Professional Documents
Culture Documents
v 7.331
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Page
SYMBOLS
A
Ab
Ae
Afg
Afn
Ag
Agt
Agv
An
Ant
Anv
Ast
At
Av
B
Bc
Bf
C
Ca
Cc
Cdb
Cdt
CJP
Clb
Clip_stbk
Clt
Col_spa
Column
Cn_depth
Cn_thick
Cn_width
Cv
D
Db
Dc
Dh
E
Eff_weld
Et
Fa
Fb
Fbt
Fbu
Fcr
Fil_rad
Fn
Ft
Fp
Fu
Fv
Fw
Fexx
Fr
Fy
H
Hb
Hc
Ip
Ix
Ix_net
K
K_dist
K1_dist
La
Lb
Le
Leff
Leg
Lh
Ln
Lv
Mb
Mc
Min_brg
Mn
Moment
Mp
Mr
Mu
Page
Modulus of elasticity of steel
29,000 KSI
(200,000 MPa)
Max. effective weld size based on mtrl thickness,
<= actual weld size
Composite slab eff. width MIN[Ln/4, Bm spacing]
Allowable axial stress
Allowable bending stress
Bolt material minimum tensile stress
Bolt material minimum yield stress
Critical stress
Rolled section fillet radius, K_dist - Tf
Nominal shear rupture strength
Allowable tensile stress
Allowable bearing stress, calculated using J3.10
for bolts or J7 for contact surfaces.
Specified material minimum tensile stress
Allowable shear stress
Nominal weld strength, table J2.5
Nominal specified tensile strength of weld metal
Allowable force on a weld
Specified Material minimum yield stress
Width of HSS section connecting to a gusset plate
Horiz. interface force between gusset & beam
Horiz. interface force between gusset & col.
Polar moment of inertia
Moment of inertia
Net moment of inertia
Effective length factor
Rolled section (k) dist., flg. to toe of fillet
W shape, C/L web to toe of fillet
Lever arm from load to C.G. of bolt or weld group
Unbraced length of section or element
Distance from free edge to center of bolt in the
direction of the line of transmitted force.
Effective web length, stiffener design
Leg size against beam web, clip angle connection
or leg size against gusset for angle brace
Horizontal edge distance from fastener C/L
Beam span length
Vertical edge distance from fastener C/L
Moment at brace gusset and beam interface
Moment at brace gusset and col. interface
Calculated minimum beam bearing length
Nominal flexural strength
Beam end moment, (+) = clockwise beam end rotation
Beam plastic moment strength
Beam elastic moment strength
Required flexural strength
OMEGA
Osl
Pair
Pbf
PHI
PI
Pn
Pu
Qs
Rbs
Rn
Ro
Row
Rstr
Rv
Setback
Shear
Sn
Spa or S
SQR[ ]
SQRT[ ]
Sx
Sx_net
S_g
T_allow
Tb
Tc
Tf
Tw
Ts
T_slab
T_sup
U
Vb
Vc
Vn
Weld_size
Weld_len
Weld_spa
Wg
Wn
Ws
Zx
Ze
Page
AISC 2005 specification ASD safety factor
Outstanding angle leg size
Pairs of transverse beam stiffeners, 1 or 2
Factored flange or connection plate force;
computed flange force multiplied by a load factor
AISC 2005/2010 specification LRFD resistance factor
3.14159.....
Nominal axial strength
Required tensile or compressive strength
Stress reduction factor, Appendix B
Resistance to block shear
Nominal strength
Shear tab or tee strength at yield
Number of fasteners in the line of force
Bolt slip resistance, (A-J3-1)
Force transmitted by one fastener
Distance from face of support to end of beam
Number of shear planes:
(1 = single shear; 2 = double shear)
Section modulus of the coped portion of a beam
Bolt spacing
Square of expression in brackets
Square root of expression in brackets
Section modulus
Net section modulus
S^2/4g, AISC chapter B3.13
Allowable tension per bolt
Bolt pre-tension: Table J3.1
HSS brace welded pl end fitting, cap plate thickness
Flange or angle leg thickness
Web or tube wall thickness
HSS brace welded pl end fitting, tee stem thickness
Concrete slab thickness, composite design
Thickness of supporting member
Shear lag reduction coefficient, Chapter D3
Vert. force at gusset-beam interface
Vert. force at gusset-column interface
Nominal shear strength
Fillet weld leg size or groove weld throat
Length of weld
Spacing between two parallel weld segments
Element gross width
Element net width
'Whitmore' section width, gusset Pl design
Plastic section modulus
Effective plastic section modulus
a
b
c
d
dc
e
eb
ew
fa
fb
fp
fr
ft
fv
f'c
g
g1,g2
h
ho
kl
kv
l
lb
n
r
t
tc
q
Page
4
Clear dist. between transverse stiffeners
Width of compression element, or other part
Cope length from end of beam web
Depth of connected element
Beam cope depth
Cope length from face of conn. or weld line
Shear tab bolt design eccentricity
Shear tab weld design eccentricity
Calculated axial stress
Calculated bending stress
Calculated bearing stress
Calculated force on a weld
Calculated tension stress
Calculated shear stress
Compression strength of concrete
Angle leg gage
Angle leg gages, 5 in or larger leg size
Clear dist. between flanges of a beam or girder.
Depth of the remaining web at a coped beam section
Horiz. weld segment length, AISC manual Table 8-8
Shear buckling coefficient for girder webs
Length
Length of bearing
Modular ratio Es/Ec,
9
Radius of gyration
Thickness of connected element
Thickness of connected element required to develop
'B' in bolts with no prying action, AISC manual pg 9-13
Prying force per bolt at design load, AISC manual pg 9-12
Page
SDS/2 referneces to the AISC 2010 Specification for Structural
Steel Buildings, June 22, 2010
(D2-1)
(D2-2)
(D5-1)
Page
6
CHAPTER F DESIGN OF MEMBERS FOR FLEXURE
PHI = .9 (LRFD) , OMEGA = 1.67 (ASD)
Design strength = PHI*Mn (LRFD), Allowable strength = Mn/OMEGA (ASD)
Mn from: F2 -- Double symmetric compact I-shaped member and
channels bent about their major axis
F3 -- Doubly symmetric I-shaped members with compact
webs and noncompact or slender flanges bent about
their major axis
F4 -- Other I-shaped members with compact or noncompact
webs bent about their major axis
F5 -- Doubly symmetric and singly symmetric I-shaped
members with slender webs bent about their major axis
F6 -- I-shaped members and channels bent about their
minor axis
F7 -- Square and rect. HSS and box-shaped members
F8 -- Round HSS
F9 -- Tees and double angles loaded in the plane of symmetry
F10 -- Single angles
F11 -- Rectangular bars and rounds
F12 -- Unsymmetrical shapes
Page
Page
CHAPTER H DESIGN OF MEMBERS FOR COMBINED FORCES AND TORSION
H1.1 -- For design according to sect B3.3 (LRFD)
Pc = PHI c * Pn
Mc = PHI b * Mn
PHI c = .9, PHI b = .9
-- For design according to sect B3.4 (ASD)
Pc = Pn / OMEGA c
Mc = Mn / OMEGA b
OMEGA c = 1.67, OMEGA b = 1.67
H1.2 -- Doubly and singly symmetric members flexure and tension
For design according to sect B3.3 (LRFD)
Pc = PHI t * Pn
Mc = PHI b * Pn
PHI t tension resistance factor sec D2
PHI b = .9
For design according to sect B3.4 (ASD)
Pc = Pn / OMEGA t
Mc = Mn / OMEGA b
OMEGA t = safety factor for tension from D2
OMEGA b = 1.67
H2
--
H3 --
Page
CHAPTER I DESIGN OF COMPOSITE MEMBERS
I2.1b Compressive strength
PHI = .75, OMEGA = 2
Design strength = PHI*Pn (LRFD),
I2.1c Tensile strength
PHI = .9 OMEGA = 1.67
Design strength = PHI*Pn (LRFD),
I2.1d
Load transfer
Tensile strength
I2.2d
Load transfer
I3.2a
I3.2b
Allowable strengthPn/OMEGA
(ASD)
(ASD)
Page 10
CHAPTER J DESIGN OF CONNECTIONS
Design strength = PHI * Rn (LRFD), Allowable strength Rn/OMEGA (ASD)
Rn from: J2 -- Welds and base metal
PHI and OMEGA from table J2.5
J3 -- Bolts and threaded parts
J3.7 PHI = .75, OMEGA = 2.0
J3.8 PHI = 1.0, OMEGA = 1.5 or
PHI = .85, OMEGA = 1.76 or
PHI = .70, OMEGA = 2.14
J3.10 PHI = .75 OMEGA = 2.0
J4 -- Affected elements of members and connecting elements
J4.1 Strength of elements in tension:
Tension yield, PHI = .9, OMEGA = 1.67
(J4-1)
Tension rupture, PHI = .75, OMEGA = 2.0 (J4-2)
J4.2 Strength of elements in shear
Shear yielding, PHI = 1.0, OMEGA = 1.5 (J4-3)
Shear rupture, PHI = .75, OMEGA = 2.0 (J4-4)
J4.3 Block shear strength (J4-5)
PHI = .75, OMEGA = 2.0
J4.4 Strength of elements in compression (J4-6)
PHI = .9, OMEGA = 1.67
J7 -- Bearing strength
PHI = .75, OMEGA =
2.0
Page 11
CHAPTER K DESIGN OF HSS AND BOX MEMBER CONNECTIONS
Design strength PHI*Rn (LRFD), Allowable strength Rn/OMEGA (ASD)
Rn from
K1 -- Concentrated Forces on HSS
K1.2 Round HSS
K1.3 Rectangular HSS
K2 -- HSS-to-HSS Truss Connections
K2.2 Round HSS
K2.3 Rectangular HSS
K3 -- HSS-to-HSS Moment Connections
K3.2 Round HSS
K3.3 Rectangular HSS
K4 -- Welds of Plates and Branches To Rectangualr HSS
Page
SUMMARY OF AISC 2010 SPECIFICATION LRFD RESISTANCE FACTORS:
CHAPTER
Compression
0.90
Flexure
0.90
G1
G2
H
(D2-1)
(D2-2)
(D5-1)
(D5-2)
PHI
0.90
0.75
0.75
0.75
General Shear
Web Shear
Combined forces H1.1
H1.1
H1.2
H2.1
H2.1
H2.2
H3.1
H3.3
I Composite
0.90
1.00
compression
flexure
flexure
compression
flexure
flexure
HSS
non-HSS
0.90
0.90
0.90
0.90
0.90
0.90
0.90
0.90
I2.1b
I2.1c
I2.1e
I2.2c
I3.2a
I3.2b
I3.3 flexure encased
I3.4 flexure filled
I4.1b shear concrete
I4.1c shear steel
I6.3a direct bearing
I6.3c shear connection
I8.3a shear, anchor
I8.3b tension, anchor
I8.3d shear, steel channel
0.75
0.90
0.90
0.90
0.90
0.90
0.90
0.90
0.75
0.75
0.65
0.45
0.65
0.75
0.75
J Connections
PJP weld tension base
PJP weld tension weld
PJP weld compression base
PJP weld compression weld
PJP weld comp, not fin to bear, base
PJP weld comp, not fin to bear, weld
PJP weld shear
Fillet weld shear
Plug & slot weld shear
Fillet weld alt
(J2-4)
Ten/Shr bolts & threaded parts J3.6
Comb Ten/Shr brg conns
J3.7
SC bolts J3.8a
SC bolts J3.8b
SC bolts J3.8c
Bearing strength
J3.10
Tension yielding
J4.1
Tension rupture
J4.1
Shear yielding
J4.2
Shear rupture
J4.2
0.75
0.80
0.90
0.80
0.90
0.80
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
1.00
0.85
0.70
0.75
0.90
0.75
1.00
0.75
12
Page
J - continued
Block shear rupture strength
Compression element
Bearing
Bearing on concrete
Col base brg on concrete
Local flange bending
Local web yielding
Local web crippling
Web sidesway buckling
Web compression buckling
Web panel zone shear
K
J4.3
J4.4
J7
J8
J9
J10.1
J10.2
J10.3
J10.4
J10.5
J10.6
0.75
0.90
0.75
0.65
0.60
0.90
1.00
0.75
0.85
0.90
0.90
0.90
0.90
1.00
0.95
0.95
1.00
0.75
0.90
1.00
(K1-13)
(K1-14)
(K1-15)
(K2-1)
(K2-2)
(K2-3)
(K2-4)
(K2-5)
(K2-7)
(K2-8)
(K2-9)
(K2-10)
(K2-11)
(K2-12)
(K2-14)
(K2-15)
(K2-16)
(K2-17 -- 22)
1.00
1.00
0.75
0.95
0.90
0.90
0.90
0.90
1.00
0.95
1.00
0.75
0.90
0.95
0.90
0.95
0.95
0.95
(K3-1)
(K3-2)
(K3-3)
(K3-4)
(K3-6)
(K3-7)
(K3-8)
(K3-9)
(K3-10)
(K3-11)
(K3-12)
(K4.a)
(K4.b)
0.90
0.95
0.90
0.95
1.00
1.00
0.95
1.00
1.00
0.95
1.00
0.75
0.80
13
Page
14
shear:
.6 * Fy * D * Tw
Load = PHI*Rn
Load = Rn/OMEGA
Page
15
Page 16
(12) Gus block shear, double angle brace to gusset connection.:
Either double angle same side horizontal brace or
Star angle vertical brace.
Two columns -- One column per angle
Agv = 2t * ( S * ( Row - 1 ) + Le )
Anv = 2t * ( S * ( Row - 1 ) + Le - dh * ( Row - .5 ) )
Ant = (2 * g1 - Dh ) * t
Four columns -- staggered
Agv = 2t * ( S * ( Row - 1.5 ) + Le )
Anv = 2t * ( S * ( Row - 1.5 ) + Le - dh * ( Row - 1.5 ) )
Ant = ( g1 + g2 - 1.5 * Dh ) * 2 * t
Four columns -- nonstaggered
Agv = 2t * ( S * ( Row - 1 ) + Le )
Anv = 2t * ( S * ( Row - 1 ) + Le - dh * ( Row - .5 ) )
Ant = ( g1 + g2 - 1.5 * Dh ) * 2 * t
Ubs = 1
Rn from Sect. J4.3 Block Shear strength
For perpendicular brace connections also check minimum of:
'L' shaped failure pattern from Load Calc 11 and
Straight line tension rupture
(LRFD) Axial load = PHI*Rn
(ASD) Axial load = Rn/OMEGA
(13) Net brace tension, angle brace to gusset connection.:
n = number of angles
S = longitudinal bolt spa.
U = shear lag factor, from Table D3.1
Wg = n*( Leg + Osl - Thickness )
Two columns -- Wn = Wg - 2 * Dh + n * S_g
Four columns -- Wn = Wg - 4 * Dh + n * S_g
Ant = Wn * t
Ae = Ant * U,
effective net area
Pn = Fu * Ae,
Sect. D2, Tensile rupture
(LRFD) Axial tension = PHI * Pn
(ASD) Axial tension = Pn/OMEGA
Page
17
Page 18
(20) Bearing on connection, eccentricity considered:
Rn calculated from sect J3-10 for edge and interior bolts
Rn_ave = average strength of edge and interior bolts
(LRFD) Load = PHI*Rn_ave*C*Shear
(ASD) Load = (Rn_ave/OMEGA)*C*Shear
(21) Connection net shear:
k=1 for shear tab, shear tee & thru pl
k = 2 for end plate, dbl clip angle.
