Fluid 05

FUNDAMENTALS OF
FLUID MECHANICS
Chapter 5 Flow Analysis
Using Control Volume
Jyh-Cherng Shieh
Department of Bio-Industrial Mechatronics Engineering
National Taiwan University
10/19/2009
1
MAIN TOPICS
Conservation of Mass
Newtons Second Law The Linear Momentum
Equations
The Moment-of-Momentum Equations
First Law of Thermodynamics The Energy Equation
Second Law of Thermodynamics Irreversible Flow
Learning Objects
Select an appropriate finite CV to solve a fluid
mechanics problem.
Apply basic laws to the contents of a finite CV to get
important answers.
How to apply these basic laws?

How to express these basic laws based on CV method?
Review of Reynolds Transport Theorem

This is the fundamental relation between the rate of
change of any arbitrary extensive property, B, of a
system and the variations of this property associated
with a control volume.

BCV
CS bV ndA
t
dt

CV bdV CSbV ndA

t
dBsys
The Continuity Equation 1/4
Basic Law for Conservation of Mass
System method
dM
0
dt system
M system
M ( system )
dm
V ( system )
dV
For a system and a fixed, nondeforming control volume

that are coincident at an instant of time, the Reynolds
Transport Theorem leads to

d
d V d V V n dA
B=M and b =1
CS
dt sys
t CV
Time rate of change
of the mass of the
coincident system
Time rate of change of the

mass of the content of the
coincident control volume
Chapter 4Reynolds transport theorem
Net rate of flow of

mass through the
control surface
5
Chapter 4systemCV
The instant time considered
System and control volume at three different instances of time.

(a) System and control volume at time t t. (b) System and
control volume at time t, coincident condition. (c) System and
control volume at time t + t.
6
CV
For a fixed, nondeforming control volume, the control

volume formulation of the conservation of mass: The
continuity equation
m
out
dM
d V V n dA 0
CS
dt system t CV
Rate of increase
Of mass in CV
in
Net influx of
mass
dV V ndA
CS
t CV
7
Special case
Incompressible Fluids

d V V n dA 0 d V V n dA 0
CS
CS
t CV
t CV
For Steady flow

m out m in

V ndA 0 The mass flow rate into a control volume
CS
must be equal to the mass flow rate out of

the control volume.
Other Definition
Mass flowrate through a section of control surface

out m
in
Q V n dA m
m
A
The average velocity

A V ndA
V
A
Fixed, Nondeforming Control Volume 1/2

Special case
When the flow is steady
out m
in
m
d
V
t CV
When the flow is steady and incompressible
out
Q
in
When the flow is not steady
dV 0
t CV
+ : the mass of the contents of the control volume is increasing

- : the mass of the contents of the control volume is decreasing.
10
Fixed, Nondeforming Control Volume 2/2

Special case
When the flow is uniformly distributed over the opening

in the control surface (one dimensional flow)
AV
m
When the flow is nonuniformly distributed over the
opening in the control surface
A V
m
11
Example 5.1 Conservation of Mass

Steady, Incompressible Flow
Seawater flows steadily through a simple conical-shaped nozzle at
the end of a fire hose as illustrated in Figure E5.1. If the nozzle exit
velocity must be at least 20 m/s, determine the minimum pumping
capacity required in m3/s.
Figure E5.1
12
Example 5.1 Solution

The continuity equation
Steady flow
d V V n dA 0
CV
CS
t

V ndA m 2 m 1 0
CS
or
2m
1
m
1Q1 2 Q 2
With incompressible condition
1 2 Q1 Q2 V2 A 2 ... 0.0251m 3 / s
minimum pumping capacity
13

Steady, Compressible Flow
Air flows steadily between two sections in a long, straight portion of
4-in. inside diameter as indicated in Figure E5.2. The uniformly
distributed temperature and pressure at each section are given. If the
average air velocity (Nonuniform velocity distribution) at section (2)
is 1000ft/s, calculate the average air velocity at section (1).
section (1)
Figure E5.2
14

Steady flow
d V V n dA 0
CV
CS
t

V ndA m 2 m 1 0 m 2 m 1
CS
1 A 1 V1 2 A 2 V2
Since A1=A2
2
V1
V2
1
The ideal gas equation
p
RT
p 2 T1
V1
V2 ... 219 ft / s
p1T2
15

Two Fluids
Moist air (a mixture of dry air and water vapor) enters a
dehumidifier at the rate of 22 slugs/hr. Liquid water drains out of the
dehumidifier at a rate of 0.5 slugs/hr. Determine the mass flowrate
of the dry air and the water vapor leaving the dehumidifier.
mass flowrate
Figure E5.3
16

Steady flow
d V V n dA 0
CV
CS
t

1m
2m
30
V n dA m
CS
2m
1m
3 22 slugs / hr 0 .5slugs / hr 21 .5slugs / hr
m
17

Nonuniform Velocity Profiles
Incompressible, laminar water flow develops in a straight pipe
having radius R as indicated in Figure E5.4. At section (1), the
velocity profile is uniform; the velocity is equal to a constant value
U and is parallel to the pipe axis everywhere. At section (2), the
velocity profile is axisymmetric and parabolic, with zero velocity at
the pipe wall and a maximum value of umax at the centerline. How
are U and umax related? How are the average velocity at section
(2), V2 , and umax related?
18

Steady flow
d V V n dA 0
CV
CS
t

1 A 1U V n dA 0
A2
1 A 1U 2 u 2 2 rdr 0
With incompressible condition 1 2
A 1 U 2 u max
u max 2 U
r 2
1 rdr 0
R
V2 u max / 2
r 2
u u max 1
R
19

Unsteady Flow
A bathtub is being filled with water from a faucet. The rate of flow
from the faucet is steady at 9 gal/min. The tub volume is
approximated by a rectangular space as indicate Figure E5.5a.
Estimate the time rate of change of the depth of water in the
tub, h / t , in in./min at any instant.
Figure E5.5
20
Example 5.5 Solution1/2

d V V n dA 0
CS
t CV

air d Vair
air
volume
t
t water
volume
water m
air
water d Vwater m
air 0
For air
air d Vair m
t air volume
21
water
water volume water d Vwater m
t
CV water volume water d Vwater water [ h ( 2 ft )( 5ft ) (1 .5ft h ) A j ]
For water
h
water
m
t
Q water
( 9 gal / min)( 12 in . / ft )
h
( 7 .48 gal / ft 3 )(10 ft 2 )

t (10 ft 2 A j )
water (10 ft 2 A j )
A j 10ft 2
22
Films
Sink flow
Vacuum filter
Flow through a
contraction
23
Moving, Nondeforming Control Volume1/2

