if comes by other means of transport, then he will not be
late. When he arrives, he is late. What is the probability that he comes by
train?
30. A man is known to speak truth 3 out of 4 times. He throws a die and
reports that it is six. Find the probability that it is actually a six. What is
the importance of "Always Speak the Truth"?
31. An insurance company insured 2000 scooter drivers, 4000 car drivers
and 6000 truck drivers. The probability of an accident is 0.01, 0.03 and
0.15 respectively. One of the insured persons meets with an accident.
What is the probability that he is a scooter driver? Which mode of
transport would you suggest to a student and why?
32. Two cards from a pack of 52 cards are lost. One card is drawn from the
remaining cards. If drawn card is heart, find the probability that the lost
cards were both hearts.
33. A box X contains 2 white and 3 red balls and a bag Y contains 4 white
and 5 red balls. One ball is drawn at random from one of the bags and
is found to be red. Find the probability that it was drawn from bag Y.
34. In answering a question on a multiple choice, a student either knows the
3
answer or guesses. Let 4 be the probability that he knows the answer and
1

4 be the probability that he guesses. Assuming that a student who guesses

1

at the answer will be incorrect with probability 4 . What is the probability

that the student knows the answer, given that he answered correctly?
35. Suppose a girl throws a die. If she gets 5 or 6, she tosses a coin three
times and notes the number of heads. If she gets 1, 2, 3 or 4 she tosses
a coin once and notes whether a head or tail is obtained. If she
obtained exactly one head. What is the probability that she throws 1, 2,
3 or 4 with the die?
36. In a bolt factory machines A, B and C manufacture 60%, 30% and 10%
of the total bolts respectively, 2%, 5% and 10% of the bolts produced by
[131]

[Class XII : Maths]

them respectively are defective. A bolt is picked up at random from the

product and is found to be defective. What is the probability that it has
been manufactured by machine A?
37. Two urns A and B contain 6 black and 4 white, 4 black and 6 white balls
respectively. Two balls are drawn from one of the urns. If both the balls
drawn are white, find the probability that the balls are drawn from urn B.
38. Two cards are drawn from a well shuffled pack of 52 cards. Find the
mean and variance for the number of face cards obtained.
39. Write the probability distribution for the number of heads obtained when
three coins are tossed together. Also, find the mean and variance of the
number of heads.
40. Two groups are competing for the position on the Board of Directors of a
corporation. The probabilities that the first and the second groups will win
are 0.6 and 0.4 respectively. Further if the first group wins, the probability
of introducing a new product is 0.7 and the corresponding probability is 0.3
if the second group wins. Find the probability that the new product
introduced was by the second group.

3
2. 10

1. 0.3
3. (0. 3)
5.
7.
9.

2
4. 7

1
4

7
8

4
5
k

6.
8. 16
25

10.

15

11.

3
4

12.

1
3

13.

3
8

14.

8
25

[Class XII : Maths]

[132]

15.

5
6

16.

5
9

17. 11 , 11

1
1
18. (i) p 10 , (ii) p 5
19. 0.3678 or

11

C (0.4) (0.6)

20.
X

P(X)

81/169

72/169

16/169

91

21. 54
23.

22.

1
17

24. 1

35

25. var X 12
1
2 4 7
.
26.

5 5
28.

(i)

10
5
51
2

.
27.

3
1
(ii
)

19
3
51
2

(iii
)

1
29. 2
3
30. 8 By speaking truth, integrity of character develops.

53
64

4
9
10

10

1
31. 52 Cycle should be promoted as it is good for (i) Health (ii) No
pollution

(iii) Saves energy.

[133]

[Class XII : Maths]

22
32. 425
33.

25
52

34.

12
13

35.

8
11

36.

12
37

37.

5
7

6
38. Mean 13 , Variance

974
2873

39.
X

Mean

3
2

P(X)

40.

2
9

[Class XII : Maths]

[134]

Variance

3
4

Note : This is a CBSE Question Paper of the Session 2013-14. This contains 29
questions. However, from the Session 2014-15, number of questions have been
reduced to 26.

Time allowed : 3 hours

Maximum marks : 100

General Instructions
1.