Anv = Cn_thick*(Cn_depth-Dh*Row
Rn = k * .6 * Fu * Anv,
shear rupture Sect J4.2
(LRFD) Load = PHI * Rn
(ASD) Load = Rn / OMEGA
(22) Weld, shear plate to support eccentricity not considered:
(For moment connection web plates to WF col webs, deduct
two .75 corner clips; Cn_depth = Pl depth - 1.5)
Aw = 2 * .707 * Weld_size * Cn_depth
Rn = 2 * Fn * Aw,
Sect J2.4
(LRFD) Load = PHI * Rn
(ASD) Load = Rn / OMEGA
(23) Weld, two side clip angle to support:
(Volume II page 2-37)
La
= Osl, L = Cn_depth
Fw = .6 * Fexx
Table J2.5
Rn = Fw * .707 * weld_size Spec J2.4
(LRFD) Fr = PHI * Rn
(ASD) Fr = Rn / OMEGA
K = (9*La/5/L/L)^2+(1/2/L)^2
Load = SQRT[Fr^2/K]
(24) Fillet weld stress, shear end Pl to beam web:
Fw = .6 * Fexx
Table J2.5
Rn = Fw * .707 * weld_size
Spec J2.4
(LRFD) Min_web = PHI*Rn*Side/(PHI*.6Fy_web), (J4-3)
(ASD) Min_web = Rn/OMEGA*Side/(.6Fy_web/OMEGA), (J4-3)
Web_factor = MIN[Tw/Min_web,1]
Weld_len = Cn_depth-2*Weld_size
(LRFD) Fr = PHI * Rn
(ASD) Fr = Rn / OMEGA
Load = 2*Fr*Weld_len*Web_factor
(25) Column web crippling Sect. J10.3:
lb = thick of flange or Pl connected to column
Load applied at a dist. >= d/2 from top of column,
Rn =.8Tw^2[1+3(lb/d)*(Tw/Tf)^1.5]SQRT[E*Fy*Tf/TS]
(J10-4)
Page
(26) Clip angle to beam web weld, ecc. considered
[ shaped weld:
Side = 1 or 2 (Connection on 1 or 2 sides of beam)
La = Face of connection to C.G. weld group
kl = angle leg - clip_stbk
Fw = .6 * Fexx
Table J2.5
Rn = Fw * .707 * weld_size
Spec J2.4
(LRFD) Min_web = .PHI*Rn*Side/(PHI*.6Fy_web), (J4-3)
(ASD) Min_web = Rn/OMEGA*Side/(.6Fy_web/OMEGA), (J4-3)
Web_factor = MIN[Tw/Min_web,1]
N = Weld_size*16
Load = C*N*Side*Web_factor*Cn_depth
19
Page
20
Page
(34) Stiffened seat angle, stiffener-to-angle weld:
pl_w = stiff width; pl_len = stiff length
lw = pl_w - .5;
lh = pl_len - .5,
weld lengths
T = lw + lh
x_bar = (lw * (.5 * lw + .5) ) / T
y_bar = (lw * pl_len + lh * .5 * lh) / T
ix = lh^3/12 + lh(y_bar - .5*lh)^2 + lw(pl_len - y_bar)^2
iy = lh * x_bar^2 + lw^3 /12. + lw(.5*lw + .5 - x_bar)^2
ip = ix + iy
Ew = 2 * pl_w / 3
weld eccentricity
Fw = .6 * Fexx
Table J2.5
Rn = Fw * .707 * weld_size
Spec J2.4
(LRFD) Fr = PHI * Rn
(ASD) Fr = Rn / OMEGA
R_unit = 1.0,
unit load
point p1, bottom inside corner of stiffener
fv = R_unit / T + R_unit * (Ew - x_bar) * x_bar / ip
fh = R_unit * (Ew - x_bar) * y_bar / ip
fr1 = SQRT[ fv^2 + fh^2 ]
point p2, top outside corner of stiffener
fv = R_unit/T + R_unit*(Ew - x_bar) * (pl_w - x_bar)/ip
fh = R_unit*(Ew - x_bar) * (pl_len - y_bar)/ip
fr2 = SQRT[ fv^2 + fh^2 ]
Load = 2 * Fr / max( fr1, fr2)
(35) Stiffened seat angle, bearing on stiffener:
Apb = t( b - corner_clip )
Rn = 1.8 * Fy * Apb
J7 Bearing strength
(LRFD) Load = PHI * Rn
(ASD) Load = Rn / OMEGA
(36) Shear on support, shear connection:
Conn. to a W or C web with a member opposite:
Ag = Cn_depth*T_sup
Other cases:
Ag = 2*Cn_depth*T_sup
(For moment connections to WF col webs, deduct
two .75 corner clips, Cn_depth = Cn_depth - 1.5)
Rn = .6 * Fy * Ag
Sect J4.2 shear yield
(LRFD) Load = PHI * Rn
(ASD) Load = Rn / OMEGA
(37)
Not used
21
(39)
Not used
Page
22
Page
23
Page
24
Page
bearing J7
bearing J7
25
Page 26
(55) Beam web block shear strength, axially loaded, welded clip L conn:
(J4.3)
Coped beam, tension yield:
Tension = (LRFD) PHI*Fy*Ag,
Ag =Tw*Cn_depth
= (ASD) Fy*Ag/OMEGA
Un-coped beam:
Av = (Cn_width-Clip_stbk)*Tw*2
At = Cn_depth*Tw
Ubs = 1.
Rn = Tension rupture + MIN( Shear yield, Shear rupture
(LRFD) Tension = PHI * Rn
(ASD) Tension = Rn / OMEGA
(56) Beam web block shear strength, axially loaded, bolted clip L conn:
(J4.3)
Sh = Horiz bolt spacing
One bolt columnAnv = 2*Tw*(Lh-.5*Dh)
Agv = 2*Tw*Lh
More than one bolt columnAnv = 2*Tw*[Lh-.5*Dh+(Column-1)*(Sh-Dh)]
Agv = 2*Tw *(Column-1)Sh
Ant = (Spa-Dh)*(Row-1)*Tw
Rn = Net rupture + MIN( Shear yield, Shear rupture)
(LRFD) Tension = PHI * Rn
(ASD) Tension = Rn / OMEGA
(57) Tension stress on axially loaded clip angle connection:
-the effect of vertical eccentricity is includedVecc = vertical dim. from conn c/l to the beam c/l
Bolted to beam:
Area = ( Length_ns - Dh * Row_ns ) * Thick_ns
+ ( Length_fs - Dh * Row_fs ) * Thick_fs
Sx = net section modulus
Welded to beam:
Area = Length_ns * Thick_ns + Length_fs * Thick_fs
Sx = gross section modulus
V = applied shear
Bolted connection, tension and shear rupture J4:
(LRFD) Ft = PHI*Rn,
Fv = PHI*Rn
(ASD) Ft = PHI/OMEGA, Fv = PHI*Rn/OMEGA
Welded connection, tension and shear yield J4:
(LRFD) Ft = PHI*Rn,
Fv = PHI*Rn
(ASD) Ft = Rn/OMEGA, Fv = PHI/OMEGA
Interaction equation: fv/Fv + ft/Ft <= 1
k = 1 / Area + abs(Vecc) / Sx
Axial tension load = (1 - V/(Fv * Area) ) * Ft / k )
Page
(58) Combined weld stress, end plate, with axial load:
Elastic method.
Lw = Cn_depth - 2 * Weld_size, (effective weld length)
Extended end Pl: Lw = Beam T distance
Fw = .6 * Fexx
Table J2.5
Rn = Fw * .707 * eff_weld_size
Spec J2.4
(LRFD) Fr = PHI * Rn
(ASD) Fr = Rn / OMEGA
Fh = Applied axial tension / 2 / Lw
Load = 2 * Lw * SQRT[ Fr^2 - Fh^2 ]
(59) Beam flexural strength:
Mn = Mp = Fy * Zx
(F2-1)
(LRFD) Moment = PHI * Mp
(ASD) Moment = Mp / OMEGA
For axial load reduce moment using interaction equations
from Chapter F
(60) Plate strength, end PL with axial tension load:
(LRFD) M = p * Tf^2 * PHI * Fu / 4.
(ASD) M = p * Tf^2 * Fu / (OMEGA * 4)
Tf = Cn_thick
p = Cn_depth/Row
Delta = 1-d'/p
d'= Db+1/16
T = (1+Delta)*M/b'
b' = dim b - .5 * Db, a' = dim a + .5 * Db
Vecc = Dim from bolt group cg to beam centerline
Vecc = 0.
Tension = 2 T * bolt rows
Vecc > 0.
Tension = T/( 1/2*bolt rows + Vecc/bolt group Sx)
(61) Bolt strength, end PL with axial tension load:
Tf = pl thick
p = pl depth/Row
d'= Db+1/16 (Db+2 mm)
b' = dim b - .5 * Db, a' = dim a + .5 * Db
(LRFD) B = PHI * Ft * Ab;
M = p * Tf^2 * PHI * Fu / 4
(ASD) B = Ab * Ft/ OMEGA; M = p * Tf^2 * Fu / (4 * OMEGA)
Delta = 1-d'/p
T2 = (B*a'+M)/(a'+ b') with prying action
T3 = B
without prying action
Vecc = Dim from bolt group cg to beam centerline
Tension = MIN[T2,T3]/( 1/2*row + Vecc/bolt group Sx)
(62) Column bearing, AISC CASE II:
Rn =1.8*Fy(Col_brg_Area+Fill_brg_area)
(LRFD) Load = PHI * Rn
(ASD) Load = Rn/OMEGA
Sect J7
27
Page
(63) Coped beam web reinforced with bolted doubler PLs:
(doubler plate stress)
(LRFD) Fv = PHI * .6 * Fu, shear rupture
Fb = PHI*Fy,
bending
(ASD) Fv = .6Fu / OMEGA, shear rupture
Fb = Fy / OMEGA,
bending
Bm_load = unreinforced coped beam strength, see #(41)
Tp = Doubler thickness
Dp = Doubler depth
Snet = Shear*Tp*Dp^2/6-Spa^2*Row*(Row^2-1)*Tp*Dh/6*Dp
Anet = Tp*(Dp-Row*Dh)*Shear
Shear_load = Fv*Anet
Cope length is measured from the face of the conn.
Moment_load = Qs*Fb*Snet/MAX[Clt+2.5,Clb+2.5]
Load = MIN[Moment_load,Shear_load]+Bm_load
28
Page 29
(68) Bolted moment connection, flange bolt shear:
(LRFD) Rv = PHI*Rn*Shear, Rn from J3-6
(ASD)
Rv = Rn/OMEGA *Shear
(Rn for bearing type bolts is reduced to 83.3 percent when
bolt pattern length > 38 in.
Table J3.2)
Moment = Rv * 2 * Row * D
(For axial load reduce moment by: Ff*D
where Ff = the maximum flange force)
(69) Bolted moment connection, bolt bearing on flg. conn Pl:
Rn is calculated using J3.10)
N_e = number of edge bolts
N_i = number of interior bolts
(LRFD) Moment = PHI*(Rn_e*N_e + Rn_i*N_i) (D + Cn_thick)
(ASD) Moment = (Rn_e*N_e + Rn_i*N_i)/OMEGA * (D + Cn_thick)
( For axial load reduce moment by: Ff*(D + Cn_thick)
where Ff = the flange force)
(70) Extended end pl shear yielding:
Bp = Eff pl width <= Bf + 1 )
Ag = Bp * t * 2.
Rn = .6 * Fy * Ag,
J3.2
(LRFD) Moment = PHI *Rn * (D - Tf)
(ASD) Moment = Rn/OMEGA * (D - Tf)
For axial load reduce moment by: Ff * (D - Tf)
where Ff = the maximum flange force.
(71) Wf brace bolt shear:
(LRFD) Rv = PHI * Rn * Shear,
Rn from J3.6
(ASD) Rv = Rn / OMEGA * Shear
At = total cross-sectional area
Aw = tw * (depth - 2 * tf)
Af = bf * tf
web_force = Rv * 2 * web_row
flg_force = Rv * 4 * flg_row
P_total,web = web_force * At / Aw
P_total,flg = flg_force * At / (2*Af)
Axial load = MIN[ P_total,web, P_total,flg ]
(72) Bolted moment connection, bearing on beam flange:
Rn is calculated using J3.10
N_e = number of edge bolts
N_i = number of interior bolts
(LRFD) Moment = PHI*(Rn_e*N_e + Rn_i*N_i)(.95D)
(ASD) Moment = (Rn_e*N_e + Rn_i*N_i)/OMEGA * (.95D)
For axial load reduce moment by: Ff*.95D
where Ff = the flange force.
Page
(73) Wf brace, bolt brg on brace:
Lc_edge = Le - .5Dh
Lc_int = Spacing - Dh
N_e = number of edge bolts
N_i = number of interior bolts
Rn_edge and Rn_int are calculated using formula (J3-6a)
with the appropriate clear distance for Lc (Lc_edge or
Lc_int) and thickness for t (tf or tw).
(LRFD) F = PHI * Rn_edge * N_e + PHI * Rn_int * N_i
(ASD) F = Rn_edge / OMEGA * N_e + Rn_int / OMEGA * N_i
F_web = capacity of web connection
= F evaluated with a thickness of tw
F_flg = capacity of flange connections
= F evaluated with a thickness of tf
At = total cross-sectional area
Aw = tw * (depth - 2 * tf)
Af = bf * tf
P_total,web = F_web * At / Aw
P_total,flg = F_flg * At / (2*Af)
Axial load = MIN[ P_total,web, P_total,flg ]
(74) Wf brace block shear:
Web connection,
Rn from J4.3, '[' shaped failure pattern
(LRFD) F_web = PHI * Rn
(ASD) F_web = Rn/OMEGA
Flange connection,
Rn from J4.3, 'L' shaped failure pattern
(LRFD) F_flg = PHI * Rn
(ASD) F_flg = Rn / OMEGA
At = total cross-sectional area
Aw = tw * (depth - 2 * tf)
Af = bf * tf
P_total,web = F_web * At / Aw
P_total,flg = F_flg * At / (2*Af)
Tension = MIN[ P_total,web, P_total,flg ]
30
Page
31
Page
(80) Eight-bolt Stiffened extended End-Plate:
Bolt stress, Design guide 4 simplified approach, page 18.
Only A325 or F1852 bolts allowed
Interaction eqns apply to brg type bolts
Moment = 6*Ab*Ft*(D-Tf)
For axial load reduce moment by: Ff*(D-Tf)
where Ff = the maximum flange force.
32
J10.1
J10.2
J10.5
(J10-1)
(J10-2)
(J10-8)
Page 33
(86) Bearing on beam web, bolted clip angle conn. with axial load:
P_axial = Max. of applied tension or compression force
n = rows, m = columns, d = col spacing, b = vert spacing
V = shear
Ip = bolt group polar moment of inertia
mom = V * horiz ecc,
where horiz ecc = 0 for 1 column of bolts
= la_x for 2 columns of bolts
f1 = V / ( m * n ),
f2 = abs(mom) * .5 * d / Ip
f3 = P_axial / ( m * n ), f4 = abs(mom) * (n - 1) * b * .5 / Ip
Rv = SQRT[ (f1 + f2)^2 + (f3 + f4)^2 ]
Rn is calculated using J3.10
(LRFD) Load = maximum V so that Rv <= PHI * Rn
(ASD) Load = maximum V so that Rv <= Rn/OMEGA
(87) Bearing on connection, bolted clip L conn. with axial load:
P_axial = Max. of applied tension or compression force
n = rows, m = columns, d = col spacing, b = vert spacing
V = shear
c = distance from the c.g of the bolt group to the controlling bolt
(if clips are different lengths, must investigate the top
bolt and the bottom bolt)
Ip = bolt group polar moment of inertia
mom = V * horiz ecc,
where horiz ecc = 0 for 1 column of bolts
= la_x for 2 columns of bolts
f1 = V / ( m * n ),
f2 = mom * .5 * d / Ip
f3 = P_axial / ( m * n ), f4 = mom * c / Ip
Rv = SQRT[ (f1 + f2)^2 + (f3 +/- f4)^2 ]
Rn is calculated using J3.10
(LRFD) Load = maximum V so that Rv <= PHI * Rn
(ASD) Load = maximum V so that Rv <= Rn/OMEGA
(88) Weld stress, two-side clip angle conn. with axial load:
(Elastic method)
Vecc = vertical dim. from conn c/l to the beam c/l
(Vecc is positive if the conn c/l is above the beam c/l)
Fa = Axial load / 2
(Fa is positive for tension and negative for compression)
A = Cn_width, K = A - Clip_setback
L = Cn_depth, W = L + 2 * K (total weld length)
X = K^2/W, c.g. location from ver weld.