CV
When a moving control volume is used, the fluid velocity

relative to the moving control is an important variable.
W is the relative fluid velocity seen by an observer
moving with the control volume. CV
Vcv is the control volume velocity as seen from a fixed
coordinate system.
CV
V is the absolute fluid velocity seen by a stationary
observer in a fixed coordinate system.
24

dM sys
V W VCV
dt

CVdV C.S.W ndA
CVdV C.S.W ndA 0
t
CV
Velocities seen from the control
volume reference frame (relative
velocities)
25
Example 5.6 Conservation of Mass - Compressible

Flow with a Moving Control Volume
An airplane moves forward at speed of 971 km/hr as shown in
Figure E5.6a. The frontal intake area of the jet engine is 0.80m2 and
the entering air density is 0.736 kg/m3. A stationary observer
determines that relative to the earth, the jet engine exhaust gases
move away from the engine with a speed of 1050 km/hr. The engine
exhaust area is 0.558 m2, and the exhaust gas density is 0.515 kg/m3.
Estimate the mass flowrate of fuel into the engine in kg/hr.
Determine the mass flowrate of fuel
into the engine in kg/hr
CV
Figure E5.6
26

=0
CVdV C.S.W ndA 0
t
Assuming one-dimensional flow
fuel in 1A1W1 2 A 2 W2 0
m
The intake velocity, W1, relative to the moving

control volume. The exhaust velocity, W2, also
needs to be measured relative to the moving
control volume.
W1CV
W2CV
fuel in 2 A 2 W2 1A1W1
m
W2 V2 Vplane 1050km / hr 971km / hr 201km / hr
fuel in (0.515kg / m3 )(0.558m 2 )( 2021km / hr )(1000m / km) ... 9100kg / hr
m
W2CV
27
Example 5.7 Conservation of Mass Relative Velocity

CV
Water enters a rotating lawn sprinkler
through its base at the steady rate of
1000 ml/s as sketched in Figure E5.7.
If the exit area of each of the two
nozzle is 30 mm2 , determine the
average speed of the water leaving
each nozzle, relative to the nozzle, if
(a) the rotary sprinkler head is
stationary, (b) the sprinkler head
rotates at 60 rpm, and (c) the
sprinkler head accelerates from 0 to
600 rpm.
Figure E5.7
Determine the average speed

of the water leaving each
nozzle, relative to the nozzle
CV
28

WNozzle
=0
CVdV C.S.W ndA 0
t

C.S.W ndA m in m out 0
out 2A 2 W2 m
in Q
m
Q
(1000ml / s)(0.001m3 / liter )(106 mm2 / m 2 )
W2
16.7m / s W2
2
2A 2
(1000ml / liter )( 2)(30mm )
The value of W2 is independent of the speed of rotation of the sprinkler head
and represents the average speed of the water exiting from each nozzle with
respect to the nozzle for case (a), (b), (c).
29
Deforming Control Volume 1/2

CVCS
A deforming control volume involves changing volume

size and control surface movement.
The Reynolds transport theorem for a deforming control
volume can be used for this case.

dM sys
CVdV C.S.W ndA
t
dt

V W VCS
Vcs is the velocity of the control surface as seen by a fixed observer.
W is the relative velocity referenced to the control surface.
30

dM sys
dt
CVdV C.S.W ndA

t
CV
control volume
CV
31

A syringe is used to inoculate a cow. The plunger has a face area of
500 mm2. If the liquid in the syringe is to be injected steadily at a
rate of 300 cm3/min, at what speed should the plunger be advanced?
The leakage rate past the plunger is 0.01 times the volume flowrate
out of the needle.
Leakage rate
Determine the speed

of the plunger be
advanced
Figure E5.8
32

A1 A p
=CSCV
The continuity equation CVdV C.S.W ndA 0

t
2 Q leak 0
CVdV m
CVdV ( A1 Vneedle )
t
CV dV A1
t
t
Q
m
2
2 Qleak 0
Let
Vp A1Vp m
t
A1Vp Q2 Qleak 0
Q 2 Qleak
Vp
... 660mm / min
A1
33
The Linear Momentum Equations 1/4

Newtons second law for a system moving relative to an inertial
coordinate system.
System methodNewtons second law
Time rate of change of
Sum of external forces
the linear momentum of =
acting on the system
the system
F sys
d
dP
FS F B
V d V
dt sys
dt system
Psystem
M ( system )
Vdm
V ( system )
V d V
34

When a control volume is coincident with a system at an instant of
time, the force acting on the system and the force acting on the
contents of the coincident control volume are instantaneously
identical.
sys
Fcontents of the coincident control volume
t CVexternal
forcesystem
Continuity equation
0
External forces acting on system and
35


BCV
CS bV ndA
t
dt

CV bdV CSbV ndA

t
dBsys
36

For the system and a fixed, nondeforming control volume that are
coincident at an instant of time, the Reynolds Transport Theorem
leads to Chapter 4Reynolds transport theorem
mass flow rate
V d V V d V V V n dA
B=P and b V
CS
dt sys
t CV
Fcontents of the coincident control volume
Fsys d
VdV VdV VV ndA
CS
dt sys
t CV
Time rate of change

of the linear
momentum of the
coincident system

linear momentum of the
content of the coincident
control volume
Net rate of flow of

linear momentum
through the control
surface
37

CV
For a fixed and nondeforming control volume, the control

volume formulation of Newtons second law
Linear momentum equation
VdV VV ndA F Contents of the coincident
CS
t CV
mass flow rate
control volume
CV method
38
Linear momentum equation written

for a moving control volume
39

CV
Chapter 4: Reynolds transport
equation for a control volume
moving with constant velocity is
CV bdV CS bW ndA
t
dt
mass flow rate
dBsys
VdV VdV VW ndA
CS
dt sys
t CV
VdV VW ndA F Contents of the coincident
CS
t CV
control volume

