Internati onal Journal of Computer & Mathematical Sciences

IJCMS
ISSN 2347 8527
Volume 3, Issue 5
July 2014

Effect of Partial Replacement of Cement with Fly Ash and

Coarse Aggregate with Coconut Shell on properties of concrete
Neetesh Kumar

Abhinav Singh

Research Scholar

Research Scholar

Civil Engg. Department

Civil Engg. Department

M.M.M.U.T. Gorakhpur

M.M.M.U.T. Gorakhpur

Abstract: An effort has been made to study the

suitability of replacing the 25% of fly ash
obtained from N.T.P.C. Tanda Uttar Predesh
is common for all mixes with cement and
simultaneously by replacing 10%, 20% and
30% of coconut shell as coarse aggregate for
concrete of grade M 25. Check strength
characteristics such as compressive strength
of concrete mix are found for 7 days, 14 days,
28 days of curing period and results are
analyzed and compared with the regular
(conventional) mix. Test for grade as per
specified procedure of IS codes. The materials
are proportioned by their weight. The water
cement ratio is obtained by conducting
workability tests. The results found were
comparable with that of conventional mix. The
proportion used in this study is 1:1.49:3.03
and water cement ratio is 0.47.

sustainable research worldwide are the use of

Keywords: Coarse aggregate, fine aggregate,

coconut shell, compressive strength, concrete,
fly ash, slump, compaction factor.
INTRODUCTION
Sustainable materials are currently widely
considered and investigated in construction
engineering research. Some examples of

recycled concrete aggregates, coal fly ash,

ground clay brick and pervious paver block
system. Further, substantial research work has
been conducted on fiber-reinforced concrete
which is a concrete primarily made of a mix of
hydraulic cement, aggregates, water and
reinforcing fibers.
The Coconut Shell-cement composite is
compatible and no pre-treatment is required.
Coconut Shell concrete has better workability
because of the smooth surface on one side of
the shells. The impact resistance of Coconut
Shell concrete is high when compared with
conventional concrete. Moisture retaining and
water absorbing capacity of Coconut Shell are
more compared to conventional aggregate
In Asia the construction industry is yet to
utilize the advantage of LWC

Neetesh Kumar, Abhinav Singh

the

construction of high rise structures. Coconut

Shell (CS) are not commonly used in the
construction industry but are often dumped as
agricultural wastes.

72

in

Internati onal Journal of Computer & Mathematical Sciences

IJCMS
ISSN 2347 8527
Volume 3, Issue 5
July 2014

The aim of this study is to spread awareness of

The materials used in this experiment were

coconut fibres as a construction material.

locally available and these were Ordinary

Typical concrete

is a mixture of fine

Portland Cement (O.P.C), Fly ash as partial

aggregates, coarse aggregates, cement and

replacement of cement, sand as fine aggregate,

water. Because of its convenient use, it is not

crushed granite and coconut shell both as

only used in building construction but also in

coarse aggregate. Potable water was used for

other areas roads, harbors, bridges and many

mixing and curing.

more. The usage of concrete is very wide. It is

one of the

most

important

constituent

materials. It is comparatively economical, easy

Cement: Ordinary Portland cement 43 grade

was used conforming to IS 8112 1989 and
physical property was given below:

to make offers continuity solidity and indeed it

lays the role of developing and improving our

S.N.

modern society. Coarse aggregates not only

1.

constitute the bulk of concrete but also

contribute the most towards its compressive

Physical
property
Compressive
Strength(MPa)
Fineness (%)
Specific Gravity

Test
result
48.35

close particle interlock. But, the construction

2.
3.
Fly Ash:

industry worldwide is facing a shortage of this

The burning of harder, older anthracite and

strength through high particle strength and

natural resource. The recycling of demolished

masonry rubble as coarse aggregate

in

concrete is an interesting possibility due to its

environmental benefits. It is not only a viable

6
3.06

bituminous coal typically produces Class F fly

ash. This fly ash is pozzolanic in nature, and
contains less than 20% lime (CaO).
S.N.