3.
4.

5.

All questions are compulsory.

2. The question paper consists of 29 questions divided into three sections A,
B and C. Section A comprises of 10 questions of one mark each, Section
B comprises of 12 questions of four marks each and Section C comprises
of 7 questions of six marks each.
All questions in Section A are to be answered in one word, one sentence
or as per the exact requirement of the question.
There is no overall choice. However, internal choice has been provided in
4 questions of four marks each and 2 questions of six marks each. You have to
attempt only one of the alternatives in all such questions.
Use of calculators is not permitted.

Question numbers 1 to 10 carry one mark each.

1.

Let * be a binary operation, on the set of all non zero real numbers given

ab

by a * b =

for all a, b R{0} . 5

Find the value of x, given that 2 * (x * 5) = 10.

2. If

3.

sin sin

3 4
If 2

5 x
[135]

1 cos1 x

1, then find the value of x.

1 y 7 0

0 1

10 5

[Class XII : Maths]

, find (x y).

4.

Solve the following matrix equation for x :

0
1 0
[x, 1]

2 0
2

2x 5 6
, write the value of x.
5. If

8 x
7 3

6. Write the antiderivative of

7. Evaluate

3 x

dx

9.

x
8. Find the projection of the vector i 3 j
0

7k on the vector 2i 3 j 6k

If a and b are two unit vectors such

that a + b is also a unit vector, then find the
angle between a and b .

10.

Write the vector equation of the plane,

passing through the point (a, b, c)
and parallel to the plane r . (i j k )
2

Question numbers 11 to 22 carry 4 marks

each.
11.

Let A = {1, 2, 3.........9} and R be the

relation in AA defined by (a, b) R (c, d) if a +
d = b + c for (a, b), (c, d) in A A prove that R
is an equivalence relation.
Also obtain the equivalence class [(2,
5)]
12. Prove that cot

1 sin x

1 sin x

1 sin x

1 sin x

0,

;x

OR
1
Prove that 2 tan

1
sec

5 2

1
2 tan

1
8

 5
[Class XII : Maths]

[136]

13. Using properties of determinants, prove that

yzx

2y
2z
xyz

2y
zxy
2x

2z
2x

14. Differentiate tan

cos

2x 1 x

with respect to

when

x 0
2

15.

d y

prove that

If y = x ,

1x

(x y z )

dx

1 dy

y dx

y
x

0
4

16. F ind the intervals in w hich the function f(x) = 3x 4x 12x + 5

is (a) Strictly Increasing
(b) Strictly Decreasing
OR
Find the equations of the tangent and normal to the curve
3

x a sin and y a cos

17. Evaluate :

sin x cos

sin x cos

6
2

at 4

x dx
x
OR

Evaluate :

(x 3)

3x 18 dx

18. Find the particular solution of the differential equation

x

[137]

1y

y
dx x dy 0 , given that y = 1 when x = 0

[Class XII : Maths]

19.

Solve the following differential equation :

(x

20.

1)

dy
2xy
dx
x

2
1

Prove that, for any three vectors a , b , c

ab,b c,c

a,b,c

OR
Vectors a , b and c are such that a b c
and b .
and c 7 find the angle between a
x1
21. Show that the lines
x2
1

y4

y3

0and a

3, b 5

z5

and

z6

intersect. Also find their point of intersection.

22. Assume that each born child is equally likely to be a boy or a girl. If a
family has two children, what is the conditional probability that both are
girls? Given that
(i)

the youngest is a girl

(ii)

at least one is a girl.

Question numbers 23 to 29 carry 6 marks each.

23.