V W VCV

( W VCV )dV ( W VCV )W ndA F Contents of the
CS
coincident
t CV
control volume
40
For a constant control volume velocity, Vcv, and steady

flow in the control volume reference frame

W VCV dV 0 STEADY FLOW
CV
t

CS

W VCV W ndA WW ndA VCV W ndA
CS
For steady flow, continuity equation

dM sys
dt
=0
CVdV C.S.W ndA 0

t
CS

C.S.W ndA 0
STEADY FLOW
41

For a moving, nondeforming control volume, the
linear momentum equation of steady flow
CS
WW ndA FContents of the coincident

mass flow rate
control volume
42
Vector Form of Momentum Equation

The sum of all forces (surface and body forces) acting on a
Non-accelerating control volume is equal to the sum of the
rate of change of momentum inside the control volume
and the net rate of flux of momentum out through the
control surface.
Fcontents of the coincident control volume FS FB
VdV VV ndA
CS
t CV
FB B dm
FS - p d A
A
CV
BdV
Where the velocities are measured

Relative to the control volume.
43
FILMS
Smokestack
plume momentum
Force due to
a water jet
Fire hose
Marine propulsion
Running on
water
Jelly fish
44
Linear Momentum Equations
CV

V n for flow
out of the CV for flow into the
CV
45
Application for FIXING CV

5.10~5.16
46
Example 5.10 Linear Momentum Change in

Flow Direction
As shown in Figure E5.10a, a horizontal jet of water exits a nozzle
with a uniform speed of V1=10 ft/s, strike a vane, and is turned
through an angle. Determine the anchoring force needed to hold
the vane stationary. Neglect gravity and viscous effects.
Determine the anchoring
force needed to hold the
vane stationary.
47

The x and z direction components of linear momentum equation

udV uV ndA Fx
CV
CS
t
V u i wk
wdV wV ndA Fz
CV
CS
t
V1( V1 ) A1 V1 cos ( V1 ) A 2 FAx

(0)( V1 ) A1 V1 sin ( V1 ) A 2 FAz
FAx V 21A1 (1 cos ) .. 11.64(1 cos ) lb
FAz V 21A1 sin ... 11.64 sin lb
48
Example 5.11 Linear Momentum Weight,

pressure, and Change in Speed
Determine the anchoring force required to hold in place a conical
nozzle attached to the end of a laboratory sin faucet when the water
flowrate is 0.6 liter/s. The nozzle mass is 0.1kg. The nozzle inlet and
exit diameters are 16mm and 5mm, respectively. The nozzle axis is
vertical and the axial distance between section (1) and (2) is 30mm.
The pressure at section (1) is 464 kPa. to hold the vane stationary.
Neglect gravity and viscous effects.
49
50

The z direction component of linear moment equation

wdV wV ndA FA Wn p1A1 Ww p 2 A 2
CV
CS
t

V ndA w dA
With the + used for flow out of the control volume and - used
for flow in.
1 )( w1 ) m
2 ( w 2 ) Wn p1A1 Ww p 2 A 2
(m
( w1 w 2 ) Wn p1A1 Ww p 2 A 2
FA m
1 m
2 m
1 m
2 m
w1A1 Q ... 0.599 kg / s
m
51

Q
Q
w1
... 2.98m / s
2
A1 D1 / 4
w2
Q
Q
... 30.6m
2
A 2 D2 / 4
Wn m n g (0.1kg )(9.81m / s 2 ) 0.981N
1
2
2
Ww Vw g h( D 1 D 2 D1D 2 ) Vw g ... 0.0278 N
12
( w1 w 2 ) Wn p1A1 Ww p2 A 2
FA m
(0.599 kg / s)(...) ... 77.8N
52
Example 5.12 Linear Momentum Pressure ,

Change in Speed, and Friction
Water flows through a horizontal, 180 pipe bend. The flow crosssection area is constant at a value of 0.1ft2 through the bend. The
magnitude of the flow velocity everywhere in the bend is axial and
50ft/s. The absolute pressure at the entrance and exit of the bend are
30 psia and 24 psia, respectively. Calculate the horizontal (x and y)
components of the anchoring force required to hold the bend in
place.
53

The x direction component of linear moment equation

udV uV ndA FAx
CV
CS
t
At section (1) and (2), the flow is in the y direction and therefore
u=0 at both sections.
FAx 0
The y direction component of linear moment equation
vdV vV ndA FAy p1A1 p 2 A 2
CV
CS
t
54

For one-dimensional flow
1 ) ( v 2 )( m
2 ) FAy p1A1 p2 A 2
( v1 )( m
( v1 v 2 ) FAy p1A1 p2 A 2
m
( v1 v 2 ) p1A1 p 2 A 2 ... 1324lb
FAy m
1 m
2 m
v1A1 ... 9.70slugs / s
m
55
Example 5.13 Linear Momentum Weight,

pressure, and Change in Speed
Air flows steadily between two cross sections in a long, straight
portion of 4-in. inside diameter pipe as indicated in Figure E5.13,
where the uniformly distributed temperature and pressure at each
cross section are given, If the average air velocity at section (2) is
1000 ft/s, we found in Example 5.2 that the average air velocity at
section (1) must be 219 ft/s. Assuming uniform velocity
distributions at sections (1) and (2), determine the frictional force
exerted by the pipe wall on the air flow between sections (1) and (2).
56

The axial component of linear moment equation

udV uV ndA R x p1A1 p 2 A 2
CS
t CV
1 ) ( u 2 )( m
2 ) R x p1A1 p 2 A 2
( u1 )( m
( u 2 u1 ) R x A 2 ( p1 p 2 )
m
( u 2 u1 )
R x A 2 ( p1 p 2 ) m
p 2 D 2 2
1 m
2 m

u 2 ... 0.297slugs / s
m
RT2 4
57

( u 2 u1 )
R x A 2 ( p1 p 2 ) m
( u 2 u1 ) ... 793lb
R x A 2 ( p1 p 2 ) m
p2
2
RT2
D 2 2
A2
4
58
Example 5.14 Linear Momentum

Weight, Pressure,
If the flow of Example 5.4 is
vertically upward, develop an
expression for the fluid pressure drop
that occurs between sections (1) and
(2).
59