Physical property

Test result

alternative to natural coarse aggregate but also

1.

Specific Gravity

2.37

solves the major problem of disposal of

2.

Bulk

1050

demolition of waste. Recycling construction

and demolition waste into aggregate would
ultimately lead to fewer quarries and landfills.

Density(kg/m3 )
Fine Aggregate: Sand conforming to Zone-III
was used as the fine aggregate, as per I.S 3831970. The sand was air dried and free from

DESCRIPTIONS OF MATERIALS

73

Neetesh Kumar, Abhinav Singh

any foreign material, earlier than mixing.

Internati onal Journal of Computer & Mathematical Sciences

IJCMS
ISSN 2347 8527
Volume 3, Issue 5
July 2014

S.N.

Physical property

Test result

absorption. Due to this property, before use

3.

Fineness modulus

2.45

coconut shells were soaked in potable water

4.

Specific Gravity

2.56

for 24 hours.

5.

Bulk
1530-1600
3
Density(kg/m )
Water Absorption 0.80
(%)

6.

Coarse Aggregates: Crushed granite was used

as coarse aggregate of size 20 mm and 10 mm
both.
S.N.

Physical property

1.

Test result

2.

Maximum
Size 20
(mm)
Fineness modulus
7.25

3.

Specific Gravity

2.70

4.

Bulk
Density(kg/m3 )
Water Absorption
(%)
Aggregate
Crushing
Value
(%)
Aggregate Impact
Value (%)

1480-1610

5.
6.

7.

S.N.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

7.

0.12
8.
16.60
9.

Physical
property
Maximum Size
(mm)
Fineness
modulus
Specific Gravity

Test
result
20

Bulk
Density(kg/m3 )
Water
Absorption (%)
Aggregate
Crushing Value
(%)
Aggregate
Impact
Value
(%)
Moisture Content
(%)
Shell
Thickness(mm)

510-600

6.48
1.56

23
2.49

8.55

4.2
3-6

11.01
Compressive Strength Test
For compressive strength test cubes of size

Coconut Shell: In this work coconut shell was

150150150 mm3 made. Test was done on

used

of coarse

the hydraulic testing machine. Compressive

aggregate which is crushed granite. Coconut

strength is defined as resistance of concrete to

shells were unruffled from the local temple

axial loading. Cubes are put in the machine

after that it was cleaned, sun dried, removed

and after tighten its wheel start button is

fibers to evaluate its properties. Coconut shell

pressed as pressure is begin to apply. Reading

needs no pre treatment, except for water

of meter is note down when cracks are there

as

partial

replacement

absorption. Coconut shell has very high water

74

Neetesh Kumar, Abhinav Singh

Internati onal Journal of Computer & Mathematical Sciences

IJCMS
ISSN 2347 8527
Volume 3, Issue 5
July 2014

on cubes. Compressive strength is calculated

Where P is load and A is area of cube

by following formula:
Compressive Strength =

P
A

Fig: Compressive Testing Machine

Workability

Collapse: In a collapse slumps the concrete

The word workability signifies much wider

collapses completely.

and

Shear: If one half of the cone slides down

deeper

meaning

than

the

other

terminology consistency often used loosely

then it is called shear slump.

for workability. Consistency is to indicate the

True: If concrete slumps evenly it is called

degree of fluidity or degree of mobility. Two

true slump.

tests basically have done for workability

Compaction Factor Test

namely slump test and compaction factor test

Compacting factor of fresh concrete is done to

with fresh mix.

determine the workability of fresh concrete by

Slump test

compacting factor test as per IS: 1199 1959.

75

Neetesh Kumar, Abhinav Singh

Internati onal Journal of Computer & Mathematical Sciences

IJCMS
ISSN 2347 8527
Volume 3, Issue 5
July 2014

The compaction factor test provides us the

workability more accurate than slump test

CASTING OF CONCRETE CUBES

(UTM) having capacity of 2000 KN was used.