Two Schools P and Q want to award their selected students on the values
of discipline, politeness and punctuality. The school P wants to award Rs. x each,
Rs. y each and Rs. z each for the three respective values to its 3, 2 and 1
students with a total award money of Rs. 1000. School Q wants to spend Rs.
1500 to award its 4, 1 and 3 students on the respective values (By giving the
same award money for the three values as before). If the total amount of awards
for one prize on each value is Rs. 600, using matrices, find the award money for
each value.
Apart from the above three values, suggest one more value for awards.
[Class XII : Maths]

[138]

24. Show that the semi-vertical angle of the cone of the maximum volume and
of given slant height is
/3

25. Evaluate :
/ 6

cos

1
3

dx
1

cot
x

26. Find the area of the region in the first quadrant enclosed by the x-axis,
2

the line y = x and circle x + y = 32

27. Find the distance between the point (7, 2, 4) and the plane determined
by the points A(2, 5, 3), B(2, 3, 5) and C(5, 3, 3).
OR
Find the distance of the point (1, 5, 10) from the point intersection of
the line
r 2i j 2k (3 i

4 j 2 k ) and the plane r . (i j k ) 5 .

28. A dealer in rural area wishes to purchase a number of sewing machines.

He has only Rs. 5760 to invest and has space for at most 20 items for
storage. An electronic sewing machine costs him Rs. 360 and a manually
operated sewing machine Rs. 240. He can sell an electronic sewing
machine at a profit of Rs. 22 and a manually operated sewing machine at
a profit of Rs. 18. Assuming that he can sell all the items that can buy,
how should he invest his money in order to maximise his profit? Make it
as a LPP and Solve it graphically.
29. A card from a pack of 52 playing cards is lost. From the remaining cards
of the pack three cards are drawn at random (without replacement) and
are found to be all spades. Find the probability of the lost card being a
spade.
OR
From a lot of 15 bulbs which include 5 defectives, a sample of 4 bulbs is
drawn one by one with replacement. Find the probability distribution of
number of defective bulbs.
Hence find the mean of the distribution.

[139]

[Class XII : Maths]

SECTION A
Q. No.

Marks
1
5. x 6 ,

1-10. 1. x = 25, 2. x = 5 , 3. 10, 4. x = 2,

6.

2x 3 / 2 2 x c

7. 12 ,

10.

8. 5,

9. 3

(ai bj ck ) . (i j k ) 0
or

r . (i j k ) a b c

110=10 m

SECTION B
11.

(a, b ) A A
a + b = b + a (a, b) R (a, b) R is reflexive

1m

For (a, b), (c, d) A A

If (a, b) R (c, d) i.e. a + d = b + c c + b = d + a
then (c, d) R (a, b) R is symmetric
For (a, b), (c, d), (e, f)

1m

AA

If (a, b) R (c, d) & (c, d) R (e, f) i.e. a + d = b + c & c + f = d + e

Adding, a + d + c + f = b + c + d + e

a+f=b+e

then (a, b) R (e, f) R is transitive

R is reflexive, symmetric and transitive

[Class XII : Maths]

[140]

1m

hence R is an equivalence relation

[(2, 5)] = {(1, 4), (2, 5), (3, 6), (4, 7), (5, 8), (6, 9)}

12.

cot

1 sin x

1 sin x

cot

cos

cot

sin 2

2 cos

x
2 sin 2

cos

2 sin 2

cos

2m

cot

sin

cot

1 sin x

x
x
sin
2
2

cos

1 sin x

1m

OR

LHS

1 1

2 tan

tan

1 1

5
1
5

sec

2 tan

tan

1 40

1+m

tan

1 3

13. LHS =

[141]

2y
2z
xyz

1 tan
7

yzx
2z
2x

2.3

tan

tan

1
3

1 1

2 tan

1 5 2

tan

1 1

25 tan 1(1) RHS

25
4

2y
zxy

[Class XII : Maths]

2x

1m

1m

15. y x

xyz xyz xyz

zxy
=
2z
2z
xyz
2x
2x
xyz
=

R 1 R 2 R 3

0
(x y z )
xyz

2z
0
xyz xyz

C 2 C 1

C 3 C 1

= (x + y + z) {0 . (x + y + z) + (x + y + z) } = (x + y + z)

14. Let u

tan

1x

x cos cos

cos

1 x

2x

u tan

1 cos

cos

tan

(tan ) cos

and v cos

1 cos

2 cos

(sin 2 ) cos

2
2

2 cos
2

du

1x

dx

(In case, If x =

cos

then answer is )

sin

1x

1x

1x

dv

dv
, dx

du

cos

log y = x lo

1m

1m

2m

1m

1m
1m
1m

m
[Class XII : Maths]