The axial component of linear moment equation
wdV wV ndA p1A1 R z W p2 A 2
CS
t CV
1 ) ( w 2 )( w 2dA 2 ) p1A1 R z W p2 A 2
( w1 )( m
CS
w 2 2 w1 1 ( r / R )
r 2
w 2 2 w 1 1
R
2
R
CS ( w 2 )( w 2dA 2 ) 0 w 2 2rdr 4w1 3
4 2
2
2
w1 R w1 R p1A1 R z W p2 A 2
3
2
Rz W
w1
p1 p2
3
A1 A1
R
60
Example 5.15 Linear Momentum - Trust

A static thrust as sketched in Figure E5.15 is to be designed for
testing a jet engine. The following conditions are known for a
typical test: Intake air velocity = 200 m/s; exhaust gas velocity= =
500 m/s; intake cross-section area = 1m2; intake static pressure = 22.5 kPa=78.5 kPa (abs); intake static temperature = 268K; exhaust
static pressure =0 kPa=101 kPa (abs). Estimate the normal trust for
which to design.
61

udV uV ndA p1A1 Fth p2 A 2 patm ( A1 A 2 )
CS
t CV
1 ) ( u 2 )( m
2 ) ( p1 patm ) A1 ( p2 patm ) A 2 Fth
( u1 )( m
m
1 1A1u1 m
2 2 A 2 u 2
m
( u 2 u1 ) p1A1 p2 A 2 Fth
m
( u 2 u1 ) ... 83700 N
Fth 1A1 2 A 2 m
p1
1
RT1
1A1u1 ... 204 kg / s

m
62
Example 5.16 Linear Momentum

Nomuniform Pressure
A sluice gate across a
channel of width b is shown
in the closed and open
position in Figure 5.16a and
b. Is the anchoring force
required to hold the gate in
place larger when the gate is
closed or when it is open?
63

When the gate is closed, the horizontal forces acting on the contents
of the control volume are identified in Figure E5.16c.

1 2
1 2
CS uV ndA 2 H b R x R x 2 H b
When the gate is open, the horizontal forces acting on the contents of
the control volume are identified in Figure E5.16d.

1 2
1 2
CS uV ndA 2 H b R x 2 h b Ff
1 2
1 2
2
2
u1 Hb u 2 hb H b R x h b Ff
2
2
1
1
2
For H h and u1 u 2 R x H 2 b h 2 b Ff u 2 hb
2
2
64
Application for MOVING CV

5.17
65
Example 5.17 Linear Momentum Moving Control Volume 1/2

A vane on wheels move with a constant velocity V0 when a stream
..
of water having a nozzle exit velocity of V1 is turned 45 by the vane
as indicated in Figure E5.17a. Note that this is the same moving
vane considered in Section 4.4.6 earlier . Determine the magnitude
and direction of the force, F, exerted by the stream of water on the
vane surface. The speed of the water jet leaving the nozzle is 100ft/s,
and the vane is moving to the right with a constant speed of 20 ft/s.
CVVo
V1Nozzle
66
Example 5.17 Linear Momentum Moving Control Volume 2/2

..
CV
67

CS

WxW ndA R x
..
1 ) ( W2 cos 45)( m
2 ) R x
( W1 )( m
1 1W1A1
m
2 2 W2 A 2
m
The z direction component of linear moment equation
CS

WzW ndA R z WW
2 ) R z Ww
( W2 sin 45)( m
1 1W1A1 m
2 2 W2 A 2
m
W1 W2 V1 V0 ...
68

2
1
R x W A1 (1 cos 45) ... 21.8..lb

2
R z W1 A1 sin 45 Ww ... 53lb

2
R R x R z ... 57.3lb
Ww gA1
Rz
tan
Rx
1
69
From the Proceeding Examples

A flowing fluid can be forced to change direction,
Speed up or slow down, have a velocity profile change, do
only some or all of the above, do nobe of the above.
A net force on the fluidis required for achieving any or

all of the first four above. The forces on a flowing fluid
balance out with no net force for the fifth.
Typical force considered include pressure, friction,

weight.
70
Moment-of-Momentum Equation1/4
Applying Newtons second law of motion to a particle of fluid
Particle
d
( VV ) Fparticle The velocity measured in an inertial reference system
Acting on the particle
dt
Taking moment of each side with respect to the origin of an inertial

coordinate system r

dr
d

V VV 0
r ( VV ) r Fparticle
dt
dt
d
d
dr
( r V )V
VV r ( VV )
dt
dt
dt
d
( r V )V r Fparticle
dt
71

d
( r V )V r Fparticle
dt
particles

d
d
sys dt ( r V)dV dt sys ( r V)V

d
sys ( r V)dV ( r F)sys
dt
System
The time rate of change of the

Moment-of-momentum of the system

d
( r V)V ( r F)sys
dt sys
Sum of external torques

Acting on system
Based on system method
72
When a control volume is coincident with a system at an
instant of time, the torque acting on the system and the
torque acting on the contents of the coincident control
volume are instantaneously identical

( r F)sys ( r F)cv
t CV
external force
system
For fixed and nondeforming control volume, the momentof-momentum equation:

CV ( r V ) d V CS ( r V ) V n dA ( r F )
Contents of the coincident
t
Based on Control Volume
control volume
73


BCV
CS bV ndA
t
dt

CV bdV CSbV ndA

t
dBsys
74
Chapter 4 Reynolds transport theorem
For the system and the contents of the coincident control

volume that is fixed and nondeforming, The Reynolds
transport theorem leads to CV = SYSTEM
d
dt
(
r
V
)
d
V
sys
t
Time rate of change

of the moment-ofmomentum of the
system

b r V
CV

( r V ) d V ( r V ) V n dA
CS

moment-of-momentum of
the content of the
Net rate of flow of

moment-of-momentum
through the control
surface

B bm r Vm
75
Application1/8
CV
Consider the rotating sprinkler.