The moulds of size 150150150 mm3 are

In this test the strength obtained in KN. The

kept ready before mixing. Total 36 cubes are

measured

casted. The bolts of the moulds carefully

specimen shall be calculated by dividing the

tightened because if bolts are not kept tight the

maximum load applied to the specimen during

concrete mixture coming out of the mould

the test by the cross sectional area calculated

when vibration takes place. Then moulds are

from mean dimensions of the section and shall

cleaned and oiled on all contact surfaces of the

be

moulds and place the moulds on vibrating

Compressive strength is defined as resistance

table. The concrete is filled into moulds in

of concrete to axial loading. Cubes are put in

layers and then vibrated. The top surface of

the machine and after tighten its wheel start

concrete is struck off level with a trowel. The

button is pressed as pressure is begin to apply.

number and date of casting are put on the top

Reading of meter is note down when cracks

surface of the cubes.

are there on cubes. Compressive strength is

compressive

expressed

to

the

strength

of

nearest

the

N/mm2 .

calculated by following formula:

TESTS FOR CONCRETE
Test for Compressive strength of concrete
cubes

Compressive Strength =

P
A

Where P is load and A is area of cube

To calculate the compressive strength of

concrete cubes the universal testing machine
Days

Conventional

10%CS and
25% fly ash

20%CS and
25% fly ash

30%CS and
25% fly ash

29.78

26.08

24.54

22.89

14

31.56

28.13

26.23

25.36

28

36.44

33.56

32.75

29.39

76

Neetesh Kumar, Abhinav Singh

Internati onal Journal of Computer & Mathematical Sciences

IJCMS
ISSN 2347 8527
Volume 3, Issue 5
July 2014

Fig: Testing of cubes

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
(N/mm2 )

Compressive Strength Variation with age

40
35

30
25
20

7 days

15

14 days

10

28 days

5
0
Conventional0

10% CS, 25% FA

20% CS, 25% FA

30% CS, 25% FA

% of replacement with coconut shell and fly ash

Workability test results

S.N

Slump (mm)

fly ash
30%CS and 25% 47
fly ash
Compaction Factor

Conventional

84

Conventional

0.912

10%CS and 25%

fly ash
20%CS and 25%

35

0.916

41

10%CS and 25%

fly ash
20%CS and 25%

77

Neetesh Kumar, Abhinav Singh

0.917

Internati onal Journal of Computer & Mathematical Sciences

IJCMS
ISSN 2347 8527
Volume 3, Issue 5
July 2014

fly ash
30%CS and 25%
fly ash

20% replacement of coarse aggregate

0.922

with coconut shell.

CONCLUSIONS

FURTHER SCOPE OF WORK

1. The slump of the concrete increased

1. The study can be carried out with

when the percentage of coconut shell

varying percentage substitution of the

increases and decrease as comparison

material for specific low cost housing

with the conventional concrete.

applications.

2. The compaction factor increased when

the

percentage

of

coconut

shell

increases and increased as comparison

with the conventional concrete.
3. The specific gravity of coconut shell is

2. The properties like water absorption,

light weight concrete and study on
economic aspects can be carried out.
3. The effect of temperature on the
concrete developed can be studied.

lower than to the coarse aggregate and

4. The study can be extended to assess

the water absorption is higher for

the durability aspects of the concrete

coconut shell than coarse aggregate so

with varying replacement proportions.

the strength decreased as comparison

with the conventional concrete.

5. Many other waste materials can be also

used in low cost constructions.

4. 25% fly ash when replaced with

cement and coconut shell as 10%,

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Neetesh Kumar, Abhinav Singh

Internati onal Journal of Computer & Mathematical Sciences

IJCMS
ISSN 2347 8527
Volume 3, Issue 5
July 2014

aggregate in concrete, International

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79

Neetesh Kumar, Abhinav Singh

Internati onal Journal of Computer & Mathematical Sciences

IJCMS
ISSN 2347 8527
Volume 3, Issue 5
July 2014

14. I.S

383-1970:

Specifications

for

coarse and fine aggregates

15. I.S 456-2000 Indian Standard: Plain
and Reinforced Cement Concrete

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Neetesh Kumar, Abhinav Singh