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TREATISE
THE
ON
THEORY
OF
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
BY
OB'
MATHEMATICS
FELLOW
LATELY
IN
OF
THE
TRINITY
F.R.S.
OF
UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE,
BIRMINGHAM
CAMBRIDGE
'
1"^
CAMBRIDGE
AT
THE
UNIVERSITY
1922
PRESS
Cp
PREFACE
book
THIS
has
functions
of
adapted;
while
they
be
value
of
encounter
such
of
collection
required
in recent
While
which
functions
consequently
endeavoured
also
special,which, although
practicalapplications;and
in
form
appropriate
with
it necessary
Since
and
of
these
the
be
to
myself, it
has
for
reference
part,
of
convenient
been
with
been
have
of
theory
Bessel
far
general
within
or
required
possible,in
as
these
have
aims, combined
has
bounds,
made
intelligibility.
that
than
rather
general theorems,
properties
of
Physics.
so
of the
Analysis by
regard
of
existence
whether
development
Modern
to
Physicistswho
likelyto be
of
book
compatible
most
Course
in the
expounded
is
as
book
the
concise
as
the
would
fairlycomplete, I
as
given,
breadth
of
cation
appli-
provided by
which
The
the
interest, are
are
The
size
of
regard
results
purposes.
the
as
for
and
all formulae,
theoretical
such
is
of results
researches.
account
an
include
to
without
than
of Mathematical
would
Mathematician
Pure
give
to
for the
scope
of
admirably
are
of
problems
theory
series.
collection
functions
been
has
real variable
wider
first is the
the
by
in various
endeavour
my
of their
course
(especiallyof
years
rather
Mathematicians
of
be demanded
to
seems
functions
of
compilation
The
of
processes
of Fourier
theory
in the
functions
functions
Bessel
of
view.
Bessel
purpose
time
increasing number
the
to
Bessel
the
this
functions
in the
object is
fundamental
same
theory of
trigonometrical functions
second
the
offer at
of parts of the
The
For
variables.
complex
objects in
two
applicationsof the
of
development
with
designed
been
Professor
treatise
as
refer the
to
of functions
theory
Whittaker
standard
reader
work
original
to
sources.
It is desirable
as
the
defined
by
by
to
have
Weber
For
felt
of
mathematicians
authority of
kind.
between
The
the
second
the
of
the
two
second
who
kinds
second
function
the
to
kind, namely
sentimental
and
Hankel's
this.
which
kind;
use
and,
in
Weber's
who
my
has
function
use
any
the
functions
and
(iraf
other
use
the
for
two
which
been
kind;
kinds
was
and
pleasing
but
three
standardizing the
weight
function
of Wi'ber's
regarded
(Jubk'r
authority of
greater
one
and
have
second
necessity
opinion,the
parallelismwhich
of Bessel
of the
function
I have
function
the
it would
reasons
first is the
The
mathematicians
is the
here
subsequently by Schlafii, by
used
historical
prevented
the
of
and
justifiedin using
considerations
function
attention
draw
function
canonical
Nielsen.
to
tlie group
than
of the
function
the
second
exhibits
(cosine and
sine)
PREFACE
functions.
igonometrical
is
jrpolation
ich
CO
has
been
previously
book
at
end
of
in
of
been
eclectic
In
the
munber
/
*
value.
given
the
an
vigilance
labours
To
every
complexity,
clerical
mistakes
such
of
to
these
has
my
remove
offer
my
treatise
been
with
Mr
and
to
the
unfailing
grateful
this,
as
have
21,
1922.
the
to
theory
I
equation,
have
seemed
C.
T,
patience,
is
of
probably
useless
undetected;
but
diminished
Preece
obscurities
staff
it
have
the
in
by
and
Mr
to
been
University
a
work
of
great
to
the
criticisms
the
T.
A.
of
the
Lumsden,
greatest
who
Press,
have
typographical
thanks.
G.
August
every
omitted
which
remained
considerably
colleagues
and
such
other,
or
errors
gentlemen
assistance,
those
inserted
slight,
memoirs
this
doubtless
though
Riccati's
of
in
given
consciously
not
been
bibliography
have
however
topic
references
have
The
to
have
work.
scheme.
analytical
mistakes,
profess
XX,
numerical
proofs
possible,
which
Chapter
section
cited.
only
of
by
section,
the
that
as
not
related
inserting
each
sources
device
in
of
inferred
contribution,
the
to
with
do
end
inevitable
mentioned,
are
of
extent
the
at
complete
as
While
the
of
results
the
of
any
original
regard
general
of
no
of
/whose
the
to
case
the
an
III
be
to
made
functions
with
to
that
find
found
and
the
not
in
it.
existence
connexion
which
is
been
in
containing
relevant
it
given
has
Bessel
functions;
the
hope
be
which
memoir
be
book
the
will
memoir
any
those
necessarily
omissions
in
but
enunciated;
are
the
or
the
function
in
give,
to
treatises
is
Tables
Weber's
of
use
policy
my
memoirs
any
the
third
in
possible
make
to
seems
It
made
The
N.
W.
CONTENTS
CHAP.
PAGE
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
VII.
VIII.
IX.
BESSEL
THE
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
BESSEL
BEFORE
1820
COEFFICIENTS
FUNCTIONS
38
DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATIONS
MISCELLANEOUS
85
PROPERTIES
INTEGRAL
OF
REPRESENTATIONS
ASYMPTOTIC
OF
EXPANSIONS
BESSEL
OF
FUNCTIONS
OF
POLYNOMIALS
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
132
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
LARGE
ASSOCIATED
BESSEL
160
FUNCTIONS
194
ORDER
WITH
225
BESSEL
FUNCTIONS
271
.
X.
FUNCTIONS
ASSOCIATED
WITH
BESSEL
FUNCTIONS
308
.
XI.
ADDITION
THEOREMS
358
XII.
DEFINITE
INTEGRALS
373
XIII.
INFINITE
INTEGRALS
383
XIV.
MULTIPLE
XV.
XVI.
THE
INTEGRALS
ZEROS
OF
NEUMANN
450
BESSEL
FUNCTIONS
SERIES
4/
LOMMEL'S
AND
FUNCTIONS
VARIABLES
XVIL
XVIIL
OF
TWO
522
KAPTEYN
SERIES
SERIES
551
FOURIER-BESSEL
OF
AND
DIN
576
.
XIX.
XX.
SCHLOMILCH
THE
OF
TABULATION
OF
TABLES
618
SERIES
BESSEL
BESSEL
FUNCTIONS
LIST
GENERAL
OF
OF
654
665
753
BIBLIOGRAPHY
INDEX
FUNCTIONS
789
SYMBOLS
AUTHORS
INDEX
QUOTED
791
706
CORRIGENDA
^Page
62,
line
for
11,
-^^{hzf-K'
"
"
(i^)^'""
yectc^
"
'^
m=0
"^
5/1=0
"
"
Page
91,
line
the
from
foot
the
of
for
Brassiue"
"
read
Brassinne."
"
page,
Page
Page
228,
327,
in
line
formula
(2),
from
the
/or
"
foot
sec^^"
98720
of
the
read
/or
page,
"
"
Bruhns
.sec^
78720
"
read
^."
"
Bruns."
CHAPTER
BESSEL
Riccati's
I'l.
The
a
In
of
which
is derived
The
in
fact
Bessel
paper*
that
he
has
In
curves
Bernoulli
refers to
Analysis of
states,
1697):
Vellem
"
in mille
Ego
petuo
equation
of the
occasione
recordor
quam
John
gives in
he
num
banc
years
order
second
wrote"
and
aequationes alias
sed
discoveryhad
construi
See
Leihnizens
" Ibid.
p. 65.
occurs
In
1694.
type and
states
reducing
to
Leibniz
dy
x-
"
dy
(Jan. 27,
yydx
xxdx.
Problema
the
perlinear
to a
yydx
sicut
reducendo
was
435
"
xHx
tentavi"
x'-dx in qua
aequatio
aequationem
simple step
of the
nun-
maneret
ad
banc
to
solve
equation
of
the
last
the
first
437.
+
y'^dx (i-dy
=
quae
an
separationem
per
(p.436).
was,
writes
dx"."
made, it
Dritte
he
equation
(Nov. 15, 1702): "Qua
invicem,
se
possit noudum
procedure
1704, James
form
improbum
mefvm
separavi illas
been
gesamellte Werke,
Bernoulli's
type
in
and
tentaveris
memoratae
indeterminatas
:
the
in
later he succeeded
indeterminatarum
of this
it. Thus
solve
et
Eruditorum
Acta
t "Esto
Riccati's
1697
between
equation)
transformation.
Bernoulli
equation
an
inabilityto
differentio-differentialem||
ddy ".y
this
Bessel's
as
yydx-'rxxdx,
"
scire
Te
ex
simpliciterdifferentialis
When
(known
Riccati's
particularsolution
equation of
potui
separare
his
once,
porro
lusit." Five
as
elementary
an
an
example,
an
equation,which
the
formas
as
theory of
itf.
than
more
published by
dy
and
the
order
to
Leibniz, written
letters:J:
various
with
usuallydefined
the second
was
gives,as
solved
not
the
of
equation by
in
which
Bernoulli
is
function
Riccati's
from
on
1826
intimatelyconnected
equation
earliest appearance
this paper
BEFOUE
is
equation of
linear differential
functions
Bessel
of differential
type
equation.
FUNCTIONS
differential
equation.
theory of
certain
take
new
50"87.
defined
by
the
formula
1
du
dx
~-^
_
iu the
equation
IIThe
in
d!/ldx
connexion
x^ +
between
y", and
then
this
equation
to
replace u by
and
y.
special form
of
Bessel's
equation
will
be
"4-3.
W.
^
B.
F.
seen
THEORY
OF
James
"Reduce
terminus
within
BESSEL
of the
solution
communicated
was
(Oct.3, 1703)
year
in the
aequationemdy=yydx-\-xxdx ad
seriem exprimitur,
ita
per
^~
to
Leibniz
by
terms*:
following
fractionem
autem
cujusuterque
3.4.7
[CHAP. I
FUNCTIONS
3. 4
3.4.7.8.11
7
.
8
.
1]
12
pff.
15
8. 11
12
15
.
]6. 19
X^-
X^
4^
3.4
3.4.7.8.11.12
divisione
series
quidem actuali
tam
non
progressionis
quae
ratio
^
Of
"^
"^
37377
in
pf,o
3.4.7.8.11.12.15.16
unam
in qua
facile patescat,scil.
"^
37373737 57777Tn
3.3.3.7.11
at
course,
.*"!"
4^
"
3.4.7.8
differential
equationswere concerned, on
Bernoulli seems
and consequently
James
to have received hardlythe full credit
entitled him.
his discovery
to which
Thus, twenty-two years later,the paper f,
in which Count Riccati first referred to an equationof the type which now
followed by a note;]:
bears his name,
was
by Daniel Bernoulli in which it was
stated that the solution of the equation^
as
aa-"
was
unsolved
hitherto
dx + uudx
The
problem.
of the solution :
anagram
occultis involuta
characteribus
"
an
hdu
ended
note
with
in
announcement
an
Solutio
2Qn, 16o, Sp, hq, l7r, 16s, 2U, 32w, ^x, 3y, +,
-,
",
=,
4, 2, 1."
The
"
4!m/(2m"1),
where
of which the
is any integei',
for any one
will
be given in
the details of this solution
Suppl.
viii.
X Ibid.
other
66
x'"''dqdu
xiudx:q,
"
73.
The
form
in
which
Kiccati
took
tlie
.r".
pp. 73
"
75.
of his
members
" The
(1724),pp.
=
of
equationwas
See Lcihnizens
f Acta Eniditorum,
equationwas
where
by Daniel Bernoulli,combined
more
generaltype than
slightly
of Riccati
the work
prominencegivento
equationis
""4-1,4*11.
reader
Daniel
family
should
Bernoulli
mentioned
John, Nicholas
"
observe
and
that
solutions
the younger
had
been
obtained
by
three
Nicholas.
givesrise
to
an
equation which
IIExercitationes
pp. 465"473.
quaedam
is
dx
easilysoluble in series.
(Venice,1724),pp.
mathematicae
77
"
80;
Acta
Eruditonim,
1725,
1*2]
John
BESSEL
Bernoulli's
equation*has
stillmore
It is
generaltype of
equationof
any
where
P, Q, M
It is
the
The
of Riccati
without
beingassociated
but also with
solving,
Riccati's
generalised
equationto
name
he discussed
the form
given functions
are
supposed that
if P=0,
equation.
to
customary
now
1826
BEFORE
resulted in the
not
a
FUNCTIONS
neither
nor
equation is reducible
of
is
x.
to the hnear
last
linear
to
Mention
should
be made
here
of two
memoirs
Euler.
by
In the
it
first"
is proved that, when a particular
integral
t/iof Riccati's generalised
equation
is known, the equationis reducible to a linear equationof the firstorder by
replacingy hy i/i+ l/u,and so the generalsolution can be effected by two
solutions are
quadratures.It is also shewn (ibid.p. 59) that,if two particular
known, the equationcan be integrated
by a single
completely
quadrature;and
this result is also to be found
of these theorems
1'2. Daniel
Bernoulli
of theorems
number
\villbe
givenin
Bernoulli's rnechanical
In 1738 Daniel
a
in the second
on
||of the
Chapter
two
papers.
brief discussion
iv.
lirohleni.
memoir
publisheda
IT containing
enunciations
**
the oscillations of
of
of
AG
Jiguracatenae
uniformiter gravis
flexilissuspensa de puncto J.,eaque oscillationes
et perfecte
in situm AMF\
facere uniformes
catena
fueritque
intelligatur:
perv'enerit
FM
sumatur
^:
n
ejus
x,
longitudocujuscunquepartis
longitudocatenae
fit
ut
valoris+f
these is
follows:
as
De
"
*-
See
James
-I
4/i/i
ii.
t The
the solution
term
'
by
Kiccati's
Daniel
equation
(1763),[published 1770], p.
XIX.
t Institutiones
the
reduction, see
Comvi.
IIIbid.
IX.
"Theoremata
suspeusae," Comm.
**
Luc.
t+ The
James
'
was
is
of
used
solution
1054"1057
by D'Alembert, Hist, de
V Acad.
Sci.
solution
the
which
242.
ii. (Petersburg,
1769), " 831, pp. 88"89.
Iiiteiiraliii,
Bernoulli's letter to Leibniz already quoted.
oscillationibus
Acad.
it is stated that
and
given.
Acad.
de
in tinite terms,
" Novi
Calculi
Bernoulli
0.
4.9.1G.25/r'
(Geneva, 1744),pp.
V etc.
"
4.9.16n^
4.9n3
coriwrum
file flexili
connexorura
lu connexion
82.
et
catenae
verticaliter
cit. p. 116.
with
ii.
1"2
distantiam
OC
calculo
brevissimo
say: "Invenitur
alios."
littera n infinitos valores
autem
last series is
The
described
now
as
infinite number
of
?i
of order
and
zero
this function
that
I....
proxime 0'691
function
Bessel
argument
"
4.9.16.25/1^
4.9.16n'
4.9?i3
4)in
x^
x'^
to
on
goes
x^
XX
~w
Habet
He
[CHAP.
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
OF
THEORY
has
an
zeros.
of the chain.
the substance
followingis
The
densityof
height
above
of
chain
horizontal
The
and
(supposed uniform)
in its undisturbed
let T
be the tension
position. The
the
obtain
for
equation 8T=gp8x by resolvingvertically
integralof the equationis T=gp,v.
The
length8x.
the chain
:
investigation
the lowest
transversal,we
of Euler's
of the tension
component
; and
is,e"ectiYQly,'
T{dyldx) where
the
so
motion
equation of motion
being
element
an
at
y is the
of
zontal)
(hori-
is
p"^S="^^)
If
substitute
we
for T and
proceed to
the
df^
If
lengthof
is the
the
find that
limit,we
dx\
dx)
'
simple equivalentpendulum
for any
normal
one
we
vibration,
write
y=-.n(?)si"(f"^?),
where
If
and
xlf=u,
constants
are
obtain
we
and
the solution
^=
,
1
tions
On
the
t Covim.
+
Acta
took
the
distance
notation
p and
{x\f)is a
dv\
dx
dx)
in the form
"
^i
".
"
1.4
."r.
solution
of the
equation
f
of Bernoulli's
series,namely
^"
1.4.9
""""
1.4.9.16
usuallycalled cijlinder
functions,or, occasionally,
/"ncfur Math. lxix.
(1868),p. 128; see also Math. Ann.
are
(1871),pp.
111.
then
609"610.
Acad.
Acad.
weight
Petrop. vii.
Petrop.
of
(nottwice
lias been
(for d).
v.
length e
the
of the
chain
distance)fallen by
to
a
be E, and
particlefrom
the
he
rest
defined
under
to
be
the
gravity in
significanceof
and
the
measure
second.
Euler
of
the
Euler's
introduction
of
1*3]
BESSEL
FUNCTIONS
1826
BEFORE
"t
where
,
constants.
are
Since
If a is the whole
finite
is
lengthof
when
j;=0, C must
the chain,y
0 when
a?
zero.
a, and
so
/'is
"fi
+
\7f^T:\p 1.4.
be
"
C and
=
"
"
0-
"
9r'
the
solution
law
memoir*
(inthe
Euler
immediately followingthis investigation
of series)of the
form
of formation
of successive
stated
however, been
equation ^
coefhcients
\\i
obtained
but his
\-\-v=-0^
"
the
general
of the
statement
is rather
in his Institutiones
Calculi
pp. 233-235.
I'S. Euler
mechanical
vibrations
The
1764.
of
arrived at the
He
jjvohlem.
stretched
membrane
investigated
by
were
Euler
in
;J:
equation
1 d'z
"ldP^_drz Idz
?~df-~d?'^r(h''^
r-d(l"'
where
is the
coordinates
and
(r, "/");
are
obtain
To
where
a,
A, ^, B
of
dr-
solution of this
11
u-r
This
of order
differential
/3; and ^
for
,7:nye2-(
equationis now
may
have ||any
Acad.
Petroj).v. pars
t See also "" 935, 93G (p. 187
+
in
Novi
" The
IIIf
in view
function
(d-
/3-\
\e-
r-
of r;
and
the result of
equation
is finite at the
originis given on
p. 256
'
2
.
constant
argument
known
(".+
1 )(n +
3) e^
'
'
1.
as
Besscl's
equationfor
of the values 0, 1, 2,
factor
"
the series is
ar\e. The
functions
....
now
called
Bessel
of a
periodsof vibration,2-7r/a,
will be
" 3-52.
Coinm.
reason
/3 were
dr
Idu
equationwhich
omitted
an
is
is the differential
has been
Save
and
+ B),
(/5(/)
it is
of Euler's memoir;
sin
(at+ A)
constants
are
d-a
The
sin
of this value
substitution
discussed
depending on
constant
solution he wrote
normal
is
the
t at
of the membrane.
tension
where
time
displacementat
transverse
not
Acad.
an
(/30+ B).
not
be
one-valued
function
of
position,
THEORY
circular membrane
from
This
a
of radius
the consideration
BESSEL
OF
that
with
fixed
vanishes
[CHAP. I
FUNCTIONS
boundary* are
when
to be determined
a.
investigation
by Euler contains the earliest appearance
coefficient of generalintegral
order.
Bessel
ofLagrange,Carlini
and
in
Analysisof
Laplace.
Only a
of
of the
problem. It was
planetabout the
inverse
anomaly
at
sun
square,
the eccentric
and
M^E
giverise to
shewn
the
-"iimE,
(6
'^'*
"
vector
r, the
mean
the forms
assume
a{l-"cosE),
y.
An"inuM,
and
^m=o
2''+''^m\{n+
jB"cos"ilf,
orbit, and
of the
eccentricity
the
and
"'""'"'
my.'
S
w=l
semi-majoraxis
the
are
i6^+
l +
n=\
radius
expansions
E^M^
in which
the
anomaly E, which
^^^^^
2"+^"" m\
(n + m)l
for w
1, 2, 3. The objectof the expansions
Lagrange gave these expressions
in
is to obtain expressions
for the eccentric anomaly and the radius vector
=
of the time.
terms
In modern
^"
It
noted
was
these formulae
notation
2/" (ne)/n,5,
by Poisson,Connaissance
memoir
Poisson
would
account
by Lefort,Journal
should
corrected,
Cf.
Journal,
xi.
(e/n)J^ (ne).
[published
1833],p.
6 that
ae
(1846),pp.
142
152, in which
"
an
made
error
by
also be consulted.
Bourget, Ann.
xxi.
Sci.
de
VEcoIe
norm.
siij}.in.
(1866), pp. 55
"
95, and
Chree, Quarterly/
(1886), p. 298.
t Hist, de VAcad.
III.
de Math.
remarkable
and
is
des Terns,1836
written
are
R. des Sci. de
Berlin, xxv.
[Oeuvres,.
(1869),pp. 113"138.]
X Riceixhe
siiUa
(Milan, 1817).
col. 197"254
reprinted in
This
courergenza
work
was
delta
serie
translated
che
into
serva
German
alia
soliizione
by Jacobi,
papers
del
problema
Astr.
by
Nach.
Scheibner
di
xxx.
Keplero
(1850),
dated 1856,
14]
BESSEL
It is easy to shew
Define
Hence
when
on
we
is
''^u*i
then
J"=2?i"-ie-^"''7"!
largeeither
should
(?""')
we
m^
or
w^ and
expect
du/de must
or
dujde
of
powers
where
this
substituting
u^^ duJdf
that
and
0(?j2o)
and
("") respectively;
admits
v.yjn
+
Ui +
of
an
expansionin
equation,
descending
powers
of
-'^
??o= "
".
that
; so
du^, +
independent of
are
...
zero
be
to
large.
in the form
On
be
various terms
where
the formula
1826
BEFORE
??,
?"i
equationof
we
t^
1
equatingto
find that
"
If t"=0
by
that
FUNCTIONS
"
:,,
f-
and
therefore
["c7.
M|log-p^-^^,^"^/(l-.^')+l}-i
+
and, since
be taken
From
the value
and
of
An shews
of
constant
no
formula
Stirling's
that
^iide n log^ewhen
is to
integration
it
now
follows
at
6"exp
An
is
...,
small,the
upper
sign must
be added.
once
that
{nj{\-e^)}
v/(U)."t(l-e2)i{l+V(l-e2)}"'
this is the result obtained
and
further
much
formulae
which
for
by
A^
Carlini's
Aleissel
in the
case
by
This method
Carlini.
of
has
approximation
been
carried
approximation is obviouslyinadequate.
more
sponding
corre-
which
and the method
investigation
givenby Laplaceis quiterigorous
the value of B^ is modified by
is of considerable importancewhen
he uses
by
taking all the coefficients in the series to be positive or, alternatively,
that
an
supposingthat e is a pure imaginary.But Laplace goes on to argue
be
variables
may
approximationestablished in the case of purelyimaginary
crainte in the case of real variables. To anyone who is acquainted
used
sans
The
"
'
'
with
reasoningwill
*
486"489.
be evident.
Comptes Rendus,
t Mecanique
pp.
theoryof asymptoticseries,the
the modem
xxxvni.
(1854),pp. 990"
Celeste, supplement,
t.
v.
9;i3.
[firstpublished 1827].
Oeuvres,
v.
(raris.1882),
OF
THEORY
[CHAP.
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
earlier
of this principle,
Stokes, Proc. Camb. Phil.
see
applications
and
VI. (1889),pp. 362"366
[Math,
Phys.Papers,v. (1905),
pp. 221"225], and Hardy,
Proc. London
Math. Soc. (2)ii. (1905),pp. 332"339;
(1905),pp. 97"101.
Messenger,xxxiv.
A statement
of the principle
was
given by Borel,Acta Mathematica, xx. (1897),pp. 393
For
other and
recent
more
Soc.
"
394.
The
the
of the principle
appliedto
following
exposition
b}^Laplacemay not be without interest :
The
.seriesconsidered
is
+
J,
is
/x, where
largeand
fi is the
has
+ 2m)?i"-^-'"-^f"
I (?;,
~^,"=o2"
"
in which
fixed
fj.is
so
Now,
that, to
-'"
'
+ "i)!
=i"""i!("
positivevalue.
greatestintegersuch
The
greatest term
that
4^ (n + ,x){n + 2^
and
example considered
2) ^ (n + 2n)nh%
approximatelyequal to
if ?"", denotes
the
general term
in
it is easy
II,S^\
theorem
verifyby Stirling's
to
first approximation,-^^'r^qi-,
where
'
log2=-2V(l4-.2)/(ne2).
Hence
~2"^^/W(l-g)},
.
since*
nearly equal
is
to
1.
Now, by Stirling's
theorem,
{ns/(H-62)}
e"-i exp
and
e"exp{nv-(l+.^)}
|MI"li)l^
5"(i)"^
so
The
inference
which
Laplacedrew
V
This
Trn'
approximateformula happens to
from
{l + V(l-e-)}"
be valid when
but it is difficult to
necessary),
prove it without
"
of.
The
formula
l +
^^^f~s'N{^-q)}
Bromwich,
formula
in
may
be
inferred
It is also
the
"
Modern
Analysis,%21-5l.
(though the
fact that
it is
consequence
of Jacobi's
reason
obviously
of contour
general theorems
^3(0|r)=(-;r)-H3(0|-T-i);
see
"
on
series;
transformation
1-5]
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
1826
BEFORE
of Fourier.
researches
1'5. The
by Fourier*, La
classical treatise
appearedthe
In 1822
Bessel
functions
of order
Theorie
zero
analytique
in the discussion
occur
shewn
X
"
from
fd'-v
1 dv
CD
Kda--
xdx
dv
dt
K, C, D
where
Density of
and
Heat
the Thermal
Conductivity,
Specific
respectively
solution
and he obtained the
material of the cylinder;
denote
the
^2^4-
2-
""
2^4^6,
where
and
mCDjK
has to be
at
the
boundary of
the
chosen
so
hv + K
that
0
{dvldx)
=
Conductivity.
h is the External
where
cylinder,
that
309) by Rolle's theorem
proceededto give a proof (""307
and
of
real
roots
the values of m hasf an infinity
the equationto determine
that
no
incompletebecause he assumes
complex roots. His proof is slightly
true of integral
which have been proved for polynomials
are
certain theorems
by Hurwitz^
functions; the defect is not difficult to remedy, and a memoir
has the objectof making Fourier's demonstration
quiterigorous.
Fourier
"
formula
("313)
for the
"
The
discussed
will be
formula
of order
and
zero
in
7i
"
"
-.
"
"
"
COS
ttJo
...
2-. 4^6-
2". 4-
(a
sm
x) dx,
it is a special
case
years earlier by Parseval";
Bessel's and Poisson's integrals
(""2'2,2"3).
of what
as
depositedin
the archives
of the
French
found
in the
Institute
on
researches
VAcad.
de
Mem.
its
proved some
known
now
are
-\-7^
"
TT
2-
been
function
Bessel
fraction
formula
1
had
quotientof
of this
generalisations
derivate ;
Another
also be mentioned
It should
Sci.,
contained
was
crowned
and
iv.
on
in
memoir
Jan.
This
6, 1812.
(1819),[pubHshed 1824],
pp.
185"
is to be
memoir
555;
v.
(1820),
pp. 153"246.
[published1826],
of
t This is a generalisation
+
Math.
" Mem.
statement
another
a
Ann.
des
of the
paper
by
etranijers,
theorem
on
of
i.
Fourier
general solution
quoted in "
statement
1-2.
xxxiii.
savans
Bernoulli's
(1805),pp.
639"648.
This
which
is sometimes
constants
des
writer, Mem.
Laplace's equation
in
savans
form
also
paper
etrangers,
called
i.
contains
Parseval's
the
(1805),pp. 379"398,
formal
theorem
tains
con-
10
[CHAP.
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
OF
THEORY
expansionof
The
much
examined
validityof Fourier's expansion was
Math.
Schlafli,
471"494;
viii.
(1875),pp.
The
Math.
an
Ann.
Ann.
246"269
1'6. The
in
be dealt with
expansionwill
This
researches
Math.