Ip = (2*K+L)^3/12 - K^2*(K+L)^2/W
Fw = .6 * Fexx
Table J2.5
Rn = Fw * .707 * eff_weld_size
Spec J2.4
(LRFD) Fr = PHI * Rn
(ASD) Fr = Rn / OMEGA
Without vertical eccentricity:
C1 = 1 / W + ( A - X ) * X / Ip, C2 = ( A - X ) * .5 * L / Ip
A1 = C1^2 + C2^2,
B1 = 2 * T * C2 / W
C3 = ( abs(Fa) / W )^2 - Fr^2
D1 = SQRT[ B1^2 - 4 * A1 * C3 ]
Load = ( D1 - B1 ) / A1
With vertical eccentricity:
twisting = ( V * ( A - X ) - Fa * Vecc )
f1 = V / W,
if twisting < 0,
f2 = abs(twisting) * (K - X) / Ip
otherwise,
f2 = twisting * X / Ip
f3 = abs(Fa) / W,
f4 = abs(twisting) * .5 * L / Ip
fr = SQRT[ (f1 + f2)^2 + (f3 + f4)^2 ]
Load = 2 * V;
V is maximum for fr <= Fr
(89) Web bolt shear, combined load, clip L conn. with axial load:
P_axial = Max. of applied tension or compression force
n = rows, m = columns, d = col spacing, b = vert spacing
V = shear
c = distance from the c.g of the bolt group to the controlling bolt
(if clips are different lengths, must investigate the top
bolt and the bottom bolt)
Ip = bolt group polar moment of inertia
mom = V * horiz ecc,
where horiz ecc = 0 for 1 column of bolts
= la_x for 2 columns of bolts
f1 = V / ( m * n ),
f2 = mom * .5 * d / Ip
f3 = P_axial / ( m * n ), f4 = mom * c / Ip
Rv = SQRT[ (f1 + f2)^2 + (f3 +/- f4)^2 ]
Rn = Fn * Ab, J6
Page
(90) Angle brace, net area tension:
S = longitudinal bolt spacing
n = 1 for single angle brace, 2 for double angle brace
Wg = Leg+Osl-Thickness
Wn = Wg-Dh, for one bolt column
Wn = Wg-Column*Dh+S^2/4/g2, two bolt columns
Ant = Wn*t
Ae = Ant*U,
J3.3
Rn = Fu * Ae. tension rupture
(LRFD) Tension = PHI*Rn
(ASD) Tension = Rn/OMEGA
(91) Brace gusset tension:
S = longitudinal bolt spacing
Wn = (b-Dh), for one bolt column
Wn = (b-Column*Dh+S^2/4/g2), for two bolt columns
Ant = MIN[Wn, .85 * b] * t
Agt = b*t
Rn_net = Fu * Ant
Rn_gross = Fy * Agt
(LRFD) Tension = MIN[PHI*Rn_net, PHI*Rn_gross]
(ASD) Tension = MIN[Rn_net/OMEGA, Rn_gross/OMEGA]
(92) Angle brace block shear, (tension loaded brace):
t = brace thickness, S = bolt spacing
n = 1 for single angle, 2 for double angle
Anv = ((S-Dh)*(Row-1)+Le-.5*Dh)*t
Agv = (S*(Row-1)+Le)*t
One bolt column:
Ant = (Leg-ga-.5*Dh)*t
Two bolt columns:
Ant = (Leg-g1 - 1.5 * Dh + S^2/4/g2)*t
Rn = Block shear from J4.3
(LRFD) Tension = PHI * Rn
(ASD) Tension = Rn/OMEGA
(93) Angle brace gross area axial load:
n = 1 for single L brace, 2 for dbl L
Ag = (Leg+Osl-t)*t*n
Rn = Fy * Ag
(LRFD) Tension or Compression = PHI*Rn
(ASD) Tension or Compression = Rn/OMEGA
(94) Angle brace gusset block shear:
Brace connected to one member:
L shaped failure pattern
Rn = block shear strength,
J4.3
34
Page 35
(96) Wf brace gusset plate block shear:
Under claw angles -Lhd = dim. between bolt cols in claw Ls
Ant = t * ( Lhd - dh )
Anv = t * ( S * ( Row - 1 ) + edge_dist - ( Row - .5) * dh )
Agv = t * S * ( Row - 1 ) + edge_dist
Rn1 from J4.3
Under
Ant
Anv
Agv
K =
Rn2
Rn = MIN[Rn1, Rn2]
(LRFD) Tension = PHI * Rn
(ASD) Tension = Rn /OMEGA
(97) Not used
(98) Beam web stress, axial & shear load:
Refer to misc design note 33;
Ag = depth * Tw
T = applied tension, R = shear reaction
sigma = T / Ag
tau = R / Ag
Load = maximum R to satisfy the yield criterion
(99) Horiz. brace interactive gusset stress:
Refer to misc design note 33;
theta = included angle between brace and support
T = applied brace tension, formula evaluated at each bm
sigma = T * sin(theta) / Ag
tau = T * cos(theta) / Ag
Load = maximum T to satisfy the yield criterion
(100) Not used
(101) Angle brace intersection gusset compression:
L = dim. from bolt to brace intersection point
See misc note 36 for the effective length factor K
Ag = b * t
Pn = Fy * Ag
J4.4
(LRFD) Axial load = PHI * Pn
(ASD) Axial load = Pn / OMEGA
For Kl/r > 25, chapter E provisions apply
(LRFD) Axial load = PHI * Fcr
(ASD) Axial load = Fcr / OMEGA
Page 36
(102) 'K' brace connection interactive gusset stress:
See design note #21.
Pp = brace force component parallel to support
Pn = brace force component normal to support
Eo = ecc. from C/L gusset to normal component
Ag = Thickness*Length
Sx = Thickness*Length^2/6
fv = SUM[Pp]/Ag
ft = SUM[Pn]/Ag+SUM[Pn*Eo]/Sx
(LRFD) Fv = PHI *.6 Fy, Ft = PHI * Fy; shear and tension yield
(ASD) Fv = .6 Fy/OMEGA, Ft = Fy/OMEGA; shear and tension yield
Axial load = largest force to satisfy: fv/Fv+ft/Ft <= 1
(103) 'K' brace connection combined weld stress:
Pp = brace force component parallel to support
Pn = brace force component normal to support
(LRFD) Fr = PHI * Fw * .707 * eff_weld_size
(LRFD) Fr = Fw * .707/OMEGA * eff_weld_size
L = gusset plate length, weld length
Tot_weld = 2*L
Sx = 2*L^2/6
f1 = SUM[Pp]/Tot_weld,
f2 = SUM[Pn]/Tot_weld
f3 = SUM[Pn*Eo]/Sx
Axial load = largest force to satisfy:
SQRT[f1^2+(f2+f3)^2] <= Fr*Pl_factor
(104) Gusset plate stress on 'Whitmore' section:
Tension yield strength
S2 = spacing between outside bolt cols
Ws = Spa*(Row-1)*2*TAN(30)+S2
Rn = Fy*t*Ws
(LRFD)Axial load = PHI*Rn
(ASD) Axial load = Rn/OMEGA
(105) Gusset buckling stress on 'Whitmore' section:
Ws = Spa*(Row-1)*2*TAN(30)+g2
For effective length factor K, see misc note 37
Kl/r = K*Lb/(t/SQRT[12]), for a 1 inch wide strip
Pn = Fy * Ag
J4.4,
Ag = t * Ws
(LRFD) Axial load = PHI * Pn
(ASD) Axial load = Pn / OMEGA
For Kl/r > 25, chapter E provisions apply
(LRFD) Axial load = PHI * Fcr
(ASD) Axial load = Fcr / OMEGA
(106) Gusset plate interactive stress:
(One brace connected to gusset, and gusset is
attached to one supporting member)
Refer to misc design note 33;
ecc = eccentricity from the C/L of the weld
theta = included angle between brace and support
T = applied brace tension
theta = included angle between brace and support
sigma = T * sin(theta) / Ag + T * cos( theta ) * ecc / Sx
tau = T * cos(theta) / Ag
Load = maximum T to satisfy the yield criterion
Page
(107) Gusset plate weld, eccentrically loaded fillets:
(Elastic method)
L = weld length
P = brace axial load
Ecc = eccentricity measured from C/L of weld
theta = angle between the weld axis and line of force
Rn = Fw * .707 * Eff_weld / Richard_factor
(LRFD) Fr = PHI * Rn * / Richard_factor
(ASD) Fr = Rn/OMEGA / Richard_factor
(if the eccentricity < .5, Richard_factor = 1.25
otherwise Richard_factor = 1.0)
Sx = 2 * L^2 / 6
f1 = P * COS(theta) / 2 / L, parallel to weld axis
f2 = P * SIN(theta) / 2 / L, perp. to weld axis
f3 = P * SIN(theta) * Ecc / Sx, perp. to weld axis
Axial load = largest value of P to satisfy:
f1^2 + (f2 + f3)^2 <= Fr^2
(108) Beam web yielding and crippling
Rn_yield = min strength from
Rn_cripp = min strength from
Rn = MIN[ Rn_yield, Rn_cripp
(LRFD) Load = PHI * Rn
(ASD) Load = Rn / OMEGA
strength:
formulas (J10-2, -3)
formulas (J10-4, -5a, -5b)
]
37
Page
(112) Shear tab weld strength:
C = coefficient from Table 8-4, k = 0
Weld size = fillet leg for perp fillets
= eff weld throat / .707, for skew fillets
D = number of sixteenths in weld size
Fillet weld --Load = C * Cn_depth * D
(113) Column moment strength, 4- or 8-tension-bolt
extended end plate moment connection:
(LRFD Vol II AISC Pages 10-36 to 10-39)
Tw_c = Column web thickness
Fy_c = Column yield strength
Tf_c = Column flange thickness
k = Column 'k' distance
Depth_b = Beam depth
Tf_b = Beam flange thickness
Fy_b = Beam yield strength
Pf = Distance from top of beam flange to 1st bolt
Tp = End plate thickness
Pb = Bolt spacing
(8-bolt end plate only)
Col web yielding opposite bm comp flg --Intermediate column locations,
Rn = (6k + N + 2Tp) Fy Tw
Column-end locations,
Rn1 = (3k + N + 2Tp) Fy Tw
Column web buckling --Intermediate column locations,
Rn = 4100 Tw^3 * SQRT[Fy] / Dc
Column-end locations,
Rn2 = 4100 Tw^3 * SQRT[Fy] / (2 Dc)
Column flange bending at beam tension flg --Four bolt,
Alpha_m = 1.36(Pe/Db)^.25
Bs = 2.5 (2 * Pf + Tf_b)
Eight bolt, Alpha_m = 1.13 *(Pe/Db)^.25
Bs = 2.5Pf + Tf_b + 3.5Pb
Rn3 = Bs/(Alpha_m * Pe) Tf_c^2*Fy_c
(LRFD) Rn = PHI * MIN[Rn1, Rn2, Rn3]
(ASD) Rn = MIN[Rn1, Rn2, Rn3] / OMEGA
Moment = Rn * (Depth_b - Tf_b)
For axial load reduce moment by: Ff * (Depth_b - Tf_b)
where Ff = the maximum flange force.
(114) Not used
(115) Angle brace and gusset bearing strength:
N_e = number of edge bolts
Lc = Le - .5Dh
Rn_e from section J3.10
N_i = number of interior bolts
Lc = Spacing - Dh
Rn_i from section J3.10
(LRFD) Load = PHI(Rn_e * N_e + Rn_i * N_i) * Shear
(ASD) Load = (Rn_e * N_e + Rn_i * N_i) / OMEGA * Shear
38
Page 39
(116)'L' Shaped weld connecting a gusset to a
column and a base or cap plate:
(Elastic method)
Wx = Horiz. weld length, Wy = vert. weld length
Lw = Wx + Wy, total weld length
theta = Angle between brace and vertical
C_h, C_v = Horiz. or vert. dist from the C.G. of weld group
to the point of weld being checked
Ecc = Perp dist. from C.G. of weld group to line of force
Ip = polar moment inertia of the weld group
Fw = .6 * Fexx
Table J2.5
Rn = Fw * .707 * weld_size Spec J2.4
(LRFD) Fr = PHI * 2 * Rn
(ASD) Fr = 2 * Rn / OMEGA
Top end of the vert weld:
f1 = P(COS(theta)/Lw + ECc*C_h/Ip)
f2 = P(SIN(theta)/Lw + Ecc*C_v/Ip)
P1 = largest P to satisfy f1^2 + f2^2 <= Fr^2
End of horiz weld farthest from wp:
f1 = P(COS(theta)/Lw + Ecc*C_h/Ip)
f2 = P(SIN(theta)/Lw + Ecc*C_v/Ip)
P2 = largest P to satisfy f1^2 + f2^2 <= Fr^2
Axial load = MIN[P1, P2]
(117 thru 119) Not used
(120) Block shear strength for plate, C web or W web:
Avn = (Le - .5 * Dh + (Row -1)*(Spa - Dh)) * 2 * t
Avg = (Le + (Row -1)*Spa) * 2 * t
Cl_spa = Spacing between center cols.; an even number of columns
One column:
Ant = 0
Odd number of columns:
Ant = (Column - 1) * (Col_spa - Dh) * t
Even number of columns:
Ant = ((Column - 2)*(Col_spa - Dh)+(Cl_spa - Dh)) * t
Rn = Block shear strength (J4-5)
(Shear rupture + min of shear yield, shear rupture)
(LRFD) Axial load = PHI * Rn
(ASD) Axial load = Rn / OMEGA
(121) Tee brace flange block shear strength
Anv = (Le - .5 * Dh + (Row -1)*(Spa - Dh)) * 2 * Tf
Agv = 2 * Tf * (Le + (Row - 1) * Spacing
At = (Bf - Flg_ga - Dh) * Tf
Rn = Block shear strength (J4-5)
(Shear rupture + min of shear yield, shear rupture)
(LRFD) Axial load = PHI * Rn
(ASD) Axial load = Rn / OMEGA
(122) Tee or
Pn =
(LRFD)
(ASD)
Page
40
Page 41
(129) Skew fillet welds, end plate shear connection:
Fw = .6 * Fexx
Table J2.5
Rn = Fw * eff_throat
Spec J2.4
(LRFD) Fr = PHI * Rn
(ASD) Fr = Rn / OMEGA
Min_web = Fr * Eff_throat /( PHI*.6*Fy) LRFD shear yield
Min_web = Fr * Eff_throat /( .6*Fy/OMEGA) ASD shear yield
Web_factor = MIN[Tw / Min_web,1]
Weld_len = Cn_depth - 2 * Weld_size
Load = Fr * Weld_len * Web_factor
(130 thru 137) Not used
(138) Threaded round bar tension stress:
Rn = Fnt * Ab, Fnt = .75*Fu, from table J3.2
(LRFD) Axial load = PHI * Rn
(ASD) Axial load = Rn/OMEGA
(139) Not used
(140) Not used
(141) Turnbuckle strength:
AISC Manual table 15-5
(142) Clevis strength:
AISC Manual table 15-4
(143) Not used
(144) Brace gusset weld to beam flange:
(brace gusset lap welded to a beam flange)
theta = angle between brace and beam
Ecc = eccentricity from weld C.G. to line of brace force
Fw = .6 * Fexx
Table J2.5
Rn = Fw * .707 * weld_size Spec J2.4
Fv = (LRFD) PHI * .6Fy, (ASD) .6Fy/OMEGA, shear yield,J4.2
Min_t = Fw * .707 * Weld_size /Fv
Pl_factor = MIN[ t / Min_t, 1 ]
(LRFD) Fr = PHI * Rn * Pl_factor
(ASD) Fr = (Rn / OMEGA) * Pl_factor
Ecc = 0:
Axial load = 2. * Fr * Weld_len
Ecc > 0:
Ix = Weld_len * SQR[.5 * Weld_spa] * 2.
Iy = Weld_len^3 / 6.
Ip = Ix + Iy
k = COS(theta) / 2. / Weld_len + Ecc * .5 * weld_spa / Ip
m = Ecc * .5 * Weld_len / Ip + SIN(theta) / 2. / Weld_len
Axial load = Fr / SQRT[ SQR[k] + SQR[m] ]
(145) Not used
(146) Weld
load
C =
D =
Load
k = 0;
Page 42
(147) Vert Brace gusset to beam weld strength:
(See connection design notes for interface forces)
Elastic method
s_weld = SQR[ weld_length] / 3
(LRFD) Fr = .707 * PHI * Fw * Weld_size
(ASD) Fr = .707 * Fw/OMEGA * Weld_size
Fr = Fr / 1.25, 'Richard factor' page 7-122
min_pl = Fr * 2 * weld size / Fv, (Fv = pl shear yield J4.2)
when t < min_pl,
Fr = Fr * t / min_pl
f1 = Hb / ( 2 * weld_length )
f2 = Vb / ( 2 * weld_length ) + Mb / s_weld
fr = SQRT[ f1^2 + f2^2 ]
Axial load = Maximum value of P to satisfy fr <= Fr
(148) VB Gusset shear & ten. near beam flange:
(See connection design notes for interface forces)
Sx_pl = t * SQR[ pl_length ] / 6
a_pl = t * pl_length
f1 = Vb / a_pl + Mb / Sx_pl
f2 = Hb / a_pl
Fv = shear yielding J4.2, Ft = tension yielding J4.1
Axial load = Maximum value of P to satisfy:
f1 / Ft + f2 / Fv <= 1
(149) VB Beam web yielding under gusset PL:
(See connection design notes for interface forces)
eff_length = pl_length + 2.5 * K_dist
Zx_web = Tw * eff_length^2 / 4
a_web = Tw * eff_length
f_allow = (LRFD) PHI * Fy
J10.2
= (ASD) Fy/OMEGA
J10.2
f_bw = Vb / a_web + Mb / Zx_web
Axial load = Maximum value of P to satisfy f_bw <= f_allow
(150) Vert brace Clip L bolt brg.:
(See connection design notes for interface forces)
Elastic method
c = .5 * S * (Row - 1 )
ecc = dim. from face of Ls to CG of bolt group
Ix = Column * Row * S^2 * ( Row^2 -1)/12
Two bolt cols -Iy = Row * (.5 * S)^2 * 2
One bolt col -- Iy = 0
Ip = Ix + Iy
f1 = Vc / Row
f2 = Hc / Row + ecc * Vc * c / Ip
Rv = SQRT[ f1^2 + f2^2 ]
Rn is calculated using J4.10
(LRFD) Axial load = Maximum value of P to satisfy Rv <= PHI*Rn
(ASD) Axial load = Maximum value of P to satisfy Rv <= Rn/OMEGA
(151) Vert brace Gusset clip L net shear:
Fv = (LRFD) PHI * 0.6 * Fu,
J4.2
= (ASD) 0.6 * Fu / OMEGA
Ft = (LRFD) PHI * Fu,
J4.1
= (ASD) Fu / OMEGA
An = (Cn_depth - row * Dh) * (ns_t + fs_t)
(See connection design notes for interface forces for how to
calculate the variable r from the Uniform Force Method)
OSL bolted to column/welded to gusset -Axial load = An * r * Fv / beta_actual
Leg bolted to gusset -K = ec / An + beta_actual * gage / Sx_net
Axial load (tension) = r / ( beta_actual / (Fv*An) + K / Ft )
Page
(152) VB Gusset clip L OSL stress, with prying:
(See connection design notes for interface forces)
a = osl - osl_ga, b = osl_ga - Tf
p = Cn_depth / Row, d' = Db + 1/8 in
max a = 1.25 * b
b' = b - .5 * Db
a' = a + .5 * Db
delta = 1 - d' / p
(LRFD) M = p * Tf^2 * PHI * Fu / 4
(ASD) M = p * Tf^2 * Fu / (OMEGA * 4)
t = (1 + delta) * m / b'
Axial load = Max value of P to satisfy Hc <= 2 * t * Row
(153) Vert brace Gusset clip L OSL bolt shear:
(See connection design notes for interface forces)
Rn from J3.6 or J3.8:
Vc_allow = PHI*Rn*Row*Column*Shear
Axial load = Maximum value of P so that Vc <= Vc_allow
(154) VB Gusset clip L OSL bolt shear & ten interaction:
(See connection design notes for interface forces)
(LRFD) Fv = PHI * Rn, Rn from J3.7 or J3.8
Ft = PHI * Rn, Rn = Fnt from table J3.2
(ASD) Fv = Rn/OMEGA
Ft = Rn/OMEGA2
J3.7 & J3.9 interaction formulas apply
ft = {(Hc / Row / Column) + Q} / Ab
fv = Vc / Row / Column / Ab
Axial load = max value of P so that ft <= Ft & fv <= Fv
(155) VB Gusset clip L to gusset bolt shear:
(See connection design notes for interface forces)
Elastic method
(LRFD) Rv_allow = PHI * Rn,
Rn from J3.8 or J3.8
(ASD) Rv_allow = Rn/OMEGA,
Rn from J3.8 or J3.8
Ix = ( Row * Spa^2 * ( Row^2 - 1 ) / 12 ) * Column
Iy = ( Column * Col_spa^2 * ( Column^2 - 1 ) / 12 ) * Row
Ip = Ix + Iy
c = .5 * Spa * ( Row - 1 )
f1 = Vc / Row / Column
f2 = Vc * Ecc * Col_spa / ( 2 * Ip ), if Column > 1
f2 = 0,
if Column = 1
f3 = Hc / Row / Column + Vc * Ecc * c / Ip
Rv = SQRT[ (f1 + f2)^2 + f3^2 ]
Axial load = Max value of P to satisfy Rv <= Rv_allow
(156) VB Gusset clip L to gusset weld stress:
(See connection design notes for interface forces)
Elastic method
a = clip L leg, k = horiz weld length
l = clip L length
w = l + k + k,
total weld length
Ip = (2 * k + l)^3 / 12. - k^2 * (k + l)^2 / (2 * k + l)
x = k^2 / w, loc of cg from vert weld line
f1 = Vc / w
f2 = Vc * ( k - x ) * ( a - x ) / Ip
f3 = Vc * ( a - x ) * .5 * l / Ip
f4 = Hc / w
fr = SQRT[ ( f1 + f2 )^2 + ( f3 + f4 )^2 ]
Fw = .6 * Fexx
Table J2.5
Rn = Fw * .707 * Eff_weld
Spec J2.4
(LRFD) Fr = PHI * Rn
(ASD) Fr = Rn / OMEGA
Axial load = Max value of P so that fr <= Fr
43
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44
Page 45
(161) Wf brace, bolt bearing strength at gusset:
Lc_e = Le - .5Dh
Lc_i = Spacing - Dh
N_e = number of edge bolts
N_i = number of interior bolts
Rn_edge and Rn_int are calculated using formula (J3-6a)
with the appropriate clear distance for Lc (Lc_edge or
Lc_int) and t equals the gusset thickness.