( r V )dV 0
CV
t
The flows are one-dimensional.
The flows are steady or steady-in-the-mean.
Using the axial component of the moment-of-momentum

equation to analyze this flow
CV
Using the fixed and non-deforming
control volume which contains
within its boundaries the spinning
or stationary sprinkler head and
the portion of the water flowing
through the sprinkler contained in
the control volume.
CV
76
Application2/8

CV ( r V ) d V CS ( r V ) V n dA ( r F )
t

CS ( r V )V ndA
This term can be nonzero only where fluid is

crossing the control surface. Everywhere else on
the control surface this term will be zero because
At section (1) r V 0 There is no axial moment-ofmomentum flow in section (1)

At section (2) r V r2 V 2
r2 is the radius from the axis of rotation to the nozzle centerline and V2 is the
tangential component of the velocity of the flow exiting each nozzle as
observed from a frame of reference attached to the fixed and nondeforming
control volume.
77
Application3/8
WMoving nozzle
UMoving nozzle

VWU
U is the velocity of the moving nozzle as measured relative to

the fixed control surface.
W is relative velocity of exit flow as viewed from the nozzle
V is the absolute velocity of exit flow relative to a fixed control
surface.
78
Application4/8

Vn

CS ( r V )V ndA

CS ( r V )V ndA
axial
- for flow into

+ for flow out
( r2 V2 ) m
Where m is the total mass flowrate through both nozzles. The

mass flowrate is the same whether the sprinkler rotates or not.

r V
+ or -ascertained by
using the right-hand rule

r V
79
Application5/8
TurbineTorque
The torque term ( r F ) content of the control volume

( r F)content of the CV

r V
axial
Tshaft r2 V 2 m
Acting on the shaft

Torque
The correct algebraic sign of the axial component of r V
can be easily remembered in the following way:
If V and U are in the same direction, use +

If V and U are in opposite direction, use 80
Application6/8
Acting on the CV
Shaft power?
W
shaft T shaft r2 V 2 m
w shaft W
shaft m U 2 V 2
Sprinkler speed U r2
Negative shaft work is work out of the control volume, that is,
work done by the fluid on the rotor and thus its shaft.
Torque
shaft work is out of the CV
81
Application7/8

CV ( r V )dV CS ( r V )V ndA ( r F)
Contents of the
t
General case
Control volume
in rin Vin m
out rout Vout
Tshaft m
The - is used with mass flowrate into the control
volume, min, and the + is used with mass flowrate out
of the control volume,
mout, to acount for the sign of the
dot product V n .
The + or - is used with the rV product depends

on the direction of r V axial If V and U are in the same direction, use +
If V and U are in opposite direction, use -
82
Application8/8
U r2
The shaft power
W
shaft T shaft ( min )( rin Vin ) (mout )( rout Vout )
W
shaft min U in Vin mout U out Vout
m
in m
out
m
w shaft U in Vin U out Vout

When shaft torque and shaft rotation are in the same
(opposite) direction, power is into (out of ) the fluid.
83
rV
A simple way to determine the sign of the rV product is
to compare the direction of V and the blade speed U.
If V and U are in the same direction, the product rV is positive.
If V and U are in opposite direction, the product rV is negative.
84
Example 5.18 Moment of

Momentum Torque 1/2
Water enters a rotating lawn sprinkler through its base at the steady
..
rate of 1000 ml/s as sketched in Figure E5.18. The exit area of each
nozzle is in the tangential direction. The radius from the axis of
rotation to the centerline of each nozzle is 200mm. (a) The resisting
torque required to hold the sprinkler head stationary.(b) The
resisting torque associated with the sprinkler rotating with a
constant speed of 500rev/min. (c) The speed of the sprinkler if
no resisting torque is applied.
85

Momentum Torque 2/2
..
86

(a) Tshaft r2V 2 m
V 2 V2
Tshaft r2V2 m
where V2 16.7 m / s from Example 5.7

..
(1000ml / s)(103 m3 / liter )(999kg / m3 )

Q
m
0.999kg / s
(1000ml / liter )
Tshaft
( 200mm)(16.7m / s)(0.999kg / s)[1( N / kg) /( m / s2 )]
3.34 N m
(1000ml / liter )
(b) V W U
2
2
2
where W2 16.7m / s U 2 r2
V2 16.7m / s
( 200mm)(500rev / min)(2 rad / rev )

(1000mm / m)(60s / min)
6.2m / s
87
Tshaft r2 V2 m
Tshaft
(c)
( 200mm)(6.2m / s)(0.999kg / s)[1( N / kg) /( m / s2 )]
1.24 N m
(1000ml / liter )
..
0
Tshaft r2 ( W2 r2) m
W2 (16.7m / s)(1000mm / m)
83.5 rad / s 797rpm

r2
( 200mm)
88

Momentum Power 1/2
An air fan has a bladed rotor of 12-in. outside diameter and 10-in.
..
inside diameter as illustrated in Figure E5.19a. The height of each
rotor is constant at 1 in. from blade inlet to outlet. The flowrate is
steady, on a time-average basis, at 230 ft3/min, and the absolute
velocity of the air at blade inlet, V1, is radial. The blade discharge
angle is 30 from the tangential direction. If the rotor rotates at a
constant speed of 1725 rpm, estimate the power required to run the
fan.
89

Momentum Power 2/2
..
90

0 (V1 is radial)
..
U
V
m
shaft
1
1 1
2 U 2 V 2
Q ... 0.00912slug / s
m
(6in.)(1725rpm )( 2rad / rev )
U 2 r2
90.3ft / s
(12in. / ft )(60s / min)
V2 W2 U 2
V 2 U 2 W2 cos 30
W2 cos 30 Vr 2
Q A 2 Vr 2 2r2 hVr 2
m
/(2r2 h sin 30) ... 29.3ft / s
W2 m
U V ... 0.972hp
W
m
shaft
91
First Law of Thermodynamics

The Energy Equation1/5
The first law of thermodynamics for a system is

Time rate of increase
of the total stored
=
energy of the system
Net time rate of energy

addition by heat transfer
into the system
Net time rate of energy

+ addition by work
transfer into the system
d
Q
W
W
Q
e
d
V
Q
sys
in
out
in
out
net / in Wnet / in sys
sys
sys
dt
or
sysedV Q net in Wnet in sys
+ going into system

dt
- coming out
V2
e u
gz
2
The net rate of work transfer
Total stored energy per unit

mass for each particle in the
system
into the system

The net rate of heat transfer into the system
92

For the control volume that is coincident with the system

at an instant of time. t CV Q W
system
(Q
W
)
(
Q
W
net in
net in sys
net in
net in ) coincident control volume
93