Math.
and
(1909),pp. 359"388;
recently by Hankel,
more
Diui,
(1876),pp. 137"142;
x.
(1920),pp.
163"200.
Chapter xviir.
of Poisson.
where
the distance
denotes
and
integer(zeroincluded),
mode, which
a
is
function
solution of the
from
R
of the radius
QQg
Jo
he discussed
by
positive
normal
Poisson
that
the
the
cases
definite
QQg
jy^sin^"^+^ft) dw
(^y,p
0, 1, 2 in detail.
integralis
(save for
It will appear
factor)a
subsequently
Bessel
function
of
^.
shewn
was
1823.
equationis
j.n+i I
and
It
vector.
solid
In the
problemof
{ibid.
cylinder
p. 340
the
X"
et
is
the analogousintegral
seq.)
cos
.'o
where
n=0,
1, 2,
is now
integral
In the
and
...
known
case
large;the
Let
Then
Jq (k)
J^ {k)is a
Journal
de
cylinder.The
integral
("2-3).
0, an
obtained
cos
I'Ecole R.
di Torino,
xxv.
whom
mentioned
{kcos
"
w) da,
J^ Ik)
cos
sin (k
last
integral
the variable
w) da.
cos
are
Poisson's
as
from
is the distance
(1821),pp.
equation
532
in " 4-3.
"
was
534, and
See
Proc. London
also
Math.
also studied
has
since
Poisson,
Soc.
v.
La
by Plana, Mem.
been
studied
Theorie
(1874),pp.
by
249"403.
della R.
numerous
Mathematiqite
136"137.
Tie
Accad.
delle Sci.
writers,some
de la Chaleur
notation
of
(Paris,
Jg{k) was
12
and
so,
by equating to
the various
zero
[CHAP.
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
OF
THEORY
find that
we
coefficients,
A'^-Ib,
A'-=-,-^,A.i^B,...
A":
and
hence
expansion of
the
/ttX^
r/
/"tt
integralis
Poisson's
cos
(/"
0,)cfo,
cos
9.25
+
2.^:W3+-r^'^'
^^j LVl-8|-278^^
9.25
9^
\_
It should
be mentioned
W.
given by
expressedthus
first
was
was
on
r
-
E.
the
that
Hamilton, Trans.
for the
Irish Acad.
R.
generalterm
xrx.
of
the
and
Lijischitz
of
significance
in the
(1843),p. 313;
-^
expansion
his result
\n\
he described
and
to be
(2/3sin a) da=
cos
formula
explicit
an
jsin
[-i]"
are
"
A result of
some
memoir*, is that
which
importance,
the generalsolution
and
It follows at
by Poisson
equation
of the
Jo
where
obtained
was
2/
that the
once
generalsolution
d-y
dy
dx-
dx
e-''^cos"^(y ^. ^
.'o
This
result
subsequent
constants.
are
Jo
7o
of the
equation
.^
_
"
is
in
Journal
de
was
I'EcoIe
general integral of
R.
associated
an
The
an
correspondiug
earlier
ibid. p. 227.
t Camb.
J See
Phil.
Trans,
Encyclopedic
ix.
(1856),p. [38],[Math,
u.
28
and
("53),p.
213.
memoir,
r7]
BESSEL
The
1'7.
bear
his
that
the
which
in
Bessel
written
was
name
in
Ba
expression
In
memoir
the
defined
be
be
to
in
function
is most
function
which
is of
function
After
that
it
and
Berliner
Jan.
29,
t
formula
the
"
1'4.
function
Ij/^
Atti
1824
this
in
1894,
R.
[published
Accad.
1826],
Storungen,
the
from
and
266;
"
dei
pp.
Lincei,
1
"
aus
date
der
of
defining
" lO'l)
(see
h
will
is
the
the
Ij/^ but
not
Chapter
be
III.
so
numerous
chronological
account
order.
Fourier
briefer
for
became
the
to
(3)
of
this
iv.
the
(1880),
memoir,
der
Bewegung
been
ha"
1858
account
{Transunti),
The
52.
welcher
of
in
logical
of
time
204
integer
values
functions
the
which
adapted
an
abandon
to
results
studied
be
on
the
is not
is not
will
stage
pp.
of
non-integral
systematic
researches
planetarischen
which
at
della
for
u) du.
"
com|)iled
early history
pp.
259
263.
"
Untersuchung
Sonne
entsteht,"'
is
1824.
Berliner
J This
in
given
systematically
integral
investigations
Mittheilungen,
Ahh.
der
series
the
many
when
study
Bessel
of
by Maggi,
Theils
by
of
Bessel's
ii.
Lommel
account
given
most
theory
Beni
des
now
shewn
is
u) du
sin
k sin
"
obtained
and
interest
the
Wagner,
was
with
(hu
cos
worth
convenient
seems
historical
An
by
time
develop
to
Chapter
defined
the
motion
had
r-'"
integer
an
which
the
memoiri*
which
he
integral :|:
detail
in
given
ne
"
investigated
functions
llM,
cos
(nu
compared
^r"
took
Bn
sin
the
planetary
detail
earlier
an
in
e-
Bessel
1824
//
He
13
Jo
should
of
the
by
sin
B^
for
in
vector
nTT
this
in
but
1824,
where
examined
radius
the
of
expansion
1826
BEFORE
Bessel.
of
researches
memoir*
The
FUNCTIONS
Ahh.
integral
given
by
[published
1816"17
occurs
in
Poisson,
the
expansion
Connaissancc
1819],
of
des
49"55.
pp.
the
eccentric
Teins,
1825
anomaly
[published
with
1822],
the
p.
notation
383.
of
" 1-4,
CHAPTER
BESSEL
THE
of
them
who
proved
and
fourteen
the
had
of argument
coefficient
the
by
of the
Bessel
and
order
that
the
Bessel's
grals
inte-
Hansen
by
Some
:J:
similar
be
is
developed
into
is called
expansion
it is denoted
Laurent
the
by
series,
the
Bessel
that
so
eH'-d=
(1)
i t-J,,{z).
-cc
n=
development,
this
establish
To
series
absolutelyconvergent
with
the exception of
together,their
product
arranged according to
ZeitschriftfiirMath,
namely
pointed
but
the
are
to
that
of
out
that
found
t Berliner
given
Ahh.
X Ermittelung
1824
Abh.
II.
sur
(1855),pp.
la
e.g.
Sternwarte
determination
When
ii.
text
is
into
these
Soc.
Seeburg
Ital.
165.
"
For
(Modena),
denotfed
Math.
Ann.
of t,
gent
absolutelyconver-
an
an
multiplied
are
it may
so
expansion
somewhat
by Jj,,^what
similar
(1820),p.
we
Traces
(1871), p.
in.
an
be
of the
excepted.
xviii.
universally adopted.
now
Storungen
137
t, t
series
have
into
expanded
series,and
we
say,
and
^:
(1857),pp.
Schlatli,
des
is to
of
following Hansen,
the
expanded
t.
of t ; that
[published 1826],
250"251.
of
be
of t ; and
powers
absolutelyconvergent
Phys.
Absoluten
der
in
elsewhere,
can
Prullani, 3Iem.
Schlomilch,
definition
be
be
e^'^ can
that
ascending
und
e^cosO^ggg
observe
powers
an
powers
is valid
(1), which
form
zero,
is
of
e~^^'^
descending
of
series
I.
nition,
defi-
("2-22).
P^ in the
n, and
his
f. It
by
memoir.
coefficients
can
of
is due
Bessel
discovered
Schlomilch's
is to
equal to
are
defined
expansion,was
Jacobi
from
defined
theorem
converse
in the
procedure
functions
previouslybeen
that
coefficient
of t; the
function
thus
this function
that
shewn
It will be
the
functions
of
ways
in this work
This
expansion.
properties
several
are
adopted
the
in 1836
published
been
fundamental
propertiesof
publication of
generatingfunction
The
qua
they
will be
certain
coefficients
before
years
had
results
which
the
equal to
are
which
many
mentioned
be
should, however,
in
of the
There
coefficients.
method
; the
incidentallythat
integralsby
definite
discussion
Bessel
as
derived
coefficients.
is the
coefficients
the
as
Schlomilch*,
to
known
functions
definingthese
define
chapter
of functions
set
this
object of
The
COEFFICIENTS
the Bessel
of
definition
The
2"1.
II
503.
now
write
of
Hansen's
expansion,
It must
as
be
J,^{2z);
notation
148.
p. 22.
in
:
Ellipsen
Gotha,
"perturbations
von
beliebiger Excentricitdt
1843], p.
absolues
106.
See
also
the
und
French
and
Neigung,
tion,
transla-
Leipziger
2*1, 2-11]
If in
BESSEL
THE
write
(1) we
1/tfor
"
COEFFICIENTS
t, we
15
get
1t=
-Xi
00
n=
on
a
n
replacing
by n. Since
comparisonof this formula
the Laurent
"
with
is any
J,j(0)as
integer
integral.
an
formula
"
e^zit-llt) J^ (^)+
(3)
function is unique*,
that
derived
l^n+ (
Bessel
by
be written
From
(- r Jn {Z),
where
expansionof
(1) shews
/-" {2)
(2)
i-trj.niz),
:c
"
from
his definition of
in the form
J^^(^)_
Y ^-n^^
problems of
Math.
(1912),pp.
A
I.
suinmary
(1874),pp.
XXXIV.
The
IX.
of
81
"
(1909),pp. 433
The
unity has
of order
function
2"11.
391"420.
441,
"
been
in connexion
encountered
with
the
by TnwieYe, Notiv.
steepest
curves
de Math.
Ann.
on
(4)
{bx--y^).
An
of
"
exp
When
is a
integeror
positive
rightwhich, when
rise to
associated
with
^-2-^ L_I^Z_^.
V
11^(^-1/0}=
the
for which
term
there
is
terms
we
the
zero,
has
Jn{z)= S^
For, if not,
zero
(-m-i ajj^
This
result
could
was
be
expanded
that
particular,
integratedit round
noticed
this value.
On
and, since
0,
these
associating
productis
ni\
the result
(1)
coefficients (say,in
/;
{-\zr
m={i{n-\-m)\
therefore have
see
I {\zf^
We
of
?"')
circle with
/r
into
were
not
Laurent
zero.
centre at the
'
If
in t, in
series
we
then
origin,we
which
some
of the
should
(1841), p. 911.
obtain
contradiction.
16
where
is
givenby
integeror
positive
of the series
terms
II
are
the formula
(
z''
Jn {z)
(2)
first few
The
zero.
[CHAP.
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
OF
THEORY
z^
2,7-;-,
1
2M
(n + 1)
2M
z^
"^
"""}'
(n + l){n+ 2)
particular
In
^0 (2) -I
(3)
2^
22
4''
2^
42
6.
volving
negativeorder,we select the terms int'^ in the productof the series representing
exp (^zt)and exp ( hz/t),
where n is stilla positive
integer.The term of the second series which, when
associated with the generalterm of the first series givesrise to a term in t~"'
obtain the Bessel coefficients of
To
"
is the term
for which
whence
obtain
evidently
we
; and
have
we
the formula
anew
J.n{z)
| 2"! (2),namely
(-rJ,,(z).
It is to be observed
is
so
term
711
"
transcendent,that is
an
l)th term
for all
cc
it follows that
and
n, and
so
it
algebraicfunction of z
it is not an
elementary
finite combination
of
as
a
say it is not expressible
and
logarithmic
exponential,
algebraicfunctions operated on by signs of
indefinite
From
to
integration.
(1) we
can
obtain two
multipleof
which
inequalities,
in the discussion
of series whose
of
ance
importgeneralterm is a
are
some
Bessel coefficient.
Whether
useful
be real
or
complex,we
have
00
\Jn{z)\^\lz\^ X
IjZ I
_2jf_l_"^
nl
and
so, when
(4)
This
854
; a
have
0, we
1/" (.)I,
result
was
,"=o
w!(w-|-l)'"'
exp
1ii^"
(i^')
,
exp
(J I. n.
(1841),pp. 687,
Jn{z)\^^~'--exp{\z\-^),
n
was
given by Neumann,
(Leipzig,
1867), p.
27.
2-12]
all
By considering
found
BESSEL
THE
that
J"W
be observed
It should
bounded
domain
in the
terms
terms
follows from
of the
if S, A and
For
f-})lane.
are
The
the
on
and
and
or
both
(1) converges
contain
not
exceed
the
in absolute
and
uniformlyin
originin the
value the
sponding
corre-
expansion2^"/" {z),whether
z
the
if
considerations
Similar
2'1
does
do not
expansionof exp {\zi)
exp {^zjt)
and
of the product exp (^/2a)exp {hR/8),
of the
right in "
positiveconstants
The
"'^P^^'"
which
by term-by-termdifterentiations
performed with respect to z or t
2" 12.
"fe^'(l+").
(Ji^VU
|ff|^exp
where
the
the terms
(5)
any
17
COEFFICIENTS
the differentiations be
t.
formulae.
recurrence
equations*
2n
(1 )
Jn {z),
--
Jn-Az)-Jn+dz)
(2)
'^Jn(z\
which
connect
Bessel
To
prove
three
the
of
namely
with respect to t ;
we
get
h^z{l+
i nt'^-'Jniz),
llt^)e'=''~"'^
=
SO
that
1^(1 + 1/^^)i
)l=
V'J.Xz)^ i
"
"Xl
If the
are
"
nV'-^Jn{z).
X
powers
are
of t and
coefficients of P~i
it is evident
equal,
identically
that
^Z {Jn-,
(z)+ Jn^ (z)} nJn (z),
=
which
*
formulaef.
primes
are
used
to
denote
the
derivate
of
function
with
respect
to
its argument.
f
The
B. F.
18
Again,differentiate
expansionwith respect to
the fundamental
M=
\{t-\\t)
that
so
n=
By equatingcoefficients of
(2) immediately.
results of
The
Jn (z)+
(4)
zJn (z)
-
Jn (Z)
Jn {Z)
-Z
Jo {z)
formulae
The
(1) and
Bessel,Berliner Abh.
(4) from
1824,
Jn+i(^).
this manner,
but he obtained
formula
(8)
which
obvious
the
und
The
may
method
direct differentiation
(2)by
be
others
derived
derived
of
^'~ip= ^
"
By
which
Schlomilch
,.C",is a binomial
where
reduce
to
./,(z).
[1826],
pp. 31, 35.
Schlomilch, Zeitschrift
fur Math,
138.
discovered
were
proof given
here
Schlomilch
is due
by
to
proved (1) in
J" {z).
(-)'""c../"-.^."(.X
coefficient.
inductions
from
have
{z-'''Jn{z)]={-r^Z"^-Jn^,,,{z),
[jj-^
(10)
n
Bessel
an
is any
integerand
is any
positive
integer.The
formula
{ibid.
p. 34).
example of
that
U,{z)-8J,(z)
zJ,(z)
{-Y-'nJ^,(z)+ {-)^'zJ^^^,{z)
n=l
4
n
smce
formula
Jn-, (z),
case
(7)
As
obtain
In the
to
we
identity
^^{z-Jn(z)}=Z-J,,_,{z),
-z-Jn+d^).
^Jz-J^{z)}
(6)
where
t^Jniz).
to
equivalent
(5)
and then
are
-X
(3)
These
i
"i=
CO
on
II
-00
PJn{z)^
[CHAP.
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
OF
THEORY
zJ^K+i(z)-*0
as
-*
(-r-'nJ.^,{z),
l
cc
,
hy ^ 211 (4).
(10) is due
20
THEORY
frequentlyconvenient
and writing2'7r B for
It is
BESSEL
OF
"
to
Since
tegratio
modify (1) by bisectingthe range of inproceduregives
/"'"
cos(nd-zsine)de.
integrandhas period2'rr,the
the
II
J""(0)=-
(2)
[CHAP.
FUNCTIONS
be transformed
first equationmay
into
Jn{z)
(3)
^ [^'"'^
cos{ne-2sind)de,
^"n- J
where
is any
To
a.
angle.
(1),multiplythe fundamental
prove
integrate*round
which
contour
encircles
thus get
We
dt.
m"n"i
J
The
on
integrals
the contour
Take
be taken
be
to
27r -t-a
to
"Zv +
result
givenby
Hansen
former
f in the
equationtake
part,replace0 by
In this
write t
It is thus found
a.
n;
and
e~'^,so that 0
that
"
case
0.
"
r
J",^(^)=i_^g[e'^ne-zsmO)
which
equation(2),from
Various
modifications
Jn{z)
If 0 be
COS
"
TT
I "^%^"(""-^sin^)"(^,
^n(z)=^"7*
and
for which
one
from
decrease
to
(5)
a
the
t"^e^'^'-''''dt
^(^)=^(
27n,\
(4)
may
the
we
so
27n
,"=-x
be
(1) may
of Bessel's
nO
J0
replacedby tt
sin
TT
^ in these two
is
even,
sine)
obvious.
by writing
"0sin(^sin ^) (Z^.
j |"
the former
integrals,
the other
in the
j^0^
obtainable
"
'
"
deduced, is now
are
integral
(zsin 0)d0
COS
line-
and,
integration
being
changessignwhen
unaffected
in each
case
therefore
and
l"'^
sin nQ
.
Jn ("s^)
~
"
sm
{z sm
^) d0
(n odd).
contour.
the
d0
0')
point
once
counterclockwise.
105.
"2-21]
THE
BESSEL
Jn (z)=
COEFFICIENTS
I'""
nO
cos
(z sin 6) dd
cos
^-'^
(7)
=
J"n{z)
it
'/"(e)
=
(-)*"
[Note.
It
was
due
are
nT?
sin
(2cos 77)dri
{n odd),
11
cos
(zCOS 7;)c^t;
*( 7 cos
(n even).
"j
results
COS
1
"^
last two
r?"
(-)^*" ^^
"
(9)
sin ^)c?(9
C^'
^
Jo
replaced
hyh-rr- i] in
(8)
??^ cos
cos
IT
If ^ be
(71even).
/'^'^
The
21
substantially
shewn
by Parseval,Mem.
+
^~lP"
^-
^y
Jacobi*.
to
des
savans
that
and
so, in the
will be
and
special case
in
seen
Poisson's
"
Z-
"
2-3
z-
4-
in which
that
r^r-^,+ ...=
"
r5~T'
4-
5i
COS
D-
TV
(a sui A')a.r,
Parseval's
as
integralrepresentations of J^ (2),namely
identical when
"=0, so a specialname
two
integralbecome
integral.It
Bessel's
integral
this
for
is
case
ju.stified.]
The
"
2-12
reader
will find it
(4) from
2 "21.
Two
Bessel's
Modificationsof ParsevaVs
formulae
integralformula
oljtain
to
interesting
integral.
integral.
which
are
involvingdefinite integrals
worth notice.
The first,
namely
Jo {s'{2^-f)\
=
to
formulae
closelyconnected
ParsevaPs
with
are
(1)
is due
(afterBessel)the
Bessel +.
The
simplest method
'^-
''"'
{zsin 6)dd,
cos
of
proving
it is to write
the
the
expressionon
Stt J
expand
in powers
f:(y
cos
cos
Catalan
to
Journal
of
(1) obtained
fur Math.
xv.
See
also
Anger, Neiwste
"
^)" ;
i, namely
c(i+-)cos0
had
Schriftcn
12"13.
limits
-z
and
[Ges. Math.
0 and
Naturf. Ges.
der
cos
with
in
1 +z
for
IVerke,
factors
Danzig,
913.
(1854),pp. 910
t Berliner
Ahh., 1824 [published1826], p. 37. See al'io An^er,
Ges. in Danzig, v. (1855),p. 10, and Lominel, Zeitschrififilr ^Math.
t Bulletin deV Acad. 11. de Belgique, (2)xli.
(1876),p. 938.
Comptes Jte7idns,xxxviii.
.,
if
r
T{it+\)
(??+ 1)
by substitutingI
(1836),pp.
integralsactuallygiven by Jacobi
Z'"^
difficulty.
J""(2^"
v'2)
specialcase
2r(n+|)r(^),
^)2"dB
iz sin
'
-n-
"n-
is
Q/ cos
due
integral,
(2)
the formulae
use
0,
follows without
other definite
"tt
6 + iz sin 6 and
the formula
The
of ^
and
?/
respectively.
(1891),pp. 100"102]
I/ttreplacingthe factors
vi.
v.
(1855),p. 1,
aud
the
2/V.
Caucby,
"
Keiieste Schriften
iind
xv.
P/ji/.v.
der Xatiirf.
(1870),p.
151.
22
Catalairs
be established
integralmay
formula
z'W-^)
[CHAP. II
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
OF
THEORY
27ri
that
so
00
^.m
ytti
-1"=".
2
./o(2i\/~-)=
m-o(w!)2
r'
.' (0 +
^Jn
t-"'~'e'dt
-,
271-?,"=o"2! ./
/"("+)
?^^
'^
+
exp
by taking
the contour
to
be
unit circle
-L /
"
+ ^6exp {e^-9
'^lde,
by bisectingthe
of
range
nitegration.
2"22. Jacohi's
series,which
Two
by
^
in
expansions
are
Jacobi*.
The
J,(z)+
connected
with Bessel's integral,
were
closely
them
method
of
is
to
obtaining
simplest
expansion" 21 (3). We thus get
of Bessel coefficients.
series
covered
diswrite
n=\
On
the
adding and subtracting
we
find
two
results which
are
combined
in this formula,
00
(^sin ^)
/o (^)+
(1 )
cos
(2)
sin(^sin^)=
+ 1) ^.
Jo"+i(^)sin(2?i
71=0
Write
^TT
"
77 for
6, and
get
we
00
(3)
cos
22
sin
(4)
Anger
Jacobi's
t.
cosines
of
procedure was
multiplesof ?;, and use
which
integrals
In
view
are
seen
of the
to
Journal
X Neumann,
Fourier's
xv.
with
as
is defined
n
der
to
is
(1836),p.
BesseVschen
to
12.
in
were
sin (s cos
obtained
r;)into
later
by
series of
(1) and
(3)
are
it is convenient
not
of
formed
to introduce
be
[Ges. Math.
hi
others
integrals.
terms,
The
zero.
obtain
Bessel's
the other
rule
fact that
fur Math.
t Neueste
be associated
law
accordingto the same
Neumanns
\ "", which
factor
and to be equal to 1 when
i (-fJ"2^+i(^)cos(2?i
+ l)77.
(2cos 77)=
The
Danzig,
Funcilonen
v.
2-22]
THE
will be of
BESSEL
in the
frequentoccurrence
23
COEFFICIENTS
enables
sequel,
write
to
us
(5)
cos
{zsin 6)
(6)
sin
e^n
00
If
put ^
we
0 in
find
(0),we
1=5
(7)
71
If
differentiate
we
e,,J,n(2).
=
of times
before
putting^
0, we
For
will
the present, we
before d is put
z=
n
6,"+i
(9)
sin 2^2
(10)
cos
results
in
The
be strict
are
(2n + 1) Jsn+i(^).
Note.
differentiations of
two
4^
11- J, (z)
3-^Js
due
The
[22J, (z)
(z)+
5-
.],
J, i^)-"""}"
Lommel*.
to
in
sense.
once
(8)
These
differentiated
t associated
generatingfunction
^-l is not
generatingfunction
(,iJn(z)is
with
e,i^"*A
{^)-
(1=0
If this
If
we
expressionbe
result
-S',
by using the
equation we
recurrence
formula
"
2-12
(2),we
have
get
jyh^it-mj^^^d,.
s=ei-(t-iin+l(^
^e^^(t-vn
(11)
A
called
equivalentto
this
was
given by Brenke,
Bull. American
Math.
Soc.
xvi.
(1910),
pp. 225"230.
Studien
+ It will be
seen
in
Chapter
xvi.
Fiiitctionen
that
(Leipzig,1868),p.
this is
form
11.
of "Lommel's
function of
two
variables."
24
THEORY
OF
[CHAP. TI
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
2"3. Poissoiis
(z cos 6) sin-'^+iddS,
cos
Jo
cos
(zcos 6) sin^'*dcie,
-JO
is
We
shall
and, in view
describe
case
now
that
prove
to
appropriate
importanceof Poisson's researches,it seems
the expressions
the right
for J^i^). In the
on
" as Poisson s integrals
reduces to Parseval's integral
0, Poisson's integral
("2"2).
of the
cos
T^.'o
equal to
integrate
have
\^
d sin^*^OcW
,,
(_)m^2m 1.3.5...
cos^'"
(2m)! Jo
7r,,,=o
(2n
1). 1
3
.
(2m
...
1)
"
",=o
(2w)!
1.3.
5.
2.4.6...(2??+ 2m)
..(2/1-1) 2
m=o
and
\,
^,^,,1
2"^+^'"'
+
m
{n
.,,
ni)I
Journal
t Ibid.
examined
p.
de I'Ecole E.
293,
by Euler, Inst.
elegant, and
more
+
E.g.
on
p.
xii.
Polytechnique,
(cahier19), (1823),pp.
et seq. ; p.
his
Calc.
340,
et
seq.
Int.
ii.
(Petersburg,
1769),Ch.
study of them
is
more
Integrals equivalent
x.
to
249"
i03.
them
had
previouslybeen
Poisson's
forms
are
Jo
then
" Nielsen,Handhuch
BesseVs
IIThe
to
second
der
Theorie
series to be
Poisson,ibid.
der
n{n
l)
^
Cylinderfunktionen
(Leipzig,1904),
nomenclature
seems
p.
preferable.
due
2-3, 2-31]
BESSEL
THE
also observed*
Poisson
25
COEFFICIENTS
that
gizcos e^^^^n
0dd=r
(zCOS 6) siri""ddO;
COS
.' 0
when
this is evident
left and
derived
integral
the
We
we
it
^ by
by replacing
tt
the
0.
j.^;ii|"j^/%-.'sin"^
/"(.)
slightmodification
of this
formula, namely
has
"
on
integral
thus get
(2)
A
from
of the
mean
the
theory of
Bessel
functions.
It should
also be noticed
(4)
that
cos
(zcos $) sin-'*Odd
cos
Jo
Jo
['"cos
(zsin 6) cos-'* 0d6,
Jo
givesrise to
expressions
modified
obtained
An
"
cos2n^=
by
:i
^^sm-"*^
.
-Tii^,
(-)"*
,,
cos
4??-[4n--2-}...
[4n--(2m-2)-|j;"(^)
"
,
m=0
J,is somewhat
It is
seen
lU:
integral.
which
integral,
follows :
as
elaborate; it is substantially
The
Bessel
investigation
of Poisson
Bessel's
2"31.
Poisson's
was
given by
differentiation that
on
2'
cos
6 sin-'*~i6
cos
dd
sin-"-- d
1)
^
his
the
actuallymade
but, as he points out on
Poisson
sin'-"-!-!
0
sin^'*+^6 sin
"
(2n
{zcos 6)
~\
^
X
2w sin^**6 +
{z cos 6)
sin-^"+-0
;^-^
2n
1
cos
(z cos 6),
statement
p.
ft
340, odd
analysis.
f
Studien
Berliner
[Ges. Math.
objectedto
Functionen
(Leipzig,1868),p. 30.
p. 13.
Jacobi, Journal fiir3Iath. xv. (1836),
[published1820], pp. 36"37.
formula,
givinghis proof ("2-32)of Poisson's integral
(1891),
p. 102], when
Werke,
1824
vi.
the artificialcharacter
of Bessel's
demonstration.
and
when
integration,
hence, on
^ 1,
"
(2n
1)
(zcos 6) sin^'^--ed0
cos
If
-^^^--
I"cos(^
T^-rrv-w-r.
cos
["cos
(z
0) sin-"+- OdO
cos
0.
(n
z(j)
1)
(n 4- 1)
(n)+ Z(f)
2n(f"
the
J^ (z)satisfy
that (f)
(n) and
6) sin- ^fZ^
cos
c^{n),
that
shews
so
-.2n
write
we
now
[CHAP. II
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
OF
THEORY
26
formula.
recurrence
same
0,
it is evident that
But, by usingBessel's integral,
(f"{0) Jo(z),
=
^ (1)
and
when
11
{z
cos
from
0, 1, 2, 3,
the
f^
7^
"
.)