(LRFD) F = PHI * ( Rn_e * N_e + Rn_i * N_i )
(ASD) F = ( Rn_e * N_e + Rn_i * N_i ) / OMEGA
F_web = capacity of web connection
= F evaluated using the edge distance of the web bolts
F_flg = capacity of flange connections
= F evaluated using the edge distance of the flange bolts
At = total cross-sectional area
Aw = tw * (depth - 2 * tf)
Af = bf * tf
P_total,web = F_web * At / Aw
P_total,flg = F_flg * At / (2*Af)
Axial load = MIN[ P_total,web, P_total,flg ]
(162) Wf brace, tension on net brace area:
Flange connection: Flg_deduct = Dh * Tf * 4
Web connection:
Web_deduct = Dh * Tw * 2
U from Table D3.1
An = Ag - Flg_deduct - Web_deduct
(LRFD) Tension = PHI * U * An * Fu
(ASD) Tension = U * An * Fu / OMEGA
(163) Intersecting gusset gross area:
(WF brace, web horiz. both flgs bolted to gusset)
Ag = 2 * Width * Thick
Tension yield
Ru = Fy * Ag,
J4.1
(LRFD) Axial tension = PHI * Ru
(ASD) Axial tension = Ru/OMEGA
(164) Wf brace, tension on net conn. area:
(Web Channel, no flange connection)
An = Ag_c - ( Dh * Tw_c * Web_col )
Ae = U * An * 2
Pn = Fu * Ae
tension rupture (D2-2)
(LRFD) Tension = PHI * Pn
(ASD) Tension = Pn / OMEGA
Page 46
(165)'L' Shaped weld, brace gusset to a
column and base (or cap) Pl:
(Uniform force method, with both
interfaces equally stiff, Vol II pg 7-109)
Brace W.P. at bottom of base plate.
v = weld length to col, h = weld length to Pl
theta = angle between brace and col
ec = ecc. at col, eb = ecc. at base Pl
Alpha_bar = .5 * h,
Beta_bar = .5 * v
K = eb * TAN(theta) - ec
K_prime = Alpha_bar * ( TAN(theta) + Alpha_bar / beta_bar )
D = SQR[TAN(theta)] + SQR[Alpha_bar / Beta_bar ]
term1 = SQR[ Alpha_bar / Beta_bar ]
Alpha = ( K_prime * TAN(theta) + K * term1 ) / D
Beta = ( K_prime - K * TAN(theta) ) / D
delta_alpha = Alpha_bar - Alpha
delta_beta = beta_bar - Beta
r = SQRT[ ( Alpha + ec )^2 + ( Beta + eb )^2]
Hb = Alpha*P/r, Vb = eb*P/r, Mb = Vb*delta_alpha
Vc = Beta*P/r,
Hc = ec*P/r, Mc = Hc*delta_beta
top end of vert weld:
f1 = Vc / v
f2 = Hc / v + Mc / Sx_v
toe end of horiz weld:
f1 = Vb / h + Mb / Sx_h
f2 = Hb / h
fr = SQRT[ f1^2 + f2^2 ]
(LRFD) Fr = PHI*.707 * Fw * weld size
(ASD) Fr = .707 * Fw/OMEGA * weld size
Axial load = largest value of P so that fr <= Fr
(166) Gusset shear, horiz. brace gusset to two bms:
Rn = min of gross area shear yield/net area shear rupture J4.1
Shear resistance at beam1:
(LRFD) sr1 = PHI*Rn1
(ASD) sr1 = Rn1/OMEGA
Shear resistance at beam2:
(LRFD) sr2 = PHI*Rn2
(ASD) sr2 = Rn2/OMEGA
(theta = angle between the brace and beam2)
Axial load = MIN[ sr1/SIN(theta), sr2/COS(theta)]
(167) Gusset stress at cope, horiz. brace gusset
connecting to two beams:
Refer to misc design note 33;
theta = the angle between brace and bm 1
At beam 1:
tau = P * cos(theta) / (b * t ), Sx = t*b^2 / 6
sigma = P * cos(theta) * ecc / Sx
P1 = max P to satisfy the yield criterion
At beam 2:
tau = P* sin(theta) / (b * t ), Sx = t*b^2 / 6
sigma = P * sin(theta) * ecc / Sx
P2 = max P to satisfy the yield criterion
Axial load = MIN[ P1, P2]
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47
Page 48
(172) Tension loaded end pl or clip L OSL -- gross shear:
(LRFD) Fv_allow = PHI*Rn,
Rn = shear yielding from J4.2
(ASD) Fv_allow = Rn/OMEGA
Fv_allow^2 = fv_shear^2 + fv_tension^2 )
Ag = Conn_depth * t * 2
K = SQR[ Fv ] - SQR[ ten_load / Ag ]
Load = SQRT[ K ] * Ag
(173) Tension loaded end pl or clip L OSL -- net shear:
(LRFD) Fv_allow = PHI*Rn,
Rn = shear rupture from J4.2
(ASD) Fv_allow = Rn/OMEGA
Fv_allow^2 = fv_shear^2 + fv_tension^2 )
An = (Conn_depth - Row * Dh) * t * 2
K = SQR[ Fv ] - SQR[ ten_load / An ]
Load = SQRT[ K ] * An
(174) Col. web local bending stress (axially loaded end pl or clip L):
(Tw, Depth & K_dist are column dimensions)
Moment at point of loads and ends, Table 3-23, case 16
c = Distance between the top & bot bolts
l = c + 12 * Tw; effective web length
For a 1 inch wide strip of web, with fixed ends:
Zx = SQR[Tw] / 4
L = Depth - 2*K_dist, a = .5(L - Gage)
Mp from section F2, Flexure
(LRFD) P = PHI*Mp * /Zx * L / a(L-a)
(ASD) P = Mp/OMEGA * /Zx * L / a(L-a)
Axial load = 2 * P * l
(175) Col/Bm web local bending stress, single brace gusset
welded to web with no member framing opposite:
Design of Welded Structures - Blodgett, pg 6.6-7
d = gusset_length, e = 12tw, Zx = SQR[Tw]/4.
L = depth - 2 * k_dist
Mp from section F2, Flexure
(LRFD) K = 8*Mp/OMEGA * Zx (d+e)/[L(1 + 6Ecc/(d+2e)]
(ASD) K = 8*PHI*Mp * Zx (d+e)/[L(1 + 6Ecc/(d+2e)]
theta = angle between brace and member
Axial load = K / SIN[theta]
(176) Supporting bm web local stress (axially loaded end pl or clip L:
a = bottom conn hole to toe of fillet
b = dist between top & bot conn holes
c = top conn hole to toe of filler
L = a + b + c
l = conn gage + 12 * tw, effective web width
M = moment on a 1 in. wide strip of web, length L
fixed ends, with a uniform load located over b
w = load, kips per inch, on length b
Zx = l * Tw^2 / 6
Mp = Fy*Zx
Section F2, flexure
(LRFD) w = largest load to satisfy M/Zx <= PHI*Mn
(ASD) w = largest load to satisfy M/Zx <= Mn/OMEGA
Axial load = w * l * b
(177) Column flange bending stress, tension
loaded clip L or end pl connection:
(AISC page 9-10)
p = Spacing
d'= Db + 1/16 (Db + 2 mm)
Delta = 1 - d' / p
(LRFD) M = p * Tf^2 * PHI * Fu / 4
section F2 flexure
(ASD)
M = p * Tf^2 * Fu / (OMEGA * 4)
T = (1 + Delta) * M / b'
Tension = 2 * Row * T
Page
(178) HSS brace to gusset weld:
(Brace notched to fit over gusset)
AISC Manual J2.4
Ww = fillet weld size, We = Ww - 1/16
Aw =4(.707) We * Lw
Rn = Fw*Aw, Fw = .6 * Fexx
t1 = 1.06 * Fexx*Ww / Fy_plate, HSS Manual pg 6-28
when gusset pl thick < t1: Rn = Rn *t/t1
(LRFD) Axial load = PHI * Rn
(ASD) Axial load = Rn / OMEGA
(179) HSS brace net area tension:
An = Ag - 2Tw * (Guss_thick + 1/8)
Ae = An * U
U = 1 - x_bar / L
Round HSS, x_bar = D / PI
Rect. HSS, x_bar = (B^2 + 2BH)/4(B+H)
where: H = tube dim parallel to gusset
B = tube dim perp to gusset
Pn = Fu * Ae,
D3
(LRFD) Axial load = PHI * Pn
(ASD) Axial load = Pn/OMEGA
(180) HSS brace gross area:
Pn = Fy * Ag,
D2
(LRFD) Axial load = PHI * Pn
(ASD) Axial load = Pn/OMEGA
(181) HSS brace gusset block shear (brace welded to gusset):
Agv = 2. * weld length * t
Agt = brace width * t
Rn = block shear strength, J4.3
(LRFD) Axial load = PHI * Rn
(ASD) Axial load = Rn/OMEA
(182) HSS brace tearout (brace welded to gusset):
Ag = 4 * weld_len * Tw
Shear yield Rn = .6 * Fy * Ag,
J4.2
(LRFD) Axial load = PHI * Rn
(ASD) Axial load = Rn/OMEGA
(183) Perp. to bm. horiz. L brace gusset block shear:
One column:
L shaped failure pattern
Rn = block shear strength,
J4.3
Two columns:
Minimum of
Rn = block
(LRFD) Axial
(ASD)
Axial
49
Page
*
*
*
=
Fb * Zx / ( 2. * sqr(a) * sqr(b)) / K
Fb * Zx / (a * b^2) / K
Fb * Zx / (b * a^2) / K
MIN[p1,p2,p2]/SIN[theta]
50
Page
(188) Clip L to gusset bolt bearing:
(See connection design notes for UFM interface forces)
ecc = dist from heel of angle to bolt line
f_pa = force parallel to angle's longitudinal axis
f_pr = force perpendicular to angle's longitudinal axis
nb = number of bolts
Ip = polar moment of inertia of bolt group
Brace connecting to a col & beam:
At beam: f_pa = Hb, f_pr = Vb, Mom = Mb
At column: f_pa = Vc, f_pr = Hc, Mom = Mc
total_m = Mom + f_pa*ecc
f1 = f_pa/nb + total_m * (column - 1)*col_spa * .5/Ip
f2 = f_pr/nb + total_m * (row - 1)*spacing * .5/ Ip
Rv = SQRT( f1^2 + f2^2 )
Rn from Spec J3.10)
(LRFD) Axial load = maximum P to satisfy Rv <= PHI*Rn
(ASD) Axial load = maximum P to satisfy Rv <= Rn/OMEGA
51
Page 52
(190) Clip L to support bolt shear and tension:
(If there are 4 columns of bolts, only the 2 inside columns
are effective for tension.)
(See connection design notes for UFM interface forces)
Q = prying force
Ab = bolt cross-sectional area
f_pa = force parallel to angle's longitudinal axis
f_pr = force perpendicular to angle's longitudinal axis
Ix = moment of inertia of the inside bolt columns
= (Row * Spa^2 * (Row^2 - 1) / 12) * 2
Sx = 2 * Ix / (Spa * (Row - 1))
Brace connecting to a col & beam:
At beam: f_pa = Hb, f_pr = Vb, Mom = Mb
At column: f_pa = Vc, f_pr = Hc, Mom = Mc
ft = applied tensile stress
= (f_pr / Row / 2 + Q) / Ab + Mom / Sx / Ab
fv = applied shear stress
= f_pa / (Row * Column * Ab)
Calculate the allowable tensile stress, F'nt, given fv and
the allowable shear stress, F'nv, given ft using formula
(J3-3a) for LRFD or (J3-3b) for ASD.
Axial load = maximum P to satisfy ft <= F'nt and fv <= F'nv
(191) Clip L bending stress and prying
(If there are 4 columns of bolts, only the 2 inside columns
are effective for tension.)
Calculate the allowable tension on a bolt:
Ix = moment of inertia of the inside bolt columns
= Row * Spa^2 * (Row^2 - 1) * Column / 12
Sx = Ix / (Spa * (Row - 1))
a = osl - osl_ga,
b = osl_ga - .5 * angle thick
p = Conn_depth / Row,
d' = Db + 1/8 in
max a = 1.25 * b
b' = b - .5 * Db
a' = a + .5 * Db
delta = 1 - d' / p
(LRFD) M = p * Tf^2 * PHI * Fu / 4
(ASD) M = p * Tf^2 * Fu / (OMEGA * 4)
t_allow = (1 + delta) * m / b'
Calculate the actual tension on a bolt for a given P:
(See connection design notes for UFM interface forces)
f_pr = force perpendicular to angle's longitudinal axis
Brace connecting to a col & beam:
At beam: f_pr = Vb, Mom = Mb
At column: f_pr = Hc, Mom = Mc
t_direct per bolt = f_pr / Row / Column
t_bending per bolt = Mom / Sx
t_total = t_direct + t_bending
Axial load = maximum P such that total_t <= t_allow
(192) Clip L to support bolt bearing
(See connection design notes for UFM interface forces)
f_pa = force parallel to angle's longitudinal axis
Brace connecting to a col & beam:
At beam: f_pa = Hb
At column: f_pa = Vc
Calculate Rn_e and Rn_i (for edge and interior bolts) using
section J3.10.