1 dy

[142]

log x 1,

Diff. w.r.t. x

y dx
2

1 dy

1d y

dx

d 2y
dx

16. f'(x) = 12x

Diff. w.r.t. x

dx

1 dy
y

f '(x ) 0, x

dx

y
x

12x 24x = 12 x (x + 1) (x + 2)
(1, 0) (2,

+
- 1 0

f '(x ) 0, x (, 1) (0, 2)
f (x) is strictly increasing in (1, 0) (2, )

and strictly decreasing in ( , 1)

OR

(0, 2)

+
2

m
1+m
1m
1m
1m
m

Point at

is

2 2

3a sin

slope of tangent at

2 2

dy 3a cos 2 sin ; dx
d
d

is

dy

cos

dx

1m

3a cos 2 sin
3a sin cos
2

cot 4 1

1m

1m

Equation of tangent at the point :

y

a
2 2

[143]

1 x

a
2 2

x y

[Class XII : Maths]

Equation of normal at the point :

y

a
x

xy 0

2 2
2 2
6
6
sin x cos x dx
17.

sin

x cos x sin x cos

2

2x

. cos

sin

sin

x
2

cos 2

sin x . cos

sec

2
3 sin

x cos

2
x

x . cos

dx 1m

sin

sin x . cos x

dx

3 dx

x cos ec x 3 dx

m
1m

= tan x cot x 3x + c
(Accept 2 cot2x 3x + c also)
OR

x 3
1
2

x 3 x 18 dx

2x 3

x2

3x 18dx 9
2

1 2
2
(x
3x 18)
.

3/2

1m

dx

1m

1 2
3/2
(x 3x 18)
3

x 2 3x 18 dx

2 3

9
2

3
2

3x 18

log x
81
8

x
23

3x 18

1m

[Class XII : Maths]

[144]

x
2

3x 18

3/2

or 3

2x

81

3x

18

3
log

3x 18

y dy xe dx
18. e

y
dy

1 y dx x

1y

1m

Integrating both sides

xe

xe

2y

1
dx

dy
2

1y

1y

1+1m
x

For x = 0 y = 1, c = 1 solution is : e ( x 1) 1 y

1 +m

19. Given differential equation can be written as

dy
dx

2x

2
y

1)

(x

1m

Solution is y . x

1 2

2x

Integrating factor = e

y x

1m
2

dx

1
x

2
log( x 1)

dx c

12. x

1 dx c

1m

y x

[145]

1 log x 1 c
x 1

[Class XII : Maths]

1m

20.

ab,b

c,c a

ab .

b c

a.

b.

2 a.

ba

0 a

b .

b. b

1m
b

b. b a

c
2

1m

a, b, c

c
1m

2a.b c

.9 25 2 a b cos 49, being angle between a

cos

OR

ab
2

a
b

c a

1m

bc

a . c a

a. c

b. ca

a.

ba

a.

cb

bc

15
2.3.5

1
2

& b

1m

1m

x1
y3 z5 u;x2 y4 z6 v
3
5
5
7
1
3
General points on the lines are

21. Let

(3u 1, 5u 3, 7u 5) & (v + 2, 3v + 4. 5v + 6)

1m

lines intersect if
3u 1 = v + 2, 5u 3 = 3v + 4, 7u 5 = 5v + 6 for some u & v

1m

or 3u v = 3.........(1), 5u 3v = 7............(2), 7u 5v = 11.............(3)

1
3
2 , v 2

Solving equations (1) and (2), we get u

Putting u & v in equation (3),

m
m

7.