^^
1^^"
"
^H
^^^ ^^^^
have
formula, we
recurrence
c*^^
J^ {z),
J^ {")
..
investigation
of Poissons
Jacohis
232.
6) sin- 6d0
cos
cos
6) cos Odd
(^^
sin
induction
by
so,
r-TT
integral.
into
problemof the direct transformation of Poisson's integral
necessitates
attacked by Jacobi*; this method
was
successfully
integral
The
of Jacobi's transformation
where
cos
fjb
=
"
6. We
the
use
formula
sin-"-i ^
c?'"-i
"
Bessel's
"
shall
1.3.
..(2/1-1)
^
^
5.
=(-)"-i
this formula
assume
"
smnd,
and, since
been previously
to have
we
simpledirect proof of it seems
published,
2'323.
givean account of various proofsin ""2'321
no
shall
"
If
observe
we
z'^
COS
/i
B) sin2" ddd
{zcos
1 derivates
1, it is evident
that,by
2"
cos
of
n
(-r
cos
Journal
also Jom-nal
fiirMath.
de Math.
{Zi, Invr)
(1836),pp. 12"13.
196.
(1836),pp. 195
xv.
1.
"
_^
we
integrations,
partial
{zyC)(1
^
with respect to
(1 "/a-)'*"*,
[Ges. Math.
have
yu,-)'*-*
fZ/x
^\^^^dfx.
Werke,
vi.
(1891),pp. 101"102.]
See
28
2*322.
The
Liouville's
Let y
Difi'erentiate this
times
equation n
follows
then
nAD"-^7/
f-^,
that
A and
where
determine
To
B
A
ascendingpowers
so
compare
of 6.
that
and
since
"4
thence
we
have
the
(-)"^i
1.3.
Lagrange'sexpansion,which
A
ce
Now
the usual
conditions
take
of
/(2)=
of z qaa
singularities
of J{\
z^)in powers
"
fJn
/x +
to
sin 6 when
v^(l-m^),i.e. to
of h
at A
are
convergent
(1
^/(1
\)t-i
it follows
that
\ /
e^'^; and
both
when
|h
,2
in powers
z-) {czjOjj.)
.
so, when
\and
| \are
z
6 is
cZ"~^ sin
"^""^
of h.
But
it is evident
in the last
coefficient of A"-"
in the
ex-
that
e^"^-e-"'^
^
"
Analysis," 7-32.
"_,
'
expressionestablishes
Jacobi's formula.
Cf. Modern
unity.
o?/i""i
pansion
ex-
^
is the
cz _{\-he'')---{\-he-'\'- 1.3.5...(2".-1)
I
/""
^^'3m
2.4.6...(2?t}
consideration
real,the
less than
-"
A?
"
A^-0.
2^/i+ k^)]ih^
-"
2"~i.(?i-l)
pansion of J{1
then
A/'(s),
"
^^^-'^
^-^(1-2^/^+/.^-)'
^"
and
that, if s
of h is
3
^"""^
is
function
Now
Hence
n6.
convergence*.
sui
SchUiJii's
proofof Jacobi's transformation.
firstrecall
subjectto
(_)""-!
..(2"-l)
^
^
1.3.5.
,
We
..(2/1-1),
5.
result,namely
c?"-isin2"-i(9
2 "323.
^cos??^,
constants
are
0.
/1 sinw^
Z""~iy
Hence
it
as
d/dii;then obviously
for
and
is
a-'^^)^-^-M^="-^^X^S+'''^^="^
but
so
transformation.
proof of JacohVs
proofgiven by
[CHAP. II
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
OF
THEORY
the truth
of
2'322-2-33]
nxdx
/ (coscc)cos
}0
S
m
(" )"*a.w/"^'+-'"'
(cosx) dx,
0
"=
in asexpansionof Jn{t)/Jo(t)
cending
of t, has been studied by Jacobi*.
To establish it,integrate
powers
the left n times by parts ; it transforms ("2'32)into
on
expression
in which
the
29
expansion
formal
The
COEFFICIENTS
of Jacobi's transformation.
application
An
2'33.
BESSEL
THE
is the
a,"
1
"
1.3.
sin-"^ is replaced
by
and, when
f""
I /"^'
(cosx) sin-^xdx,
rx
j^
5. ,..(2?i-l)Jo
..(2/1-1)
series of cosines of
ofx, this
multiples
becomes
2/1
2n(n-\)
2.4.(/...(2.)/o"'^^^^""
(?i-fl)(w 2)
.
r-
COS
ZX
^rr-.
n-^\
We
COS
dx.
\X
cos
4a;,
integrate
/""(cosa?)COS 2.r,/'"'(cosa.')
by parts, and by
a
rrive
this
of
at
a formal
repetitions
evidently
expansion
process, we
is
in
of the type stated. When
the
a
cos
polynomial
/(cos a;)
a?,
process
valid.
obviouslyterminates and the transformation is certainly
now
...
continual
determine
To
If
(cos x) cos
nxdx
expansion
(-)'"am/"'"^'""
(cosx) dx
/(cos x)
accordingas
is
even
or
odd, and
Jn {t)
that am
SO
It has
in
to
been
stated
cos
be
an
providedthat
that
no
*
.
it can,
lim
Jilr Math.
expansionis
a/j6" jis
Nach.
xv.
.5
less than
of
cos
x,
when
say
6"co.s"a;
the smallest
[Ges. Math.
(1836),pp. 25"26
94
col.
[Ges. Math.
(1849),
xxviii.
/(cos x) is a polynomial
is
stricted
merely re/(cosx)
valid when
however, be established
function
integral
0; the
Journal
(-)'"a,,^"+-^'"
{(-r /o (t)],
the
of
investigation
practical
importance.
=
from
J^ (0
deduce
we
be
root
positive
given since
Werke,
vi.
Werke,
vii.
of the
it
seems
equation
to
be of
(1891),pp. 117"118].
(1891),p. 174].
See
30
THEORY
Bessel
formulafor the
24.
The addition
The
coefficients possess an
expressedin terms of Bessel
be
may
which was
in
simplestway
of
provingthis
which
z.
Jn {y + z)
This formula,
J",(y)Jn-,n{z).
J,,{y+ z)=
The
formula by
coefficients of y and
is
and Lommelf,
(1)
coefficients.
addition
Bessel
[CHAP. II
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
OF
CO
gives
/" {y + z)=
e^'2'+^'"-""'"'dt
"-1
^-~.
rto+)
1
1
CO
V^-''-'J,n{y)e^'^^-'!*^dt
'
V.Trl
'Ztti
...
00
/"(0+)
oo
27n
m=
00
00
J, (y)Jn-m (z),
-ao
1)1=
Hansen's
series
of squares
and
the producton
By expressing
j I )?(
00
the
be
addition formula
Specialcases of Neumann's
earlyas 184-3. The first system of formulae is
fundamental
expansion" 2'1 (1),so that
(,r
established.
of this expansionwill
generalisations
Numerous
2'5.
in
integration
and
on
rightas
givenby Hansen J as
obtainable
by squaringthe
were
Laurent
series in t,and
the left,
we
on
expression
equating
in the Laurent
pansion
ex-
find that
00
Jn{2z)=
In
particular,
takingn
(1)
J, (2^)
Theorie
der BesseVschen
t Stiidien Uber
Ann.
+
and
in.
Jo^(^)+
Functionen
die BesseVschen
(1871),pp.
Jr{z)Jn-r{z).
have"
0, we
J;^(z)
(-)'"
=
(-)'"
e, J,'(2).
(Leipzig,1867),p. 40.
(Leipzig,
1868),pp. 26"27
Functionen
gave
see
also
Math.
Schlafli,
der absoluten
Storungen (Gotha,1843),p. 107 et seq. Hansen
did
of (2)in which n
only the specialcase
\. The more
general formulae
Ermittelung
he
135"137.
Functionen
(Leipzig,1868),p.
(z)}-.
{J^^
33.
not
are
give (4),
due
to
2-4-2-6]
generalformula
the
From
Jni^z) =1
(2)
find that
we
J'
coefficients of
the Bessel
Jr {Z)Jn-r (^)+
)"=()
when
31
COEFFICIENTS
BESSEL
THE
./,(z)J,^, (z),
(-)'"
l
negativeorder
are
removed
by using" 21 (2).
since
Similarly,
exp
1,
{^z (t
t +
1/01
it follows that
2 2
J,H^) +
(3)
/.n^)
in
l.
cc
+ 2 2 J, (^)/,"+,.
(^)
(-)'-j:,(^)J,"_,.(^)
(4)
!"
0.
very
?"
2'6.
1, 2, 3,
was
by
from
Hansen.
J- r
e^ine-zsm9"^0^
so
To
reduce
by
the
this double
integralto
singleintegraltake
new
variables defined
equations
6-cf"
so
is real,
"2-2(5) that
J,,(2)
and
for Jn"(z).
integral
Neumanns
It is evident
noticed
...,
\Jr{x)\^lls/%
|Jo(^)kl,
(5)
where
of
importantconsequence
2x, e
"t" 2f,
=
that
It follows that
f,-2usin^cosx(^;^c?x/r,
e-'"'^
=^^,ii
J,;-;
(2)
where
the field of
is
integration
the square
for which
the
if x
gration
inte-
BESSEL
FUNCTIONS
C^X.
;j;)
;^ is acute
32
THEORY
OF
[CHAP.
II
Hence
1
.'0
"n"
If
we
obtain the
obtuse,we
or
result
"in-
J,-^{z)
(1)
I'"
J,n{2z sine)dO.
IT
'his formula
may
is the result
I fi
written
obviouslybe
actually
given by
3laborate transformations
Neumann*.
It
derived
was
the addition-theorem
from
which
by
him
by
given
proof of
will be
2.
proofwhich
in the form
has
"
Jn' (^)
^ f
Jn (^)
TT-
1
=
f"
2n\lr
dyfr
1
=
"^
"
f"
"
result which
attributed
Schlafli;|:
2"61. Neumanns
By taking the
rightin powers of
and
dylr,
2)i\lr
to
Neumann.
for J^ (2).
series
formula
Jo {'22sin ylr)COS
Jo
that
1
Ttt
S
Jn'(z)=-\
Jo
TT
\)n "2H+2)n
;"=o
^ (-Y{2n
\,^
m\{2n
ciri
''"
2n+2*;i
"
dd
-f
"
m).
2my.{^2Y"+-'^
'
m=o
'
der
Theorie
Einleitung
J The
" 2Iath.
formula
Ann.
in the
BesseVsehen
in die Theorie
is
iir.
an
Fiaictionen
1867), p.
(Leipzijj,
der BesseVsehen
immediate
(1871),p. 603.
m\{tn+
consequence
The
70.
memoir,
of
equation 16
in which
(1869),pp. 221"256.
on
"
p. 69 of Neumann's
this result
vv-as
given,was
85.
treatise.
first
lished
pub-
2-61, 2-7]
BESSEL
THE
This result
written
was
COEFFICIENTS
Neumann
by
33
in the form
Toz^
(1) Jn'i^)
T,^
+
{2n
1)
(2w + 1)(2/1+ 2)
1.2.
where
2/1 +
2/rr2'
(2/1+1) (2/1+ 3)
4)'
(271+ 2) (2/1+
(2)
This
generalexpansion(due to
expansionis a specialcase of a more
functions
Bessel
as a series of powers
with
productof any two
coefficients
comparatively
simple
("5"41).
for the
Schlafli)
2'7. ScJddinilch's
We
shall
obtain
now
series
0 has
of sin- 6.
in
cerning
"2*22con-
These
is any
cos
2//^ and
sin
(2/i+ 1)^
expansionsare*
(2 ,,",).
i^(_).M^+--;^f
2".=
cos
foreshadowed
was
expansionsin powers
of Bessel coefficients.
of z"^ in a
expansibility
positive
integer.The result for m=
their
result which
the
the
In the results
in
expansionof z^
('2??+
"
(n
1)
sV
Sin
The
results of substitution
(zsin 6)
cos
J, (z)+
=.
are
J," (z)
\I
(-f
y*/"
t^^'(2 ^)4
sin
1
If
we
that it is
'
the series
rearrange
to
permissible
the
on
power
series in sin 0
(assuming
have
do so),we
S
rightas
x)
+ .9-l)!
(-)H2sin^y^^i^ 2//..(/i
2JJ..(.)jJ^^-^A^^i"^^^_^^, ^J.M\,
cos(.sm^)^|/.(.)
"
.X
^ (-y(2sindr+'
S --^
sin(2'sni6')=
rvi
^
^
+ 1)!
(2.5
,=0
"
"
ns
"
Cf.
W.
B.
F.
Hobson,
Plane
"
If
expand the
we
[CHAP. II
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
OF
THEORY
34
find that
we
n=l
(^
(i^""=i'^4S^-^'""^)'
1-2.3.-)
(,,)."
itn+l).(n
The
into the
The
He
how
can
make'use
we
by
Neumann
of the
of the
double
series
of the double
convergence
^2nJrl)\
^^'^
The
be
bined
com-
is
series.
6) we
that
see
similar
may
the rearrangement
justification;
needs
now
I2 sin
6
"'"
"^ |2"+i
I
I
"i
.)
givenby Schlomilch*.
which was
givenexplicitly
generalformula
f and Lommel:|:.
""
so
1, 2,3, were
"
and
inequalities
with
the
I'^2,,
!"
1 {z)
in connexion
; the others
alreadyobtained
(1)for which
to obtain
rearrangemeut
permissibleif we
If
of
cases
particular
years later
The
0, 1, 2,
(.
singleformula
also shewed
some
j^^^^^^^^
^7-
v''
n=s
sy.
is convergent.
The
(2.+ 1)!
sinh
(Iz
sin 6
series for
cos
I, 128 +
I
I^'l
('A I 2 |2'l
exp(^|2|)
pxn
1z |2),
\)exp (|(2sin 6) may
be treated
in
manner.
somewhat
elaborate
az\m-
Zeitschrift
filrMath,
Theorie
"j-
X
IS
Studien
der
und
BesseV schen
n-l)l
140"141.
Functionen
(m+2n).(m
(Leipzig,1867),p. 38.
Functionen
(Leipzig,1868),pp.
35"36.
Lommel's
investigation
36
were
obtained
gave,
as
where
of
or
2p times
with
The
he
of the
in $^, and
term
so
since terms
equidistantfrom
The
equal
truth
from
manner
reader
Schlomilch
"
^1^ !
-^2
will
expanded
2(-V'
"'
(2m;
in
asc-endingpowers
of 0,
Ci'2//i-2X-)^
t=,"
z^I^S!,
of
2-22
when
jn"p,
The
of the summation
1). To prove the first formula, take the equation " 2-22 (1),differentiate
It is thus found that
respect to 6, and then make 6 equal to zero.
terms
no
coefficient and
binomial
Di=o
similar
n.
i*^
are
Phyi.
i^(m"
is ^rfi 1
und
^C'tis
contain
the value
[CHAP. U
FU^'CTIOXS
BESSEL
OF
THEORY
the end
of the summation
e"dent,
and
equation
with
,2} is
to
respect
proved
in
(2).
easilyestablish
the
following specialcases,
which
were
stated
by
-,
bKJ.,(.)+
...=!(5+^3)^
=
.
l^,
l2.3.4J3(2;^4.5.6J5(2:-i-6.7.8^-(2)
+ ...=M
of
2-72.
Xeumanns
From
Schlomilch's
even
Bessel
"
take
the
Q\'^
integratewith respect
that
(1)
series of squares
of Bessel coejjicierits.
expansion
(2m +2n).(27n
(when
rn
"
+/(-!):
..
.^
to
find that
6, we
^
so
as
Thus, if we
and
expansionof z^
(2m-2n).{2m-\-n-l^
0)
(i^)-=i^
("2m
V
9n).(2rn^n-l):
"2-72]
result
This
and
BESSEL
THE
this
was
is
true
special
As
cases,
given
by
when
Neumann*.
An
it
for
0,
37
COEFFICIENTS
then
alternative
reduces
to
form
is
Hansen's
formula
of
have
we
2-=
^n-J^-'Z),
f".
(3)
o
.
If
we
differentiate
(1),
use
it=3
"
2-12
m\{rfL-V)\
,
"
an
'
(2"i
and
then
it
rearrange,
Leipziger
is
existence
Berichte,
was
xxi.
indicated
(1869;,
by
p.
readily
found
that
(2rft+"-2)!
2n-l).
whose
expansion
--"
(2;
226.
,.
,,
Neumann.
[Math.
Ann.
iii.
(1871),
p.
585.]
"
2"5.
CHAPTER
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
3'1.
TJie
The
Bessel
of two
which
coefficients,
be
required to
have
functions
This
effected
analysishe
linear differential
definition
by
shall
equation which
of the
Bessel
function
r(^
the
for
which
values
functions
the
v,
The
had
shall
Bessel
finction of order
course
desirable
to
integralvalue
We
d' Analyse,
n,
not
called
iiher die
ii.
i^
Math.
Following Lommel,
being
glance
reserved
come
whether
this
(Paris,1840),
i.
into
a
(1869),
for
to
as
Bessel
course
of the
Lommel's
wasf
''''"' ^'^^'
by
effected
Lommel
by
of
real
by HankeliJ:
;
of
means
an
tension
ex-
2 "12.
with
order
whose
"
solution
solution
to
odd
an
Bessel's
v,
of this
reduces
as
of
Plana
and
integer
treatise.
in
occurs
that
1'6
is half
Lommel's
which
certain
solutions
and
differential
then
define
equation ; it is of
Jn (z) when
p.
assumes
not
0,
necessarily
an
v.
p. 1.
integer) were
studied
byDuhamel,
Coum
469.
the
symbols
integers.
This
in
this
is true
(.^-.-^)y
equation
118"121.
use
use
differential
of the
(Leipzig, 1868),
Functionen
(with v
pp.
we
general
result
of
solution
order
Bessel's
BesseVschen
"
yet
be
to
discuss
resembling
Ann.
and
Studien
so
in the
integral;
being
publicationof
.^g ^g
will be
been
n.
shall therefore
t Integrals
"
of
functions
select such
(1)
which
definition
in this section.
the
before
values
defined
were
on
unrestricted
an
argument
now
equation by
the
"
observe,
century
of
complex
investigatedBessel
nearly half
so
discussed
formulae
will
functions
defined, is
is to be
Jv{z)
to
less than
recurrence
reader
We
extension
of order
of the
Poisson
exceeds
R{v)
of
hitherto
the
integralon
function,
''''"
and
Poisson's
^^
^'
C'^''"
1)^(1)
J. {z)
functions
ii, are
has
whose
by Lommel*,
the
that
but
generalisethese
now
of
generalisation
shewed
Chapter
(complex) variables.
effected
a
in
is unrestricted
unrestricted
of two
was
generalisation
function was
of his
integer. We
an
discussed
were
of which
n,
differential
equation.
BesseVs
generalisation
of
variables, z and
III
v,
distinction
country.
for unrestricted
denote
fj. to
is
unrestricted
customary
It lias
functions
the
or
on
obvious
the
numbers,
Continent,
advantage
for functions
of
the
symbols
it has
though
of
shewing
integral order
at
only.
3-1]
BESSEL
Let
us
construct
now
assumed
form
for such
solution of
solution is
39
FUNCTIONS
(1) which
series of
is valid
the
near
ascendingpowers
origin;the
of z, say
00
where
the index
that Co is not
For
so
and
"
^111 -^
"
"
to
are
zero.
brevitythe
(1) will
be called V^,
*^,^^U,=
^.,,=
(2)
It is easy to
The
111
the
expressionon
"
if
111=0
rightreduces
of
in the two
of
series
{{a+ ly V-]
+ 2)--v~\+Co
c,\{a
c,n
(4)
values of
Now
i^; for Cq
=0
C,n_-"=
have
CmZ''+"'=Co{or-v')z'^.
series can be a solution
postulated
and ^" vanishes onlyfor exceptional
that the
is not
zero,
z.
written
v"}+
satisfied,
we
"'l)
only if a
equationin
the system
(3) when
It
1.
ui"
be
can
in the form
c,a (a"v
it determines
so
"
?/
or
integer(when
We
a-Y
a=
When
then
the
is
by
c"i_o
0,
2v is
v) or unless
{a + mf
constants
formal
+
III)
c,",in terms
v
"
III)
(a +
v-
"
and
processes
is
does
c,,^have
easily
solution
seen
not
been
to be
greater than
m
"
2v
negativeinteger(when
values
disregardthese exceptional
3-5),and
*
[(a+ mf
V,
From
obtained
=0
(3)
unless
rightcancel.
the
on
so
equations
c,
and
to
the coefficients Cm
choose
we
givesthe system
This choice
_,,
that
see
2",
namely Co (a- i/-)
corresponding
powers
of
in
occurs
that
of
determined
convergent
of the differential
when
vanish
is
??i
l, 2, 3,
negative
i").
(see ""8'11,
It
....
now
equation.
equations(3) that 01
of Co by the equation
the
follows from
03-65=
in terms
[CHAP. Ill
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
OF
THEORY
40
=0, and
...
(-rco
that
c^m
is
pressible
ex-
(5)
a
"^
Co2-
formal
see
v, we
solution
",r1 ml{v
l){v + 2)...{v+ m)
equation(1). If
of
take
we
obtain
we
~v,
second
solution
formal
Co'2- 1+
(6)
'
,riml{-v
Cq and
constants
in
Cq
m)_
Cq, because
the
2)...{-v
placeof
without
carried out
be
evidently
obtaining(6) can
l){-v
written
of
(4) that
from
is
take
satisfied ; and, if we
The
to the existence
reference
independent.
are
procedureof
Cq and
the constants
values
reducible
to
Cq';
Jn{z) w^hen
-^
series
The
be w-ritten
now
(-)'"(i^)""^'"'
,"romir{-v + m + l)'
(-y'^(l^)''+2m
,"tom ir{v + m + l)'
"
In the circumstances
of powers converge
differentiations are
which
two
solutions of
the
{z
these series
integer,
so
term-by-term
in the analysis
f by
an
0 excepted)and
operationsinvolved
and
legitimate,
consequently
are
so
we
have obtained
equation(1).
series defines
two
and
z, of the
argument
/^
{z). Since
symbol
v
of z,
2v is not
The
permissible.
first of the
The
order
considered,namely when
for all values
obtained
theywere
an
function
kindX;
first
is unrestricted
the
integer),
and
called
the
Bessel
function
functionof
by
is denoted
second
series is
that,for
evidentlyJL.^{z).
is defined
the functionJt.{z)
Accordingly,
hy the equation
It is evident
from
" 2-11
integer(zero included),
positive
a
identical with
*
For
X Functions
up
function
of
to hold
when
integralorder
Bessel coefficient.
propertiesof
+ Which,
Bessel
to the
the
Gamma-function,
of the second
and
see
Modern
Analysis, ch.
xii.
purely formah
third kinds
are
defined
in ""
i^
is
being
3-11]
BESSEL
symbolic solution
interesting
An
FUNCTIONS
of Bessel's
41
equationhas
been
givenby
Cotter*
in the
form
djdz while
and
This
constants.
are
be derived
may
by writingsuccessively
[D{zB-2v)+z]z''^ 0,
=
L"-^z]z''i/=-2vB,
+ z--''D-h''^\j=
-2vBz-~\
zD{z-''y)
[zD-2v
result.
givesCotter's
which
" o\,
two
order is
whose
3'11. Functions
In
of Bessel's
cases
It will
now
is half of
that
is half of
values of
odd
an
If
is
we
take
general
zero.
find that
=0,
1
ni
and
in the
(r + i)^
+ 2)
[Cx.l(2r
+ 2r
\c,n.('"n
'
be included
of " 3'1, we
-^in the analysis
,,.
an
let
integer,
positive
integeror
omitted
temporarily
is
(ii)when
integer,
odd
v.
ir
where
integer.
(i)may
case
When
odd
generalised
equationwere
be shewn
integerf
theoryfor unrestricted
an
halfof an
(i)when
consideration,namely
from
)+
c",_,
{m"i)
0,
so
"-*""""
(2)
which
If
c,..--
is the
2.4...
value
(2m)
+ 5)
(2r + 3)(2?-
2ni +
(2r +
and
'
replacedby
are
1)
^,
take
we
"
obtain
we
when
of Com
2''+*r(r+ |)'
the solution
,,Zomir (r
which
is
denoted
naturally
the
by
^)'
so
symbol Jr+ki^),
take
we
"
(o..l(-2;)
[Cm
As
before,Ci,
(m
m
"
c-^,...,c.2,_i
become
=0.
"
2r)+
"
c,"_2
are
0
.
"",.+!+ Cor-i
0.
equationto
when
c.i,-+i',
this
f
-'"+'
\in"r
"
Froc.
t The
f^
(2r + 3) (2?-+ 5)
E. Irish. Acad.
cases
combine
xxvn.
to form
+
(27/i
) 2
.
(A),(1909),pp.
the
case
c.",-~iis
determine
0,
value of
equationis satisfied
by an arbitrary
is defined by the equation
and
Cm
(",^j^
(3)
/
determine
|,the equationswhich
"
in which
(2m
4
.
2/-)
157"161.
'2v is
au
integer.
"
r, c.."n+i
42
the
v=-r-l,
If
[CHAP. Ill
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
OF
THEORY
solution
now
structed
con-
is*
Co
2-'--^r
It follows that
(1
r) J_r-i{z)+
2'-+^r (r +
|)/,+"(^).
in the definition of J^
modification
no
C2.+1
when
{z)is necessary
is that the
of the solution in this case
peculiarity
negativeroot of the indicial equationgivesrise to a series containingtwo
constants, Cq and Car+i, i.e.to the generalsolution of the differential
arbitrary
equation,
"{r
v=
\);
the
real
3"12. A
It is well known
equationof the
respect
to
the
if the
does
vanish
not
then, either
the two
one
second
the
independentvariable,then
Wronskian
if the
Wronskian
solutions vanishes
of the two
a
independent
linearly
are
determinant^
and
identically;
solutions is
solutions
does
vanish
else
or
identically,
identically,
the ratio of
constant.
If the Wronskian
does
vanish
not
then
identically,
any
solution
of the
differential equationis
Cg
constants
; the
solutions 2/1and
For
3/2are
brevitythe
then
said to form
of t/i and
Wronskian
We
now
being used
proceedto
M|yi,i/.},
it is necessary to
when
system.
m^z[y"yo],
the former
fundamental
are
the independentvariable.
specify
evaluate
im[j.{z),j_.(^)}.
If
we
multiplythe equations
V, /__,{z)
and
by J^ (z),J"_^(z)respectively
which
may
be written
0,
subtract
V, J, {z)
the results,we
obtain
an
equation
in the form
o,
j^[zm{JAz),J-A^)]]
=
lu connexion
Sci. di
Torino, xxvi.
with
series
(1821),pp.
Plana, 2Iem.
della E. Accad.
delle
519"538.
are
16
on
44
concerning Bessel
but
the
discussion
are
65"72
; XXII.
(1904),pp.
Trans.
Royal
Soc.
Math.
Soc.
The
be
of these
results
to
found
in
analogues is
of
80"85
of this work.
105"118,
of
generalisation
399-408;
Proc.
main
London
function, obtained
Bessel
the
functions,
Jackson's
Proc.
1"23.
by increasingthe
of the terms
basic Bessel
theory of
the scope
Royal Soc.
Proc.
Edinhurgh, xli.
obvious
sets
outside
series of papers,
the
analogues in
their
more
number
have
functions
[CHAP.Ill
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
OF
THEORY
see
Cailler,Mem. de la Soc. de Phys. de
generalisation
in the shape of Bessel functions of two
Oeneve, xxxiv,
(1905),p. 354; another generalisation,
variables,has been dealt with by Whittaker, Math. Ann. LVii. (1903),p. 351, and Perfes,
170.
ComptesRendus, CLXi. (1915),pp. 168
in
"
In connexion
4"4.
with
this
"
General
3'13.
The
series which
closed domain
R
of J^,{z).
properties
defines
of values of
(v)" 0],and
\v\^
[theoriginnot
domain
bounded
in any
For, when
Jy{z)converges
of values of
v.
and
4Z
m{v
whenever
is taken
to be
m)
{m
in
m--mN-l^-'
This choice of
N)
"
beingindependentof
Q.
and
z, the
An
is that term-by-termdifferentiations
of this theorem
importantconsequence
and integrations
(with respect to z or v) of the series for J^ {z)are
permissible.