BCV
CS bV ndA
t
dt

CV bdV CSbV ndA

t
dBsys
94

For the system and the contents of the coincident control volume
that is fixed and nondeforming -- Reynolds Transport Theorem
leads to CV = SYSTEM
sysedV
CV edV C.S.eV ndA
dt
t
Time rate of increase

of the total stored
=
energy of the system
be
Net time rate of increase

of the total stored energy
of the contents of the
control volume
The net rate of flow of the

total stored energy out of
+ the control volume through
the control surface
B em
95

The control volume formula for the first law of

thermodynamics:

d
V
n
dA
(
Q
W
cv
net in
net in )
CS
CV
t
NEXT PAGE
96
Rate of Work done by CV

W
W
Shaft
normal
shear
other
Shaft work W
: the rate of work transferred into through
Shaft
the CS by the shaft work ( negative for work transferred out,
positive for work input required) shaft
Work done by normal stresses at the CS:
Wnormal Fnormal V
CS

nn V n dA p V n dA
CS
Work done by shear stresses at the CS:

Wshear V n dA Negligibly small

CS
Other work
+-
cv edV eV ndA Q net in Wshaft net in pV ndA
CS
CS
t
97

CV
edV
CS
e V n dA Q
net
in
W
Shaf
net in
CS

p V n dA
Energy equation

p V2
d
V
(
u
gz
)
n
dA
W
net / in
Shaft / in
CS 2
t CV
V2
e u
gz
2
98
Application of Energy Equation1/3
When the flow is steady

CV edV 0
t
The integral of

p V2
CS u 2 gzV ndA
???
Special & simple case Uniformly distribution
p V2
p V2
p V2
u
gz
V
n
dA
u
gz
m
u
gz
CS 2
2
2
out
in
Only
Only one
one stream
stream
entering
entering and
and leaving
leaving
Special & simple case

p V2
CS u 2 gzV ndA
p V2
p V2
in
gz m
u
gz m out u
2
2
in
out
99

If shaft work is involved.
shaft work
2
2
p
p
Vout Vin
u out u in
m
g z out z in
2
out in
One-dimensional energy equation

Q
W
net in
shaft net in
for steady-in-the-mean flow
Enthalpy h u
The energy equation is written in terms

of enthalpy.
2
2

V
V
out
in
h out h in
m
g z out z in Q net / in W
shaft net / in
2
100

If shaft work is zero.
shaft work
2
2
p
p
Vout Vin
u out u in
m
g z out z in
2
out in
One-dimensional energy equation

Q
net in
for steady-in-the-mean flow
2
2

V
V
out
in
h out h in
m
g z out z in Q net / in
2
The Pelton wheel is among the most

efficient types of water turbines. It
was invented by Lester Allan Pelton
(1829-1908) in the 1870s
101
Example 5.20 Energy Pump Power 1/2

A pump delivers water at a steady rate of 300 gal/min as shown in
Figure E5.20. Just upstream of the pump [section(1)] where the pipe
diameter is 3.5 in., the pressure is 18 psi. Just downstream of the
pump [section (2)] where the pipe diameter is 1 in., the pressure is
60 psi. The change in water elevation across the pump is zero. The
rise in internal energy of water, u2-u1, associated with a temperature
rise across the pump is 3000 ftlb/slug. If the pumping process is
considered to be adiabatic, determine the power (hp) required by the
pump. Q
102
Example 5.20 Energy Pump Power 2/2
103

One-dimensional energy equation for steady-in-the-mean flow
p p V22 V12
u 2 u1
g z 2 z1
m
2
2 1
=0(Adiabatic flow)
Q
net / in Wshaft net / in
(1.94slug / ft 3 )(300gal / min)
Q
m
1.30slugs / s
3
(7.48gal / ft )(60s / min)
Q
Q
Q
Q
V
V1
..... 10.0ft / s
V2
... 123ft / s
2
A D / 4
A1
A2
W
(1.30slugs / s).... 32.3hp
shaft net in
104
Example 5.21 Energy Turbine Power

per Unit Mass of Flow
Steam enters a turbine with a velocity of 30m/s and enthalpy, h1, of
3348 kJ/kg. The steam leaves the turbine as a mixture of vapor and
liquid having a velocity of 60 m/s and an enthalpy of 2550 kJ/kg. If
the flow through the turbine is adiabatic and changes in elevation
are negligible, determine the work output involved per unit mass of
steam through-flow. Q
105

The energy equation in terms of enthalpy.
=0(Adiabatic flow)
2
2

V
V
2
1
h 2 h1
m
g z 2 z1 Q net / in W
shaft net / in
2
shaft net in
w
shaft net out
w
shaft net out
w
W
shaft net in
V V
h 2 h1
2
2
2
2
1
m
shaft net in
w
2
2
V
V
2
h1 h 2 1
... 797 kJ / kg
2
106
Example 5.22 Energy Temperature

Change
A 500-ft waterfall involves steady flow from one large body of
water to another. Determine the temperature change associated with
this flow.
107

The temperature change is related to the change of internal energy of
the water
u 2 u1
T2 T1
c
where c 1 Btu /(lbm R ) is the specific heat of water
One-dimensional energy equation for steady-in-the-mean flow

without shaft work
V2=V1

p 2 p1 V V
u 2 u1
m
gz 2 z1 Q net in
2

2
2
2
1
=0(Adiabatic flow)
g ( z 2 z1 )
(32.2ft / s2 )(500ft )
T2 T1
0.643R
2
c
[778ft lb /(lbm R )][32.2(lbm ft ) /(lb s )]
108
1/4
Energy Equation vs. Bernoulli Equation
V
2

p
p
Vout
Vin2
m u out u in
g z out z in Q
net in Wshaft net in
2
out in
e u
gz
For steady, incompressible flowOne-dimensional energy equation

2
shaft work

p out pin Vout
Vin2
u out u in
m
gz out z in Q net in normal stress

2

2
pout Vout
pin Vin2
gz out
gz in u out u in q net in
where q net in Q
net in / m
For steady, incompressible, frictionless flow
p out
chapter 3
2
Vout
Vin2
z out p in
z in Bernoulli equation
2
2
u out u in q net
in
Frictionless flow
109
Energy Equation & Bernoulli Equation 2/4