[Class XII : Maths]

[146]

Point of intersection of lines is :

1
2

3
2

1m

22. Let b2, g2 be younger boy and girl

and b1, g1 be elder, then, sample space of two children is
S = {(b1, b2), (g1, g2), (b1, g2), (g1, b2)}
A = Event that younger is a girl = {(g1, g2), (b1, g2)}
B = Event that at least one is a girl = {(g1, g2), (b1, g2), (g1, b2)} E
= Event that both are girls = {(g1, g2)}

1m

P (E / A)

(i)

P (E / B)

(ii)

P (E

A)

P ( A)
P (E B)
P (B)

1
2
1
3

SECTION - C
23. Here

3x + 2y + z

= 1000

4x + y + 3z = 1500
x+y+z
3

2
1

= 600
x

1000

1500 or A . X B

600

A 3(2) 2(1) 1(3) 5

0X A

Co-factors are

A
A
A
1m

1m

1m

1m

11

= 2,

21

= 1,

31

= 5,

A
A
A

12

= 1,

22

= 2,

32

= 5,

A
A
A

13

=3

23

= 1

33

= 5

[147]

[Class XII : Maths]

2
1

1
2

5 1000
5 1500

x = 100,

600

y = 200, z = 300

1m

i.e. Rs. 100 for discipline, Rs. 200 for politeness & Rs. 300 for punctuality
One more value like sincerity, truthfulness etc.

1m

24. For correct figure

Let radius, height and slant height of cone be r, h & l

2

+h

= l , l (constant)

1
2h
Volume of cone (V) 3 r

V 3 h l

dv

dv

dh 3

3h

at h

1m
1m

m
3

d v 2h 2 .
2
dh 3
l

3 l hh

0h

dh

2 l 0
3

1m

volume is maximum

3
h

cos l

3 cos

1m

/3
/3

25. I

/6

dx
1

[Class XII : Maths]

cot x

sinx
dx
sin x

/6

[148]

cos x

1m


sin

/3

/6

sin

cos x

dx

3 6 x

/3

3 6 x

cos

1m

dx

1m

cos x sin x

/6

/3

Adding we get, 2 I

/3
/ 6

dx

6 6

2m

/6

1m

12

-axis

1m

26. Correct Figure

2

The line and circle intersect

x +y =32

each other at x 4

-axis

1m

4
4 2

Area of shaded region

4

4 2

x dx
0

4 2

dx

x 32

16 sin

42

4 2

0
8 4 8 4 sq. units

27. Equation of plane through points A, B and C is

x2
4
3

y5
8
2

z3
8
0

0 16x 24y 32z 56 0

i .e . 2x 3y 4z 7 0

Distance of plane from (7, 2, 4)

2(7) 3(2) 4(4) 7

9 16 4
29

1m

] 3+1m
1m
1m
1m

[149]

1m

[Class XII : Maths]

OR
General point on the line is 2 3 i 1 4 j

2 2 k

1m

Putting in the equation of plane; we get

1. 2 3 1. 1 4 1. 2 2 5
0

1m
1m

Point of intersection is 2i j 2k or (2, 1, 2)

1m

1m
2
2
1
5

2
1
10
169
13
28. Let x and y be electronic and manually operated sewing machines
purchased respectively

Distance =

24
20

A
B(8,12)

16
8

16 20

24

+ = 20

3 2 = 48

L.P.P. is : Maximise

Subject to

P = 22x + 18y

or

3x 2y

48

x y

20

x 0, y

For correct graph

vertices of feasible region are

[Class XII : Maths]

2m

360x 240y 5760

[150]

2m

A (0,20), B (8, 12), C (16, 0) & O (0, 0,)

P (A) = 360, P (B) = 392, P (C) = 352
For maximum P, Electronic machines = 8,

Manual Machines = 12
29. Let

E1 : Event that lost card is a spade

E2 : Event that lost card is a non spade

A : Event that three spades are drawn without replacement

from 51 cards
13

1m

P(E 1 ) 52 4 , P(E 2 ) 1 4 4
12

13

C3

C3

P(A / E 1 )

, P(A / E 2 )
51

1
4.
10

C3

C3
1

P(E 1 / A)

1m

51

12

C3

12

C3

51

1m

C3

51

3
4 .

13

C3

C3

51

C3

1+1m

49
OR

X = No. of defective bulbs out of 4 drawn = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4

Probability of defective bulb

5
1

15
3

Probability of a non defective bulb =

1m

1m

1
3

2
3

m
m

[151]

[Class XII : Maths]

Probability distribution is :
X:

P(X):

16
81

XP(X): 0

32 24
81 81

8
1
81 81

32 48
81 81

24
4
81 81

Mean X P ( X )

108
81

[Class XII : Maths]

or

2+m

1m

[152]

Time allowed : 3 hours

Maximum marks : 100

General Instructions
1.