An
due
inequality
to Nielsen
where
and
I^ i"
11/0+
This
1is the
result may
with
the
Bromwich,
t Modern
1 1,
"l,-^'^!,
-
Iko
of the numbers
+ l \}
+ 2|,|i/
+ 3j,
|i/
+ l|,|i'
be
function
z", which
is
as
factor of J^
"
2*11
"
(5);
it should
be
pared
com-
specifica{z),needs precise
Theory of InfiniteSeries,"82.
Analysis, "5"3.
3Iath. Ann.
(1902),p.
exp
here,namely
the
Finally,
*
smallest
be noticed
% should
494.
Lii.
is.
(1899), p. 230; Nyt Tidsskrift,
(1898),p. 73;
see
also Math.
Ann.
lv.
3-13,3-2]
tion. We
BESSEL
define
it to be
TT
"
it is necessary
values of arg z,
3'2. Tlie
"
is
this range of
of the process to be carried out.
the function
will be made
J^{z)outside
of the
generalisations*
("2'12)are
as
formulae
recurrence
efficients
co-
follows:
(1)
J.^,{z)-vJ.^Az)
(2)
J".-:{z)
^JAz)
2J; (z),
J.+,{z)
(3)
(4)
zJJ (z)
These
of
^w.
arg
to "continue"
mention
explicit
recurrence
Lommel's
the
value
givenits principal
When
45
FUNCTIONS
vJ, {z)
of
are
the
precisely
being the
substitution
To
them,
prove
we
dz'
form
same
as
the results of
number
of the unrestricted
for the
integern.
first that
observe
"
zJ,.+,(z).
^^'
dz
,Zo ^"^"^
/
00
\V{v+ni-rl)
"
\iti
^iv"l-\-2m
,"=o
When
we
the
differentiate out
2-^+^'".m!r(i.+ m)
the left,
we
producton
at
once
obtain
(3).
In like manner,
J
dz^
"^^^
CO
"
Vn
,2W
dz,r=o^^^'"'.m\V{v^m
l)
C_yft^2
V
111
1)
00
C_y"+i 2'-'"+i
r
"r=^2''+'^'"+im!
.
whence
when
p. 533.
is half of
an
odd
2)
-z-^J,^,{z),
Studien
(z/+
Functionen
be
obtained
by adding and
(Leipzig,1868),pp. 2, 6, 7.
della
R. Accad.
ddle
Sci.
Formula
di
Torino,
(3)was
xxvi.
tracting
sub-
given
(1821),
46
THEORY
We
obtain
now
can
the
[CHAP. Ill
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
OF
formulae
generalised
[Z^J.{Z)\ Z^-^-J.-m(Z),
(^)"
[z-^J.(z)] (-)- ^-'-/.+".(^)
(^)"
(5)
(6)
when
by repeateddifferentiations,
obtained
Lommel
described
formula
The
his
results from
all these
has been
which
integral
positive
integer.
is any
in
of
generalisation
Poisson's
" 3'1.
in the construction
used*
extensively
of Tables
of Bessel functions.
(4),we
formula
of
this formula
was
discovered
3'21. Bessel
imaginaryparts
extended
subsequently
See
seq.
also
it,Studien
Math.
Neumann,
obtained
detail
where
J"^ifj,(x),
by Lommel J,and his
v, fx
and
results
were
by B6cher".
the
after defining
particular,
equation
11
real functions
by
K^^^{x)and Si,^^(x)
the
the results
(1)
2(v"ifi) +
X
d
,j.
A",+i,^
(x)
(3)
'S^^+i,K
(^) 'S^.-.M
(^)+ -S^'Vm
(^)'
-o
dx
(2)
K,^^(x)+ K'\^^{x),
See,
Math.
Ann.
iv.
Math.
Ann.
ra.
"
Annals
IIThe
of
consequences
of the function
some
In
Lommel
et
functionsof complexorder.
real and
The
various
48
600.
(1871),p.
III.
Functionen
are
^^.-i(^)-"?.+i(2)
y";(^);
(8)
Ann.
^~^^f^
(2) of "3-12.
interesting
consequence
Au
(z)
/, (z)/i_, iz)+ /_, (z)./,_,
(7)
from
formula
derive Lommel's
can
of J""
terms
e.g.
Lommel,
of Math.
for
reason
established
in
"
3'3.
Ahh.
Milnchener
xv.
(1884"1886), pp. 644"647.
(1871),p. 105. Some associated formulae are given
(1871),pp. 481"486.
vi.
(1892),pp. 137"160.
insertingthe factor on the right is apparent from
in " 3'G3.
formulae
which
will be
3-21, 3-3]
with
no
BESSEL
other formulae
numerous
great importance,and
in which
memoirs
In the
of this
solutions
in which
equationin
47
of like character.
consequentlywe
published.
they were
case
special
FUNCTIONS
the
results
merely refer
0, Bessel's
form
These
the
be of
to
seem
I'eader to
the
equationbecomes
of series
Boole*
given by
were
many
years ago,
3'3. Lormnel's
shall
We
shew
now
that, when
R{v)"
integral
of Poissons
-
cos
type.
^, then
(^
6)
f"TmvT)//os
J. {z)
(1)
sin'^'
6 dO.
cluded),
proved by Poissonf that, when 2v is a positiveinteger(zerointhe expression
the rightis a solution of Bessel's equation
on
; and
the delinition of J^(2)for positive
was
as
expression
adoptedby Lommel;]:
It
this
expression
of J^{z) hy an
was
values of
^.
Lommel
subsequentlyproved that the function, so defined,is a solution of Bessel's
formulae
of 5^3"2 ; and he then
generalisedequation and that it satisfies the recurrence
defined /" (i)for values of
in the intervals { h, -f), (" f,
#),(-#, -f),
cessive
hy sucof " 3'2 (1).
applications
v
"
"
...
deduce
To
the
the definition of
(1) from
generalterm
Jt,{z)
adoptedin this work,
manner:
Jyiz) in the following
(-yjhzy
(-y^(^zy+'"'
r(i;+ -|)r(m
f^
we
form
trans-
^)
m\V{v
providedthat R(v)"
Now
when
\)
V{v+h)V{hy{'2.my:
R(v)^^,
\)
-l^p'-Hi-ty-i
(2r/i)!
^eoiiverges
uniformlywith respect to
be integrated
term-by-term; on
may
Tripos,
the series
Pliil. Trans,
"^.
n"=\
T{v
See
also
question set
in the
Mathematical
1894.
f Journal de VEcole B. Pohjtechnique,xii. (cahier 19), (1823),pp. 300 et seq., 340 ct seq.
the right
21/ is an
odd integer,the expressionon
Strictlyspeaking, Poisson shewed that, when
the
Bessel's
is
solution
derived
of
the
from
appropriate
equationby
multipliedby ijz a
equation
change of dependent variable.
J Studien
Fuiictioneii
(Leipzig,18G8), jip. 1
et seq.
48
0,
namely
f-^il
ty^dt, which
"
is convergent,
the
usingthe
more
terms
result stated
(2m)!
the
unaffected
the
analysisnecessary
elaborate.
The
simplestprocedure seems
omitted and integrate by parts,thus
m=2
jo
to
be to take
m=2v
establish
to
(2m)!
Vi^dt
by parts a
integrating
in
integration the second
on
of the
(which are
second
time.
line of
analysisis
On
series.
It follows that,when
-^^^'^
Obvious
adding
obtain
convergent),we
(2)
J, (z)
^^^
'^^^^^
equation is
0.
little
J^
^
2
/^ ;, {i-ty"-Kdt
j
i,"=2 (2m)!
result.
^, then
^^
C^"'*
r(z.l'i)r(|)
~
transformations
last
placeof
and
interchangeof the order of summation
of the uniformityof
permissibleon account
\
integrals
correspondingto the terms m
0, m
the
"
the
^ in
"
and
The
the desired
R{i")"
f=sin-^
substitution
by writingtt
ov-^^
convergence
that, when
r^'
(2m)!
by making
follows
integrandis
"^"R(v)"h,
When
find
Ave
Jo
'^(""-r(.
i"^o
+ i)r(i)Jo'
whence
[CHAP. Ill
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
OF
THEORY
of this
^'
''''
'' ^^
result,in addition
to
"^^^
^^'^
(1),are
the
following:
r( n-^
p.,^^.^!fpp.(zt)dt,
1
cos
^*'
^'^""^ ^'^^
Wi:'^
Ijr(i)
"
r(.
^"^^
(5)
IJ''cos(^cos^)sin-^d^
"-^-(^)=rA^t)r(i)
(6)
J.(^)
The
formula
(7)
^*^^''
=
r(/^+i)r(^)
obtained
J, (2)
=
by
of (5),namely
partial
integration
^:;^^;;^YT I sin(2cos(9)sin^''-^5'cos^rf^,
1
1
(i;+ ^)
is sometimes
g,"cosegin2''^(;?6'.
useful ; it is valid
(^)
only when
R(v)" ^.
3-31]
An
with
BESSEL
FUNCTIONS
expansioninvolvingBernouUian
help of the expansion
49
has
polyn(juiials
been
the
in which
(^"(^)denotes
of
[Note. Integrals
polynomialand
izt.
the
"
and
363"371;
Duhamel,
Cours
d' Analyse,li.
(Paris,1840),pp.
substantially
equivalentto J^,(z),defined by
function,
x) =1
(jx,
(1
cos
v^)'*
V.V
118
the
"
121.
equation
do,
investigated
by Lommel, Archiv der Math, imd Phys. xxxvii.
(1861),pp.
problem of obtainingthe differential equation satisfied by
WAS
The
349
"
3G0.
convei'se
z^
[^"f''i,v-af-^
iv-^J-^ dv
126.
In
by Lommel, Archiv der Math, und Phys.xl. (1863),pp. 101
Inst.
also
Calc.
Int.
li. (Petersburg,
Euler,
integralsee
1769), " 1036,
der linearen Dijferentialgleichungen
Petzval,Integration
(Vienna,1851),p. 48.]
also discussed
was
connexion
and
with
"
this
3'31.
derived from
Inequalities
Poisson's
From
be real and
greater than
i, then
"
\I(z)\
^pj!ff|p(X)j^^exp
sin^^edd
I/. (2)I
(1)
By usingthe
formulae
recurrence
deduce
in
similar
that
manner
l-A'(^)K^||l
|^i)|}expr/Wl(."-i).
(3)
"
^
cos
By using the expressionf{2/(7r^)}2
"
character
Math.
can
Ann.
Analysis," 7'2;
t The
reader
general theorem
w.
B. F.
be obtained
lix.
in
(1904),p.
Nielseia
should
will be
uses
have
for
(z)it may
./_j
be shewn
that
^.
-^hese inequalities
should
obtained in "3-13. When
v
integral.
inequalities
compared with the less stringent
of a more
is complex,inequalities
complicated
of
portance
but they are
no
the same
great immanner,
be
108.
The
notation
used
iu
the
text
is that
yiven iu
formal
proof of
Modern
different notation.
no
in verifying this
difficulty
result.
more
[CHAP. Ill
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
OF
THEORY
50
of Poisson's integral.
Gegenhauersgeneralisation
3-32.
formula
integral
The
in which
ascendingpowers
R(v)"-^ and n
reduces
to
In the
of
is due
a,
0, 1,2,
integers
When
...
2at +
a^)-"in
is valid when
formula
the
Gegenbauer*;
to
is any of the
Poisson's
expansionof (1
in the
a"
0, it
obviously
integral.
in which
case
special
the form
assumes
h, the integral
TV
(2^
j j ^'''
'
Jn+i(z) {-iT
(2)
""'
'
'
equationhas
this
To prove
and
J^n {z)
times
(_
-y.V{v
and
reader
^^^'
''"^-^^'
ft""*"
the
to
case
special
establish
(3) by
\.
induction
with
the
aid
of the
formula
ci^^(o=(2.+.o
-^2)^?^.
"c/ (0- (1
Wiener
Milnchener
pp. 365
^"
Gegenbauer'sequationis
of
(n+1)
memoirs
'
hjri-lv+n)
is evident.
givenby Rayleigh"in
recurrence
"*'"
dt-
f.f('
v"^t)
^^^
symbolicform
The
the form
have
'-*"(-)
was
in
integral
^^~^'^
Gegenbauer'sresult
this
take Poisson's
n-\-\)V a) jJ
Viv
we
studyby Whittakerf.
that:|:
(")
detailed
the result is
by parts;
it is known
whence
subjectof
Gegenbauer's formula, we
n
integrate
Now
the
been
"
lxyii.
Sitzuvgsherichte,
(2),(1873),p. 203; lxx. (2),(1875),p. 15. See also Bauer,
di Mat. (2)xii. (1905),
0. A. Smith, Giornale
v. (1875),p. 262, and
Sitzungsberichte,
The
studied
373.
function
has
been
extensively
by Gegenbauer in a series of
C^" (t)
in the Wieiier Sitzungsberichte; some
of the more
important results obtained by him are
given in Modern
t Proc.
London
t Cf. Modern
" Proc. London
Soc.
Analysis,"
Math.
xxxv.
(1903),pp.
198-206.
15 '8.
Soc.
iv.
(1873),pp. 100,
263.
See
52
TPIEORY
[CHAP. Ill
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
OF
and so the
periodicfunction of yjr,
integrandis an integral
be taken to be a and a + 27r,where
with respect to yjr
may
integration
This follows from Cauchy'stheorem.
(complex)number.
arbitrary
NoAv
the
limits of
a
is
an
thus get
We
I'^r
-'^'
JJru)^
6 sin
e^'^^'^'^'^^^'^cos-''-^
dd^lrdd
Ja
7rr(z^).'o
ii^Z / I
""
"
i^+a)
e^^sinecos
cos^--!
e sin
Odyfrdd.
7rr(i/)Jo.'o
We
define
now
OT
so
the
by
cos
pairof equations
Z
"
cos
sin cf),
that
Jv{^)=
t,/
ttI
[i{Z"
exp
(j/)Jo Jo
sin dcos-dr(i")
cos
^ sin
cos-"-!
this formula
between
onlydifference
The
J^ (tij-)^\^
is in the form
with
analysis
the
"
"
i{Z~
^ sin
cos^"-!
i/r]
cos
Od-^dd
are
cos
cos
n
"f))
cos
"^)cos
"
iz sin
"
"/"I,
.
iz sin
"
sin 6.
"^cos -y^
is
expression
iZ
\,
{v) j oJ 0
cos
ttI
the formula
i{Z
so
(9c^'v|rcZ^.
of the
i{Z
last
[m sin 6
exp
The
and
^]
exp
iz (cos^
"
6 + sin
cos
"^sin 6
cos
"/r),
the steps is
retracing
\iZcos 6
"
iz
(cos(^cos 0
sin rf)sin 6
cos
"\|^)]
sin2''-ii/rsin-^''^rf"/rr
and
consequently
Gegenbauer'sformula
[Note.
this
The
device
section,to evaluate
The
3"4.
We
when
hy
shall
ineans
using transformations
seems
integrals
definite
of
to
polarcoordinates,after
be due to Legendre,M^m.
Sci. iii. (1818),p. 126.]
the
of
manner
de I'Acad,
des
expressionof J"("j^i)
{z)in finiteterms.
the importanttheorem
that,
integral
is halfof an odd integer,
in finite
the function
terms
J^iz)is expressible
and trigonometrical
of algebraic
functionsof z.
now
It will appear
is not
of
is established.
so
recondite
deduce
later
from
("4-74)that, when
expressible
; but
character
Poisson's
than
of
course
the theorem
this
has not
theorem
converse
which
is
such
now
about
is of
to
be
much
more
proved.
3-4]
BESSEL
Solutions
[Note.
by
earlywriters
various
1765),p. 76 that
equation satisfied by
the
[1820],
pp.
solution of the
of differential
in finite terms
equationsassociated
with
tained
ob-
"/" (2)were
"
it was
observed
by Euler, Misc. Taurinensia,iir. (1762
in finite terms; while
equationfor e""/^^j(2)is expressible
"
solved
was
t/j,^.i.(2)
2-
53
FUNCTIONS
in finite terms
by Laplace,Conn,
des
Terns,
and
v. (Paris,
MecMnique Celeste,
1825),pp. 82"84
; by Plana, J/em.
Torino,x.x.vi. (1821),pp. 533
534; by Paoli,Mem. di Mat. e
di Fis. {Modena),xx. (1828),
and also by Stokes in 1850, Trans. Camh. Phil.
pp. 183"188;
Soc. IX. (1856), p. 187 [Math, and Phys. Papers, II. (1883), p. 356]. The
investigation
be given is based on
the work
of Lommel, Sttulien ilber die Bessel'schen
which
will now
Functione7i (Leipzig,
1868), pp. 51
56.]
1823
245"257
delle Sci. di
della R. Accad.
"
"
It is convenient
then, by
when
" 3-3
to
be
to
and
integer(zero included),
positive
(4),
integrateby parts
we
restrict
2" +
times; since (1
times
r
"
polynomialof
terminates.
then
culated
observe that if d''{l
we
"t-y^/dV be calexpression
the
from Leibniz' theorem
(1 + ^)^
only
by writing(1 t^y^ (1 ^)"'
which
does not vanish at the upper limit arises from differentiating
n
the other factor
the factor (1"^)", and therefore from differentiating
times; so that we need consider only the terms for which r'^n.
simplifythe
last
"
term
is
(-)""
"
'
2-"~'"
Hence
dV
and
I 92*1"
d'-(l-tT
similarly
{-y-
df
i=-i
Cn
"
(2H-r)
It follows that
(i^"n+l
sjir
'hn (^)
i"r+l 22"i-""^. !
2w
S*
(-)"+!e"
z''+\{r-n)\ {2n-r)l
,.=",
and
,="^'--i.(r-")K2n-r): j'
hence
(1) /n+j(^)
,':,rl{7i-r)l(2zy'^^
,7, rl {n r^
(2) /,n+i
V(27r^)
be written
in the form*
"i"
"=(~)^ (z
sin
^ /?7r)S
"
,.0
(-)'".
(n+2r)!
(2r)!(n-2r)!(2^y^'-
"k{n-i)
cos{z
"
luTr)
}"=()
compact
Soc. Sci. de
method
of
Bruxelles, xxix.
(2^)'_
(1905),pp.
110"143.
(-Y,(n+2r+l)l
(2r + !)!("is
2?--
given by de la Vallee
1)1{"Izy'+\
Poussin,
Ann.
de
la
54
In
have
we
particular
the former
the
hence, from
n
.^
sm
formula
recurrence
(^~
j (^^
J|(^)
^,
Again,from
and
(^"
j
/j {z)
(3)
[CHAP. Ill
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
OF
THEORY
cos
series for
the power
from
5J;
Jj iz).
have
we
(1),
jr'^A?i+ ry^_
,^0 r!(n-r)!(2^)'-
(- ^")'-'^
(7?+ r) !
_.^
,ro rl{n-r)l(22y
"
But, obviously,
by induction
we
can
express
\zdzj
as
polynomialin 1/zmultiplied
by e*'^,and
",..
("iY-''(n
12
r)\
,"
f d
"^,
have
must
we
so
\" e"''2
z
would
for,if not, the precedingidentity
e'^ "j),
(z)
e-''
Avhere ^j {z)and
lead to
4"o{z) 0,
=
an
is obviously
identity
impossible*.
Hence
it follows
I
r=o
thatf
t'-^.Q^+ r)!
! ("
r): (22)'-
(-tr-"-(n
.^
,"0
! (n
r)!
r)! (25r)'-
{-T{2'jryz-^^(^^^\
{-y(2'jTz)KI_"_,(z).
Consequently
^
(4) J^n-l{z)=
*
Cf.
V(27r^)L
^'"+'^(" +
olZ
/");
"
.
,=0
! (n
r): (2^)'-
t From
the series
-i^'
it is obvious
that
r(i) ,"tom!i.f...(m-i)'
J
(-iy+'\{n
r)l'
,lz)
-i
"
\TrzJ
cos
z.
,.ror
! (?i
-
r)! {2z)
3-41]
and
BESSEL
FUNCTIONS
55
hence
(5)
J_,,_i
{z)
("2r)!(n-2r)!(2^
lo
kTTZ
(^ + ^ /"7r) i
sin
"
(2r +
r .=0
In
we
particular,
1 ) ! (rt
-
2r
1) ! {2zy^^\
have
J_i(.)=(-Vcos^,
./_3,(^)=(iy(-^^^_sin^
\7rzJ \
(6)
"
\7r^/
We
have
half of
an
The
expressedin
integer,
by means
now
odd
explicitexpressionof
numerical
results contained
(1873),pp.
3*41.
number
of these
letter from
functions
Hermite
be
can
written
Gordan, Journal
to
down
fur
Math.
from
Lxvi.
303"311.
Notations
Functions
branches
in
finite terms
forfunctionswhose
of the
order is
halfof an
with
such
odd
integer.
frequencyin
various
of Mathematical
Royal
CLViii.
surrounded
vibratingsphei-es
by a gas, Stokes,Fhil. Trans, of
and Phys. Papers,iv. (1904),
made
use
(1868),p. 451 [^Math.
p. 306],
on
the
of
the series
"*"
2.imr
which
is annihilated
by
the
opei'ator
d'^
?i(n + l)
^.
dr^
This
denoted
series Stokes
+"""'
2.4.(mr)2
by
dr
the
;-^
and
symbol f^ (?")
he wrote
e
(r)+ "S';
v/." "S'"
i'"'7"
( r),
e"'"'/;,
-
where
S,^ and
;SV/are
zonal
surftxce harmonics
so
that
\/^"is annihilated
by
the
total
operator
dr'
dr-'
dr
"
and
by
the
n(n-"r\)
;-
partialoperator
c2
{
.
.7)}
Stokes
and
was
followed
Proc.
56
lu
order
obtain
to
Sn =(-)""*"!
Sn in the
and
analysis,
of his
course
origin,Rayleigh found
finite at the
solution
[CHAP. Ill
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
OF
THEORY
to take
it necessary
then
"/'" (-0"^^m,SJ"
j J,,+ ^(mr).
twrj
IX p
"'^/'''^
(i^^"
and
that
[e
-j^^
J^^^(r)
{271+ 3)
(1884),pp. 139"149;
pp.
519
pp. 486
Math.
xxx.
^^"(^)
=
it is evident
T{n
"
"
/" ( ir)].
-
of the
found
types e+''"/"
(" t")which
in his treatise
Soc.
(1882), pp.
xiii.
51
f\
\n,
f"
o
+
(-)"i-3.5...(2,.
K
"
-^T^i-'^"+j(^)
found
it convenient
to
also Proc.
Hydrodjaiamics and
the notation f
on
^" iz)
"
modify
London
this
ingly
notation, and accord-
Math.
Eayleigh,Phil.
Phil. Trans,
while
149
"
(1909),pp.
Trans,
161
665
has been
736, and
"
V."(2)
=
Cn {^)
=
it is
the
certainly
best
to
Papers,
A, (1904),pp. 87"110
[Scientific
t
he
symbol
f,i{z)
by Xn{^)- Love,
rejjlace
A, (1915),p.
ccxv.
'
CCIII.
it convenient
Soc.
notation
found
""J'
5)
,7+r^
^" (2)
=
Chemie,(4) xxxvii.
(1912), p. 29
191
this
notation is
(1913),p.
;
and
(1901),
xxxii.
-^^^
of the Royal
yet another
XXVIII.
Soc.
*-
-"
(1912) pp.
^^^^
f '^Y
l).(^_^J
^.
-,\
he used
zdzj
V.
xv.
"
(d
while
212;
"
(1883),
; Phil. Trans, of the Royal Soc. CLXXiv.
A, (1906),
by Eayleigh, Proc. Royal Soc. lxxvii.
(1912), pp. 300
312],and by Love*, Proc. London
120"150
that
189
66;
"
^"^^^^1.3.5...
+ 3)'''2.4(2?i
+ 3)(2w +
(2n + l)L^~2(2?i
SO
to write
it convenient
that
%)
however.Lamb
Subsequently,
pp. 11"20,
^"
(1899),pp. 308"321.
this notation
With
e"-
27"43
followed
was
Papers, v.
[Scientific
499
"
Soc.
he
2.4.(2?i + 3)(2?t+ 5)
Math.
(1885),pp.
xvi.
and
549;
"
London
Froc.
+
/" (ir)
Lamb
origin.
finite at the
solutions
requiredfor
i" +
ir
"
notation
simjile
^^
'
In order to have
are
3-4 that
"
It follows from
112
omitted
the factor
"
)" and
wrote
used
of his
two
and
(Wj,+.(.)=.-i(^-^-^J
"
{hTrZ)^
+
iJ_
[J,,
+, {^) ( )"
-
adapted
for the
on
investigation
(Z)],
electric
which
waves
was
the
"
(d )
"J-
stated,
he
t This
p. 82 ;
not
modified
is
nearer
the definition
the notation
in his
memoir, Journal
defined
e~^^
"
but, as
by Heine, Handbuch
(z)to be twice
i^,j
fiirMath.
lxix.
the
(1869),pp.
der
i. (Berlin,
Kugelfimctionen,
1878),
expression on
128
"
141.
the
3-5]
BESSEL
notation
Sommerfeld's
used
and
Vn
v" +
is
in
)"nv"
modified form
slightly
of
and f,,
place \/r"
; see
second solution
57
of the notation
Selskahs
of
3*5.
FUNCTIONS
his memoir
used
by
L.
Lorenz,who
reflexion and
on
refraction
i.
Skrifter,
(6)vi. (1890),[Oeuvresscientijiques,
order.
of BesseVs equation
forfunctionsofintegral
seen
fundamental
give a
The
system of solutions.
which
solution
will
be
now
constructed
involved
analysis
obtained
was
in the construction
by Hankel*;
firstpublished
were
by Bocherf.
An
his
alternative
method
is based
jjrocedure
214
pp.
"
contained
has
since
pp.
101
"
Chajjtervi.
note
of
the
1.
It is evident
that, if
negativeor zero),the
be unrestricted,and
if
be
integer(positive,
any
function
J,.{z)-{-YJ_^{z)
is
solution of Bessel's
vanishes
when
functions
equationfor
of order
; and
this function
n.
so
Consequently,
long as
i^
n,
the function
J,{z)-{-TJ_Az)
V
is also
solution of Bessel's
assumes
undetermined
an
We
shall
equationfor functions
n.
form| when v
li"/,W-(-)"/-.(^)_
V-n
r-*n
and
we
shall shew
Math.
Ann.
t Annals
it is
that
(1869),pp
r.
of Math.
vi.
solution
of Bessel's
equationfor
functions
of
469"472.
(1892),pp.
See
85"90.
also
und
filrMath,
Niemoller,Zeitschrift
Phys.
(1880),pp. (;5-71.
X The
essence
of order
evaluate
now
XXV.
"
integer n and
of Hankel's
p
is not
which
has
is
investigation
an
a
integer,which
limit when
v-*-n.
the
assumes
construction
an
of
an
undetermined
expressionwhich
form
when
is
satisfies
equal to
58
order
and
independentof Jn (2);
linearly
solution required*.
that it is
be the second
to
[chap. Ill
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
OF
THEORY
It is evident
so
that it may
that
dv
as
"
dv
since both
v-^n,
be taken
Hence
Mz)-{-YJ..{z)
lim
exists; it is called
To
Bessel function
it
distinguish
from
"
of the
which
functions
other
are
n.
of
the second
we
(1)
lim
{z)
Y"
and
also
(2)
dJ,{z)
Y,(^)
It has
be shewn
to
now
_,_y,dJ-,{zy
^
dv
functions J""
dv
(/=?l
solution of Bessel's
functions
analytic
(z)are
equation.
of both
and
order of
v,
the
and
is
matter
with respect to
When
may
be written
1-^
J-;
dz^
-o
dv
dz
combine
we
^
dv
{z-
V-)
^
"
"
dJA^)
IvJ
;r-
dv
in this formula,
(z)
/
"^
^^v
U.
find that
we
_^_y^^^J-A^y
2v{jA^)-{-rJ-A^)],
=
dv
*
The
reader
limitingform
will realise
+ See "3'1.