(LRFD) V_allow = PHI * (Rn_e + Rn_i * (Row - 1)) * Column * Shear
(ASD) V_allow = (Rn_e + Rn_i * (Row - 1)) * Column * Shear / OMEGA
Axial load = maximum P such that f_pa <= V_allow
Page
53
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54
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55
Page 56
(208) W Column splice, flange Pl net/gross area:
net_w = Pl_w - 2 * dh <= .85 * Pl_w
An = t * net_w, Ag = t * Pl_w
tension yielding Rn, J4.1;
tension rupture Rn J4.1
compression Pn
J4.4
LRFD:
F = MIN[ PHI*Rn_yield - Flg_ten,
PHI*Rn_rupture - Flg_ten,
PHI*Pn - Flg_comp ]
ASD:
F = MIN[ Rn_yield/OMEGA - Flg_ten,
Rn_rupture/OMEGA - Flg_ten,
Pn/OMEGA - Flg_comp ]
La = D_column + t
kmf = fraction of moment carried by flanges = 1 - I_web / Ix
Flange_mom = F * La
Moment = Flange_mom / kmf
(increase limited by web conn's gross moment capacity)
(209) W Column splice, bolt brg on flange Pl:
N_e = number of edge bolts, one side of splice
N_i = number of interior bolts, one side of splice
La = D_column + t
Rn is calculated using J3.10)
kmf = fraction of moment carried by flanges = 1 - I_web / Ix
Flange_mom = PHI * ( Rn_e*N_e + Rn_i*N_i ) * La
For axial tension reduce moment by: Flg_ten * La
where Flg_ten = the flange portion of the tensile force
Moment = Flange_mom / kmf
(increase limited by web conn's gross moment capacity)
(210) W Column splice bolt brg on flange:
N = number of bolts on one side of splice
La = D_column - Tf
Rn is calculated using J3.10
kmf = fraction of moment carried by flanges = 1 - I_web / Ix
Flange_mom = PHI * ( Rn_e*N_e + Rn_i*N_i ) * La
For axial tension reduce moment by: Flg_ten * La
where Flg_ten = the flange portion of the tensile force
Moment = Flange_mom / kmf
(increase limited by web conn's gross moment capacity)
(211) W net section allowable moment with axial tension:
Afg = Bf * Tf
Afn = (Bf - 2 * Dh) * Tf
Mn from F2 or F13.1
(LRFD) Moment = (PHI*Mn
(ASD) Moment = (Mn/OMEGA
Page
(212) Beam moment connection PL to column flange weld:
Fillet weld -Fw = .6Fexx(1.0 + .5 Sin^1.5(Theta))
(J2.5)
Theta = 90 degrees
Eff_weld = PHI*Fy * t/(.707 * 2 * PHI * Fw * Factor)
<= actual fillet size
Aw = .707 * weld leg * weld length
Rn = Fw * Aw
(LRFD) f = PHI * Rn
(ASD) f = Rn/OMEGA
CJP weld -Ag = t * flg width
Rn = Fy*Ag, tension yield, J4.1
(LRFD) f = PHI * Rn
(ASD) f = Rn/OMEGA
57
Moment = f * (D + t)
For axial load reduce moment by: Ff*(D+t)
where Ff = the maximum flange force.
(213) Extended clip L, supported mbr web bolt shear:
Eccentricity considered --- Elastic method
AISC Manual, 8th ed, page 4-58
n = Row - 1, bolt is skipped on 1 row
C = vert dist from bolt group n/a to extreme bolt
t1 = SQR[ La_x * C / Ip ]
t2 = (1/(Column*n) + La*Col_spa/(2*Ip))^2
(LRFD) Rv = PHI * Rn * Shear,
J3.6, J3.8
(ASD) Rv = Rn/OMEGA * Shear,
J3.6, J3.8
Load = SQRT[ SQR[Rv]/(t1 + t2)]
(214) Extended clip L, supported mbr web bolt bearing:
Eccentricity considered --- Elastic
method AISC Manual, 8th ed, page 4-58
n = Row - 1, bolt is skipped on 1 row
C = vert dist from bolt group n/a to extreme bolt
t1 = SQR[ La_x * C / Ip ]
t2 = 1/(Column*n) + La*Col_spa/(2*Ip)
t2 = SQR[ t2 ]
(LRFD) Rv = PHI * Rn * Shear,
J3.10
(ASD) Rv = Rn/OMEGA * Shear,
J3.10
Load = SQRT[ SQR[Rv]/(t1 + t2)]
(215) HSS brace gusset Whitmore area yield stress:
delta = Weld_len * TAN(30)
Ws = H + 2*delta
Rn = Fy * Ag,
Ag = t * Ws, tension yield J4.1
(LRFD) Axial Load = PHI * Rn
(ASD) Axial Load = Rn/OMEGA
(216) HSS brace gusset plate buckling stress:
Brace field welded to gusset:
delta = Weld_len * TAN(30)
Ws = H + 2*delta
H = HSS dim parallel to the gusset
Fcr from E7, see misc note 36 for eff. length factor K
Ag = Ws * t
Pn = Fcr * Ag,
(E7-1)
(LRFD) Axial Load = PHI * Pn
(ASD) Axial Load = Pn/OMEGA
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58
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(227) HSS brace, welded Pl Tee ftg., tee stem to cap Pl weld:
Fw = .6Fexx*(1 + .5 SIN(90)^1.5)
Eff throat = PHI * Fy * t / (2 * Fw)
<= .707 * Weld leg size
Rn = Fw * Eff weld throat
(LRFD) Fr = PHI * Rn
(ASD) Fr = Rn/OMEGA
Axial load = Fr * 2. * Stem Pl width
(228) HSS brace, welded Pl Tee ftg., tee stem block shear:
One column of bolts:
Ant = t(L_eh - .5 * Dh)
Anv = t(Le + S*(Row - 1) - (Row - .5)Dh)
Anv = t(Le + S*(Row - 1))
Odd number of columns of bolts greater than 1:
Ant = t(S_col - Dh) * (Column - 1)
Anv = 2t(Le + S*(Row - 1) - (Row - .5)Dh)
Anv = 2t(Le + S*(Row - 1))
Even number of column of bolts:
Ant = MIN[ t(S_col - Dh) * (Column - 1),
t((W - S_col) - (Column - 1)*Dh)]
Anv = 2t(Le + S*(Row - 1) - (Row - .5)Dh)
Anv = 2t(Le + S*(Row - 1))
Rn from J4.3
(LRFD) Axial load = PHI * Rn
(ASD) Axial load = Rn / OMEGA
(229) HSS brace, welded Pl Tee ftg., cap PL to tube weld:
Fw = .6Fexx(1 + .5 SIN(90)^1.5)
Rn = Fw * Eff_throat * L
L = 2(5Tc + Ts + 2Ws)
(LRFD) Axial load = PHI * Fw
(ASD) Axial load = Fw/OMEGA
(230) HSS brace, welded Pl Tee ftg., guss. or tee stem buckling:
Fcr from E22
See misc note 36 for effective length factor K
Ecc = (T_gusset + Ts) /2
Ew = Stem pl width; (stem pl width + 1 for guss Pl)
Zx = Ew * SQR[t] / 4
Mn = Fy * Zx
Pn = Fcr * Ag
Mu = Pu * .5 * Ecc
Axial load = Largest value of Pu to satisfy
AISC equations (H1-1a) & (H1-1b)
(231) HSS brace, welded Pl Tee ftg., cap plate shear:
PHI = .75
U = Ts + 2Ws
(LRFD) Rn_1 = PHI * Rn,
shear rupture
J4.2
Rn_2 = PHI * Rn,
tension rupture J4.1
(ASD) Rn_1 = Rn/OMEGA,
shear rupture
J4.2
Rn_2 = Rn/OMEGA,
tension rupture J4.1
Axial Load = 2(Ws*Tc * Rn_1 + Tw_hss * U * Rn_2
(232) HSS brace, welded Pl tee ftg., tube wall strength:
Ws = stem to cap pl weld leg size
B = width of HSS wall loaded by the tee stem
Ae = 2Tw(5*Tc + Ts + 2Ws) <= 2*B*Tw
Rn = local yielding, from (K1-14a)
(LRFD) Axial load = PHI*Rn
(ASD) Axial load = Rn/OMEGA
59
Page
(233) VB Gusset - column flange stress, with prying:
(See connection design notes for interface forces)
a = .5*(Col flg ga - tw), b = clip gage - clip thick
p = Cn_depth / Row, d' = Db + 1/8 in
max a = 1.25 * b
b' = b - .5 * Db
a' = a + .5 * Db
delta = 1 - d' / p
(LRFD) m = p * Tf^2 * PHI * Fu / 4., section F flexure
(ASD) m = p * Tf^2 * Fu / (OMEGA * 4)
t = (1 + delta) * m / b'
Axial load = Max value of P to satisfy Hc <= 2 * t * Row
60
(234) Beam splice with axial load and moment, web bolt shear:
n = number of web bolts
t = web portion of axial load
m = web portion of moment load
p = vertical load at splice
f1 = p/n + ( m + p*Ecc ) * ( Column - 1 ) * Col_spa * .5 / Ip
f2 = T/n + ( m + p*Ecc ) * ( Row - 1 ) * S * .5 / Ip
Rn from J3.6, J3.8
(LRFD)
Rv = PHI * Rn * shear
(ASD)
Rv = Rn/OMEGA * shear
Load = max p for SQRT[f1^2 + f2^2] <= Rv
(235) Beam/column splice with axial load, web bolt bearing:
n = number of web bolts
T = web portion of axial load
p = vertical load at splice
M = web portion of moment
rv_x = p/n + (M+p*Ecc)*(Column-1)Col_spa *.5 / Ip
rv_y = T/n + (M+p*Ecc)*(Row-1)*S *.5 / Ip
Rn_x and Rn_y are calculated using J3.10
(LRFD) Load = max p for (rv_x/(PHI*Rn_x))^2 + (rv_y/(PHI*Rn_y))^2 <= 1.0
(ASD) Load = max p for (rv_x/Rn_x/OMEGA)^2 + (rv_y/Rn_y/OMEGA)^2 <= 1.0
(236) Beam splice with axial load, web plate gross area stress:
Shear, axial interaction: fv/Fv + fa/Fa <= 1
T = web portion of tension force
C = web portion of compression force
(LRFD) Fv = PHI*Rn shear yield J4.2
Ft = PHI*Rn tension yield J4.1
Fc = PHI_c*Fcr
(ASD) Fv = Rn/OMEGA shear yield J4.2
Ft = Rn/OMEGA tension yield J4.1
Fc = Fcr/OMEGA
K=.65, l=dist between inside bolt cols.
for Fcr calculation.
Tension load check -tmp = 1/(Ag*Fv) + Ecc/(Sx*Ft)
Ru_t = (1 - T/(Ag*Ft) ) / tmp
Compression load check-tmp = 1/(Ag*Fv) + Ecc/(Sx*Fc)
Ru_c = (1 - C/(Ag*Fc) ) / tmp
Load = MIN[Ru_t, Ru_c]
Page
(237) Beam splice with axial load, web plate net area stress:
Shear, axial interaction: fv/Fv + fa/Fa <= 1
T = web portion of tension force
C = web portion of compression force
(LRFD) Fv = PHI*Rn shear rupture J4.2
Ft = PHI*Rn tension rupture J4.1
Fc = PHI_c*Fcr
(ASD) Fv = Rn/OMEGA shear rupture J4.2
Ft = Rn/OMEGA tension rupture J4.1
Fc = Fcr/OMEGA
K=.65, l = dist between inside bolt cols.
for Fcr calculation.
Tension load check -tmp = 1/(An*Fv) + Ecc/(Sx_net*Ft)
Ru_t = (1 - T/(An*Ft) ) / tmp
Compression load check-tmp = 1/(An*Fv) + Ecc/(Sx_net*Fc)
Ru_c = (1 - C/(An*Fc) ) / tmp
Load = MIN[Ru_t, Ru_c]
61
Page 62
(242) W brace, web horiz, support flg local bending stress:
theta = acute angle between brace and support member
Ecc = .5 * Brace depth - support mbr k1 dist.
Eff flg length = guss length + 2Ecc*Tan(30)
Zx = Eff flange length * Tf^2 / 4
(LRFD) Axial load = PHI*Mn * 2. / (Ecc * SIN(theta) ),
F11/1
(ASD) Axial load = Mn/OMEGA * 2. / (Ecc * SIN(theta) ),
F11/1
(243) W brace, web horiz, to bm & col, beam flg local bending:
(See connection design notes for interface forces)
Ecc = .5 * Brace depth - bm k1 dist.
Eff flg length = guss length + Ecc*Tan(30)
Zx = Eff flg length * Tf_bm^2 / 4
Axial load = Max P so that
(LRFD)
.5 * Vb * Ecc <= Mn = PHI*Mp,
F11.1
(ASD)
.5 * Vb * Ecc <= Mn = Mp/OMEGA, F11.1
(244) W brace, web horiz, to bm & col, column flg local bending:
(See connection design notes for interface forces)
Ecc = .5 * Brace depth - col k1 dist.
Eff flg length = guss width + 2*Ecc*Tan(30)
Zx = Eff flg length * Tf_col^2 / 4
Axial load = Max P so that:
(LRFD)
.5 * Hc * Ecc <= Mn = PHI*Mp,
F11.1
(ASD)
.5 * Hc * Ecc <= Mn = Mp/OMEGA,
F11.1
(245) W brace, web horz, to bm & col, guss gross stress at bm:
(See connection design notes for interface forces)
Eff guss length = conn angle length
ft = Vb / Agt + Mb / Sx
fv = Hb / Agv
(LRFD) Axial load = Max P so that ft/PHI*Rn + fv/PHI*Rn <=1
(ASD) Axial load = Max P so that ft/(Rn/OMEGA) + fv/(Rn/OMEGA) <=1
(246) W brace, web horz, to bm & col, guss gross stress at col:
(See connection design notes for interface forces)
Eff guss length = conn angle/bar length
ft = Hc / Agt + Mc / Sx
fv = Vc / Agv
(LRFD) Axial load = Max P so that ft/PHI*Rn + fv/PHI*Rn <=1
(ASD) Axial load = Max P so that ft/(Rn/OMEGA) + fv/(Rn/OMEGA) <=1
(247) W brace, web horz, to bm & col, guss net stress at bm:
(See connection design notes for interface forces)
Eff guss length = conn angle length
ft = Vb / Ant + Mb / Sx_net
fv = Hb / Anv
(LRFD) Axial load = Max P so that ft/PHI*Rn + fv/PHI*Rn <=1
(ASD) Axial load = Max P so that ft/(Rn/OMEGA) + fv/(Rn/OMEGA) <=1
(248) W brace, web horz, to bm & col, guss net stress at col:
(See connection design notes for interface forces)
Eff guss length = conn angle/bar length
ft = Hc / Ant + Mc / Sx_net
fv = Vc / Anv
(LRFD) Axial load = Max P so that ft/PHI*Rn + fv/PHI*Rn <=1
(ASD) Axial load = Max P so that ft/(PHI/OMEGA) + fv/(Rn/OMEGA) <=1
(249) W brace, web horz, to bm & col, guss L OSL stress:
(See connection design notes for interface forces)
T_allow from angle failure mode including prying
N = number of bolts in connection
Clip angles at
T_applied =
Clip angles at
T_applied =
Page
63
Page
64
(Tw/Tf)^1.5 ] * SQRT[ Fy * Tf / Tw ]
Page 65
(261) Beam local web crippling under vert. brace gusset:
(Brace gusset connecting to a col and beam.)
Refer to misc connection design notes for interface forces.