For steady, incompressible, frictional flow
u out u in q net
in
Frictional flow
p V2
Defining useful or available energy
gz
2
Lossin
out
Defining loss of useful or available energy u out u in q net

2
out
2
in
in
loss
p out V
p in V
gz out
gz in loss
2
2
2
12
p2 V2
gz 2
2
1
p1 V
gz1
110

For steady, incompressible flow with friction and shaft work

p p V V
u out u in out in
m
gz out z in Q
net in Wshatf net in
2

2
out
2
in
2
out
in out
2
in
p out V
p
V
gzout in
gzin w shaft net in ( u out u in q net in )
2
2
pin Vin2
p out Vout
gzout
gzin w shaft net in loss
2
2
2
out
in out
2
in
pout V
p
V
z out in
z in h s h L
2g
2g
Shaft head h S
w shaft
net / in
W
shaft
g
m
net / in
W
shaft
Q
net / in
Head loss hL
loss
g
111

2
pin Vin2
pout Vout
z out
z in h s h L
2g
2g
in out
For turbine h s h T ( h T 0 ) hT is turbine head

For pump h s h P hp is pump head in out
The actual head drop across the turbine Energy transfer
h T ( h s h L )T
loss
h p (hs h L )p
loss
The actual head drop across the pump
112
Example 5.23 Energy Effect of Loss

of Available Energy
Compare the volume flowrates associated with two
different vent configurations, a cylindrical hole in the
wall having a diameter of 120 mm and the same
diameter cylindrical hole in the wall but with a wellrounded entrance (see Figure E5.23a). The room
pressure is held constant at 0.1 kPa above
atmospheric pressure. Both vents exhaust into the
atmosphere. As discussed in Section 8.4.2. the loss in
available energy associated with flow through the
cylindrical bent from the room to the vent exit is
0.5V22/2 where V2 is the uniformly distributed exit
velocity of air. The loss in available energy associated
with flow through the rounded entrance vent from the
room to the vent exit is 0.05V22/2, where V2 is the
uniformly distributed exit velocity of air.
113

For steady, incompressible flow with friction, the energy equation
V1=0 No elevation change
p 2 V22
p1 V12
gz 2
gz1 1 loss 2
2
2
p1 p 2
V2 2
1 loss 2

V2
V2
1 loss 2 K L
2
p1 p 2
1 K L / 2
D 2
Q A 2 V2
4
p1 p 2
1 K L / 2
114
Example 5.24 Energy Fan Work and

Efficiency
An axial-flow ventilating fan driven by a motor that delivers 0.4 kW
of power to the fan blades produces a 0.6-m-diameter axial stream
of air having a speed of 12 m/s. The flow upstream of the fan
involves negligible speed. Determine how much of the work to the
air actually produces a useful effects, that is, a rise in available
energy and estimate the fluid mechanical efficiency of this fan.
115

For steady, incompressible flow with friction and shaft work
w shaft net in
p1 V12
p 2 V22
gz1
loss
gz 2
2
2
p1=p2=atmospheric pressure, V1=0, no elevation change

2
V2
w shaft net in loss
72 .0 N m / kg
2
w shaft net in loss
Efficiency
w shaft net in
w shaft net in
W
shaft net in
W
shaft net in
AV
95 .8 N m / kg
116
Example 5.25 Energy Head Loss

and Power Loss
The pump shown in Figure E5.25 adds 10 horsepower to the water
as it pumps water from the lower lake to the upper lake. The
elevation difference between the lake surfaces is 30 ft and the head
loss is 15 ft. Determine the flowrate and power loss associated with
this flow.
117

The energy equation
p B VB2
p A VA2
zA
z B hs h L
2g
2g
pA pB 0
VA VB 0
The pump head
hs h L z A z B
W
shaft net / in
Q
88.1 / Q
Qh ...
Power loss W
loss
L
118
Application of Energy Equation to

Nonuniform Flows 1/2
If the velocity profile at any section where flow crosses the
control surface is not uniform
CSuniform
V2
????
V ndA
C.S.
2
For one stream of fluid entering and
leaving the control volume.

~2
~2
out V
V
V2
out
V ndA m
in in
CS
2
2
2
V2
V ndA

Where is the kinetic energy
A 2
coefficient and V is the
1
V
average velocity

m
119
Application of Energy Equation to

Nonuniform Flows 2/2
For nonuniform velocity profile.
2
pin in Vin2
pout out Vout
gz out
gz in w shaft net in loss
2
2
2
out Vout
in Vin2
pout
z out pin
z in w shaft net in (loss)
2
2
g
2
w shaft net in
pout out Vout
pin in Vin2
z out
z in
hL
2g
2g
g
120
Example 5.26 Energy Effect of

Nonuniform Velocity Profile 1/2
The small fan shown in Figure E5.26 moves air at a mass flowrate
of 0.1 kh/min. Upstream of the fan, the pipe diameter is 60 mm, the
flow is laminar, the velocity distribution is parabolic, and the kinetic
energy coefficient, 1, is equal to 2.0. Downstream of the fan, the
pipe diameter is 30 mm, the flow is turbulent, the velocity profile is
quite uniform, and the kinetic energy coefficient, 2 , is equal to
1.08. If the rise in static pressure across the fan is 0.1 kPa and the
fan motor draws 0.14 W, compare the value of loss calculated: (a)
assuming uniform velocity distributions, (2) considering actual
velocity distribution.
121
Example 5.26 Energy Effect of

Nonuniform Velocity Profile 2/2
122

The energy equation for nonuniform velocity profile.
p2 2 V22
p1 1V12
gz 2
gz1 w shaft net / in loss
2
p 2 p1 1V12 2 V22
loss w shaft net in

2
2

power to fan motor
w shaft net / in
m
(0.14W )[(1N m / s) / W ]
(60s / min) 84.0 N m / kg

0.1kg / min
m
m
V1
... 0.479m / s
V2
... 1.92m / s
A1
A2
123

p2 p1 1V12 2 V22
loss w shaft net / in

2
2

0.975N m / kg1 2 1
p2 p1 1V12 2 V22
loss w shaft net / in

2
2

0.940 N m / kg1 2, 2 1.08
124
Example 5.28 Energy Fan

Performance
For the fan of Example 5.19, show that only some of the shaft power
into the air is converted into a useful effect. Develop a meaningful
efficiency equation and a practical means for estimating lost shaft
energy.
125

p1 V12
p 2 V22
gz 2
gz1 w shaft net in loss
2
2
useful effect w shaft
net / in
loss
p2 V22
p1 V12

gz 2
gz1
2
2
Efficiency
w shaft
w shaft net in U 2 V2
net in
w shaft
(1)
loss
(2)
(3)
net in
(4)
126