3.
4.
5.

All questions are compulsory.

2. The question paper consists of 26 questions divided into three sections A,
B and C. Section A comprises of 6 questions of one mark each, Section B
comprises of 13 questions of four marks each and Section C comprises of
7 questions of six marks each.
All questions in Section A are to be answered in one word, one sentence
or as per the exact requirement of the question.
There is no overall choice. However, internal choice has been provided.
You have to attempt only one of the alternatives in all such questions.
Use of calculators is not permitted.

Question number 1 to 6 carry one mark each.

k
1.

If

5
0

is skew symmetric matrix,

then write the value of k.

2. Find the slope of normal to the curve,
y=x

3x + 7 at point P (1, 5)

3. Evaluate,

[153]

sin x
3

dx

cos x

[Class XII : Maths]

4. If

a 3,

b 5

and a . b

15
2

then

write the angle between a and b .

5. What is the area of a parallelogram whose adjacent

and

2i 3k
sides are given by vectors c j
x1
y1 1z
6. If the lines
4
2 2 and
perpendicular, then write the value of p.

r i 2i j 3pk are

Question number 7 to 19 carry 4 marks each.

7.

Using elementary transformations find the inverse

of the matrix
8

8.

5 2

Two schools A and B decided to award prizes to

their students for two values honesty and
punctuality. School A decided to award a total of
Rs. 18000 for two values to 2 and 3 students
respectively while School B decided to award Rs.
22000 for two values to 6 and 1 students
respectively. What is the amount given for honesty
and for punctuality. Solve using matrix method.
Which value you prefer to be rewarded most and
why?
x 7 18 y a

9. If x 8 25 y b 0 and a
+ c 2b x 9 32 y
c
then find the value of x.
10.

Prove that
cos 1 12 sin

4 tan

63

13

[Class XII : Maths]

[154]

16

OR

cot

Prove that

4
3ax 1

1 a

cos

cot

1 a

cos

2b
a

x 1
3
is a continuous function, find the value of
7 , 1 x
11. If f(x) = 5x

2bx

8
x 3

a and b.

dy
y

12. If x + x =1, find dx .

13. Find the intervals in which the function,
3

f(x) = 2x

9x

+ 12x + 25 is (a) increasing (b) decreasing.

OR
2

Prove that the curves x = y

1

14. Evaluate,

and x y = k cut at right angle if 8k =1.

log(1 x )

1x

. dx

O
R
Find

15. Evaluate

x
x

dx

6x
2

tan

x dx
2x

16. Form the differential equation of the family of curves y = A e

17. If

a 7,

b 13,

a . b 35, find the value of

Be

ab .

18. Find the perpendicular distance of the point (1, 0, 0) from the line
x 1 y 1 z 10
3
2
8

[155]

[Class XII : Maths]

19. A coin is biased so that the tail is 3 times as likely to occur as head. If the
coin is tossed twice, find the probability distribution of number of tails.

Question numbers 20 to 26 carry 6 marks each.

20. Let f : R {3} R {2}

be a function defined by f ( x )

2x 3
. Show
x 3

that f is a bijective function. Also find inverse of f.

21. A triangular poster with slogan SAVE GIRL CHILD is to be made on
womans day from a circular sheet of radius r cm. Find the dimensions of
triangular poster so that the wastage of paper is minimum.
(i)

Write steps to stop the wastage of paper.

(ii)

Write the importance of woman empowerment in our society.

22.

Find the area of the region bounded by

R=

x , y : 6x y

16 x

Find the area bounded by the parabolas y

23.

= 4x and x

= 2y

Solve the differential equation,

24.

x/y

dx e

x/y

dy 0, given that y (o) = 2

y

Find the equation of the plane passing through the point (1, 2, 3) and

1 e

containing the line r 2i j k i 2j 4k .

OR
Find the foot of perpendicular and the length of perpendicular drawn from
the point P (5, 4, 2) to the line r i 3 j k 2i 3 j k . Also find
the image of P in this line.
25. A speaks truth 8 times out of 10 times. A die is rolled. He reports that it
was 5. What is the probability that it was actually 5. What can you say
about truthfulness of a person.