X The
function
is
It is conventional
in many
symbol
equal
that,given a solution
of this solution
coefficients while
Of course,
dv
to
solution
to write
parts of the
to
are
differential
\Yith
written
was
of a Real
equation, it is
corresponding limitingform
differentiations
of
of the
respect to
as
obvious
that
equation.
total differential
partialdifferentialcoefficients.
contemplated.
as
is used
("3-54).
Variable
not
of the
in this work
to
denote
60
(^)
is
term-by-termdifferentiation
the result of
and
y%^)
[chap, iti
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
OF
THEORY
1)
7/1
.-
{m !)2
m=0
derivate
logarithmic
is customary, the
t/tdenotes, as
where
+ l)},
{logi^-l/rO"^
Gamma-
of the
function *.
Since
('"+ !)"
0"V'
when
"
bj using
may
The convergence
replacedby m.
concerninganalyticfunctions.
(1)
Yo(^)=2
(2)
Yo(^)
S^
See Modern
\^]J
Yo (z)
The
solution of Bessel's
\'\J ^{m
1)
")
1)
I-
that
1
is
be noticed
J^^-y^T^
|i
5"3.
to
V'''
log(1.)}/o (^)
of
{iog(i^)-^(,,,+l)},
m=0
(8)
Yo(2)
is
\//-(m-|-l)
theorem
general
series for
series in which
consequence
Analysis,"
expansionare
of the
convergence
immediate
an
S/
log(i.)../o-(^)-
the
...
is also
of the
forms
following
The
2, 3,
m=\,
D'Alembert's
be estabhshed
(log2
Yo (z)+
7) /o (^)
functions
equationfor
of order
The
zero.
expansionof
this function is
VW!)
m=0
This
function
Neumann,
But
adopted as
was
the canonical
obtained
was
as
notation
own
2'^
kind of order
of Bessel's
is that the
rii\
of the second
function
1867), pp. 42
(Leipzig,
solution
-"
(m \y
m=l
the series
(-)-(|^n
"
generalsolution
of the
zero
by
3'57.
"
Euler
f.
equation
2Aq
IS
22Ag^
"
100.4/
,.3"
.t'4"
+ etc.
''
n?
1
.
8?i5
27w^
1.8.
9'
9'
,,.2)1
_
nn
'^
a
"
.3?"+
Analysis,Ch.
-^^^.r-"
1.4h^"
7l?l
Modern
xii.
^(1):
where
7 denotes
Euler's
11.
4?r
1.4.
"P''
"
%i^
1.4.
"7,
^(m
l)=
27
a;3"+
9?i"
1.4.9.
64?i9
9^
.r*"-etc.
.i;3"
+
1.4.9.
16?i8
that, when
+
-+...
Ua'
16?i8
^"_etc.,
is
positiveinteger,then
+--Y,
....
It is to be remembered
constant, 0-57721.57
Mathematica, pp.
pp.
2.33"235.
186"190.
See
also
Acta
Acad.
Petrop.v.
3-52]
BESSEL
and
wliere A
numerators
548
22
100
16
gave the
...
We
shall
Y,i(^),where
successive
11
548
7.22-9.6,
25
1 00
etc.
in
rii-CTm
"
ascendingseries
an
and
the
definition
of
Hankel's*
obtain
now
determine
!)
'^-^,
ml
7nJ
1 ) a-m
(2'"+
expansionof Yn(^)
The
3*52.
to
the formula
evidentlyexpressedby
O-m
100
3528
2(1
^
\1
If
is
followinglaw
5.6-4.2,
22,
this law
61
3.2-1.0,
He
arbitraryconstants.
are
FUNCTIONS
is any
It is clear that
"Zo ^v [m ! r (i'
+
dv
1)
(_)".(1^).+.
X
^om.^.r {v +
when
where
v-^n,
is
I)
III
^^^
'"
positive
integer.That
'dJA2)
^)
(1)
i-f'{hzY+-'''{\
is to say
1
cv
evaluation
The
of
(i/r
I'
at
break
in the
{z)into
and
in the former
part
0 ^
We
;"=H7/i!r(-:/
l)
l)'
r (v
in) sin (v
"
"
m)
TT
^^
m+l) 1)
"
0,l,% ...,n-\.
pole
replace
we
Now, when
iii
of the
parts,thus
T(-v
for which
terms
two
low! r{-v
tedious because
little more
\dJ_Az)ldv\=nis a
of
TT
n,
'
~d
dv
=
r (:^ 7/0sin (v
((|^)-''+-'"
-
JJf='
TT
[{^z)-''+'"'r(v-m)
yfr(v
{tt-i
m) ir]
"
sin (i/-m)7r+
III)
r (w
(l^r)-"+27n
m)
cos
cos
(v"m)
tt
-tt-^
TT.
(/I III)
-
3/ai/t. Anil.
i.
(1869),p.
471.
log(^z)sin (i/-?")7r}]"="
BESSEL
OF
THEORY
62
[chap. Ill
FUNCTIONS
Hence
"n+2m
n-i(-)nr^n-m)(^z)
2
dv
\.//l: ,_.,{-loga^)
!
w^!
+
("
=n
"/r(-7?
m)
1)1,
that is to say
(2),
az;
"(
x[log(-|-^)-A|r("i+l)}
when
replace by
m
we
??
?7i
have
On
series.
in the second
Hankel's
formula, namely
(
00
'"'
m
,"=o
(-)'"(l^)"+^^^il1
{m
0) of
so
...
111
1)}
^^^~^^;r^^'
(i^)""
1
the
in {| is
expression
-.
Lommel*)
(following
%{^)-
(4)
7n)\
-+1
convenient
frequently
\n+im,
,111
11
It is
{n
{2log{^z)-^lr{7n+l)-ylr(n +
ml
'
\m
to write
-J^{z)\ogz,
dv
that
n
'^"^^^
(5)
when
negativeinteger,
^^ (z)is defined by
right.
is
the
on
We
Y" (z)
2 J,
complete solution
contained
936
expression
of
+ ay
-j-^^
was
given in
Cede.
the form
Int.
li.
of
series
(partof
which
(Petersburg,1769),"" 935,
solutions
x^ Ji (2ai^2)j ^4 Yi
Euler
this
thus have
(6)
The
+ l)}
{log2+ 'v/r(j;4-??l
nZ^miriWm^l)
also gave
(2aia;i).
{ibid.
"" 937, 938) the complete solution
oi xi
Q);solutions
-j^-\-ay
=
equationare
Studien
Functionen
x^).
(4a*
(Leipzig,1868),p.
77.
of
3-53, 3-54]
BESSEL
The
3-53.
is
the
function
integer.The
an
values of
odd
of the second
of the
when
prove
VTT
J^ {z)cos
p-n
sni
I'lr
have
Y" (z),
when
evident
is
equation,
has any
(i)v
integer
The
function
second kind
v
is
vw
J^z)
Y,(4
Y^(^),defined
should
reader
function
either
form
by (1) or by the limiting
equationfor functions of order v both
is not an integer,
and when (ii) is an
combined
with " 3*5 (3).
equation(2)
2v
avoid
2,
be careful to observe
of
v,
is continuous
The
i'
n,
Weber-Schldfi
functionof the
("3"5o)
Sept.
Journal
function
Ann.
Journal
dated
function
of the
is any
Ann.
fur
1872
filr Math.
i.
slightly
by Weber
the
failure
producedby
is half of an odd integer.
which
i' and
given by
was
in order
Schlafii^'
of the
definition when
to
the
(1869), p. 472.
Math,
and
(1873),p. 9; Matli.
respectively.In a
10-5, dated
(1873),pp. 75
lxxvi.
Oct.
lxxv.
of the second
(U Mat.
kind
second
modified
was
or
negative.
integer,
positive
second kind.
the inconveniences
Math.
of the
Bessel function
definition of the
Hankel
"
fact,Jt,{z)and
The
"
J^y {")'
"
Y^ (2),qua
3*54.
J_^ (z)'
"
solution of Bessel's
(of Hankel's
The
respectto
completein
by the limit
integer.
an
Note.
function
that
is defined
an
"
(" )"cos
limY.(^)
of that
restricted
un-
proved that
(2)
It is now
for
is half of
failure is
vtt
v
VJT
v
we
its
that
J^,{z)cos
{-)" lim
so
Hankel*
when
The
function
lim
(3)
cos
and
onlywhen
Tre""^
lim Y^
integerand
an
case, the
the rightand
on
expression
definition of " 3*5.
To
adopted by
excepted)is
was
of the
the
is
case
defined
sin 2v7r
because
integer,
has been
"
'
the latter
kind
definition which
values of 2v
(integral
(1)
This
63
of ^,(z).
definition
Hitherto
order
FUNCTIONS
1872
"
kind
Ann.
paper
May
vi.
(1873),p.
written
1872, Weber
(2)vii. (1875),p.
17 ; this paper
is dated
Oct.
148.
few
4, 1872.
These
months
had
used
papers
before
are
these,
Neumann's
64
THEORY
The
which
function
adoptedby Weber
was
J^ {z)cos
VTT
sin
is
symbol K,
so
formula*
by the
J_y (z)
"
viT
integer).
an
^tt; and
that,with his definition,
Schlafli,
however, inserted
the
as
in terms
second kind is expressible
[CHAP. Ill
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
or
his function
denoted
he
factor
by
^^^J.^(^)cosz^^-J^)_
^^
sm
VTT
function.
The
by
symbol K is,however, used largelyin this country, especially
denote
function
to
different
Bessel
of
3"7),
a
Physicists,
("
completely
type
and so it is advisable to use a different notation. The procedurewhich seems
to produceleast confusion is to use
the symbol Y^,{z)to denote Weber s function,
of NielsenJ,
after the manner
and to adopt this as the canonical function of
the second
in
kind, save
order
integial
instances
rare
the
when
saves
ir
function
of
in certain formulae.
thus have
We
JA^)^o^v'--J-A^)
n ^ {z)
^
(1)
^
^
cos^
(2)
lim
F,.{z)
[Note.
Schlafli's function
pp. 85"90,
and
pp. 23
Sehafheitlin
30.
"
the
Tre""^'
Sehafheitlin
which
Mathews
Y" (.).
been
used
Math.
(1892),
(1895),
and Heaviside
Weber's
function
with the sign changed,so
use
we
(with Nielsen) denote by Y^ {z) is written as
Yy (z)by
Gn (z)by Heaviside||.
7i)as
Annals
of
by Bocher,
Math.
viii.
of
Annals
vi.
ix.
-.
Gray and
symbol Y".
J^i^)^^^^'^-J-^i^)
has
by McMabon,
function
smyTT
that
of Hankel's
use
sometimesH
Weber's
use
function,and
they
denote
by
it
the
Weber's
definition was
by an integral(see " 6-1) which is equal to this expression; the
expression (with the factor hw inserted)
was
actuallygiven by Schlafli.
+ Einleituiujin die Theorie der BeHsel'schen
Funktionen, i. (Bern, 1898), p. M et seq.
of
index, thus
are
obvious
objections to such
change
^] A
functions, writes
Theorie
der
the
number
indicatingthe
order
notation, and
we
it for the
reserve
obsolete
function
as
an
There
used
by
("3-58).
Neumann
other
der
Funktionen
fur
Math.
cxiv.
(1895),pp.
(Leipzig,1908).
31"
44, and
other
Royal Hoc.
in
papers;
also Die
Theorie
der
liv.
(1893),p. 138, and Electroma"inetic. Theory, ii. (London, 1899), p. 255;
sign has been made from his Electrical Papers, ii. (London, 1892),p. 445.
Treati'^e
on
Bessel Functions
(Loudon, 1895),pp.
65
"
66.
3-55]
BESSEL
FUNCTIONS
function
in his Studien
65
of the second
kind
1868), pp.
(Leipzig,
85
"
(see" 3'o7),but
86, he used the
function
Yn {z)+ {^l^{n+^)
+ log2} Jn (z),
l-rr
F" (z) is the function
where
(" + i) makes
\|/-
of the term
presence
of Weber.
Julius, Archives
complicated;see
One
the
disadvantageof
formulae
recurrence
x.xviii.
iVeerlandaises,
this function
is that
(1895), pp.
221
much
the
more
225, in this
"
connexion.]
Heine's definition
of the functionof the second kind.
3"55.
definition
The
be
"
The
of Heine's
use
the function
function
it Gn
This
function
revival of the
(which will
cosine
been
has
of Heine's
use
function
become
and
sine;
the
to
unfortunate,both
distinctly
seems
kind
and
pointsof resemblance
adoption|jof Jn{z)and 6-'"
(2)as
Vu (z)present many
so
use
the Continent
many
years ago
in their treatise t, and they term
the
that
of
cosz
and
-^tt sinz
as
senses
symbol G^
writers,namely Heaviside, Proc. Royal Soc. Liv. (1893),p.
Dougall,Proc. Edinhuryk Math. Soc. xviii. (1900),p. 36.
two
and
canonical
It
is
also be
(aswas
the
the
parable
com-
pointed
justexplainedby
138
and
of the fact
functions
must
account
on
account
on
canoniciil functions.
that the
out
also
more
./"(z)and
on
Mathews
of the second
of functions
existingmultiplicity
functions
and
Airey", and
of the
the
died out
to have
seems
used by Gray
occasionally
was
stated in
at least
" 3-54),
pointedout by Morton,
signof y in formula
had apparentlybeen copied
" 3"51 (3)supra. It was also stated by Morton that this error
noticed by GrayH) J. J. Thomson,
by various other writers,including(ashad been previously
and
Researches
in
Rec"iit
Electricity
Magnetism (Oxford,1893), p. 263. A further error
Note.
Nature,
An
error
in
signon
(1901),p.
lxiii.
Haiidbuch
.i Treatise
Proc.
der
on
p. 245
the error
29 ;
of Heine's
is
equivalentto
Kugelfanctionen, i. (Berlin,1878),
Bessel
Functions
pp.
change in
185
"
the
248.
(1900),pp. 32
RoijulSoc. lxvi.
(6)xxii. (1911),pp. 658"663.
the historical point of view there
"
43.
also
not
for
even
11 Nature,
W.
B. F.
function
usiug Neumann's
is
but
something
Heine's
to be said for
function, being
using Hankel's
more
modern
function,
than
either,
(1894),p.
359.
5
THEORY
66
noticed
Heine
hj
called
for
The
which
formulae
those which
satisfied
are
(1)
p. 248
on
to
most
same
satisfied
are
the
form
same
follows
^Y,{2),
Y,_,(2)+Y^^,(2)
=
"
by Y^ (2)are of
as
consequently
F,_,(^)-F,+,(^) 2IV(^),
(3)
2Y:{2)^vY,{2)
(4)
zY:{2)-vY,{z)
formulae
in these
function
To
function
the
2\\_,{2),
-zY,.^,{z\
be
may
replacedthroughoutby
the
Y.
them
prove
take
we
[z^J",{z)]
=
^
if we
(J^o ^'^'o)-
(2)
and
the function
symbol Ko to denote
W
symbol Kq denotes
the
nses
the
Recurrence
recurrence
to be due
seems
p. 245
on
3-56.
as
work
in Thomson's
Morton
by
[CHAP. Ill
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
OF
z^
multiplythese by
/,_! (^)
cot
vir
[z^/_, {z)\
and
cosec
and
vrr,
then
/_,+!{z);
-z-
the forms
have
subtract,we
[z^F, {z)]
=
dz
(3) follows
whence
at
z"
F,_, (2),
Equation(4) is derived
once.
in
similar
from
manner
the formulae
{z-"J, (z)]
=
By
addition
The
and
formulae
but since F^
replacev by
z-"
subtraction
are,
{z)and
proceedingto
the
so
./,+!
(z),
of
[z-^/_, {z)]
=
j^
far,proved on
its derivatives
limit when
obtain
are
tends
to
hypothesisthat
continuous
an
./_,_,{z).
?-"
functions
is not
of
integralvalue
v,
integer;
an
the result of
n, is
simply to
n.
tlie
case
of functions
instructive
Neumann's
to establish
them
of
Fimctionen
for
connected
investigation
with
the formula
were
The
given by Lommel,
reader
series of
"
(4)will be discussed
will find it
3"52.
in
" 3-58.
68
It
shewn
was
typefor 7'"'(z).
of Poissons
integral
The
3-571.
by
[CHAP. Ill
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
OF
THEORY
that
Poisson*
gixcosa,
^Qg (a;sin- co)do)
Jo
is
equationfor
solution of Bessel's
an
associated
The
identified
with
if
so,
Ave
the
"(-)"/," (-2)
^
=
of summation
order
TT
at
once
F""
(1)
from
which
The
we
2?i~i
observe
of the
cos27i^
that, since
Parseval's
the definition of
integral
("2 2) and
['"cos
{z
cos
of summation
and
non-uniformly convergent
(
integrationhas
^
near
To
0.
(-)"^2"(2)/'i= lim
a-*-l-0
Journal
associated
Cours
a-".l-0
TT n=l
y 0
Abel's theorem
Theorie
ii.
and
difficulty
% that
,a"cos2n^
cos
{zcos
6)'
de. VEcole
d' Analyse,
examined,
this
B. Polytechnique, xii.
(cahier19), (1823), p. 476. The
partialdifferential equation had been given earlier {ihid.p. 227). See
(1857),pp.
(-)"a" J2"(2)/"= hm
2
n
be
to
now
overcome
'"
2
n=l
1=1
result is obvious.
order
is
./0
the formula
{z)
Neumann's
change
because
with
obtain
rh
cos
de
{z cos 0) z
cos
TT
F'"'{z),
we
be
can
integration
"cos2/?6'
/"*-
from
and
that
2 2 ^~^n
analysisby
given here, with
Jo
nir
that
assume
deduce
changed,we
the
of detail.
in matters
and
F""'(z); and
function
the
have
From
of
slightmodifications
some
(z sin 6) log(4^^cos^ 6) dO
cos
by Neumannf
Avhich he obtained
argument
integral
-
was
and
zero
in the form
of the integral
expression
Stokes obtained an
subsequent!}^
ascendingseries (see" 3'572).
and
of order
functions
Spitzer,Zeitschriftfur
solution
also
Math,
,.
ctd.
und
of
an
Duhamel,
Fhys. ii.
16.5"170.
der
fiir Math,
BesseVsr.hen
imd
Cf. Bromwich,
:J:
Functionen
(Leipzig,1867),pp.
Fhys. xxv. (1880),pp. 65 71.
Theory of InfiniteSeries," -51.
"
45
"
"9.
See
also
schrift
Niemoller,Zeit-
3-571, 3-572]
Now, since
is less than
1,
FUNCTIONS
69
with
integration(by comparison
of
range
BESSEL
2a"),and
so
is to say
2
""
/'*'"
/ cos (2cos 5)
n=i
fk"
2
2;i(9
d6"-
cos
/iN
I
^
'^
Hence
22LW
^_^^
n=i
If
--
cos(scos^)log('l
-2acos2^-|-a2)c/(9.
lim
ijjj^
proceed to
now
,"
do
have
we
We
(scos ^)
1
=
a"cos2?i(9
"
,
cos
^.^,g
^^log (1
(_ ^jQg
2a
2(9+ a'-i)
C^5.
cos
that*
shew
"
cos(scos^){log(l-2aco.s2^
0.
a2)-log(4asin-^)}(;(9
a-*'l-0.'
0
It is evident
and
that
26l+ a2-4asin2
1 -2acos
log(1
so
bound
cos
^) {log(1
(sCOS
2a
2a
2^ -j-a-)
^
cos
t of jcos
(1 -af^O,
{zcos
0^6
^ ^tt,
have
we
-2(9
+ a2)
cos
^ .4 I
{log(1
2a
cos
26 + a'-)
-
"
a"
1.2
/AnI
cos
"-'^"
-^"
"1
log(1/a)
^^
"=l
2/(^
*7rJlog(l/a),
term-by-term integrationbeingpermissiblesince
1.
a"
Hence, when
as
"i7r/llog(l/a)^0,
1,
a"
Consequently
1
i (-)"'^2''("^)=
lini
_
^
TT
and
'
[-"cos(2COS^).log(4asin2^)c
"''cos(2cos(9).log(4sin2^)rf^.
,,^
justified.
interchangeis finally
the
reader
The
combined
with
"
3"5
integral.
d^y
differential
The
m
is
Stokes
stated
solution
equationconsidered
This
constant.
is Bessel's
(presumably with
f
The
t If
+
p.
value
is
Trans.
42.]
by
Stokes
equation for
reference
1850
functions
was
of order
Poisson) that it
to
^
was
dy
.,
^-m-i/
zero
known
and
0, where
argument -im:.
that the
general
was
J
*
integralfor J^ (z)
(5).
3-572.
Poisson's
to deduce
will find it interesting
of this limit
real,^
Camh.
""
was
1 ; if not, A
Phil.
Soc.
(mz
cos
6) dO.
ix.
assumed
by Neumann.
{z)\\
exp
Papers,
(18-56),
p. [38]. [Mathematicaland PhijsicaJ
{]I
iii.
(1901),
70
It is easy to
^n {CThe
that,with Neumann's
see
series
WiC+D
it is
(,^'i; J
"
dd,
it may
be
that
order
kind, of integral
The
Neumann*
of F""'{z)by induction
in terms
(1)
is
this
^if^
nY^^'^ (z)
of the
formula
recurrence
...
^)}.
from
by
the formula
^F"'^+i)(z\
type
same
defined
n, was
as
"2'12(4).It
is evident
equationthat
F(") (^)
(2)
(- ^r
F'"'(z)satisfies the
Now
of F""' {z).
definition
Neumanns
3-58.
from
recurrence
logsin
i^(l^
2#^|i7rlog2
-j^%os2"^logsin^c^^
which
right
equal to
cos^'^0
-j^r-^
obtained
by parts, Stokes
and, by integrating
Stokes
by
,1=0
deduced
the
i^W iimz).
log(4m)} Jo {imz)-^\tTD
expandedinto
expressionwas
[CHAP. Ill
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
OF
THEORY
(4
(^)""")
equation
and, if we
-"r-
theorem,
and
we
use
Leibniz'
get
so
This
equationis at
once
reducible
(4)
and
this
to
so
to
V, F"") {z)
F'"' (z)is
Again,(3) may
solution of Bessel's
be written
0,
equationfor
functions
of order
?i.
in the form
Theorie
its order
t The
der BesseVschen
is not
an
Functionen
(Leipzig,1867), p.
integer.
analysis is simplified
by taking iz-
i,
zdz~
so
that
_d
d^'
51.
The
function is undefined
when
3-58, 3-581]
BESSEL
FUNCTIONS
71
that
SO
whence
obtain another
we
(5)
\^
When
combine
we
formula
recurrence
/iFe^){z)
^F"-^'
at
(2).
the other
deduce
once
recurrence
ormulae
F'"-i' {z)+
(6)
F'"+') {z)
F'") (z),
(7)
F""-i' (^)
F'"+"
satisfies the
ConsequentlyF*"' (^")
and
" 3-57
F"") (^)
(8)
(^)
same
r/T''""iz\
^ -*
.
formulae
recurrence
7) ./,(4
und
The
which reduce.s"to
integral,
Zeitschrift
fur Math,
by Spitzer,
definite
Neumanns
3*581.
Jn{z\ F"(2)
7) /, {z)
the
as
(2) that
of the
generalisation
been
formula
givenby Neumann*;
it is
s"
To
the
2m)
111
where
(-)-^ {n
+
9
+"""""""'
^o
^-
functions L^
(z) and
Un (2) by
equations
(2)
Z.,(.)
/. (.)log.
(3)
U,,(z)
.,
/,.{z)+
^-~^, ^
j^ ;^^
/"
(^),
SO
that
We
F")
Zo (^)
(z)
shall prove
(z)
(4) X"^.:
and
then
*
Ln{z) and
the
t^^C^)satisfy
Theorie
die BesseVschen
and
that
f/o(^).
der
BcsseVschen
Functionen
Functioncn
(Leipzig,1867),
1868), pp.
(Leipzig,
from
82"84
xxxi.
uiidPIii/.^.
recurrence
formulae
p. o'i.
Otti,Bern
also
Lommel,
Stmiien
(1886),pp.
25"33.
iiher
3") ;
THEORY
72
that
It is evident
z"
-^
dzl
z''
J
=
Sn
-"-^
("Y\m
*"
Z"^,(Z)+ Un^,(Z)
dz
z'^
since the
induction
and
that it vanishes
The
The power
the
equation(1) is therefore
sefies for
Ln jz)+ Un {z)
{"""-"(Z)
rightvanishes
values
for all integral
expressionon
the truth of
3'582.
z^
0, it is evident
when
of
Hence
??.
by
established.
Un(z).
function
series of Bessel
series with
simple
in:{n + m)i
1)1=0
To
(" + m) /",.",,(.)}
J^ "^(;^:^ {^^Jn,.m-.(z)
"
-"
z''
have
the second
y"^+'"(Z)
and
dz\
m{n^m)
,^=1
"i^^^
"
^n
and
J^___|l+___^^_^^^
''dz\z"'
(z)
^^"^^^^^
"
,,t^{n-m).m\dz\z'''^-'^
^"+i
f ^^^
^,in-m).ml
-Jn^.{z)\ogz +
and
[CHAP, III
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
OF
that it is true
when
7i
the
differentiation,
|3"57(1);and that,by straightforward
formula as that of " 3"581 (4) for Un (z);
recurrence
rightsatisfies the same
equation(1) is then evident by induction.
Note.
of
It will be found
2w
(|2)"
in the
Math.
Ann.
in.
(1871),pp. 146"147.
coefficient
3-582-3-6]
BESSEL
reader will
The
(2)
easily
prove
now
%. (z) {7
=
(3)
F"" {z)
(4)
47rYn{z)
3 '583.
The
different from
observe
L"(z) +
to
Un {z),
of
obtain
y(")
"3-571
{z).
for
F(")
(2) was
generalised by Lommel,
(Leipzig,1868), p. 86,
Lommel's
^ly^^
j
J, (z)log.=
so, from
sin d) cos^"
(.-
cos
^-^"
with
result in Neumann's
^
and
Functionen
Neumann's;
formulae
following
-
Ln {z)+
formula
73
log2}J, {z)
Studien
the
Poisson- Neumann
The
FUNCTIONS
notation
notation, we
ratlier
first
have
{log(^cos^ d)-^{,
J)}dO,
r^fi^WMf
'"
^'"'
and
^")
=
(1)
hence, since \^(^) \//=
r(")
(1)
{z)
^y
^.
log2
"
^'^^
it is to be remembered
coefficients and
powers
of
COS
Jn (2)+ /^"(2),
{^ {n + h_)-y\r
(i)}
that Z"
as
(2)is expressible
finite combination
of Bessel
z.
of the
3*6. Functions
the formula
'"
,1,
in which
have
log2, we
(n + 1) y} c/^ + Ln (z),
"/'
third kind.
developmentsof
numerous
consequentlyseemed
It has
functions
Jv{z) "iY^{z)
as
the
desirable
standard
to
regardthe pairof
and he
Bessel's equation,
Nielsen*
solutions
of
to
describes
"^"^"
is
Since
in which
*
\^j
Ofversigt oier
t Nielsen
uses
der
the
Vaiiskc
same
and
linearly,
Vide.nskahernes
have
the
Y^{z) satisfy
with
tsm^TT
J^{z) and
sides
the right-hand
integer,
an
Hf^ (z)
combined
these definitions,
From
When
l'^
(z)
(1)
as
"
are
to
recurrence
be
ismi/TT
replacedby
their limits.
formulae
3-56),
(""3-2,
(Leipzig,1904), p.
Cylindcrfunktionen
11/ [z).
symbols Hi''{z),
Forhandlinger, 1902, p.
IG.
125.
Huiui-
[gHAP.Ill
'
74
linear functions
are
these
same
Hence
we
at
can
it follows
of J" (z)and Y^ (z),
coefficients)
(withconstant
formulae
recurrence
dH^^\z)
".
rf^
"
satisfied
are
"'-1^
"^'
,,^
.,.
dz
.;r,(2)
^a)."^
(6)
that
functions
dHf\z)
,,.