(2)+(3)+(4)
2
{[( p2 / ) ( V2 / 2) gz 2 ] [( p1 / ) ( V1 / 2) gz1 ]} / U 2 V 2
(2)+(4)
2
2
1
U 2 V 2 [( p2 / V2 / 2 gz 2 ) ( p1 / V / 2 gz1 )]
127
First Law of Thermodynamics For

Semi-infinitesimal CV 1/2
Applying the one-dimensional, steady flow energy
equation to the content of a semi-infinitesimal control
volume
2
p out p in Vout
Vin2
u out u in

gz out z in Q
m
net
2
p V2
du d d
gdz Q
m
net in
2
in
semi-infinitesimal control volume
CV in
out difference
128
First Law of Thermodynamics For

Semi-infinitesimal CV 2/2
1
Tds du pd
For all pure substances including common

engineering working fluids, such as air, water,
oil, and gasoline
1 p V2
Tds pd d d
gdz Q
m
net in
Semi-infinitesimal control volume statement of

the energy equation
V2
dp
gdz (Tds q net in )
d
129
Second Law of Thermodynamics

Irreversible Flow 1/3
A general statement of the second law of thermodynamics
The time rate of increase of
the entropy of a system
Q
d
net in
sys sdV
dt
T
Sum of the ratio of net heat transfer rate into

system to absolute temperature for each
particle of mass in the system receiving heat
from surroundings
sys
For the system and the contents of the coincident control

volume that is fixed and nondeforming -- Reynolds
Transport Theorem leads to CV = SYSTEM
sdV C.S. sV ndA

sys sdV
CV
dt
t
130

For the system and control volume at the instant when
system and control volume are coincident
Q
Q
net in
net in
T T
cv
sys
t CV
Q system
The control volume formula for the second law of

thermodynamics
net in
s
d
V
s
V
n
dA
CV
CS
T
t
CV
131

For one stream of fluid entering and leaving the control
volume. Special & simple case
(s out sin )
m
Q
net in
T
Steady flow
Semi-infinitesimal thin CV
Uniform temperature
ds
m
Q
net in
T
Tds q net in 0
132
First and Second Law of

Thermodynamics 1/4
CV
Semi-infinitesimal control volume statement of the

energy equation
V2
dp
gdz (Tds q net in )
d
2
Semi-infinitesimal CV of the second law of
thermodynamics
Tds q net in 0
dp
V2
gdz 0
d
2
133

Thermodynamics 2/4
dp
V2
gdz (loss) (Tds q net in )
d
2
For steady frictionless flow
dp
V2
gdz 0
d
2
The shaft work is involved
dp
V2
gdz (loss) w shaft net in
d
2
134

Thermodynamics 3/4
dp
V2
gdz (loss) (Tds q net in )
d
2
Tds du pd
du pd q net in (loss)
For incompressible flow du q net in (loss)

135

Thermodynamics 4/4
When control volume is finite
out
1
u out u in pd q net in loss

in
For incompressible flow u out u in q net in loss
136
Application of the Loss Form1/2

dp
V2
gdz (loss) w shaft net in
d
2
Frictionless, loss=0, no shaft work, incompressible

Integrating
Integrating
p 2 V22
p1 V12
gz 2
gz1 Bernoulli equation
Frictionless, loss=0, no shaft work, compressible

Integrating
Integrating
dp V22
V12
gz 2
gz1
2
2
137
Application of the Loss Form2/2

For adiabatic flow of an ideal gas
p
cons tan t
k
Integrating
Integrating
dp
k p 2 p1

k 1 2 1
2
2
1
k p 2 V2
k p1 V
gz 2
gz1
k 1 2
2
k 1 1
2
138

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FUNDAMENTALS OF

How to apply these basic laws?

Review of Reynolds Transport Theorem

CV bdV CSbV ndA

For a system and a fixed, nondeforming control volume

Time rate of change of the

Chapter 4Reynolds transport theorem

Net rate of flow of

System and control volume at three different instances of time.

For a fixed, nondeforming control volume, the control

For Steady flow

must be equal to the mass flow rate out of

Mass flowrate through a section of control surface

The average velocity

Fixed, Nondeforming Control Volume 1/2

When the flow is steady

When the flow is not steady

+ : the mass of the contents of the control volume is increasing

Fixed, Nondeforming Control Volume 2/2

When the flow is uniformly distributed over the opening

Example 5.1 Conservation of Mass

Example 5.1 Solution

Example 5.2 Conservation of Mass

Example 5.2 Solution

Example 5.3 Conservation of Mass

Example 5.3 Solution

Example 5.4 Conservation of Mass

Example 5.4 Solution

With incompressible condition 1 2

Example 5.5 Conservation of Mass

Example 5.5 Solution1/2

Example 5.5 Solution2/2

( 7 .48 gal / ft 3 )(10 ft 2 )

Moving, Nondeforming Control Volume1/2

When a moving control volume is used, the fluid velocity

Moving, Nondeforming Control Volume2/2

CVdV C.S.W ndA 0

Example 5.6 Conservation of Mass - Compressible

Example 5.6 Solution

CVdV C.S.W ndA 0

The intake velocity, W1, relative to the moving

Example 5.7 Conservation of Mass Relative Velocity

Determine the average speed

Example 5.7 Solution

CVdV C.S.W ndA 0

Deforming Control Volume 1/2

A deforming control volume involves changing volume

Deforming Control Volume 2/2

CVdV C.S.W ndA

Example 5.8 Conservation of Mass

Determine the speed

Example 5.8 Solution

The continuity equation CVdV C.S.W ndA 0

The Linear Momentum Equations 1/4

The Linear Momentum Equations 2/4

Fcontents of the coincident control volume

Review of Reynolds Transport Theorem

CV bdV CSbV ndA

The Linear Momentum Equations 3/4

Fcontents of the coincident control volume

VdV VdV VV ndA

Time rate of change

Time rate of change of the

Net rate of flow of