[Class XII : Maths]

[156]

26. If a person rides his motor cycle at 25 km/h, he has to spend Rs. 2 per km
on petrol. If he rides at a faster speed of 40 km/h, the petrol cost
increases to Rs. 5 per km. He has Rs. 100 to spend on petrol and wishes
to cover the maximum distance within one hour. Express this as L.P.P.
and solve it graphically. What values are being promoted here?

Section A
1. k = 3

2.

3. 2 sec x c

or 2 tan

xc

2
4.

5.

sq. units
22

6. p = 1
Section - B
7.

2

5

8. Amount given for honesty = Rs. 3000

Amount given for punctuality = Rs.
4000
9. x = 31/7

11.

x
dy x (1 log x ) yx
12. dx
x y log x

a = 1/3, b = 23/3

y 1

13. Increasing in (, 1] [2, ), Decreasing in [1, 2].

14. 2 log 2

[157]

OR

[Class XII : Maths]

15.

16.

tan

2
2
x 1 x 1 log x 1 c

3 2
2

2y

d 2y
dx

dy

ab

17.

dx

84

18. 24 units
19. X

0
P(X) 1/16

3/8

9/16
Section - C

20. f

3x 3
(x ) x 2

32

22.

4 3

23. x y . e

3
x / y

Each side is r

21.

sq. units.

OR

3 cm.

sq. units.

24. Equation of plane is 8x 6y + z = 23

OR
(1, 6, 0), 2 6 unit & image is (3, 8, 2)
25. 4/9, If a person speaks truth then integrity and character develops & he/
she rises in life.
50

40

26. 30 km in 1 hr. (
3 km at 25 km/hr and 3 km at 40 km/hr) The values
promoted are the safety of life and saving petrol (energy).

[Class XII : Maths]

[158]

Time allowed : 3 hours

Maximum marks : 100

General Instructions
1.

3.
4.
5.

All questions are compulsory.

2. The question paper consists of 26 questions divided into three sections A,
B and C. Section A comprises of 6 questions of one mark each, Section B
comprises of 13 questions of four marks each and Section C comprises of
7 questions of six marks each.
All questions in Section A are to be answered in one word, one sentence
or as per the exact requirement of the question.
There is no overall choice. However, internal choice has been provided.
You have to attempt only one of the alternatives in all such questions.
Use of calculators is not permitted.

Question number 1 to 6 carry one mark each.

1.

Solve for x :

2 3

2. Find the cofactor of a

12

3. Find x

[159]

in 6 0
1 5

5
4
7

if for unit vector a, x a

[Class XII : Maths]

. x

a 15.

4. If a 7i j 4k
5. Find

6 j 3k find the projection of a on b .

and b 2i

dx

6. Find the value of i . ( j k ) j . (i k ) k . (i j )

Question number 7 to 19 carry 4 marks each.

7.

If y cot

sin y tan

cos x

tan 1

cos x , then prove that

2 x

2
OR
1

If tan

x 2
8.

tan

x1

x1

x 2

, then find the value of x.

4

Using properties of determinants, prove the following :

a2 1

ab

ac

ab

b2 1

bc

ac

cb

tan /2

9. If A

that

tan /2

1a

cos
sin

A (I A)

and I is the identity matrix of order 2, show

sin

cos

OR
3
1
If A 1
2

, show that A

Hence find A .
[Class XII : Maths]

[160]

5A + 7 I = 0.

10. Show that f ( x ) x 3 V x R is continuous but not differentiable at x =

3.
OR
Find the value of a and b such that the function defined by

f (x )

5
ax b

if x 2
if 2 x 10
if x 10

21

is a continuous function.

11.

If tan

y2

dy y

a , then prove that

dx

1
12. Find the interval in which the function f given by f (x ) x
(a) strictly increasing

x 3 is

(b) strictly decreasing.