^
by
write down
once
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
OF
THEORY
.^^^-.jy^i)
^(^"(.),z^^^^-rH''\z)
-zH%(z).
(.)
-.
dH^!;\z)
dnf{z)
a)
,,.
Hm
Note.
266 ; (6)xiv.
(1897),i").
Eayleigh on several occasions,e.g. Phil. Mag. (5)xlhi.
iv.
[Scientific
Papers, (1904),p. 290; v. (1912),pp. 410"418],has used the
(1907),pp. 350"359
denote
symbol D^ (z)to
3'61.
the function
the
connecting
Relations
of the formulae
some
which
Nielsen
calls
three kinds
followingset
(2)
^iriH
[z).
of Bessel functions.
of formulae, which
kinds.
express each
reader will observe
The
are
functions
the
on
left.
H^H^)+ ^f(^)
r,
,-,,
^^^
Y.^z) -YA^)
'^''^'^-
+ e-^''^Hfiz)
e^^^H^\z)
F-,
^^^
"^-A^)-
Y
.,x
^^^^^^
.ox
^"^^
...
F, (^)
'
sirTW
_/..(^)-/-.(^)cos^7r
Yi
'
_e^''^Hl'^{z)-e-^-'Hf\z
",
^^
g-j^^^
^r-.(^)-e--"r,(^)
HW^s_J-A^)-e-'"''JA^)
sin
sin
T/TT
jim,.^e^"'JAz)-J-A^)
"
(7)
From
^tt
'
H^^\z)-Hf\z)
/.(^)cos.7r-J_.(^)
"
(6)
VTT
sin;;7r
i^-.l^)-
(5)
(^)cos
cos
^STT^tT
^Y.,{z)-e^-iY,{z)
isinyTT
H^]l(z)
=
obvious
e"-
'
i/tt
sinvTT
that
^i^^(z),
?;(z)
=
'
e"
7/f^ (z).
76
It is clear from
m,
[CHAP. Ill
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
OF
THEORY
[J,(z),n i^)]
=
cosec
_2_
Wi
vir
[J.(z),J_. (^)l
"
irz'
result is established
This
of
hypothesisthati^
be
integeror
system of solutions.
siderations
con-
Hence
not.
an
integer;but
an
r, (^)l 2/(7r0),
mi{JA^\
v
is not
that
shew
continuitj^
(1)
whether
the
on
F^ {z)alwaysform
Jv{z) and
mental
funda-
that
It is easy to deduce
ra{/.W.Y.Wl
(2)
jjjj^,
and, in particular*,
im[Jn{z),^n{z)]=2lz.
(3)
When
we
Y^ (z),it is found
Wi
(4)
so
that
of the
third kind
of /"
in terms
{z)and
that
[H?(z),hT
functions
the
the functions
express
of the
{z),F, {z)]
C^)}=-^i(m{J.
third kind
also form
ii/iTTz),
fundamental
system of
v.
Math.
Soc.
formulae
connected
(1) and
with
(1889),p. 55;
XXI.
(5)
J, (z)IV
(6)
j; {z)} v
(7)
J. (z)IV" (2)
(8)
j; (z)IV" iz)
(9)
(10)
J, {z)}v-)(-') y. (z)
(11).
(^)
j; {z)r,(iv)
(z) JV {z)^.("")
J-2,
^)
(^1
n (2)J.'" (2) ^.
('^-1)
r; (z)J.'" (z) ^2(I"
1)
=
'
'
A (1
-
J^^Kz)=^A,
(1
Throughout
these
formulae
1\ may
be
be
Cf.
Lommel,
Math.
Ann.
iv.
2i/2+3 ,\
+
V
^-
/v*+ Uv'^
(^^4
replacedby J_"
are
if the
replacedby
expressionson
the
right
throughout if the
S^^\
ZT^^^^
2i.
(1871),p. 106,
and
Hankel, Math.
Ann.
vni.
(1875), p. 4-57.
3-7]
BESSEL
An
associated
Math.
Ann.
formula, due
to
FUNCTIONS
Lomtnel*
77
Math.
Ann.
iv.
Hankel,
(1875),p. 458, is
viii.
J,{z)Y,,^{z)-J,,^{^z)l%{z)^-\.
(12)
irz
This
is
proved
Bessel
3'7.
iu the
differs from
which
in
occurrence
way
as
"
(7).
32
differential
The
same
equation
Bessel's
problemsof Mathematical
Y^ (is)are
However
is regardedas
its phase,
not with reference
of the function
of arg z,
J^ (iz)would
it
by
the
systems
When
the fundamental
which
is a solution
symbol /^ (z)so
that
convenient to define
complex variable,it is usually
the
of
value
to
principal
arg iz,as the consideration
but
with
value
reference
to the principal
suggest,
that
so
introduction
The
"
argument
that
of the
is due to Basset
four
suggestedthe
use
other writers.
the Continent
on
as
compared
positionsof Pare and Applied Mathematics
are
remarkably illustrated by the fact that, in Nielsen's standard
the second
solution K^iz), which will be defined
treatise ", neither the function Iv{z)i
nor
in
of
their
in physicalapplications.
is
mentioned,
even
spite
importance
immediately,
The
with
relative
this
The
country
function
I-"{z) is also
solution
of
(1),and it is easy
to
prove
(c"
"3-12)that
^(3)
*
Lommel
m
gave
the
corresponding formula
for Neumann's
^-^^
.
function
of the second
kind.
Camb.
Pliil. Soc.
vi.
78
It follows that, when
a
fundamental
In the
of functions
case
by
The
system of
the methods
function
an
order,a
integral
of
""3*5
of
lim
K^ (z)
(4)
solution has to be
second
structed
con-
3"54.
"
will be
Kn (z),which
second
[CHAP. Ill
FUNCTIONS
is not
BESSEL
OF
THEORY
adopted throughoutthis
equation
work
as
the
^-//_,(2)-/,"
V
"
An
It may be verified,
by the methods
the order v is equal to n.
Macdonald*,
by
the
solution of
function
The
of
values
(1)when
of
v,
by
equation
K,{z)
(6)
^7r^-''^''^~^''^.
Sm
it may
and, with this definition,
I^TT
be verified that
Kn{z)=\miK,{z).
(7)
It is easy to deduce
from
h! (iz) iTTie-*'"''
H[,(iz).
^TTie-^-""'
K, (z)
(8)
(6) that
that
x"
it is
through
established
in " 7-23.
^,,(2)is due to Basset,Proc. Camh. Phil. Soc. vi. (1889),p. 11, and
his definition is equivalentto that given by equations(4) and (5); the infinite integrals
by
in "i^6'14, 6:15. Basset subsequently
which
he actuallydefined the function will be discussed
The
definition
modified
18
pp.
"
order
In
Gray
omit
19, and
and
to
obtain
Mathews
the factor
of
function
in their
1/2",so
equivalent to
which
work, A
Hydrodynamics,il. (Cambridge,1888),
in his
-"
r-,
satisfies the
Treatise
on
-^^
same
^-^
"
recurrence
Bessel Functions
formulae
as
/^ (z),
equivalentto.
ira/_^)_a7j^)-|
The
of unrestricted
formula
K^
*
Proc.
London
Math.
I/TT
{/_^(2)-/^(3)},
Soc.
xxx.
(1899), p. 167.
order
is
by
the
3-71]
Analysis," 17'71)but
(of.Modern
it vanishes
whenever
formulae
is
1v
will be used
function
been omitted
although it
function
factor is not
undesirable
so
those
disadvantageof
that it would
it is
the serious
as
A"^{z);
have been
not
the
satisfying
connected with
"
advantageousifa
K^,(z)are
not
of
common
occurrence.
formulae
for the
for
are
^L (Z),/C-x (Z)
(2)
(3)
(4)
zi: (z)
/C+i (^)
=
1: {z\
vK, (z)
^^ (')'
2K: (z),
zK,_, (z),
zK,^, {z),
[z^K.{z}] (-)-^''-^._,"{z\
{z^L(z)] ^"-'"/.-m{z),(^^)"
(^)"
=
\zdz) \
s"
z^-^'^^
(8) I^n{z)
\zdz) \
'
K: (z)
(7) I,'{z)=L(z),
id)
factor ^n had
/"(^)and Ky{z).
The
rence
recur-
the
(1)
^^^
same
to make
now
of the formulae
5)
that
disadvantage
inadvisable
now
give various
constructed in ""3*2 3*6
shall
the
linear combinations
3'71. Formulae
We
suffers from
has
the definition of
from
(" 3'54)because
79
/^ (s).
as
of Macdonald's
"
this function
odd
an
of formula (8)shews
inspection
An
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
formulae
integral
following
are
'
Z^^'"
K, (z),
(^zY
liijJL
onlywhen
cos
R(v
6) sm'''dde
e^^^o^^sin-"Odd
^ifll"
=
valid
I'^osh
(z
r7"XTVr7rx
K_,{Z)=K"(Z).
Iniz),
lAz)
Z^
/'''cosh
(z cos d) sin^'edd
[ (1
/,
h)"
80
These
results
due
are
InH (^)
(10)
(-)"-(n+ r)!
,%r\{n-r)\{2zr
sj{'lirz)
I
(^i 4- 7'")
^^
{Z)
I-(n+h)
(11)
(-Y(n + r)l
:^
z
^(2-rrz)
I r=-orl{n-r)l(2zy
,^orl(7i-ry.{2zyy
(n + r)\
(^Ve-S
2z)
^",,(^)
,.ZQr\(n-r)\(2zyy
e^
^^
(12)
Ill
also have
We
to Basset.
[chap.
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
OF
THEORY
'
r=Qr\{n-ry.{2zy
(18)
K. (A
(14)
^i^"
f (m
{m
{logi^z) \y\r
log(iz) 7. {z)+
(15)
2,"=o
1),
m!(^^)"-""
/'l9\n+2jn
00
m!(M
,=0
Hi)!
1)
^^/r(n +
)},
+ 1
7n
"
Z'o(^)
(16)
e^''"^0
(17)
K, (^e"-')
(18)
7C {z)
e-'"-'
(19)
5ie{7.,(2),
A^(^)}=-1/^,
(20)
The
integralsinvolved
memoir
"Zur
The
pp.
Theorie
"
in
been
(9)and
the
der Nobili'schen
recurrence
formulae
have
used
by
he added
Soc.
been
Hertz
yet another
in which
notation
^=0;
Math.
Soc.
discussed
der
he
an
odd
those
described
by
"
in his
Riemann
also discussed
Camb.
the
Phil. Soc.
(1899), pp.
xxix.
Dissertation, 1880
to
(cf." 3-572).
Stokes
order is half
in his Berlin
by
of Japan,
discussed
Farbenringe,"Ann.
Functions
and
(16)has
"
were
in
(1855),pp.
power
1/z.
The
I/TT
110
"
ascending
vi.
(1889),
115; and
integer,as in equations(10)and
{Ges.Werl-e,1. (1895),pp. 77
"
in
"
by.
19.
341.
(12),
91
J;
3-8]
BESSEL
functions of order
be defined
may
(1 )
x
ments
we
ber
ber
Hence
we
first examined
were
by
Thomson*; they
ber and
bei denote
definitions
I^,
(^vVO,
real functions.
expressedby
For
complex aro-u-
the formulae
have
g|-....
bor(.)=l-y;^
(3)
(2!)-^(6!f
'
""""
(10!)-^
second and
functions of any order of the first,
and Whitehead".
effected by Russell:J:
W.
by
equationj=
adopt the
(2)
zero
the
is real,and
where
occurs
81
TJiomsons
3-8.
FUNCTIONS
to
kind of order
by Russell by
I^ being replacedby the
defined
were
zero
function
(5)
Functions
to
of unrestricted order
defined
were
i"
by
(6)
(7)
her,(z)" i hei,(z)
It will be observed
(8)
of
(z)
=
"
hir hei
due
series,
following
The
if,""(ze^^'"').
that||
ker
in consequence
to
Russell,are
without
obtainable
:
difficulty
+ lTrhei{z)
ker{z)= -\og(^z).her(z)
(9)
with reference
Whitehead
Presidential
Address
to
(1890), p. 492.]
Papers,
f In the case of fLinetious
the
Institute
of
Electrical
Engineers,1889.
[Math,
and
PIiijs.
in.
of
order, it is customary
zero
to omit
indicates
the order.
Phil.
(3)XXII.
{z)and
kei
\V. B. V.
(z)occur
i.
in
memoir
by Hertz,
Ann.
der
Physik
nnd
Cheinie.
(1895),p. 289].
6
82
kei
(10)
(z)
ber (z)
{z) l-rr
bei
log(1^)
E.Wtw^"'"'^'^-
also been
It has
ber^
Eussell
by
ber2(2)+bei2(.)
(11)
"
had
this result
but
that
first few
the
of
terms
expansion
the
of
thus
(2)have simple coefficients,
bei^
(j)+
observed
[CHAP. Ill
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
OF
THEORY
l+MV"+ii^+Mf,
obtained, with
previouslybeen
in the
5-41); the coefficient of (l^)^"
expansion on
...,
(cf.
notation, by Nielsen
different
the
rightis
Formulae
the results of
analogousto
Whitehead
(12)
ber_" (z)
cos
vir
(13)
bei_" (z)
cos
vtt
(14)
her_^(2^) cos
vtt
(15)
hei_^ {z)
vir
reader
The
been
worked
The
by
sin
will be
functions
B. A. Smith
3*9.
"
here
following
sin
vtt
her^(z) sin
vir
her,,(z)+
vtt
"
cos
discussed
by
[hei^(z) bei^(z)],
"
ber^ (z)],
[her^(z)
"
he\^,
{z),
hei,,
(z).
the
able to construct
of order
ptt
bei,,
(z)+ sin
which
formulae
recurrence
have
Whitehead.
lengthby
at
out
ber^(z)
been
have
""8-61, 3"62
in
examined
unityhave recentlybeen
detail
some
f.
The definition
of cylinder
functions.
Various
theoryof
the
have studied
and Nielsen",
writers,especially
SonineiJ:
analyticfunctions
of two
variables
the
satisfy
"^^{z)which
general
pairof
formulae
recurrence
(1)
'^._,(5)+ -^#.+1
(^)
"
^. (^),
(2)
"^.-1(^)
in which
are
and
satisfied
in
hy
Functions
Sonine
'^Vi(^)
unrestricted
are
each
which
complex variables.
satisfy
onlyone
2*^; (^x
of Bessel
of the two
brief account
These
formulae
recurrence
functions.
formulae
are
also discussed
of his researches
will be
Chapter X.
*-^
Phil.
Mag. (6)xix.
"fProc. American
X Math.
Ann.
" Handbttch
xvi.
(1910),pp.
Soc. of Civil
49"58.
Engineers,
xlvi.
(1920),pp.
375
"
425.
(1880),pp. 1"80.
Cylinderfunktionen(Leipzig,1904),pp. 1, 42
et seq.
by
given
84
THEORY
Some
writers*,
Fourier
(cf. ""
Bessel
Bessel
the
Jn{z)
Bessel
Fourier-
function,
call
the
of
Jn{z)
seems
work
of
desirable
of
order
any
to
do
to
customary
Bessel's
but
so,
in
predecessors
his
used
were
associate
name
invention
the
with
because
also
before
long
of
of
them,
the
great
and
simple
time
Bessel
because
only
not
advance
made
compact
notation
by
functions.
Bessel's
(1836),
name
p.
associated
was
[Oes.
13
with
Werke,
Math.
(1891),
vi.
by
functions
the
p.
Journal
Jacobi,
"Transcendentium
101].
definitis
integralibus
determinandis
in
usus
que
coefficients
generally
the
on
it
1'4),
1-3,
become
has
for
called
who
Ill
function.
Although
it
Heine
following
[CHAP.
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
OF
ill.
exposuit
fur
Math.
/j.* naturam
Bessel
in
xv.
varios-
commentatione
celeberrima."
recent
more
series
of
letters
Nicolas,
E.g.
Jonrnal
cylinder
function.
fiir
controversy
in
Ann.
Math.
Sci.
lxix.
the
on
Nature,
LX.
de
VEcole
(1868),
pp.
norm.
p.
to
name
(1899),
128.
101,
sup.
Heine
applied
be
149,
(2)
xr.
also
to
174;
(1882),
seems
the
functions
(1909),
Lxxxi.
is
p.
to
be
found
in
68.
supplement,
to
be
responsible
for
the
term
CHAPTER
IV
DIFFERENTIAL
4'1. Daniel
The
solution
EQUATIONS
Bernoulli's
solution
givenby
Bernoulli*
of Riccati's equation.
of the
equation
-^^az''
+ bif
(1)
-^
dz
in
consisted
shewing that
0'
while
of
"l-
h have
and
means
"
when
_S
any
the index
_12
_8-
and
algebraic,
exjxjnential
is
zero
or
Ifi
f, then
the
Ifi.
equationis
The
logarithmicfunctions.
soluble
values
by
of
the formula
" 1
Im
where
of the values
_12.
values
constant
has any
integer.
positive
Bernoulli's method
of solution is as
follows
If
is transformable
'^
N=-
(3)
1'
it is also
and
into the
(4)
n-
index
is transformable
4.
the
because
equationof index zero is obviouslyintegrable,
4 is integrable.
variables are separable.
Hence, by (4),the equationof index
this
If
tinued
Hence, by (3),the equationof index
| is integrable.
process be conthe
arrive
at
we
by usingthe transformations (3) and (4) alternately,
set of soluble cases
given above, and it is easy to see that these cases are
comprisedin the generalformula (2).
Riccati
The
"
"
pp.
n
Exercitationes
473
is not
475.
"
The
restricted to be
t It is assumed
be
quaedain iiuithematicae
notation
an
used
by
(Venice,1724),pp.
Bernoulli
has
been
77
80;
Acta
;
Eruditorum,
and
in
this
1725,
analysis
integer.
that neither
Ji is
nor
zero.
If either
were
zero
separable.
t That
"
slightlymodified
r;
and
h have
arbitraiy values.
the variables
would
obviously
86
OF
THEORY
Daniel
4*11.
Bernoulli
[CHAP. IV
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
of Riccatis equation.
transformations
Now
index
equationof
the standard
" 41 (1)as
the
and make
the substitutions
^"+'
"
[Note.
The
n.
The
substitutions
factor
+ \ in the
The
Y'
possiblebecause
are
denominator
presence
-^
'
included
the values of
among
Bernoulli ; the effect of its
inserted
by
simple than
not
was
equationis
1 is not
"
more
if it
omitted.]
were
equationbecomes
1
clY
V-2
,7*7
^^
'
that is
dY
where
in
Again
The
where
and
+ 1) ;
n/(?i
h{n + \YZ^
this is the
"
4 ; and
"
transformations
equationis soluble
solution in
generalequationof
the substitutions
index
N.
"
this is the
generalequationof
described
in
in the
The
When
the
stated.
cases
"
The
2.
finite number
in
this
v.
effected,and
proceduredoes
equationwith
equationwith
vjz,and
the
with
equation,
""4'1, 411
which
of transformations
To solve the
therefore
are
But
limiting
form of Riccatis
processes described
Riccati's equation,the value to
" 4"1
index
the
so
give the
not
compact form.
4" 12.
write y
aY\
equationbecomes
The
index
of the
index
"
2 is
"
2.
appliedto
continually
are
index
the
index
tends, when
not
consequently
in
soluble
by
-*"
consideration.
2, namely
"
equationbecomes
dv
z
tt
bv-
dz
and
this is
an
equationwith
Hence, in this
of
the variables
limiting
case,
elementaryfunctions.
Riccati's
separable.
equationis
still soluble
by
the
use
13]
4-1 1-4-
This
solution
If
[). 185.
which
is
implicitly
given by Euler,Inst.
was
write
we
EQUATIONS
DIFFERENTIAL
(cf." 4-14)y
^^^
'T^-'
~"r
87
Calc. Int.
(Petersburg,
1769)," 933,
ii.
equation which
determines
r)
is
Euler
does
although he
which
not
gave
both
connects
mention
to
seem
the
equation of
any
limitingcase
homogeneous
Riccati's
of Riccati's
linear
type with
linear
equation explicitly,
equationand
the transformation
equation.
examined
This
than
theorem, due
converse
soluble
cases
will
notation),
First transform
constants
follows
as
(1)
Riccati's
Define
new
ah
-c\
cases
^'
'"'"'"
those in which
are
variable
by
the
so
zu
equationin
'
odd
integer.
equation
-^
that the
2q-2;
1/q is an
1
variables and
equationis
the soluble
recondite
cases.
specified
-v/h,
(2)
and
in the
more
the transformed
equationis soluble
much
be
now
C(jurse,
of
devised
was
of the values
one
of Riccati's equation.
Elder's solution
method
practical
been
(orboth) is zero.
Liouville,is,of
to
now
_9
or
that the
Bernoulli's theorem
4"13.
in
in which
has
_S_K.
_4_4-
0-
and
the index
in which
dw
ciz
is
2c.^-
(?
) ^^^'-''^'^
=
0-
equationis
providedthat
Ar+,
(2qr +
q +
l){2qr +
8^c(r +
~A7
-Nov.
[1764],pp.
Comm.
154"169.
Acad.
Petrop.
1)
'
viii.
:5" 63
and
ix.
(1762-1763)
88
THEORY
and
+
so
1/(27H+ 1);
this
and
[CHAP. IV
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
OF
solution*
proceduregivesthe
examined
Bernoulli.
by
the two
solutions
being the
(5)
0.
Cayley's
generalsolittion of Riccati's equation.
4'14.
We
,-2_^2,-2
constant
have
equationis reducible
that Riccati's
justseen
the form
to
dz
make
we
and
shall
we
is to
the
explainCayley'sfmethod
regarded as a canonical form
be
and, if f/jand
U^
are
respect to
the
system of solutions of this equation,
form
of Riccati's
constants
arbitrary
and
equationis
primesdenote differentiationswith
z.
To express
U^ in
Ui and
finite form,
V
so
that the
in
lu
equationsatisfied by zy
proceedingin ascendingpowers
^-1
q{q-\)
1-
write
we
{cz^jq),
exp
is " 4-13
(4). A solution
of this
we
When
Phil.
take
the memoirs
(iriKSi^l)^,2,2.
.,^+
q{q-l)2q{2q-l)
J This
cV9
the index
of the Eiccati
by
equation
of z'i is
(q-l){Sq-l)(oq-l)
q{q-l)2q(2q-l)Sq{Sq-l)
and
Riccati's
0 ;
fundamental
of
solving
the equationbecomes
(\ogv)/dz,
c^z^-^-^v
substitution!
r]
(1)
of
now
Euler
(1868),pp.
which
were
equation is
348"351
in
1702
by
James
1-1.
Cf. also
4-14]
DIFFERENTIAL
Now
U"
EQUATIONS
U,
^
exip("cz'i/(j)
integer.
multipliedby
Ui, U^ form
If q
ratio
the
Since
qiq
(q-l){3q~l){5q-l)
q(q-l)2q{2q-l)Hq{Sq-l)
U^
fundamental
the
were
equation(1) in
when
q is the
U^ is the
algebraicfunction
an
so
take
we
(q-l){3q-l)
series terminate
both of these
and
c,
^q{q-l)2q{2q^'''''
'"
1)
and
89
of
reciprocal
of an
reciprocal
odd
exponential function
exp
of z-J, it cannot
of solutions of
system
an
odd
(fz"i +
"
be
constant
...
positive
{2cz'^lq)
;
and
so
(1).
we
negativeinteger,
should
write
the form
"P
(v/z)
0,
-c'{l/z)-"i-'{vlz)
d{l/zy
=
it follows that
whence
where
Fi
j^
V2
and
detail in
The
""4-4
reader
equation,when
It is to be
to terminate
"
4-42
and
constants, and
(+ cz^/q)
exp
series which
The
see
72 are
"
have
been
now
l)
q{q
obtained
l)2q{2q
will be examined
...
l)
in much
greater
4-42.
should
have
it is soluble
noticed
with
c-z-"i+
-q{q
that
the term
uo
the following
in constructing
solutions
difficulty
of Riccati's
in finite terms.
the
series
the
as
"'1,U2 (or l"i,V.^,
Glaisher,Phil.
Trans,
which
of the Royal
has
Soc. cLXxn.
zero
case
(1881),p.
773.
90
[CHAP. IV
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
OF
THEORY
Among the writers who have studied equation (1)are Kummer, Journal fur Math. xii.
(1834),pp. 144"147, Lobatto, Journal fiirMath. xvii. (1837),pp- 363"371, Glaisher (in
the memoir
reference has just been made), and Suchar, Bull, de la Sac. Math, de
to which
" 4-3.
France,xxxii. (1904),pp. 103"116
; for other references see
The
reader
soluble
obtainable
by taking j
2 in
second
the
(1),and
included
it is not
so
of Riccati's
form
equationwhich
This is
reduced
easily
independentvariable.
To solve the
examined
was
Schlafli
equation,
arrived
the
at
generalsolution
of the
2/
solution of
(1) is
m!
r(a
equationin
y is
between
function
1, 0
Later
Ann.
c.,F{-a-l,t)
cd-^'F
(-
a,
t)
somewhat
s, defined
1
'*'
2
as
the series
a^
"
a^
1
"""
2^2+1)
2T 3
"
0^2+17(2
+
"^
""*
2)
'
used
of Schlafli's function,was
evidentlyexpressiblein terms
by Legendre,
of his proofthat tt is irrational.
(Paris,1802), note 4, in the course
the function
his Math.
di Mat.
was
studied
notation
(witha
different
(2)i. (1868),p.
t This
t).
de Geometrie
fragment in
*
a,
between
Elements
1)
Riccati's
is
'
evident ; but
The
new
then
c^F{a,t)+
rendered
cV^+^Fja
"
connexion
pn
F(a,t)=
1=0
which
was
'
00
to
equation
Iff
The
Schlafli
wrote
dt
The
by
of
the form
to
''"^
the
cases.
^^t^-t-^-Ht\
(1)
and
the soluble
among
4-15.
The
that
and
diately
0, the equation(1) is homogeneous and immeq
Bernoulli (" M) is
order equation solved by James
that when
will observe
should
be
232.
with
The
reader
will
Schlafli's solution
compared
with
notation) by Clifford;see
346
see
rather
the notation
posthumous
349.
"
that
than
of " 4-4.
James
with
Bernoulli's
solution
Cayley'ssolutiou.
in
92
reader
The
the
majority of
Univ. Nach.
And
the results
5, 7, and
1898, nos.
of the equationdiscussed
generalisation
obvious
(1)
Euler*.
by
either P
is
" 41
Qy^Ry^
P +
ox
are
any
Set. Math.
in
P, Q, R
where
4.
1899, no.
Riccati equation.
generalised
4*2. The
An
short paper
a
by Siacci,Napoli Rendiconti, (3) vir.
monograph on Riccati's equation,which apparentlycontains
of this chapter,has been producedby Feldblum, Warschau
also consult
should
139"143.
(1901),pp.
[CHAP. IV
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
OF
THEORY
was
nxx
dx
nyy dx +
"
xx
dy
ii.
xy dx
studied
pn'mi gradtts
by IManfredius, De constructione aeqiiationmndifferentialum
(Bologna,1707),p. 167. "Sed tamen haec eadem aequationon apparet quomodo construiab
bilis sit,neque enim videmus
quomod5 illam integremus, nee quomodo indeterminatas
was
invicfem
separemus."
The
equation(1) is easilyreduced to
order,by takinga new
dependent variable
1 d
(2)
The
equationthen
C^^^*
if in
Conversely,
the
logu
dz
(/^
dR] du
Tin
rv
generallinear equationof
dhi
/,.
(4)
the second
order,
du
P^d?-^P^dz'-P''''=^'
(where
jJo,Pi, p^
are
given functions
(5)
it
equationto
determine
of
write
z),we
e/.'/d2^
y is
^J _ft_"!j,_y.
(6)
dz
which
defined
becomes
/r,\
the
the linear
is of the
Riccati
type
same
equationwith
as
po
/)o
of the generalised
completeequivalence
equationof the second order is consequently
(1). The
the linear
established.
The
equationsof
1896, pp.
*
Nov.
Johnson,
t This
Calc. Int.
Comm.