N = gusset length
A_web = Tw * N,
Sx_web = Tw * N * N / 6
For N/d <= .2
Rn = 68 * Tw^2 * [ 1 + 3 * (N/D) * (Tw/Tf)^1.5 ] * SQRT[ Fy *Tf / Tw ]
For N/d > .2
Rn = 68 * Tw^2 * [ 1 + ( 4 * N/D - .2 ) * (Tw/Tf)^1.5 ] * SQRT[ Fy * Tf / Tw ]
(LRFD) Fp = PHI * Rn / A_web
(ASD) Fp = Rn / A_web / OMEGA
fp = Vb / A_web + Mb / Zx_web
Axial load = maximum P to satisfy fp <= Fp
(262) Not used
(263) HSS gross shear:
H = overall height
t = design wall thickness
h = H - 3t
Aw = 2 * H * t
(i) h/t <= 2.45 * SQRT[ E / Fy ]
Fn = .6 * Fy
(ii) h/t <= 3.07 * SQRT[ E / Fy ]
Fn = .6 * Fy * ( 2.45 * SQRT[ E / Fy ] / (h/t)
(iii) h/t <= 260
Fn = .458 * PI^2 * E / SQR[h/t]
(LRFD) Load = PHI * Fn * Aw
(ASD) Load = Fn * Aw / OMEGA
Page
66
Round HSS
D = HSS diameter
Rn = Qf * 5.5 * Fy * t^2 / ( 1 - .81 * b1 / D )
(LRFD) F1 = PHI * Rn;
PHI = .9
(ASD) F1 = Rn / OMEGA;
OMEGA = 1.67
Rectangular HSS
Rn = 10 * Fy * t * b1 / ( B / t )
(LRFD) F1 = PHI * Rn;
PHI = .95
(ASD) F1 = Rn / Omega;
OMEGA = 1.58
When b1 >= B - 2 * corner_radius
Web yielding
Rn = 2 * Fy * t * ( 5 * k + lb ),
= 2 * Fy * t * ( 2.5 * k + lb );
(LRFD) F2 = PHI * Rn;
PHI = 1
(ASD) F2 = Rn / OMEGA;
OMEGA = 1.5
or
at end of HSS
Web crippling
Rn = 1.6 * t^2 * [ 1 + 3 * lb / h ] * SQRT[ E * Fy ]
(LRFD) F3 = PHI * Rn;
PHI = .75
(ASD) F3 = Rn / OMEGA;
OMEGA = 1.5
When .85 * B < b1 < B - 2t:
bep = 10 * b1 / ( B / t ) <= b1
Rn = .6 * Fy * t * ( 2 * t1 + 2 * bep )
(LRFD) F4 = PHI * Rn;
PHI = .75
(ASD) F4 = Rn / OMEGA;
OMEGA = 2
Load = MIN[ F1, F2, F3, F4 ]
Page
Round HSS
Rn = Qf * 5.5 * Fy * t^2 / ( 1 + .25 * lb / D )
(LRFD) F1 = PHI * Rn;
PHI = .9
(ASD) F1 = Rn / OMEGA;
OMEGA = 1.67
Rectangular HSS
term1 = Fy * t^2 / ( 1 term2 = 2 * lb / B + 4 *
Rn = term1 * term2 * Qf
(LRFD) F1 = PHI * Rn;
(ASD) F1 = Rn / OMEGA;
Shear strength:
Aw = 2 * lb * t
Rn = .6 * Fy * Aw
(LRFD) F2 = PHI * Rn;
(ASD) F2 = Rn / OMEGA;
tp / B )
SQRT[ 1 - tp / B ]
PHI = 1
OMEGA = 1.5
PHI = .9
OMEGA = 1.67
67
Page
(LRFD)
Rn_n = PHI * Pn,
(Pn = Fu * Ae, tension rupture
(ASD)
Rn_n = PHI * Pn/OMEGA,
(Pn = Fu * Ae, tension rupture
Axial load = Rn_n
(270) V brace, guss shr tab weld to col:
(guss to col and beam)
ew = eccentricity of load
mom = vc * ecc
f1 = vc / weld_len
f2 = 0
f3 = mom * (weld_len / 2) / Ix
f4 = hc / weld_len
fr = SQRT[ (f1 + f2)^2 + (f3 + f4)^2 ]
Fw = .6 * Fexx
Table J2.5
Rn = Fw * .707 * Eff_weld
Spec J2.4
(LRFD) Fr = PHI * Rn
(ASD) Fr = Rn / OMEGA
Load = 2 * Fr / fr
(271) H brace guss to L bolt shr
(guss clip L to bm web conn)
ex = eccentricity in the x direction
ey = eccentricity in the y direction
(LRFD) Rv = PHI * Rn,
J3.6,8
(ASD) Rv = Rn/OMEGA,
num = Row * Column
dx = Spa * (Row - 1) / 2
dy = Col_spa * (Column - 1) / 2
px = P * cos(Phi)
py = P * sin(Phi)
mom = abs( px * ey - py * ex )
fx = px / num + mom * dy / Ip
fy = py / num + mom * dx / Ip
fv = SQRT( fx^2 + fy^2 )
Axial load = maximum P to satisfy fv <= Rv
68
Page
Table J2.5
Spec J2.4
69
Page
70
Page
71
Page
(281) Bolted moment connection with HSS column:
(Flange plate Tension / Compression)
Capacity at last bolt row:
Eff_width = MIN[ whitmore width, overall plate width ]
t = Thickness of the flange plate
Ag = t * Eff_width
An = t * ( Eff_width - 2 * Dh )
(LRFD) F1 = PHI * Ag * Fy (compression)
F2 = PHI * Ag * Fy (gross tension)
F3 = PHI * An * Fu (net tension)
(ASD) F1 = Ag * Fy / OMEGA (compression)
F2 = Ag * Fy / OMEGA (gross tension)
F3 = An * Fu / OMEGA (net tension)
Ff,bolt = MIN[ F1, F2, F3 ]
Capacity at notch:
Ag = 2 * t * w_s
(LRFD) F1 = PHI * Ag * Fy (compression)
F2 = PHI * Ag * Fy (gross tension)
(ASD) F1 = Ag * Fy / OMEGA (compression)
F2 = Ag * Fy / OMEGA (gross tension)
Ff,notch = MIN[ F1, F2 ]
72
Page 73
(286) End plate bolt shear strength, HSS beam with axial load:
Tb = applied tension per bolt with prying from formula 284
Slip-critical bolts:
Fv = allowable shear load per bolt calculated using
interaction equation in Section J3.9
Bearing bolts:
Fv = allowable shear load per bolt calculated using
interaction equations in Section J3.7
Load = Fv * Ab * number of bolts
(287) Block shear rupture strength, with applied axial tension:
AISC specification section J4.3
t1 = thickness required for axial tension, J4.3
t2 = thickness required for shear,
J4.3
Elliptical interaction.....
Reqd T = SQRT( t1^2 + t2^2 )
Load = Applied shear * conn_thick / Reqd T
(288) Flush and Extended Moment End Plate connection strength:
Refer to AISC design guide 16, analysis flow chart, for PHI
factors, definitions and calculation of variables.
Plate yielding:
Mpl = PHIb * Fypl * tp^2 *
(LRFD) M1 = PHIb * Mpl;
(ASD) M1 = Mpl / OMEGAb;
Bolt rupture, no prying:
Mnp = 2Pt * SUM(dn)
(LRFD) M2 = PHIbr * Mnp;
(ASD) M2 = Mnp / OMEGAbr;
(LRFD) M3 = PHI * Mq;
(ASD) M3 = Mq / OMEGA;
Y
PHIb = .9
OMEGAb = 1.67
PHIbr = .75
OMEGAbr = 2
PHI = .75
OMEGA = 2
M2 < M1 / 1.11
Moment = MIN[ M2, M1 / gamma r ]
Thick PL behavior controlled by bolt rupture
M2 >= M1 / 1.11
M1 / gamma r < M3
Moment = M3; Thin PL behavior controlled by bolt rupture
M1 / gamma r > M3
Moment = M1 / gamma r; Thin PL behavior controlled by PL yielding
For axial load reduce moment by: Ff * (Depth - Tf)
where Ff = the maximum flange force.
(289) Shear tee flange bolts, shear/tension interaction:
rigid support
n = number of bolts
n_prime = num of bolts above the NA
d_m = moment arm between the resultant ten and comp force
Pu = connection shear force
e = eccentricity of Vf from the tee flange
r_uv = applied shear load per bolt
= Pu / n
r_ut = applied tension load per bolt
= Pu * e / ( 2 * n_prime * d_m )
Load = maximum Pu so that the interaction equation of
Section J3.7 or J3.9 is satisfied
Page 74
(290) Shear tee flange strength, bending with prying:
rigid support
AISC manual page 7-12
n = number of bolts
n_prime = num of bolts above the NA
d_m = moment arm between the resultant ten and comp force
Pu = connection shear force
e = eccentricity of Pu from the tee flange
r_ut = Pu * e / ( 2 * n_prime * d_m )
p = conn length / number of bolt rows
b = 0.5 * ( gage - Tw_tee )
a = 0.5 * ( Bf_tee - gage )
b' = b - 0.5 * Db
a' = a + 0.5 * Db
d' = Db + 2 mm
delta = 1 - d' / p
rho = b' / a'
beta = ( 1 / rho ) * ( Tr / Pf - 1 )
if beta <= 1,
alpha' = MIN[ 1, ( 1 / delta ) * ( beta / ( 1 - beta ) ) ]
otherwise,
alpha' = 1
(LRFD)
t_req'd = SQRT( 4 * r_ut * b' / ( p * PHI * Fu * ( 1 + delta * alpha' ) ) )
(ASD)
t_req'd = SQRT( 4 * r_ut * b' / ( p * ( Fu / OMEGA ) * ( 1 + delta * alpha' ) ) )
Load = Maximum Pu so that t_req'd <= Tf
(291) Horizontal clip angle with axial load, web bolt shear:
eccentricity not considered
Rn from J.3.6 or J3.8
(LRFD)
Axial Load = PHI * Rn * Row * Column * Shear
(ASD)
Axial Load = Rn/OMEGA * Row * Column * Shear
(292) Horizontal clip angle with axial load, bolt bearing:
eccentricity not considered
N_e = number of edge bolts
Lc = Le - .5Dh
Rn_e = Rn, J3.10
N_i = number of interior bolts
Lc = Spacing - Dh
Rn_i = Rn, J3.10
(LRFD) Load = PHI(Rn_e * N_e + Rn_i * N_i) * Shear
(ASD) Load = (Rn_e * N_e + Rn_i * N_i)/OMEGA * Shear
(293) Col. web local bending stress (axially loaded hoiz. clip L):
Tw, Depth & K_dist are column dimensions
c = Distance between the top & bot bolts
l = c + 12 * Tw; effective web length
For a 1 inch wide strip of web, with fixed ends:
Sx = SQR[Tw] / 6
L = Depth - 2*K_dist,
length of 1 inch beam strip
d = spacing * ( row - 1 ),
length of distributed load
a = .5 * ( L - d )
(LRFD) P = 12 * ( PHI * Fy ) * Sx * L / ( L^2 + 2aL - 2a^2 )
(ASD) P = 12 * ( Fy / OMEGA ) * Sx * L / ( L^2 + 2al - 2a^2 )
Axial load = P * l
Page
(294) Horizontal beam web to clip L weld stress:
side = 2 for a two sided clip
Min_web = .707 * PHI * Fw * Weld_size * side / Fv_web
Web_factor = MIN[ Tw / Min_web, 1 ]
(LRFD) Fr = PHI * Rn,
J2
(ASD) Fr = Rn/OMEGA,
J2
L = conn_depth + 2 * ( conn_width - conn_stbk )
Axial Load = Fr * L * side * Web_factor
75
Page 76
(296) (cont'd)
Bolted angle:
(LRFD) Rv = PHI * 0.6 * Fy * ( A1 + A2 )
(ASD) Rv = 0.6 * Fy * ( A1 + A2 ) / OMEGA
Coped top AND bottom A1 = tw * conn_depth
A2 = 0
A3 = tw * ( row - 1 )( spacing - Dh )
A4 = 0
(LRFD) Rt = PHI * Fu * A3
(ASD) Rt = Fu * A3 / OMEGA
Coped top OR bottom A1 = tw * conn_depth
A2 = tw * ( conn_width - setback )
A3 = tw * ( row - 1 )( spacing - Dh )
A4 = tw * [( Lh - 0.5 * Dh ) + ( column - 1 )( col_spa - Dh )]
(LRFD) Rt = PHI * Fu * A3 + PHI * 0.6 * Fu * A4
(ASD) Rt = Fu * A3 / OMEGA + 0.6 * Fu * A4 / OMEGA
Uncoped A1 = tw * conn_depth
A2 = 2 * tw * ( conn_width - setback )
A3 = tw * ( row - 1 )( spacing - Dh )
A4 = 2 * tw * [( Lh - 0.5 * Dh ) + ( column - 1 )( col_spa - Dh )]
(LRFD) Rt = PHI * Fu * A3 + PHI * 0.6 * Fu * A4
(ASD) Rt = Fu * A3 / OMEGA + 0.6 * Fu * A4 / OMEGA
t_check = Rv * SQRT[ 1 - ( Ten load / Rt )^2 ]
Compression load ---(LRFD) Rv = PHI * 0.6 * Fy * ( A1 + A2 )
(ASD) Rv = 0.6 * Fy * ( A1 + A2 ) / OMEGA
Coped top AND bottom A1 = tw * conn_depth
A2 = 0
Coped top OR bottom A1 = tw * conn_depth
A2 = tw * ( conn_depth - setback )
Uncoped A1 = tw * conn_depth
A2 = 2 * tw * ( conn_depth - setback )
Welded angle:
A3 = tw * conn_depth
Bolted angle:
A3 = tw * ( row - 1 ) * spacing
(LRFD) Rc = PHI * Fy * A3
(ASD) Rc = Fy * A3 / OMEGA
c_check = Rv * SQRT[ 1 - ( Comp load / Rc )^2 ]
Load = MIN[ c_check, t_check ]
Page 77
(297) 3 point brace connection interactive gusset strength:
See design note #21.
Pp = brace force component parallel to support
Pn = brace force component normal to support
Eo = ecc. from C/L gusset to normal component
Ag = Thickness*Length
Sx = Thickness*Length^2/6
fv = SUM[Pp]/Ag
ft = SUM[Pn]/Ag+SUM[Pn*Eo]/Sx
(LRFD)
Fv = PHI * Rn, shear yield;
Ft = PHI * Rn, tension yield, J4
(ASD)
Fv = Rn/OMEGA,
Ft = Rn/OMEGA
Axial load = largest force to satisfy: fv/Fv+ft/Ft <= 1
(298) 3 point brace connection combined weld strength:
Pp = brace force component parallel to support
Pn = brace force component normal to support
(LRFD) Fr = 0.6 * PHI * Fexx * 0.707 * weld_size
Min_pl = 2 * Fr / ( PHI * Fy )
(ASD) Fr = 0.6 * Fexx * 0.707 * weld_size / OMEGA
Min_pl = 2 * Fr / ( Fy / OMEGA )
Pl_factor = t / Min_pl,
( >0, <=1 )
L = gusset plate length, weld length
Tot_weld = 2 * L
Sx = 2 * L^2 / 6
f1 = SUM[Pp] / Tot_weld
f2 = SUM[Pn] / Tot_weld
f3 = SUM[Pn * Eo] / Sx
Axial load = largest force to satisfy:
SQRT[ f1^2 + ( f2 + f3 )^2 ] <= Fr * Pl_factor
(299) CJP Flange-to-plate weld strength, extended moment end plate:
AISC manual, design assumption #8, pg 12-9
base metal area = Tf * (Bf - 2 * k1_dist
weld metal area = (Tf - 1/4) * 2 * k1_dist
(LRFD)
f1 = PHI * Rn * base metal area, J2
f2 = PHI * Rn * weld metal area, J2
(ASD)
f1 = Rn/OMEGA * base metal area, J2
f2 = Rn/OMEGA * weld metal area, J2
Moment = (f1 + f2 ) * (depth - Tf)
For axial load reduce moment by: Ff * (depth - Tf)
where Ff = the maximum flange force.
Page 78
(300) V Brace shared gusset pl strength, L's bolted to guss:
Refer to misc design note 22.
Pp = brace force component parallel to support
Pn = brace force component normal to support
Eo = ecc. from C/L gusset to normal component
An = Thickness * ( Length - ( Row - 1 ) * Dh )
Sx_n = Thickness * Length^2 / 6
- Spa^2 * Row * ( Row^2 - 1 ) * Thick * Dh / 6 / Length
fv = SUM[ Pp ] / An
ft = SUM[ Pn ] / An + SUM[ Pn * Eo ] / Sx_n
(LRFD) Fv = PHI * .6 * Fu,
Ft = PHI * Fu
(ASD) Fv = .6 * Fu / OMEGA,
Ft = Fu / OMEGA
Axial load = largest force to satisfy: fv/Fv+ft/Ft <= 1
(301) V Brace shared gusset, shr/ten on bolts, L's bolted to guss:
Refer to misc design note 22.
Pp = brace force component parallel to support
Pn = brace force component normal to support
fv = max bolt shear stress in bolt group, including
ecc. if the connection is a one-sided clip angle
ft = max bolt tension stress in bolt group, including
prying action
If slip-critical bolts,
Fv = allowable shear stress from (J3-5)
Ft = allowable tension stress from (J3-1)
If bearing-type bolts,
Fv = allowable shear stress from (J3-1)
Ft = allowable tension stress from (J3-2)
Axial load = largest force to satisfy: fv/Fv+ft/Ft <= 1
(302) V Brace shared gusset, gusset to clip bolt shear strength:
Pp = brace force component parallel to support
Pn = brace force component normal to support
Mom = moment caused by components of the brace force
distx = .5 * ( Row - 1 ) * Spa
disty = .5 * ( Column - 1 ) * Col_spa
Ip = polar moment of inertia of the bolt group
Area = Row * Column * Ab
fx = SUM[ Pp ] / Area + SUM[ Mom ] * disty / Ip
fy = SUM[ Pn ] / Area + SUM[ Mom ] * distx / Ip
fv = SQRT[ fx^2 + fy^2 ]
Fv = allowable bolt stress from (J3-1) or (J3-4)
Axial load = largest force to satisfy: fv <= Fv
Page 79
(303) V Brace shared gusset, gusset to clip bolt bearing strength:
Pp = brace force component parallel to support
Pn = brace force component normal to support
Mom = moment caused by components of the brace force
distx = .5 * ( Row - 1 ) * Spa
disty = .5 * ( Column - 1 ) * Col_spa
Ip = polar moment of inertia of the bolt group
Area = Row * Column * Db * thick
fx = SUM[ Pp ] / Area + SUM[ Mom ] * disty / Ip
fy = SUM[ Pn ] / Area + SUM[ Mom ] * distx / Ip
fb = SQRT[ fx^2 + fy^2 ]
Shear = 1 for gusset capacity or 1-sided clip angle connection
= 2 for 2-sided clip angle connection
(LRFD) Fb = PHI * 2.4 * Fu * Shear
(ASD) Fb = 2.4 * Fu * Shear / OMEGA
Axial load = largest force to satisfy: fb <= Fb
(304) V Brace shared gusset, clip L to bm web bolt brg strength:
Pp_other = component of other brace's force parallel to support
C = coefficient, for a 1-sided connection (eccentricity considered
= 2,
for a 2-sided connection (no eccentricity considered)
Rn is calculated using sect J3-10
(LRFD) P_allow_total = PHI * Rn * C * Row * Shear
(ASD) P_allow_total = ( Rn / OMEGA ) * C * Row * Shear
P_allow = P_allow_total - Pp_other
Axial load = P_allow / cos(angle)
(305) V Brace gusset clip L to gusset weld strength:
Pp = brace force component parallel to support
Pn = brace force component normal to support
Mom = moment caused by components of the brace force
L_weld = total weld length,
L_clip = clip length
Ip = polar moment of inertia of the weld
fx = SUM[ Pp ] / L_weld
fy = SUM[ Pn ] / L_weld + SUM[ Mom ] * .5 * L_clip / Ip
fw = SQRT[ fx^2 + fy^2 ]
(LRFD) Fw = PHI * .6 * Fexx * .707 * eff_weld_size
(ASD) Fw = .6 * Fexx * .707 * eff_weld_size / OMEGA
Axial load = largest force to satisfy: fw <= Fw
(306) V Brace gusset clip L to supporting weld strength:
Pp = brace force component parallel to support
Pn = brace force component normal to support
Mom = moment caused by components of the brace force
L_weld = total weld length,
L_clip = clip length
Ip = polar moment of inertia of the weld
fx = SUM[ Pp ] / L_weld
fy = SUM[ Pn ] / L_weld + SUM[ Mom ] * 0.5 * L_clip / Ip
fw = SQRT[ fx^2 + fy^2 ]
(LRFD) Fw = PHI * .6 * Fexx * .707 * eff_weld_size
(ASD) Fw = .6 * Fexx * .707 * eff_weld_size / OMEGA
Axial load = largest force to satisfy: fw <= Fw
Page 80
(307) V Brace shared gusset clip to support OSL bending strength:
Pp = brace force component parallel to support
Pn = brace force component normal to support
T_allow = allowable tension on clip angle connection from formula 43
(If the connection is 1-sided, divide T_allow by 2.)