13. Evaluate

dx

cos( x a ) cos(x b)
OR

Evaluate

ex x

1 dx
2

(x 1)

14. Find the equation of the plane passing through the point (1, 2, 1) and
perpendicular to the line joining the points (1, 4, 2) and (2, 3, 5). Also find
the perpendicular distance of the plane from the origin.
15. A director of selection committee is biased so that he selects his relatives
for a job two times as likely as others. If there are two posts for a job, find
the probability distribution for selection of his relatives. Is the presence of
such type of people in selection committee reasonable? Which type of
values will be demolished here?

[161]

[Class XII : Maths]


16. Differentiate tan

17.

1x

1x

2
w.r.t. cos1x2.

1x 1x
Find the general solution of the differential equation,
dy
2 y
exy x e
dx

18.

The scalar product of the vector i j k with a unit vector along the
sum of vectors 2i 4 j 5k and i 2 j 3k is equal to one. Find the
value of .

19.

Show that x = 1 is a root of the equation.

6
2 3x
3 2x
x

1
x 3 0 and solve it completely.
x 2

Question number 20 to 26 carry 6 marks each.

20.

Of the students in a college, it is known that 60% reside in hostel and 40%
are day scholars. Previous year results report that 30% of all the students who
resided in hostel attained A grade and 20% of day scholars attained A grade in
their annual exam. At the end of year, one student is chosen at random from the
college and he has A grade, what is the probability that the student is a hostler?
What main values are developed in hostel life?

21.

Let * be a binary operation defined on set Q of rational numbers as

ab
a * b 4 a, b Q. Check whether * is commutative & associative?
Find the identity element in Q w.r.t. * . Also, find the inverse of 8.

22.

A manufacturer considers that men and women workers are equally efficient
and so pays them at the same rate. He has 30 workers and 17 units of capital, which
he uses to produce two types of goods A and B. To produce one unit of A, 2 workers
and 3 units of capital are required while 3 workers

[Class XII : Maths]

[162]

and 1 unit of capital is required to produce one unit of B. If A and B are

sold at Rs. 100 and Rs. 200 per unit respectively, how should he use his
resources to maximise the total revenue? Form the above as LPP and
solve it graphically.
Do you agree with the view of the manufacturer that men and women
workers are equally efficient and so should be paid at the same rate?
23. In a house, a window is in the form of a rectangle surmounted by a semi
circular opening. The total perimeter of the window is 10m. Find the
dimensions of the window such that it admits maximum light and air in the
house. Why are such windows necessary for a house?
OR
Prove that the volume of the largest cone, that can be inscribed in a
8
sphere of radius R is 27 of the volume of the sphere.
24. Draw a rough sketch of the region enclosed between the circles
2 2
2
2
x +y =4 and (x 2) + y = 4. Using integration, find the area of the
enclosed region.

OR
2

Find the area of the region bounded by the parabola y = x and y x

25. Find the image of the point (1, 6, 3) on the line
x y1
1
2

z2
3

/2

log tan cot d log 2.

26. Show that

OR
4

Evaluate :

[163]

dx as limit of sums.

[Class XII : Maths]

Section - A
1.

1
7

2.

+46

3.

x 4

4.

8/7 units

6.

x 2

5. 2 e

Section - B
1
7. x

1 2 1

9.

1 3

10. a = 2, b = 1
12. Increasing in , 1 1, , Decreasing in (1, 1)

13.

1
sin a b

. log

sec(x a) c

OR

b)

x 1
x

ex c

sec(x
2
11

14. x y + 3z = 2,

15. X = the number of selected relatives = 0, 1, 2

X

1
P(X )
9

4
9

4
9

No. Such persons who are biased should be avoided in the committee.
Honesty and integrity are the values being demolished.
16. 1/2
[Class XII : Maths]

[164]

17. e

3
x c
3

18. 1
19. x = 1, 2, 15
Section - C
9
13

20.

21. * is commutative and associative. Identity element is 4, Inverse of 8 is

2.
22. Units of type A = 3, Units of type B = 8
Maximum Revenue = Rs. 1900
Yes. We all should give equal rights to men and women.
23. length
8

24.

20

2 3

m, breadth

10

sq. units.

OR
1
3

sq. units.

25. (1, 0, 7)
27
26.

[165]

OR 2

[Class XII : Maths]