Ann.
Acad.
of Math.
is the
II.
been
by Anisimov,
examined
1"33.
Petrop.viii. (1760
ni.
(1887),pp. 112
generalisation of James
1761) [1763],p.
"
"
1896, p. 256.]
32 ;
see
also
short
paper
by
W.
W.
115.
Bernoulli's
Univ. Nach.
Warschau
pp.
substitution
88, 104.
("1-1). See
also
Euler, Inst.
4-2,4-21]
DIFFERENTIAL
Elder
4'21.
93
theorems
EQUATIONS
solution of the
that, if a particuhir
by Euler*
Riccati equationis known, the generalsolution can
be obtained
generalised
solutions are
known
the general
by two quadratures; if two particular
solution is obtainable by a singlequadrature
f. And it follows from theorems
if
and
Picard
three
discovered by Weyr
solutions arc known,
that,
particular
be effected without a quadrature.
the generalsolution can
It
has
To
prove
and
shewn
been
he
the first result,let i/,,
write y
equationin
^/v- The
yo +
solution
particular
is
'^ {Q+2R"j,)v
+
of which
0,
the solution is
V
and, since
To
of
exp
l/(y
"
the truth
t/o)"
"
y^ be two
y
dz
prove
exp
0,
is manifest.
solutions, and
particular
write
ih
"
"
y-Vi
The
result of
"
dw
3/0-yi
and, when
and
dz
we
"
dz
substitute
for
last
Ih'^v
equationis
Vq
(y^'^^ y^
-
1 dz
"
y in the
-
p _^ q
Qya + Ry^^,the
P +
dy,
_^
{w"\y-
1) for
{yiW "y")l{w
substituting
values
iv
"
F +
Qy^+ Ry^-
1 diu
-r,
tu
so
that
where
we
tu
that y
see
exp
|/(i?y" Ryi)dz],
-
w,
integration.Hence, from the equationdefining
is expressedas a function involving
a
singlequadrature.
is the constant
r,
dz
of
solutions alreadyspecified,
prove the third result,let y^ and y^ be the
le^2 be a third solution,and let c' be the value to be assignedto c to make
To
y reduce
Then
to y.,.
yo-
c_
y-ya
yo
^
'
y-yi
this is the
and
*
t
Math.
Nov.
Ihid.
XL.
Gomm.
p.
59,
in
integral
Acad.
and
(1850),p.
Fetvop.
ix.
361.
viii.
form
u-i-i/^'
free from
quadratures.
(1762"1763) [1764],pp.
163"164.
See
also
Minding,
Journal
fUr
94
generalsolution
in
expressible
the form
four solutions,obtained
by
the values
givingC
is
y-i,yi be any
that, if ^/i,y-u
it is evident
Hence
[CHAP. IV
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
OF
THEORY
{yi-y2)(y3-yA)
(2/l-2/4)(2/3-2/2)
is
; for it is
of z
independent
equalto
(6\-a)((73-C,)
(C.-QCCa-O,)'
In
the obvious
spiteof
noticed
been
until
it does
of this theorem,
character
not
have
to
seem
fortyyears ago*.
some
|
these
form
the methods
correspondto
by changesof
of
propertie.s
Various
functions
the
been
have
"'
^(f);
the
obtained
of
solution
by
of Riecati's
C. J. D.
1356; cxxviii.
(1899),pp. 410
Comptes Reiidus,xcvi.(1883),pp. 1354
de V Assoc. Francaise
Jamet, Comptes Rendus
(1901),pp. 207
(Ajaccio),
228;
Autonne,
"
"
behaviour
hagen, Nieuw
The
(1902),pp. 1
"
equation of
of P, "^,R
near
singularities
Wiskunde,(2)VI. (1905),pj). 209
"
the second
order
whose
23
37
"
412; and
"
Atm.
de la
21.
of the solution
Archiefroor
rational
Hill,Journal
primitiveis of
has
been
studied
by
Falken-
248.
the type
Cir)i+C2r]2+ C3rj3
^
where
the Riccati
no.
Toidouse,IX. (1895),
and
Comptes Rendus,
*
de
Weyr,
VEcole
Ahh.
norm.
is devoted
Noiiv.
Ann.
cxxxvix.
hdhm.
Ges.
s^ip.
(2) vi.
to
of integration(which is an
obvious
generalisation of the
equation),has been studied by Vessiot,A7m. de la Fac. des Sci. de
6 and by Wallenburg,Journal fitrMath. CXXi.
(1900),pp. 210
217;
constants
primitiveof
the
(1903),pp.
1033
"
theory of surfaces
and
applications.
de Math.
1035.
(4)ii. (1902),pp.
529"545.
twisted
curves"
p.
30; Picard,
which
theory
the
in
Ann.
result
which
is
Sci.
tained,
con-
Kiccati's
4-3]
DIFFERENTIAL
Various
4'3.
The
Bessel's
EQUATIONS
95
of Bessel's equation.
transformations
about to investigate
derived
are
equationswhich we are now
transformations
of
the dependentand
equationby elementary
from
pendent
inde-
variables.
first type which
The
where
is
unrestricted
an
shall consider
we
The
constant.
equationis of fi-equent
occurrence
is
problems,
usuallyan integer.
p
and, in such
physicalinvestigations,
in
is*
in the
of Heat
and the
Tlieory of Conduction
xn.
Polytechnique,
(cahier19), (1823),
the Royal Soc. 1868, pp. 447"464
[Phil.Mag. (4)
XXXVI.
(1868),pp. 401"421, Math, and Phys. Papers, iv. (1904),pp. 299"324]; Eayleigh,
Soc. iv. (1873), pp. 93"103, 253- -283
Math.
Proc. London
[Scientific
Papers, i. (1899),
in
in
which
2
The
the
occurs
specialequation
138,
139].
Theory of the Figure of
p
pp.
The
de
VEcole
the Earth;
Ellis,Camb.
see
Since
Journal,
Math.
equation(1) may
li.
be written
d(uz-i)
^d-{uz-^)
(1841),pp. 169"177,
193"201.
in the form
.",,.
_,
,1..,,
its general.solution is
(2)
ii
zi%+.{ciz).
Bessel's
equationwhen p is
unrestricted,and no advantageis to be gained by studyingequationsof the
form (1) rather than Bessel's equation.But, when
tions
the solujj is an integer,
of (1) are
"in finite termsf" (cf." 3 4), and it is then
expressible
desirable to regard(1) as a canonical form. The relations between
frequently
various types of solutions of (1) will be examined
in detail in ""4'41
4'4:).
"
Tiie second
type
of
the
dependent variable
The
roots
vz~P
equationis
which
of the
indicial
we
thus
are
generalsolution
(4)
"'"
Mem.
See
t This
Las
Plana, Mevi.
was
just been
di Fis.
known
made.
della B. Accad.
della
to
transformation
equationhave
and
"
p, and
zero
so
we
of
root.
write
dv
2
zP+^'",,+,(ciz).
delle Sci.
Soc. Italiana
Plana, who
p+l
(1) by
is
v
di Mat.
2p
from
indicial
the
the
makes
/Q\
of which
derived
di Torino,
studied
xxvi.
(1828),pp. 183"188.
equations (1)and (5)in the paper
delle Sci.
andPaoh,
xx.
to which
reference
[CHAP. IV
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
OF
THEORY
96
(1876),pp. 1011"1016,
Next,
we
in its normal
derive from
We
form.
becomes
'^^,-cV^-'v
(5)
0,
its solution is
and
(6)
When
taken
to
into the
is absorbed
factor
constant
a'i/qy'^'^^'^m,){ci^'^lq).
symbol '^,the
solution may
be
be
r*"^l/(2,)(c^"W(Z)"
has
Equation (5),which
Mem.
Studien
encountered
Tonno,
in
1868), pp.
(Leipzig,
Functionen
of the researches
interesting
account
been
studied by Plana,
Cayley, Phil. Mag.
9"12]; and Lommel,
112"118.
been
The
(1821),pp. 519"538;
xxvi.
Papers,vii. (1894),pp.
[Collected
348"351
(1868),pp.
(4) XXXVI.
alreadybeen
delle Sci. di
della R. Accad.
constructed
important memoir
433"438;
contains
an
Haentzschel
which
both
of
zero.
by Glaisher should
Messenger,viii. (1879),pp.
followingpapers
The
pp.
g-^ are
cussed
dis-
of earlier writers.
The
who
has been
also be consulted
20
Proc.
23;
"
Phil.
London
(1872),
(1878),
Soc. ix.
pp. 197"202.
It may
be noted
of
equation(1) used by
various
writers
are
as
^J+y=^^^"
d^R
-j^"
(Plana),
n{n + \)
a-u="
",
"
follows:
/p
"
(Glaisher).
u.
of a
by Greenhill|in his researches on the stability
Equation (5)has been encountered
variable
u
nder
When
of
the
the
cross-section
action
of
cross-section,
pole
gravity.
constant, the specialequation in which j f is obtained, and the solution of it leads to
vertical
is
Bessel functions
*
Phil. Trans,
and
Dublin
of order
of
the
Math.
Royal
1
.
Soc.
Journal,
clxxii.
(1881),pp. 759
"
828 ;
(1854),pp. 272"290.
Math,
und
t Zeitschrtftfiir
Phij". xxxi.
(1886),pp. 25"33.
Phil. Soc. iv. (1883),pp. 65"73.
X Proc. Camb.
ix.
see
also
paper
bridge
by Curtis,Cam-
4-31]
DIFFERENTIAL
Lommel's
4'31.
transformations
of Bessel's equation.
examined
types of transformations of Bessel's equationwere
by
two
of a somewhat
occasions;his earlier researches* were
special
Various
Lommel
97
EQUATIONS
on
much
were
In the earlier
general.
more
that
after observing
investigation,
the
generalsolution
of
is
(2)
3/
Lommel
proceededby
generalsolution
which
is
^'"g;(^),
direct transformations
where
z^''~''9$\{jz^),
a,
to construct
/3,7
the
equationwhose
His
constants.
are
result,
generalsolution of
is
(4)
it
When
and
when
unless jiv \H
The
into
0, it degenei'ates
zero.
solution of
(3)was
givenexpHcitlyby Lommel
followingfor refei'ence :
in
nvmierous
specialcases.
It will
^^-'^A^.
cfe^+.-rf^+n.^'-?)^*=^'
(5)
"=.i''%^.(v/.).'
0;
,g* (l_,)J+l"
(7)
ctz-
az
(9)
^2 /32/.-23
(11)
P^"zu0;
An
2^''-"'2?,(7^^).
--'
0;
u=
u=zi^i(izi),2H#j("ul).
of Stokes' researches
account
zi-^i/c,^)
(yz?).
on
the
solutions
of
equation (11)will
be
given in
"" 6-4,10-2.
*
Studien
(1871),pp.
t Math.
w.
B.
liber die
Bessel'scken
Functionen
(Leipzig,1868),pp. 98"120;
Math.
Ann.
475"487.
Ann.
F.
xiv.
(1879),pp.
510"536.
iii.
98
THEORY
Lommel's
OF
later researches
appeared at
about
the
same
to
the
two
d^jylxi^)] 2v-ld[ylx(z)]
d[y^{z)Y
yjriz) d^Jriz)
of which
the solution is
reduction
the
y}r{z)
adequateto
'
%(^)]%(^)
^ ^
%(^)
-'^
J -^
equation
take
"^(^) ^'(^){%(^)Plt(^)}"-^-
(14)
If
^^
x(^)Ja^
i^iz)
It Avillbe
Lommel's
equationbecomes
l[ylr(z)
Now
memoir
papers.
(^)
as
x(^){^i^)V'^Mf(^)}-
(z)
[yjr
dz^
time
("4'3)
(12)
On
[chap. IV
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
we
eliminate
dz"-
(^)"it is apparent
^{z)
that the
generalsolution
of
dz^\_4^\"l,{z)\
2cf"{z)
l
yfr'
(z)]
+
4"\^}r'(z)yfr{z) + |^2(^)_^.+ ^'ir{z)\
j
1J
'Z
IS
(^(z)yfr(z)]
As
"^^)
special
case,
if we
take (p(z)
=
1,it is seen
that the
generalsolution
2-
of
IS
(18)
y=snir(z)/f'{z)}."^^{.jr(z)}.
take x
(z) [y\r
{z)Y-\ and
=
we
general
solution of
is
(20)
*
Messenger,
y=W{z)Y'i^^{y^{z)].
ix.
(1880),pp. 127"131.
The
functions
(z)and i/(z)are
arbitrary.
100
4-3 this is
By "
where
is
in
integrable
integer;
an
if
finite terms
that
so
J)4s
(l-r)^}
(2)
,.
The
in the trivial
equation is also obviouslyintegrable
2="
compact notation,invented
is convenient
write
the
expressing
subsequently
for
and
now
{0L)n
The
notation
which
by
series which
{a +
...
will be used
and
Pochhammer*
2)
Pq,
...,
"
(a)"
1.
("i)n
{Cli)n ("p)n
"
"
"
rr~Y~Y~\
''
"
\Pi)n \Pi/n
"
"
"
7T\
\Pq)n
,.
particular,
^"{Ph
i -i"^
,F,(p:z)=
functions defined
by
2;(p)2
^.{ph
z-
0^^-\p)n
n=0
The
modified
In
2.
b}^Barnesf,
We shall
investigated.
1),
n-
m=
is,in general,
...,
be
to
are
00
ITT
pJ^gK^i,0(2,
and
.4=0
cases
l)(a + 2)
ci{a+
^^^^
of Pochhamvier
The notation
4-4.
[CHAP. IV
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
OF
THEORY
ni{p)n
series
are
called
generalised
hyper-
geometricfunctions.
It may be noted here that the
differential equation
and, when
p is not
an
Various
iF^(a; p; z) is
an
integer,
independentsolution
z^-^
It is evident
function
.,F,{a-p
l; -I-p;
of this
solution of the
equationis
z).
that
by Pochhammer,
*
Math.
Ann.
xxxvi.
t Proc. London
of the
suffixes
_p and
Math.
(1890),p. 84 ; xxxviii.
Soc. (2)v. (1907),p.
q before and
after the F
The
to render
inodilieation
evident
587.
due
Cf.
" 4-15.
to Barnes
the number
is the insenion
of sets of factors.
4-4, 4-41]
4 '41.
We
DIFFERENTIAL
Various
shall
EQUATIONS
solutions in series.
examine
now
^-c^u
and
obtain
101
relations between
in Pochhammer's
equation
1-^-2 u,
them, which
part be expressed
notation.
It is
It is
this
zP+'
The
which
.oF,{p + r, i c'z');
be written
equationmay
is
and
z^^S'p+'^iciz),
.oF,{l-p; i c'z').
3-P
in the forms
solutions of the
are
When
^ is written
(^
When
for
1) (^
jt)
the
{djdz),
we
+ l; 2p
zP+'e^'.^FAp
^p+i Q-cz
last
,^F,{p+ l; 2p
2c^^
jj) {ue^'')"
(weT")
we
are
z'P e''
2; 2cz) ;
o.
four expressions
for u:
following
led to the
2; -2cz);
pairof equationsbecome
,F,(- p
z-^' e''-
-2cz);
-2p:
.iF^{-p\ -2p;
2cz).
on
the
involve
rightsimilarly
the
are
powers
when
same
2p
is not
we
integer,
an
2cz)
e'"
^oFAp
e''.,F,(-p; 2p
J^)
2cz)
These
formulae
due
are
to
Kummerf.
to consider
have
now
It follows
from
"
3-1
that
the
cases
fUr Math.
xv.
(1836),pp.
138"141.
of
2p^2;
2cz)
ic'^')^
,F,(- p
2p
2cz)
oF^{i-p; \"fn
(1) has been provedfor general
replacing
p by
when
specialinvestigationis
integer.
t Journal
e-"
When
on
I ;
sets
have
must
,F, (p
of the two
none
....
e'^'.,F,(p+l;2p-v2-
(1)
Since
z'^, z^-p,z--'',
2p
is
an
-p
l in
"
(1).
integer.
also necessary
when
is half
of
an
odd
102
When
a
as
[CHAP. IV
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
OF
THEORY
of
is
there
By
z.
lowest
powers
obvious
...
of
involved
that there
no
are
that
We
and
shall
(2) which
^; \"z^
are
not
zero.
of (1)
have to give an independentinvestigation
consequently
of series.
depends on direct multiplication
In addition
Note.
which
constants
are
kj,ko
kzP+\F,ip
where
the
to
should
researches,the reader
Kummer's
consult
the
tions
investiga-
Papers,
(1868),pp. 348"3.51
[Collected
by Cayley,Phil. Mag. (4)xxxvi.
Phil.
(1872),pp. 433"438;
9"12] and Glaisher,Phil. Mag. (4) XLiii.
of the series
(1894), pp.
VII.
The
between
Relations
4'42.
(1881),pp. 759"828.
CLXXii.
equation
e'\F^{p+ \\ 2p + 2; -2cz)
which
forms
due
generalformula
to
p;
of the
case
particular
more
which
presently)
e^.FAp-a;
p;
0,
be stated
2; 2cz),
Kummer*
.FAa;
(1)
which
e-'\F,{p+ \; 2p
first suppose
"
nC"i {p
"=o(w-m)! w!(p)^
w!(p)nm=o
1=0
"),"(1
n)r,
,(1 -a-n)n
nl(p)n
(a)"
'
ifwe
in
firstuse
the numerator;
result
The
values
*
III.
Vandermonde's
!(p)n
theorem
f and
then
reverse
requiredis therefore
established when
and p have
generalcomplex
J.
Journal
(1874),p.
fur Math.
xv.
(1836),
pp.
138
"
141;
see
Ann.
also|,Bach,
Sci. de VEcole
norm.
sup.
(2)
55.
Camb.
the theory of
on
(1908),pp. 254"257.
proof depending
Phil.
Soc.
xx.
contour
integrationhas
been
given by Barnes,
4-42]
DIFFERENTIAL
103
EQUATIONS
unless
equation(1)is obviously
negativeinteger,
meaningless
of (1) in these
also a is a negativeintegerand |a ]" |p |. The interpretation
will be derived by an appropriate
circumstances
limiting
process.
p is
When
so
negativeinteger(= N) and let p not be an integer,
is valid. The
series iF-^{"N; p: ^) is now
a
that the precedinganalysis
sists
^) is an infinite series which conterminatingseries,while ^F^ip + N ; p;
in
\vhich
the
earlier
followed by terms
factors p + N,
of iV + 1 terms
First let
be
"
"
p +
N
p +
li^'i
(p + iV
is any
; p ;
then
^11'*^
"
-\-l,N
in which
then
we
the
does
numerator
to
see
01 =.F,(-.Y;
replaceN hy
-M-
ordinarycase
and
"
^)^
and
from
have
M+2;
^)
This could
,F,(-N;
have
been
value, and
integral
an
with
(.5)
Cf.
far
^^^^"*"\
^-^^+-,
...
the term
as
the
vanishing
though
as
^^\ i.e.
their ratio
that
-M;
^ by
,F,{N
Ol
have
^,we
M;
-J/;
we
-^1
1
e^.FiN +1;
^v
H-
2; -^),
deduce
derived
then
2 ;
that
0^=e^^F,{Iy-M",-^r:-n-^.
-M;
v. (1871),
pp.77"
Gayley,Messenger (oldseries),
462],and Glaisher, Messenger, viii. (1879),pp. 20" "23.
*
in
.^^M+l^ (,Y+
of (1) we
,F,(M-N-\-l-
y^
in
factor,w^hile
zero
proceednormallyas
being cancelled
N\{M-N)\
an
-0^,
contain
not
wnth terms
denominator
-M:
,F,iN-M;
(4)
form
M, and the limiting
"
When
-*
^)-]=e^,F,(N-M;-M;
means
and
,F,(-N;
(3)
equality.
of
With
....
it is to continue
factors in numerator
one
2,
symbol ']means
and
(^^'~^\
be written*
symbol 1
As
...
"
N,N
integers
in w^hich the
were
both
,i^,(-iV; -.";
(2)
in
in the denominators.
I, p +2,
p, p +
be cancelled
can
'may proceedto
we
(1) may
"
of the
Hence
the
in the numerators
in the sequences
...
When
of
2,
with
82
Papers, vm.
[Collected
(insteadof
a)
(lB95),pp.4oS"
104
THEORY
We
examine
next
which
forms
[CHAP. IV
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
equation
the
^\F, (^ +
(6)
OF
1 ;
2p
2 ;
2cz)
o^^i
(^
f ; \c'z%
which
of
the remainder
is also due
to
Kummer*.
the coefficient of
suppose that 2p is not a negativeinteger,
the productof the series on the left in (6) is
If
we
(- 2r
"
{p
{-Y
1)",
Now
"
2'"
expansionof (1
l{n
(1
2t)-P-'
and
t)'^+^'-^\
it is
so
m)
2t)-v-'(1
dt
r"-i
^)"+2i"+i
no+)
-".\
"" in the
equalto
1
\
(1
(1
!/2)-p-h"-'"-irfM,
of the
"
that the
see
2;)-!)"_",
"C,rt
(^J+ l)m ("n-2p-
/"(0+)
/"(0+)
27r*
where
lX"(-n-
"""
(p
{n-m)\m\
,"=o
2,"
{czy'in
integralis
zero
when
is
even.
Hence
it follows that
jczT'
^
_
and
the
make
we
p tend
limiting
process
same
lim
,F^{p +
\:
proved.
to the
as
value of
negativeinteger, N,
we
find
by
before that
2p+2;
2cz)
,F,(1-N;
2iY;
2cz) 1
^'^
(-V-'(N-1)]N^
^
i2N-2)l(2N)Y
2cz).
'
It follows that
oF,{^-N; ic'z"-)e'''.,F,{l-N;2-2N;
-2cz)n
(-Y(]V-l)\Nl
^^''^''''" ^^^^^"
(2^)!
"^
""
(2i\r-2)!
If
we
"
and
throughoutand
2iV^'-2c^"-
add
the results
so
obtained,
find that
we
(7)
2.,F,{^-N;
lc-^z')=e".,F,(l-N; 2-2N+
e-''
.
-2cz)1
^F, (1
iY;
2N; 2cz) ~^
Journal
filr Math. xv. (1836), pp. 138"141.
In connexion
Barnes, Trans. Camh. Phil. Soc. xx. (1908),p. 272.
see
4-43]
DIFFERENTIAL
course,
For
on
"
see
The
rightcancelling
by
proofof
of
use
Rummer's
equation(1).
with
This
is,of
different notation.
gration,
inte-
of contour
6"5.
equation.
Sharpes differential
equation
.g |
(1)
which
J-^r+},
(icz)in finite terms
for
expression
Barnes'
4 "43.
the
105
EQUATIONS
is
(. + 4),
0,
in the
y=G\
(2)
(io^{zGo^6+A\o^(tot\d)d6,
Jo
where
"iff
(3)
['"cos
(A logcot
hd) dd.
Jo
This
is the
its convergence
write
(4)
^
'^
It is easy
to
values of A
from
see
for which
cos
cos
(^0+.
j/(^)
of the
'
tanh
and
(f),
tanh
To
vestigat
in-
it becomes
"^)
^
cosh(/)
./(,
this form
integral(" 2'3).
of Parseval's
appropriatemodification
that
integral
for
it converges
(complex)
1, andf
"
"
cosh ^ttA.
IT
in great
integTalhas been investigated
successive
given elaborate rules for calculating
The
y in powers
A
of
simpleform
reader should
*
by Sharpe
coefficients in the
and
of the solution
have
no
(which
was
e"'2,Fi(i+ iU;
expansionof
1;
2{z).
xii.
(1884),pp.
66"79
result.
; Proc.
Comb.
Phil. Soc.
pp. 101"136.
e.g.
has
givenby Sharpe)is
not
this
in verifying
difficulty
t See,
he
z.
2/
The
detail
Canchtfs Theorem
(1914),pp.
64-
-65.
x.
(1900),
106
OF
THEORY
the second.
4"5.
[CHAP. IV
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
of
construction
differential
functions
of the
Each
possess
Now
and
is the
this
form
fundamental
hence
2v.
and
2n,
(ii)if
or
have
we
that 7^"=
so
(" )"c^",
ic exp
values
possible
2^^
Jn(y V^)?
{r-rriln). (r
obtain
we
that
=
0, 1, 2,
solutions
2n
of
1)
n"
,..,
these
(2),and
system.
we
H^'\,+i,
Next, if '^"+.denotes
and
off
value such
all
if
integer,n,
an
Yn,
either J,ior
By giving7
is
"
1.
solutions
has any
(i)if
order
obtain Lommel's
equationwe
^/2)are
2i^Yn{'y
where
2?i +
if 9^n denotes
Hence
From
either
case
) K-.n
(Iy)-^*'""
(7 V^),
rightis of
the
on
not.
in the form
2^"^^ (7 ^2)
cylinderfunction
This
integeror
an
when
(1)
the
is
iT,'''
{2), H^'^^(z)
the functions
property
this
order, possesses
Yn{z), of integral
and
Jn{z)
2'^'"''^^
H^^\+),
(7 ^^z)is
have
that
so
'^_(n+A)e'"+^"^'^n+i,
=
solution of
d^-^_(^cr^
where
has any
value
the solutions
and
*
Studien
ilber
so
that
such
obtained
die BesseVschen
g^
7^''+! c^"+i Q-^n+\)n%^
-ic
form
exp
a
Functionen
+ ^)},
{r7rij{n
fundamental
^j^g^^
(r
0, 1, 2,
2?i)
system.
(Leipzig,18G8), p. 120;
Math.
Ann.
11.
(1870),
pp. 624"635.
has
The
been
more
generalequation
discussed
by Molins,
Mem.
de VAcad.
des Sci. de
Toulouse, (7)viii.
(1876),pp.
167
"
189.
108
These
four
cases
(6)
(8)
g|,"g|.l";
^^
w;
These
to be the
seem
^*{"^i(^)
+ #i(^2)},
in the
their solutions
u=z-^{"^i{izi)+WU"^h],
of Bessel functions
[CHAP. IV
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
OF
THEORY
soluble with
Nicholson's
the aid
general
^3-2fx
2fi
"^^V4-2/x'
4-2/i'
4*6.
z^-'^
l+2fi
4-2/x' (4-2^)V
equations.
Symbolicsolutions of differential
mathematicians
Numerous
given solutions
have
of the
namely
"--=^-^^".
(1)
in
symbolicforms, when
connected
intimately
are
It has been
j:)is
with
positive
integer(zeroincluded).These
the
(|4'3) that
seen
formulae
recurrence
the
generalsolution
for Bessel
of the
forms
functions.
equationis
2i%+^{ciz);
and
the
from
recurrence
formula
" 39 (6) we
have
{ciz)].
[z-i'S^
lj"j'
zi%^,(ciz) (- ciyzP^^
=
Since
where
any
function
cylinder
and
/3 are
of the form
as
'W^{ciz)is expressible
the
generalsolution
of
(1) may
be written
(2)
"
.P"(4Y?"!!"^"r.
\zdzj
where
*
modification
of this,due
/8'= /3/c.This
ajc,
"
to
may
Glaisher*, is
be
seen
aV^+/3'e~'^^
once.
by differentiating
Phil. Trans,
remarked
of the Royal Soc. clxxii.
(1881), p. 813. It was
by Glaisher that
equation (3)is substantially
given by Earnshaw, Partial
DifferentialEquations (London, 1871),
p. 92. See also Glaisher, QuarterlyJournal, xi. (1871),p. 269, formula
(9),and p. 270.
4-6]
DIFFERENTIAL
109
EQUATIONS
result
"
"
Next
""/)".'
z-f
operatingon
function
function
the
operators z^
with
to
to
is
Equations (1914),"
It is easy to
from
see
reversal of the
zP+'
at
the
reverse
now
The
Nouvelle
CLXXii.
X It
function
of
z.
no
2) (^
(4-T
=
^*'"^" ^
was
2^)+ 4) (^
2jj+ 6)
:^,
the
on
(^
of the
left)
2) (^- 4)
-
(^
...
(^
2p
(^
2) ^
e-"z'+^)e
e-'^^"-'"]
(e-o^)...
(e-"^).