Axial load = largest force to satisfy: SUM[ Pn ] <= T_allow
(308) Gusset welded to an HSS member; HSS wall strength:
AISC specification Table K1.1 and K1.2
phi = angle between brace and supporting member
lb = plate length parallel to the HSS longitudinal axis
Rn = result from formula 265
for ecc > 0:
Axial load = lb * Rn / ( 6 * ecc * SIN(phi) )
for ecc = 0:
Axial load = Rn / SIN(phi)
(309) Axially loaded shear tab, welded to an HSS column:
Col wall strength, AISC specification Table K1.1 and K1.2
ecc = shear tab ew
lb = tab pl length parallel to the HSS longitudinal axis
Rn = result from formula 265
Tn = applied axial load
Load = (Rn - Tn) * N / ( 6 * ecc )
(310) Web bolt shear, clip angle conn. with axial load:
-the effect of vertical eccentricity is includedVecc = vertical dim. from conn c/l to the beam c/l
(Vecc is positive if the conn c/l is above the beam c/l)
n = rows, m = columns, d = col spacing, b = vert spacing
V = shear, Fa = applied connection axial load
c = distance from the c.g of the bolt group to the controlling bolt
(if clips are different lengths, must investigate the top
bolt and the bottom bolt)
(Fa is positive for tension and negative for compression)
Ip = bolt group polar moment of inertia
mom = V * horiz ecc - Fa * Vecc
f1 = V / ( m * n ),
f2 = mom * .5 * d / Ip
f3 = abs(Fa) / ( m * n ), f4 = mom * c / Ip
Rv = SQRT[ (f1 + f2)^2 + (f3 +/- f4)^2 ]
Rn = Fn * Ab,
J6
(LRFD) Load = maximum V so that Rv <= PHI*Rn
(ASD) Load = maximum V so that Rv <= Rn/OMEGA
(311) Beam web bearing, bolted clip angle conn. with axial load:
-the effect of vertical eccentricity is includedVecc = vertical dim. from conn c/l to the beam c/l
(Vecc is positive if the conn c/l is above the beam c/l)
n = rows, m = columns, d = col spacing, b = vert spacing
V = shear, Fa = applied connection axial load
(Fa is positive for tension and negative for compression)
Ip = bolt group polar moment of inertia
mom = V * horiz ecc - Fa * Vecc
f1 = V / ( m * n ),
f2 = abs(mom) * .5 * d / Ip
f3 = abs(Fa) / ( m * n ), f4 = abs(mom) * (n - 1) * b * .5 / Ip
Rv = SQRT[ (f1 + f2)^2 + (f3 + f4)^2 ]
Rn = Fp * Bdia * tw
(LRFD) Load = maximum V so that Rv <= PHI * Rn
(ASD) Load = maximum V so that Rv <= Rn/OMEGA
Page 81
(312) Angle web leg Bearing, bolted clip L conn. with axial load:
-the effect of vertical eccentricity is includedVecc = vertical dim. from conn c/l to the beam c/l
(Vecc is positive if the conn c/l is above the beam c/l)
n = rows, m = columns, d = col spacing, b = vert spacing
V = shear, Fa = applied connection axial load
c = distance from the c.g of the bolt group to the controlling bolt
(if clips are different lengths, must investigate the top
bolt and the bottom bolt)
(Fa is positive for tension and negative for compression)
Ip = bolt group polar moment of inertia
mom = V * horiz ecc - Fa * Vecc
f1 = V / ( m * n ),
f2 = mom * .5 * d / Ip
f3 = abs(Fa) / ( m * n ), f4 = mom * c / Ip
Rv = SQRT[ (f1 + f2)^2 + (f3 +/- f4)^2 ]
Rv allow = Fp * Bdia * t
(LRFD) Load = maximum V so that Rv <= PHI * Rn
(ASD) Load = maximum V so that Rv <= Rn/OMEGA
(313) Not used
(314) Plate flexure, conventional shear tab:
Z_g = Pl_thick * Pl_depth^2 / 4
Rn = Zg * Fy / ecc
(LRFD) Load = PHI * Rn
(ASD) Load = Rn / OMEGA
(315) Tee brace (with stem vertical) net section axial tension:
Deduct = column * Tw * Dh
Ant = Agt - Deduct
Ae = Ant * U
Rn = Fu * Ae
tension rupture J4.1
(LRFD) Axial load = PHI * Rn
(ASD) Axial load = Rn/OMEGA
(316) Tee brace (with stem vertical), tension on net conn. area:
(Web splice PLs)
An_web = 2 * t * MIN[ b - column * Dh, .85 * b]
Rn = Fu * An_web
tension rupture J4.1
(LRFD) Axial load = PHI * Rn
(ASD) Axial load = Rn/OMEGA
Page
(317) Tee brace (with stem vertical) web lap plate block shear:
If 1 column of bolts:
Agt = 0.5 * t * ( Wg )
Ant = 0.5 * t * ( Wg - Dh )
Agv = 2 * t(Spa(Row - 1 ) + Le )
Anv = 2 * t(Spa(Row - 1 ) + Le - (Row - .5)Dh)
If 2 columns of bolts:
Ant = 2 * t MIN[ Col_spa - Dh, Wg - Col_spa - Dh ]
Agv = 4 * t(Spa(Row - 1 ) + Le )
Anv = 4 * t(Spa(Row - 1 ) + Le - (Row - .5)Dh)
Rn from J4.3, block shear strength
(LRFD) Axial load = PHI * Rn
(ASD) Axial load = Rn / OMEGA
82
tip of weld B:
px/(B+D)
f2 = P*ecc*y_bar/Ip,
py/(B+D)
f4 = P*ecc*(B-x_bar)/Ip,
= SQRT[ (f1 + f2)^2 + (f3 + f4)^2 ]
At the
f1 =
f3 =
fr_d
tip of weld D:
px/(B+D),
f2 = P*ecc*(D -y_bar)/Ip
py/(B+D),
f4 = P*ecc*(x_bar)/Ip
= SQRT[ (f1 + f2)^2 + (f3 + f4)^2 ]
x direction
y direction
Page 83
(319) Weld strength, skew bm-to-column moment connection:
(connection to column web)
Elastic method
[ shape weld, D = weld length to the col web, y direction
B = weld length to the col flg, x direction
ecc = dist from the weld c.g. to beam line
rho = angle between the col web and beam line
x_bar = B^2 / ( 2B + D )
Ip = polar moment of inertia of the weld group
= (2B+D)^3 / 12 - B^2(B+D)^2 / (2B+D)
Cx = B - x_bar
Cy = D/2
px = P*SIN(rho)
py = P*COS( rho)
f1 = px/(B+D)
f2 = P*ecc*Cy/Ip,
x direction
f3 = py/(B+D)
f4 = P*ecc*Cx/Ip,
y direction
At the tip of the weld leg B:
fr = SQRT[ (f1 + f2)^2 + (f3 + f4)^2 ]
Rn = Fw * .707 * fillet weld size
(LRFD) Fr = PHI * Rn
(ASD) Fr = Rn / OMEGA
P = force on the weld at one flange
= largest force to satisfy fr <= Fr
Bolted flange plate:
Arm = Beam D + flg pl thick
Welded flange plate:
Arm = Beam D - tf
Moment = P * Arm
For axial load reduce moment by: Ff * Arm
where Ff = the maximum flange force.
(320) - (322) Not used
(323) Col cap, flange mom moment pl conn to col web, weld strength
Len1 = 2 * ( .5 * ( Bf - Tf ) - Fillet_rad - .5 )
Len2 = Col_Depth - 2 * K_dist
N = 1, for single fillet
= 2, for double fillet
Arm = .95 * Bm_depth,
for welded moment
= Bm_depth + Pl_thick, for bolted moment
(LRFD) Fw = PHI * 0.6 * Fexx
(ASD) Fw = 0.6 * Fexx / OMEGA
Moment = N * Fw * .707 * ( Weld_size1 * Len1 + Weld_size2 * Len2 ) * arm
For axial load reduce moment by: Ff * Arm
where Ff = the maximum flange force.
Page
84
(LRFD)
Tn = PHI * Fy * Ag,
tension yield
Vn = PHI * .6Fy * Ag, shear yield
Mn = PHI * Fy * Sx_net
(ASD)
Tn = (Fy/OMEGA) * Ag,
tension yield
Vn = (.6Fy/OMEGA) * Ag, shear yield
Mn = (Fy/OMEGA) * Sx_net
w/ Compressive Load:
A = ( ecc / Mn)^2 + ( 1 / Vn )^2
B = 2 * Web_mom * ecc / Mn^2 + 2 * ecc * Web_comp / ( Mn * Cn )
C = ( Web_mom / Mn )^2 + 2 * Web_mom * Web_comp / ( Mn * Cn )
+ ( Web_comp / Cn ) - 1
Load_c = solution of the quadratic equation
w/ Tensile Load:
A = ( ecc / Mn )^2 + ( 1
B = 2 * Web_mom * ecc /
C = ( Web_mom / Mn )^2 +
+ ( Web_ten / Tn ) Load_t = solution of the
/ Vn )^2
Mn^2 + 2 * ecc * Web_ten / ( Mn * Tn )
2 * Web_mom * Web_ten / ( Mn * Tn )
1
quadratic equation
Page 85
(325) Supporting W section local web yield/buckling strength:
(Connection with a compression load framing to a flange)
lb = connection length or beam member depth for extended end pl
Local Web Yielding -Load applied at a distance from the end of the member
that is greater than the depth of the member,
Rn = (5*K_dist + lb)FyTw
(J10-2)
Load applied at or near the end of the member,
Rn = (2.5*K_dist + lb)FyTw
(J10-3)
(LRFD) c1 = PHI * Rn
(ASD) c1 = Rn/OMEGA
Web Crippling -d = depth of the member
Load applied at a distance not less than d/2 from the end
of the member,
Rn = .80*Tw^2 * (1 + 3(lb/d)*(Tw/Tf)^1.5)*SQRT[E*Fy*Tf/Tw]
(J10-4)
Load applied less than a distance d/2 from the end
of the member,
lb/d <= .2,
Rn= .40*Tw^2 *(1 + 3(lb/d)*(Tw/Tf)^1.5)*SQRT[E*Fy*Tf/Tw]
lb/d > .2
Rn = .40*Tw^2 *(1 + (4lb/d- .2))*(Tw/Tf)^1.5)*SQRT[E*Fy*Tf/Tw]
(J10-5a, J10-5b)
(LRFD) c2 = PHI * Rn
(ASD) c2 = Rn/OMEGA
Compression strength = MIN[ c1, c2 ]
(326) Not used
(327) Flange bolt shear, column splice:
(LRFD) Rv = PHI * Rn,
Rn from J3.6 and .8
(ASD) Rv = Rn/OMEGA
P_allow = shear * column * row * Rv
kmw = fraction of moment carried by web = I_web / Ix
kf = fraction of axial load carried by flange = Af / A_total
P* = P_allow - ( 1 - kmw ) * Moment / depth
Load = P* / kf + bearing_force
(Add the bearing force between columns to the capacity
for a splice prepared for full contact.)
Page 86
(328) Column splice connection, bolt bearing on flg. filler Pl:
Rn_top and Rn_lower are calculated using J3.10
(LRFD) Rv = PHI * Rn;
(ASD) Rv = Rn/OMEGA
P_allow = Rv * shear * column * ( Rn_top + Rn_lower * ( row - 1 ) )
kmw = fraction of moment carried by web = I_web / Ix
kf = fraction of axial load carried by flange = Af / A_total
P* = P_allow - ( 1 - kmw ) * Moment / ( Depth + Cn_thick)
Load = P* / kf + bearing_force
(Add the bearing force between columns to the capacity
for a splice prepared for full contact.)
(329) Column splice connection, bolt bearing on column flange:
Rn_top and Rn_lower are calculated using J3.10
(LRFD) Rv = PHI * Rn;
(ASD) Rv = Rn/OMEGA
P_allow = Rv * column * ( Rn_top + Rn_lower * ( row - 1 ) )
kmw = fraction of moment carried by web = I_web / Ix
kf = fraction of axial load carried by flange = Af / A_total
P* = P_allow - ( 1 - kmw ) * Moment / ( Depth - Tf )
Load = P* / kf + bearing_force
(Add the bearing force between columns to the capacity
for a splice prepared for full contact.)
(330) - (334) Not used
(335) HSS Horiz brace gusset combined stress check:
(notched gusset plate connecting to two beams)
Considering the free-body diagram of the gusset pl.
At the least width section thru the notch parallel
to the brace work line--tau = shear stress due to brace load, V/A
sigma = tension stress due to brace load, Mc/I +- P/A
Refer to misc design note 33;
Axial load = maximum to satisfy the yield criterion
(336) Not used:
(337) Weld strength, L,T,C,HSS/Pipe end fitting to gusset:
Longitudinal weld; eff length = Ll, eff fillet size = Ls, THETA = 0.
Transverse weld;
eff length = Lt, eff fillet size = Ts, THETA = 90 deg.
eff length = actual length - fillet leg size
Nw = number of welds
Fw = .6Fexx(1.0 + .5 * SIN^-1 * THETA)
(LRFD) P_long = Nw * Ll * .707 * Ls * PHI*Fw
(LRFD) p_trans = Nw * Lt * .707 * Ts * PHI* Fw_trans
(ASD)
(ASD)
Page 87
(338) Weld strength, star angle member to gusset:
Longitudinal weld; eff length = Ll, eff fillet size = Ls, THETA = 0.
Transverse weld;
eff length = Lt, eff fillet size = Ts, THETA = 90 deg.
eff length = actual length - fillet leg size
Nw = number of welds
Fw = .6Fexx(1.0 + .5 * SIN^-1 * THETA)
(LRFD) P_long = Nw * Ll * .707 * Ls * PHI*Fw
(LRFD) p_trans = Nw * Lt * .707 * Ts * PHI* Fw_trans
(ASD)
(ASD)
gusset:
fillet size = Ls, THETA = 0.
fillet size = Ts, THETA = 90 deg.
leg size
Page
88
tension:
ecc / sqr( Mn ) + 2. * ecc * web_ten / ( Mn * Tn )
Mn ) + 2. * web_mom * web_ten / ( Mn * Tn )
/ Tn ) - 1.
B * B - 4. * A * C ) ) / ( 2. * A )
Page
89
Page 90
(349) Cross Welded Connections: Pipe - Pipe Chord General Collapse
AWS 2.40.1.2 Table 2.9
PHI = 0.8
Fy = Pipe-chord yield strength.
angle = Angle between branch and chord.
t = Pipe-chord thickness.
Db = Depth of pipe-branch.
g = Gap between two branches in K connection.
D = Depth of pipe-chord.
alpha = 1 + (0.7*g/Db) (for gapped-K connection)
alpha = 1.7 (for T and Y connection)
beta = Db/D
gamma = D / 2*t
Qbeta = 1.0
(for Beta less than or equal to 0.6)
Qbeta = 0.3 / ( beta * ( 1 - ( 0.833 * beta )))
(for Beta greater than 0.6)
Pn = Compression in pipe-chord.
Mn = Moment in pipe-chord.
Ag = Pipe-chord area.
S = Pipe-chord elastic section modulus.
