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C0 0.022
6.7 0.022
C0 = 0.31 %
0.043 =
(1.5 marks)
C0 0.022
0.76 0.022
C0 = 0.44 %
0.562 =
(1.5 marks)
(1 mark)
Given :
C0 = 0.30%
C s = 1.10%
C x = 1.01%
x = 6.0 mm = 6 10 3 m
t = 72 h = 259200 s
(2 marks)
Solution :
C x C0
x 1.01 0.30
= 1 erf
= 0.8875
=
C s C0
2 Dt 1.1 0.30
x
(2 marks)
erf
= 1 0.8875 = 0.1125
2 Dt
From table of error function values
6 10 3
x
= 0.1 =
2 Dt
2 D(259200)
2
D = 3.47 10 9 m
s
From table of diffusion data
(2 marks)
(2 marks)
1
T
Qd
D = D0 exp
RT
Q
ln D = ln D0 d
R
R = 8.37 J
mol K
1
T=
(ln D0 ln D ) R
Qd
= 2009.5 K
(2 marks)
(2 marks)
Problem 3
(17 marks)
(3 marks)
(2 marks)
(3 marks)
b. Normalizing
(3 marks)
Annealing heat treatment just above upper critical temperature to reduce grain
sizes (of pearlite and proeutectoid phase) and make more uniform size
distributions.
c. Spheroidizing
( 3 marks)
B. Describe why, where, and the conditions under which the galvanic corrosion
occurs; and
(4 marks)
Galvanic corrosion is an electrochemical process in which one metal corrodes
preferentially to another when both metals are in electrical contact and
immersed in an electrolyte. The same galvanic reaction is exploited in primary
batteries to generate a voltage.
Dissimilar metals and alloys have different electrode potentials and when two
or more come into contact in an electrolyte a galvanic couple is set up. A
galvanic couple can also be set up on a single metal or alloy due the metal
surface not being homogeneous or if the electrolyte varies in composition,
forming a concentration cell.
The electrolyte provides a means for ion migration whereby metallic ions can
move from the anode to the cathode. This leads to the anodic metal corroding
more quickly than it otherwise would; the corrosion of the cathodic metal is
retarded even to the point of stopping. The presence of electrolyte and a
conducting path between the metals may cause corrosion where otherwise
neither metal alone would have corroded.
1. Electrically insulate the two metals from each other. Unless they are in
electrical contact, there can be no galvanic couple set up. Ex. Using plastic
or another insulator to separate steel water pipes from copper-based
fittings or by using a coat of grease to separate aluminium and steel parts.
2. Keep the metals dry and/or shielded from ionic compounds (salts, acids,
bases), for example by painting or encasing the protected metal in plastic
or epoxy, and allowing them to dry.
3. Choose metals that have similar potentials. The more closely matched the
individual potentials, the lesser the potential difference and hence the
lesser the galvanic current. Using the same metal for all construction is the
most precise way of matching potentials.
Most favored slip direction (angle ) is when R is maximum or (cos cos ) is maximum
crss
(cos cos )max
= Y (cos cos )max = 1.95(0.41) = 0.80 MPa
Y =
crss
For the second specimen, the deformed radius is computed using the above
equation and solving for rd as