U = (Pn / Ag*Fy)^2 + (Mn / S*Fy)^2
Qf_t = 1.0 (for tension chord)
Qf_c = 1.0 - (0.03 * gamma * U * U) (for compression chord)
GC_tension = ( PHI * Fy * t^2 * ( 1.9 + (7.2*beta) ) * Qbeta * Qf_t / sin (angle) )
GC_tension = ( PHI * Fy * t^2 * ( 1.9 + (7.2*beta) ) * Qbeta * Qf_c / sin (angle) )
General Collapse = minimum of GC_tension and GC_compression.
(350) Not used
(351) Bracket or shear tee, flange bearing on supporting member:
Sx_bot = bottom section modulus of bracket.
Vol II Connections, pg 1-33, Case 1
Rn = 1.8 * Fy * Apb,
(J7-1)
(LRFD) Fp = PHI * Rn
(ASD)
Fp = Rn / OMEGA
Load = Fp * Sx_bot / ecc
(352) T, Y and K Welded Connections
Pipe-to-pipe intersection weld strength: AWS 2.39.3
angle = Angle between branch and chord.
Fw = .6Fexx(1.0 + .5 * SIN^-1 * angle)
tw = size of the weld.
tb = thickness of pipe-branch.
ka = (1+(1/sin(angle)))/2
area = Pipe-branch area.
rw = Mean radius of the pipe-branch.
depth = Depth of pipe-branch.
rm = depth/2 + tw/3
Weld Capacity = fw * (tw / tb) * (area * ka) * (rw / rm)
Page 91
(353) Welded Connections: Angle-to-WTee stem weld strength
(Elastic method)
st = Top arm of the weld
l = Vertical leg of C shaped weld
OR
l = Distance between parallel welds
sb = Bottom arm of the weld
weld length = st + l + sb (for C-shape weld)
weld length = st + sb (for parallel welds)
cg = Center of gravity of the weld
ip = Polar moment of inertia of the weld
eccentricity = Distance between angle neutral axis and CG of weld
Fw = .6 * Fexx
Table J2.5
Rn = Fw * .707 * eff_weld_size
Spec J2.4
(LRFD) Fr = PHI * Rn
(ASD) Fr = Rn / OMEGA
twisting moment = axial load * eccentricity
faev = vert component of moment = twisting * cg_horz / ip
faa = horz component of axial load = axial load / weld length
faeh = horz component of moment = twisting * cg_vert / ip
weld capacity = SQRT ( faev^2 + (faeh+faa)^2 )
Weld capacity = Minimum capacity of weld out of four locations
(top edge, bottom edge, top corner, bottom corner of C weld)
(355) Shear tab connection to HSS column wall punching shear:
(Designing With Structural Tubing, Donald R. Sherman
(Engineering Journal, Third Quarter 1996, Volume 33
No. 3, page 101 - 109
Pf_actual = load * ecc * c * t1 / Ix
Pf_allow = 2 * PHI * 0.6 * Fu * t2
Pf_actual = actual punching force do to shear load
Pf_allow = allowable punching force in column wall
ecc = weld line eccentricity
Ix = t1 * (tab_length)^3 / 12
t1 = shear tab thickness
t2 = HSS column thickness
load = Maximum load to satisfy Pf_actual <= Pf_allow
(356) 2pt & 3pt Gusset clip L stress, leg to gusset:
(WF brace, both flgs bolted to gusset)
theta = angle between brace and member
Sx = Angle_thick * SQR[Angle_length]/6
Area = Angle_length * Angle_thick
J4.1 shear and tension yield
(LRFD) Fv = PHI * .6Fy, shear yield; Ft = PHI * Fy, tension yield
(ASD) Fv = .6Fy/OMEGA, shear yield; Ft = Fy/OMEGA, tension yield
Pp = brace force component parallel to support
Pn = brace force component normal to support
f1 = SUM[Pp]/Area,
f2 = SUM[Pn]/Area
f3 = SUM[Pn*Eo]/Sx
Axial load = 2 * largest force to satisfy:
SQRT[f1^2+(f2+f3)^2] <= Fr*Pl_factor
(357) 2pt & 3pt Gusset clip L stress, leg to bm/col flange:
(WF brace, both flgs bolted to gusset)
theta = angle between brace and member
Oh = dim from toe of sprtg. flng to heel of angle
Sx = Angle_length * SQR[Angle_thick] / 6
Area = Angle_length * Angle_thick
J4.1 shear and tension yield
(LRFD) Fb = PHI * Fy,
Fv = PHI* .6Fy
(ASD) Fb = Fy/OMEGA, Fv = .6Fy/OMEGA
Pp = brace force component parallel to support
Pn = brace force component normal to support
f1 = SUM[Pp]/Area,
f2 = SUM[Pn]/Area
f3 = SUM[Pn*Oh]/Sx
Axial load = 2 * MIN[Pp/Fv, Pn/Fb]
Page
92
Page
93
Page
94
Page
95
Page 96
(9)Single-plate shear connection:
(AISC Vol II Connections & LRFD 3rd Ed Manual)
See (12) for extended shear tab design procedures.
One or two bolt columns, 2 to 12 bolt rows
(Connections with the dimension to the bolt line > 3 inches
or two bolt columns should not be used with HSS columns)
Standard round or short slotted holes
3 in. standard bolt spacing
Support to hole spacing minimum 2 1/2, to a maximum of 5 1/4 inches
Minimum plate vertical and horizontal edge distance:
Lv = min from table J3.4, >= 1 1/2 in.
Lh = min from table J3.4, >= 1 1/2 in.
PL thickness <= .5 * Db + 1/16 in.
>= L*SQRT(Fy)/(234K)
K = PL buckling coefficient
>= 1/4 inch
Fy = 36 ksi for PL.
All grades of beam steel
Nominal weld metal tensile strength, Fexx = 70 ksi
Composite or non-composite beams, all loadings
Valid dihedral angle: 20 to 90 degrees.
A325, F1852, A490, or F2280 bolts only.
Perp. fillet welds: weld size >= 1.38 * t * Fy / (.95 * Fexx)
the above formula is from Astaneh's paper, 1989 AISC proceedings
>= .75t, for A36 pl material
Skew fillet welds: eff throat >= eff throat for perp fillets.
CJP weld:
eff throat = t
(For these conditions, the weld is not the critical
connection element since the plate yields before
the weld.)
For A > 3.5 in. the net plate section bending
stress is checked.
For an axial load, the net & gross pl area interactive
stress is checked.
Stabilizer bars: b/t <= 238/SQRT[Fy] and l/r <= 200
For a connection with more than one bolt column, or a
rotated bolt group, dimension 'a' is taken as the
distance from the weld line to the CG of the bolt group.
Design for more than one bolt column, non-standard spacing, or a
rotated bolt group is not included in the AISC design procedure.
Page
97
Page 98
(12)Extended single-plate (shear tab) design:
Design of Extended Shear Tabs, AISC final report, Oct 2002
Two to 10 bolt rows, one bolt column
Bolt line >= 2.5, <= 3.5 in. from the toe of the supporting mbr flange
A325, F1852, A490, or F2280 bolts, STD or SSL holes.
Stability PLs at top and bottom of a tab to a col web
Shear tab extended & welded to the top flg of a supporting bm.
Fillet weld size >= .75 * plate thickness
Dim a = distance from bolt line to centroid of weld group.
Eccentricity:
For n <= 6; eb = n <= Dim a
For n > 6; eb = 3 + n/2 <= Dim a
ew = (Dim a - eb - x_bar_weld
(13)Extended end plate moment connection:
Web weld is sized to develop the the beam web bending stress.
Eff. web weld length = dist from inner row of tension bolts +
2 * Bdia to the inside face of the compression flg. or beam
C/L to inside face of compression flg, whichever is smaller.
Un-stiffened four-tension bolt type:
1. A325, F1852, A490, or F2280 bolts, 3/4 to 1 1/2 dia.
2. Interactive stress checked for tension bolts in
in bearing type connections.
3. Horizontal gage <= beam tension flg width.
Stiffened eight-tension bolt type:
1. End plate material must be A36, Fy = 36 ksi.
2. Beam section must be hot-rolled and included in the
AISC Allowable stress Design Selection Table.
3. Pf must not exceed 2 1/2 inches.
Vertical spacing of tension bolts >= 3 * Db,
except 3 in. may be used for Db < 1 in.
4. Horizontal gage 5 1/2 to 7 1/2 inches.
5. Triangular stiff. thickness >= Tw
6. A325 or F1852 bolts only, 3/4 to 1 1/2 diameter.
7. Interactive stress checked for tension bolts in
bearing type connections.
When this connection frames to a W column web, the supporting
web strength needs to be evaluated.
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99
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Special case 2, minimizing shear in the beam-to-col conn.:
Vb is reduced by Delta_Vb
Guss to col interface: Vc + Delta_Vb
Mub = Delta_Vb * alpha
See LRFD Vol II page 11-22 for discussion.
(16)Bent plate connections:
Bending is checked for both legs of one-side connections.
Design is valid only for standard holes in the leg to
the supporting member of a one-side conn.
(17)Double L and C brace stitch plates:
Stitch plate spacing is calculated using the overall length of
the brace, in accordance with AISC sections D4 & E6.
(18)Notes for 'heavy' clip angles, two bolt columns in each leg:
The shear strength is reduced only for the inside bolt columns
nearest the beam web. Only these bolts are assumed effective
in resisting the beam's axial tension force.
Eccentricity is considered in the design of web bolt brg.
and shear stress, using the elastic method of analysis.
(19)Seated connections:
Beam to seat connection made using A325, F1852, A490, or F2280 bolts.
For stiffened seats, the stiffener is finished to
bear on the seat plate or angle leg.
Weld return length = .2 * stiffener depth for all
plate and tee seats.
Stiffened PL & Tee seat design procedure is valid for:
Seats on W col webs -1. 'Standard' column sections
2. Seat pls not welded to col flanges
(Welding seat pls to the col flanges may induce
moments into the column cross section.)
3. Beam to seat connection bolts located <=.
the maximum of .5*seat width or 2 5/8
inches from the face of the web.
(20)Definition of
1.
2.
3.
4.
(21)Welding:
Reference code: AWS D1.1-96 Structural Welding Code
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(23)Combined stress:
Where the maximum normal and shear stress occur at the same
time, a linear interaction equation may be used:
fv/Fv + fb/Fb <= 1, or fv/Fv + ft/Ft <= 1.
(There is a brief discussion of this in 'Engineering Journal'
third quarter, 1986)
For an alternate method see miscellaneous note 32.
(24)Extended clip angle connection:
An extended clip angle may be used on a beam without an axial load
and with a square end cut. The yield strength of the web pl
extension must match the yield strength of the beam, and
a CJP weld must be used at the junction of the pl and beam.
(25)Clip angles shop welded to a supporting HSS col:
When the toe of the leg attached to the column extends past the column
the flare-bevel-groove shop weld at the tube radius corner must provide
an effective throat dimension equal to the fillet weld size shown on
the detail and design calculation.
(26)HSS Design wall thickness:
The design wall thickness is taken as .93 times the nominal wall
thickness for HSS sections not manufactured by the submerged arc
welding process: see the Specification for the Design of Steel
Hollow Structural Sections, section 1.2.1 and commentary.
(27)Column web panel-zone shear, J10-9 and CJ10.6:
Total shear; (LRFD) Sigma Fu, (ASD) Sigma F
dc = column depth, Tw = total column web thickness
Rn = .6Fy * dc * Tw
(LRFD) Min Tw = Sigma Fu / (PHI * .6Fy * dc)
(ASD) Min Tw = Sigma F / (.6Fy * dc / OMEGA)
(28)Concentrated forces on HSS
Formulas 264 and 265 are from the Specification
for the Design of Steel Hollow Structural Sections,
Sections 8.1 and 8.2; 2005 Specification sections
K1.3 and K1.4. The resistance is based on the
connection element being centered on the supporting
member. Qf is calculated using the compression
load at the bottom of the supporting column.
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(29)W Beam or Column web stress under a K brace gusset PL:
Web stress is calculated using the input brace forces.
Theta = the angle between the brace and the member
Ecc = the eccentricity of the brace normal force
measured from the gusset C/L
Normal forces: Tn1, Tn2, Cn1, Cn2 = brace force * Sin( Theta )
Tn1, Cn1 -- ten and comp on the first brace
Tn2, Cn2 -- ten and comp on the second brace
Eff web length = gusset length + 5 * k_dist_bm
A = tw * eff web length, S = tw * (eff web len)^2 / 6
Fp = P/A +- M/S
Fp is the max resulting from combinations:
Tn1 & Tn2, Cn1 & Cn2, Tn1 & Cn2, and Cn1 & Tn2.
M = appropriate force, Tn or Cn * Ecc.
The results shown are the max Fp, tension and comp. stress.
(30)Extended shear end plate for axial loads:
For a tension loaded end plate connection to a column:
The flange-to-plate weld is designed for the flange's portion of
the axial load. The web-to-plate weld is designed for the web's
portion of the axial load plus the beam end reaction.
Prying action is based on the larger of: the distance from the face
of the web to the bolt, and the inside of the flange to the bolt.
The vertical eccentricity from the c.g. of the bolt group to the
beam's longitudinal axis is considered for the limit states
applying to the bolts, and plate: formulas 27, 60 & 61.
The user must verify that adequate connection rotation
capacity is provided for gravity loads.
(31)Safety seat angle:
The angle seat design is based on a load of one-half
the beam section weight, with a minimum of .7 kip.
The design limit states are: bolt shear, bolt bearing
on the angle, and OSL bending stress;
formula (1) for bolt shear and (28) for OSL bending.
(32)Whitmore effective width section:
The theoretical Whitmore section, at the end of
a connection, is determined by spreading the force out
at an angle of 30 degrees along both sides of the
connection length. The Whitmore section is limited by the
edges of the element and may not spread out past
these edges. See Fig 9-1 in the AISC manual.
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(33)Combined stress, Huber-von Mises yield criterion for plane stress:
tau = applied shear stress
sigma = applied tension stress
sigma1 = .5 * sigma + sqrt( .25 * sqr(sigma) + sqr(tau) )
sigma2 = .5 * sigma - sqrt( .25 * sqr(sigma) + sqr(tau) )
Salmon/Johnson, 'Steel Structures' 3rd edition, formula 2.6.2:
sqr(Y) = sqr(sigma1) - sigma1 * sigma2 + sqr(sigma2)
substituting:
sqr(Y) = sqr(sigma) + 3 * sqr(tau)
Y = Fy/1.67 for ASD;
.9Fy for LRFD
(34) Fully restrained (FR) moment connections.
Eccentricity is neglected in the design of the web shear conn.
Refer to AISC Manual of Steel Construction
part 12, page 12-2; discussion under FR MOMENT CONNECTIONS.
There is a similar discussion in VOLUME II, CONNECTIONS,
chapter 4, summary on page 4-8, item 6, and page 4-11 items
7 and 9, and also AISC 3rd Ed LRFD page 12-3.
Connection to a W column web:
For the case when there is a stiffener or matching moment
connection on the opposite side of the col web, the welds
connecting the beam's moment flange PL to the col web and flange
are fully effective for resisting the flange force.
For the case of an un-stiffened column web, no opposing stiffener
or moment connection, the strength of the flange Pl to column
web conn is based on a reduced weld strength and may be limited
by the column web local bending strength. See AWS Welding Handbook,
9th edition Vol 1, page 181, fig 5.19 for a discussion.
Page 106
(35)MBMA / AISC flush and extended moment end plate connections,
Steel Design Guide Series 16, Appendix B, Bolted end-plate
connection analysis flowchart.
Plate behavior/controlling condition is displayed on the
connection strength check printout.
The procedure is limited to tested sections outlined in the
design guide, welded-plate or hot-rolled sections meeting the
following parameters:
Flush end plate, figure 1-3, four configurations:
(a) two-bolt unstiffened
SDS/2 #1
(b) four-bolt unstiffened
SDS/2 #2
(c) four-bolt stiffened, web stiffener
between tension bolts
SDS/2 #3
(d) four-bolt stiffened, web stiffener
below tension bolts
SDS/2 #4
Section: Depth
8 to 24 in.
Bf
5 to 6 in.
Tf
3/16 to 3/8 in.
Connection gage:
2 1/4 to 3 3/4 in.
Extended end plate, figure 1-4, five configurations:
(a) four-bolt unstiffened
SDS/2 #5
(b) four-bolt stiffened
SDS/2 #6
(c) multiple row 1/2 unstiffened
SDS/2 #7
(d) multiple row 1/3 unstiffened
SDS/2 #8
(e) multiple row 1/3 stiffened
SDS/2 #9
Section:
Depth 15 3/4 to 62 in.
Bf
6 to 10 1/4 in.
Tf
3/8 to 1 in.
Connection gage: 2 3/4 to 7 in.
ASTM A325, F1852, A490, and F2280 bolts
Refer to the design guide for additional information.
(36)W section gages
The use of a 2 1/4 inch flange gage is allowed on W4 thru W12
sections with 4 inch wide flanges, provided bolt diameters less
than or equal to 3/4 in and non-oversize holes are used. Since
this may violate the edge distance and entry/tightening
clearance requirements, the user is responsible for verifying the
connection configuration. Refer to AISC LRFD 3rd ed Nomenclature
under 'Workable Gage.'
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