[^e^e^^
part
2)
dzj
by
get
second
of (5).
time, by repeatedapplications
the
with those
e~"^ (beginning
functions
previousprocedurewe
problem
Cambridge
2^
order
^p+i
*
a) Z,
(5) that
successive
presents
e^i-P)B(^
bring the
we
Z is any
e"' ./(^
33.
when
this formula
in the
case
and
constant
proof of
is the
as
it is supposed
right,
applicationof the
.|^a.
.",
The
the
write
/(^) (e"'Z)
a
1/^-^"-before
symbolicformula
the
use
(5)
in which
the
on
(d/dz).
then
the operator
multipliedby
is
It is convenient
S,
that
Glaisherf,
to
z'-
In
and
due
symbolictheorem,
^""(:^J
ii^,dz)
(*)
that
the
shall prove
we
2p
4)
e-t^i'-^t"]
z-i'^-
of
; see
the
p. 319.
UniversityCalendar, 1839,
Math.
Corr.
ii. (187(3),
pp. 240"243,
349"350
and
Phil.
Trans,
of
the
Eoijal Soc.
(1881),pp. 803"80.5.
was
remarked
by Cayley, QuarterlyJournal,
s"+'
xn.
(1872),p. 132, in
^-2-", i.e.
",
obey
footnote
to
paper
the commutative
by
law.
no
THEORY
proved. If
and
dz)
',dz
When
the
replace
p hy p
we
2P+1
(6)
we
of
1, we
find that
z-P
I
"
"cz
dz)
'
1p"\
,d y+^
/3'e
"cz
(xe'^ +
\fdz)
^i'+3
solutions of the
that
zP+^V
(8)
see
+ ^edyae'^'
/
"
(7)
The
transform
generalsolution
[chap. IV
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
OF
Z2P
equation
d^v
2p
dv
c^v
"
dz-
0,
dz
which
[(3)of "4-3],
(9)
^e-"'
yae^^+
!^"-P+i
zdzj
d, \^+^
(10)
(11)
(12)
-\
dz)
Z'
z^'
ae"^
d_\P+'
'Tzj
'
4-
^'e'
^2p
diflferent and
direct method
more
of
"
dP'V
symbolic solutions
Similar
John
equation -1-5
vi. (1886
Hopkins UniversityCirculars,
A
pp.
for the
transformation
of the
solution
-c-z^'i~^v=0
discussed
by Fields,
7),p. 29.
"
(9), due
to
xi.
(1856),
364"371, is
(13)
{ae''-\-Sie-").
c'""(^^.-\
-1
is derived
This
functions
We
of
thus
from
the
equivalenceof
obtain
the
1
equivalenceof
when
operators -",-",
they operate on
the
followingoperators
:ci)"j]=""^"="*{C:^*)"a
=
is then
the
cz.
^2^ +
it
were
the
(p.^y-p +
-{cz)
_\cz^ccj czj
operators operate
on
function
\_\cdcj cj'
of
cz
and
Williamson's
formula
4'7]
DIFFERENTIAL
Liouvilles
4*7.
EQUATIONS
HI
classification
of elementarytranscendental functions.
we
"
For
write
brevitywe
f
I (I(z)),
I,{z)
e,{z) e(z)
e.(z) e(e(z)),
I (I,
(Z)),
I,(z)
...,
e-Az)
(e,(z)),
l,,/(^)},
e',
fimction
of
is then
said to be
....
elementarytranscendental function\
an
function
algebraic
if it is
The
order
of
elementarytranscendental
an
function
is then
defined
follows:
as
inductively
function of
(I) Any algebraic
is of order
zero|.
(II) If /,.
[z)denotes any function of order
of functions
of
r,
then
function
algebraic
any
of the types
at
least
one
Thus
of order
not
elfr(z) is to be
?"
replacedby
?'
1.
fr{z),and
it is
function of
2.
connexion
Orders
It may
be noted
merely remarked
*
Journal
de
that
Liouville
that it had
Math.
ii.
many
(1837),pp.
did not
56"10.5
be
fonction
the
as
in.
(18.38),
pp.
523"547
(1839),pp.
iv.
423"45(5.
all iudeiinite.
fiuie
explicite."
irratioiKtl
investigation,
functions.
algebraic
purposes
regarded
in detail,but
of this
powers
of :, sucli
as
z^
of
course
must
112
character
of the
investigation
The
linear differential
equations.
concerning
theorem*
first
Liouvilles
4-71.
[CHAP. IV
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
OF
THEORY
equation
d}u
,
transcendant
x{z) is a
in which
orderf n,
has been
made
by Liouville,who
of order ni + \, where
which is of orderf n,
^ n, then either there exists a solution of the equation
in the form
expressible
else there exists a solution,u^, of the equation
If equation(1) has
of
theorem
following
or
^^=^^%(^"'
(1)
solution luhich is
(2)
where
u,
(f)^{2).ef^{z),
of 4"^{2)does
the order
order fu,,and
is of
ft,.{z)
transcendant
exceed
not
fj.,and
/m
is
Let
m.
concentrate
us
(I) We
m
1, then
solution
can
how
1, let it be
functions
functions
whose
of
order
fm+i{^); then
the types If^(z)^
does
not
function of
particular
accordingto its type.
on
or
more
or
attention
our
let it be called ^, ^
three types,and
of order
"
to
prove
be constructed
which
does not
one
solution
involve
exceed
of the
of order
functions
of
^.
function of 6;
F(z, 6),where F is an algebraic
of order ni + 1 which
in F
(otherthan 6 itself)
occurs
let /,"+i
(z)
For, if possible,
and
is
any
function
of
independentof
algebraically
it is easy to shew
Then
^^'
'^^^
dz'
that
dz^^f^Xz)dz
df,,{z)Yd-^F\d \
\
^
6.
{z)
(/,"
"^
f 8^
dz
beingsupposedthat z and
differentiations.
the partial
it
are
dOdz
\
df,,{z)\-\dF
"^
{z)
^dz (/,"
the
dz
\\de
in
independentvariables
^ ^^ ''
"
performing
Journal
t This
t
Null
de Math.
iv.
phrase is
used
solutions
are
an
abbreviation
disregarded ;
if
of
were
"
elementary transcendental
of order
less than
function
n, then
would
,
less than
n, which
is
contrary
to
hypothesis.
dz''
of order
".-'
be of order
4-71]
DIFFERENTIAL
113
EQUATIONS
which
is therefore
is to say
That
zero.
^^-^
(4)
When
differentiate
we
-F{z,0
d'Fjz, 0
c)
'
solutions of
(1) for
all values of
^0' Ke,
(1). For
of
consequentlysolutions
either F
they do
If
put
we
0 after
be called
brevitythey will
Fg form
and
ol' (1)
system of solutions
fundamental
or
not.
they do
not,
have*
must
we
Fe
where
"""
'
""""
Now
If
c)
d-F{z,e)
dF{z, d)
are
find that
c, we
independentof z.
become
expressions
these
performingthe ditferentiations,
which
dc'
ac
are
with regardto
(4) partially
dF(z, e
0.
c).x(2)
is
independentboth
of
AF,
and
On
0.
we
integration
find that
F:=(^e^',
where
involves
(of order
transcendants
in
Fg^ is expressible
where
in 6
and B
(with constant
and "I"2
are
"l"i
the roots
of the
-^ ^,e^^
^.e'^^
only value
/3
0 ; and
of F
which
then F is
be
B.
".
the form
linear
equation
e'^^["i",
+ "i".d\,
nature
same
as
while
cj)^
and
jB are
"
0.
function
algebraic
linear function
"f 0.
is
an
of 6 is obtained
wc
can
prove
when
that
w.
Ax
"
if f^,^^^
{z)involves
Similarly,
it must
equationof
equation
X-
The
an
BF,
or
of the
functions
by
and
coefficients)
F
where
AFe
Now
constants.
are
of F and Fg
terms
Fee
not
Since
must
involve
0, b'ecannot
be
zero,
identically
114
It follows that,in
write
may
of order
^p,q(z)are
involved
we
the functions
m
fm^^{z)involves
(z),
te, {z)d,{z)...dp{z) ^, {z)% {z)...\ (z) ir,^
,
/"^,{z)
of order
as
that
so
linearly,
it involves them
where
far
so
[CHAP. IV
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
OF
THEORY
in them
onlyfunctions
the
of the type 0.
are
in
of the terms
any one
function of O^,6.,, ^i, ^2,
Take
1 at most, and
(z)which
f,n+i
is of the
highestdegree,qua
let it be
and
""",
...
is
solution of
function
-f
is either
'\jrpQ(z)
But
of order
of order not
function
which
involves
functions
exceedingm,
of the
else it is
or
type 0
and
of
not
^.
In the former
we
case,
case
we
that
see
solution
some
to
functions of lower
of the
equationis
an
solution which
where
"^^{z),
of order
the transcendant
G is
of order
Then
yu.+
fi
and 0^
prove
our
solution which
of functions
n,
then
attention
on
(1) has
it has
of it
power
of the
order which
an
that, whenever
greater than
is a transcendant
solution of order
{z)is of
ef^{z)only in having a
concentrate
and
ef^{z),
algebraicfunction
an
shall next
transcendant
We
n,
f^ {z)is of order
(II) We
where
provedthat,if (1)has
have therefore
We
else it has
type ef^{z)and
solution
solution
as
or
which
which
is
involves
factor.
transcendant
particular
of the
form
then the
an
it is easy to shew
that
Ovr
^[/m"(^)+{/m'W]^^3-G^.x(^)
^^
-'
(? (5,c
0)
{z).
116
THEORY
Liouvilles
4*72.
We
have
second theorem
'J
(^) i^ of order 7i]has
scendant
differential
equations.
"%W
linear
concerning
IV
justseen
(1)
[in which
[CHAP.
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
OF
then
n,
is
which
solution
have
it must
elementary tran-
an
0M (^)e/;{z),
where
/u.^
equationhas
If the
/;.
(logu^jdz is
of d
than
more
shall
we
equalto
solution
one
the smallest
has
/u.
called
u^.
now
n.
Let
d
log u,
^
~
dz
and
then
If N=n,
satisfied
by
If
N"n,
then
^1
+
solution whose
the
order N
^'
not
exceed
is
is gi'eater than
n.
iV
an
1.
"
If t contains
our
attention
on
We
than
more
a
one
function
particular
t
used
and
this is
solution
differentiation with
for
in
" 4"7l,we
jF (z,6
all values
respect to
of
c=o
we
have
U2
so
itiJFg
dz,
that
du.y
of
(1) is
independent
l{exil"jF{z,e
c)dz]
write
c) dz,
_dc
is also
concentrate
c, we
does
respectively.
type d, we
we
order
c)
solution
corresponding
exp
6, ^,
F(z,d
a
of the
the types
of
F(z,e).
By arguments resemblingthose
is also
equation
(^)'
^/x.
t, namely
(2)
has
requiredis proved.
theorem
the
dui
,
"
u.
of
z.
Hence,
defined
as
by
4-72,4-73]
But
DIFFERENTIAL
the Wronskian
of any
EQUATIONS
solutions of
two
ih'Fe
where
G is
If 0
u,
Hence
Mj is
an
consider any
function
so
(1); and
we
write
Cr{z,"),
used
in
" 4-71
it., defined
and
those used
earlier in
as
0=1
have
that
da,
This
is
Wronskian
and
constant, C'l,
so
The
N, if N
^ ^
"
4"73.
We
shall
to
that the
by writing
*
See
e.g.
t Journal
concerned
"various
Forsyth,
de Math.
with
Treatise
iv.
the
to
modifications)
"1841),pp. 1"13,
36.
1
,
on
Bessel's
no
integral.
algebraic
uz~
i^
==
"v
"
is an
function
algebraic
of
z.
\-
DifferentialEquations (1914),"65.
(1839),pp.
general
equation
no
We
/a +
be established.
(otherthan a null-function)which
integral
firstreduce the equationto its normal form
has
therefore
is of order
u,
be greater than
cannot
has
that BesseVs equation
theorem-]-
shew
now
that N
shews
And
Liouville's
in t ; and
occur
of
n.
contradiction
d([ogu,)ldzis n.
that
hypothesis
of order N.
where
was
we
expJG^(^,cQ-y)dz
du;
of
in t ;
occurs
dc
solution of
C :^0, and
in t.
occur
hypothesis
; so
it is an algebraic
function
similarly
which
of the
by arguments resemblingthose
this section, we
is
is contrary to
sJiCIF,).
and,
so
C,
algebraic
functionof 6 ; and
Next
constant.
117
case
429"435
; vi.
in which
equation was
Liouville's
(1841),pp.
4"7.
i^) is
polynomial; the
given
any
first investigation
application(with
Journal
de
Math.
vi.
118
THEORY
OF
[CHAP. IV
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
where
xW="^^-i^^-i.
(2)
If
has
an
an
as
64{u,z)
(3)
where
is
in
polynomialboth
and
ii
in
it is
; and
is
irreducible*.
Since
is
solution of
have
(1) we
MuuMi-'l"4uz^uUz-\-r9lzz-S"r^^-6"^^ux{z) ^.
(4)
The
of
is
rational function
of
for which
Let
any
this
Hence
z.
(3) be
of
; and
is not
sum
such value of
than
s" would
Mj, lu,
S4
itself,and
all the
roots
of ii)would
this would
be reducible,which
be
is contrary to
w,^.
...
there
hence
sides of
factor other
highestccrmmon
polynomialin u and in
hypothesis.
a
root, and
common
is at
least
value of
one
exceeding
not
zerof.
be taken, and
let
M
"
tf
"
\
M
Also
let
Tf ,
(5
1)
(s
1)
'du.
^i z/^*-'"r'^X
\
m=\
where
prove
1, 2,
r=
...
Since
s.
u^, lu,...
u^j
are
dz J
all solutions
:Jof (1),it is
easy to
that
dW
'^"=,r.,
(5)
dW
~^=^Vr^^+
(6)
.^4 has
That
roots
Because
satisfied
is to say,
(4)is
of
no
factors which
(3) would
by
r{s-r+l)x{z)W,-u
be
are
polynomials in
(r
or
zero.
of
(3),qua
equation in
".
in
or
1, 2,
in both
...
"
and
1)
z.
4-73]
DIFFERENTIAL
W^ is a rational function
Since
that
so
EQUATIONS
,..
of z, it is
"
A^ and
where
Bn,q are
only in
values
integral
Let the
constants,
of
a,y)in Wr is 1/(2
1/(2
there is
Hence
contradiction
higherpower
that there
shews
are
?"
have
no
terms
From
which
Tfo.is
in
of
term
of
(2r).(s
geometricseries
of
degreesX
2 and
"
is odd.
When
is even,
is then necessary
by
(,"
-
highestdegree
to
that the
shew
equatingcoefficients of
s\
-\A,.
,F, (1,
oFi{h,-^s; ^
the term
analysisgiven by Liouville,
t The
point,because
in view
he
of
IV.
is; i
only of
the
hyper-
z^~'^ in
(7) is
hs] l)y.
hj; 1)
0,
(.9 1)
"
apparently
only when
of
Journal
overlooked
the
here
is
X,
highest degree
de
Math.
based
Mem.
on
^^^
is
in
zero^f*.
xi^)
1-
7,
algebraicfunction
delle
made
Sci.
to
seems
fail at
failure
vanishing. The
suggestion
Accad.
^^
(1841),p.
vi.
possibilityof
('"^*^
(z)+ J'tn-h
jf^^j
hj] l),-+a,
theorem,
Vandermonde's
It is to be remembered
!"; i
XA^.sl
on
expression
\)..^,(i,
2r +
...
Math.
of
shew
1.3.0
pp.
\A",{'^s-^2)z^-\....
of
^^
The
are*
the result of
is to say
so,
highestdegree in
of
be taken.
\Ak.s\
and
must
"""
3)
1 indicates
to
are
whenever
That
aq)~^ in W^
"
expressionfor W^
this
see
possibleto
1) (s
Bn,q(z
identically.
complicatednature
more
the suffix
If
of the type
right.This
the
on
highestdegree in W^r+\ is
\A,z"^-' 2.4...
where
of
^;,^M.3...(2r-l).s(s-2)...(s-2r+2).
induction
An
it is
"
-K
\A",z^-\ A^sz\
simpleinduction
to
occur
A^z\
By
vanish
\j{z a^y.
.9.
...
J.a=^0, because
if it does not
last term
that
assume
now
may
1, 2,
on
n=
We
in TFo be
where
UqY'^'',
"
"
positive
assumes
ciq^ 0.
occurs
"
from
n
integers,
are
and
which
l/(^ a.q)
easy induction
by an
A.
highestpower
It follows
and
in partial
fractions,
expressible
__?".?
119
of
z,
by "
3-4.
by Liouville,Journal
di
Torino,
xxiii.
this
evitable
in-
seems
The
de
(18(51)),
120
THEORY
We
s
proved that,when
in the form
Wn is expressible
have
is even,
therefore
where
does
J.o,s
[CHAP,
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
OF
~"
()
vanish.
not
IV
Newton's
which
theorem
equation
be even,
'1 ii''-'^'-}%.(l/z)
0,
u^'+
(8)
r=l
where
^^
the functions
When
solve
we
of
series of
where
is
vanish
not
the constant
And
l/z,we
find that
in the
positive
integerand,
because
of
ascendingpowers
in the form
is expressible
(8) in
polynomialsin l/z.
are
of
case
branch
one
in the functions
terms
at
^,.are
least,Cq does
not
all
zero.
of the form
are
00
?n
are
When
we
Co must
zero,
thus obtained
On
4"74.
We
shews
the
now
are
contrary
is
in
what
in
so,
just been
equationhas no algebraic
integral.
order
of
in finite terras
expressible
" 4"73,we
an
odd
by
integer.
Bessel's
reduce
of
means
equationto
elementarytranscendental
its normal
form
"="^"^)-^{z)
Now
-I
write d
p(p
t Journal
t,and
"
p=
"
^.
have
we
^^^.,i_"0-l).o.
Goursat, Cours
convergence
and
l)/2''
(logu)/dz
(2)
*
find that
has
positionto
(1)
where
(1),we
in finite
Bessel's equation
terms.
impossibility
of integrating
functions,if 2v is not
As
to
side of
term
that Bessel's
equationfor functions
which
z.
of
de
d' Analyse,ii.
series derived
Math.
vi.
(Paris,1911),pp. 273"281.
in this
manner
(1841),pp. 1"13,
from
3G.
an
Many
treatises
algebraicequation,
assume
tacitly
the
4-74]
Since
has
(z)is of
If
has
(2)
t, as
integral,
an
an
have
i.e.it must
is of order zero,
which
Since
irreducible
an
is
az
(4)
in the
As
polynomialin
solution
expresses
this
0,
t and
z.
have
solution of (2),we
have
must
algebraic
integral.
an
S4 (t,z)
S^- is
(2)
(3)
where
in
integralexpressible
an
121
EQUATIONS
DIFFERENTIAL
[x (^)
^*
1']
0.
branches
of t
satisfy
(4).
du-i
""'
'"''di
~
constants, which
are
Now
du2
~dJ
will be called
is
1.2
"
not
Mo
Cj ^ 0, and
would
U0U3
(and similarly
UsUi
Ui
therefore
u^
is
Next
suppose
LetTthe branches
and
that
be
so
=
.
has not
has
two
Mj
[F'+
be fixctorised so
Mo)is an
function
algebraic
oi
of
more
z.
than
branches, so
U and
This, as
two
we
have
seen
are
rational
4t7F=0.
and
integers,
"4-73,
quadraticin t.
functions of z.
By
that -SW{t,2) is
are
in
branches.
that
z.
V=Az^U{z-a,;)'''t,
where
-"
find that
^^^
V
have
and
in (2) we
substituting
Let
equation(3) would
Gi/{ts to).
function
algebraic
an
be the case,
cannot
the
zero,
were
so
But
and
,,
{is" 1.2}'.
U-iUs
"
therefore be reducible.
ii^Us
Therefore
dui
~d^
''"'
"
Jz
dvo
K'S -J-
"J
because, if it
zero,
'''
dtt-i
ri
(J
^3
duo
dii-^
verifythat
it is easy to
'
and
dui
'''^~'''~cU'
'
k,, and
a,, are
not
zero.
122
From
rr
_
4^
and
consider the
Now
that
is evident
is greater than
of them
of the
principal
part
of the
none
numbers
4, which
that Kg is 0 or
the numbers
Kg are
"
Again,if we
consider
principal
part
the
the
1 in ^
"
Hence
have
t cannot
as
for
expression
the
where
An and
values
onlyin
Bn^g are
constants,
that X
"^
highest
Kg.
consider
and
fractions
partial
\l{z ag)cannot
of t in
IS
Ug ^ 0.
find that
(2) we
Anz-
(h=-k
(^q)
5,,,
^^
\Z
that
B\
^1^5=
consider
"
we
may
-PSp"1^
=
Ojg)J
0.
side
near
a^ we
the first and that
see
that
0,
principal
parts near
take ^_i
J'
1.
{A_y-A_,==p(p+1);
K=l,
"v-^,
the
positive
ii assumes
integers,
X, are
principal
part of the left-hand
in
^ to a higherpower
than
occur
if we
Similarly,
be
'
the
"
be rational.
it must
so
Zg {Z~ ag)-
and
and
l^^+
n,q\^
It then
that the
see
we
n.
'"^'''
Since p=
all
Hence
-K
this value
substitute
n=-K
SO
oo
(z),so
in
Anz''+
nAnZ^^-^
we
one
1
n=
If
consideration.
from
near
2, and, if any
"
equation
branches
two
as
many
t=
we
It
a^.
hypothesis.
let
Accordingly,
If
less than
near
z) is reducible,which
/-4{t,
consequently
the left
2.
"
cancel with
in V must
power
equalto
have
we
U,
excluded
both
are
be
the
satisfy
Kg + ^fCq
SO
of (5)
on
expression
can
k^
2 it must
"
'
4"{z- Clq)
into
by substituting
then
^9
""?
IV
that
(5) it follows
of
member
the second
[CHAP.
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
OF
THEORY
without
-p
0 and
oo
,
0, ^o'
loss of
find that
we
-l.
generality.
follows that
u
z-Pe^''U(z-ag).
(J
if we
Accordingly,
must
this
have
replaceu by
solution
which
polynomialdoes not
z'P
is
vanish.
e^'^
in
(1),we
polynomialin
z,
see
and
that the
equation
the constant
term
in
124
THEORY
Solutions
4"8.
The
equation.
ofLaplace's
(" I'S) to
which
equation,
We
shall
Whittaker's*
the vibrations of
how
shew
an
problem of
in the
occurs
now
with
in connexion
be
the
of
analysis
in
first appearance
seen
[CHAP. IV
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
OF
circular membrane.
natural
from
manner
equation
Laplace's
solution of
d-'V
d'V
d'V
The
solution in
questionis
^^
(2)
in which
In
/denotes an
/(^
^*
^^^
*^
*V^i^
^*' ^) ^"'
"TT
of the two
function
arbitrary
solution
a
particular,
variables involved.
is
ixcosu
ek(z+
iysinu) QQ^.^^^^^,^^
'
TT
in which
If
we
k is any
and
constant
is any
integer.
coordinates,defined by
cylindrical-polar
take
cos
(f),y
p sin
the
equations
^,
gfcz
.
gikpcoi{u-4,)
(jQg y^n^du
e^^ I
"It
manner
and
this is
analytic
near
(v + 0) dv,
j^^y QQg
j,j0^y^
In like
2e^^ I eifcpCOS"
QQg
by " 2'2.
ei*p'="s"
cos
"IT
solution is
"IT
Both
J",^
(A:/?).
of these
solutions
are
nates,
coordiAgain,if Laplace's
equationbe transformed!^^ cylindrical-polar
it is found
to become
'^
dp"*
Monthly
Notices
of the R.
A.
'^
dp'^
p- d(f"^- dz^~
S.
lxii.
'
3Iath.
Ann.
lvii.
(1902),
pp. 333"341.
t The
W.
simplest method
Thomson, Camb. Math.
of
effecting the
Journal,
iv.
transformation
(1845),pp.
33"42.
is
by using Green's
theorem.
See
4-8, 4-81]
and
DIFFERENTIAL
solution of this
normal
EQUATIONS
which
equationof
125
be such
is
"
that
be
equal
which
is a
'
dp^
and
therefore it must
be
dp
multipleof
p'
./,"
(kp) if it is
to be
analytic
alongthe
line p =0.
We
thus obtain
the solutions
anew
e^^
md)
J,n(kp).
sm
These
solutions
Maxwell's
of
derived
been
have
method
Hobson*
by
harmonics
differentiating
the sohition
from
with
respect
to
^^J"(kp) by
Clerk
axes.
solution of
^-
sin
arbitraryfunction
where/(2)is an
a
of the
function
function
London
of
kind
involves
of this solution when '^'"j
interpretation
Other
solutions
a
involving Bcs.sel
question.
been
given by Hobson, P)-oc.
arbitraryfunction have
shall
examine
now
the
"^
"^
the
from
I'TT
wtere
In
'
of the
of propagation
velocity
waves,
/(^
denotes
sin
cos
"TT.
F denotes
Loudon
Math.
Ann.
an
t
(1904),pp. 122"137,
sin
cos
+ ct, u,
v)dudv,
is
+
1/sin
function
arbitrary
(1902),
and
silli} + Z":osu
+ ct)
^ /f^f^i\dudi*
(I
Matli. Soc.
lvii.
+ y sin
arbitraryfunction
an
solution
a
particular,
Froc.
equationis
i'TV
"ikixsmucasi"
where
dt^
cr
aspect.
same
(2)
the
motions
wave
dz'
dy'
492"494.
motions.
equationof
dx'
in which
(1895),pp.
xxvi.
of ivave
equations
^^
to
Soc.
Solutions of the
4*81.
is open
operator actingon an
xxiv.
(1893),pp. 55"67;
an
Math.
We
second
"'"V'^rf^
but the
xxii.
pp.
of
and
v.
(1892),pp. 431"449.
See
also Havelock, Proc.
H4o.
342"
xxxvi,
Watson, SIr.ssrnijcr,
(1907),pp.
London
98"106.
Math.
f^oc.
(2) ii.
The
is the
solution
particular
this
physicalimportanceof
generalsolution in which
[CHAP. IV
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
OF
THEORY
126
the
the
all have
waves
frequencykc.
same
of
polarcoordinates
let the
cos
ft)
sin
sin
(f)) sin
(v
(n,v)
{v
cos
shew
that
(f)),
sin ^fr.
to be
Sn (u,v)sin
we
then
may
u, where
notes
S,,de-
write
Sn {d,(/)
; Oi, ir),
in (w, ^) of
Sn is a surface harmonic*
co
"
Sn {U, V)
where
sin 6 sin
{u,v) of degreen
in
surface harmonic
cos
function
arbitrary
take the
Now
cos
trigonometrythen
spherical
of
formulae
well-known
^-axis. The
degreen.
We
Vn
-TT.'
0
Sn is a surface harmonic
Since
sin codwdyjr.
Sn(d, (});ft),i/r)
gikrcosm
e^^"*
of
in
degreen
write
we
("","\jr),
may
Sn {6,"f";
(0,ir) An (0,(f")Pn (cOSft))
=
11
-\- S
sin mylr\Fn"'
cos
[A J"'\6,(f))
(cos(o),
m^fr + BJ""^6,(i))
and """'""
An^"'^{6,
(^,"^)are independentof
"/")
An{6, 4"),
where
to
and
-v/r.
Vn
lire'^'^^An
(0,(t") e^fc'-cos.op^^
^qq^^) sin (odo)
=(2'7r)U-e''^"'^'I^^^An(
"
by " 8-32.
Now
t
by
the
the
equationof
same
factor,leaving6 and
"^unaltered
of the constant
Hence
to say,
lim (^"~''
Vn) is
is
r''An{d,"f")
motions, and
This
follows
motions
wave
is unaffected
i.e.if we
factor,
constant
so
k which
a
if we
and
t
multiplyr
{0,(f))
may
t.
r and
multiplies
multiplya;, y, z and
constant
by the same
that An
solution of the
equation of
be
to
be independent!
motions, that is
wave
solution
Laplace's operator is
an
invariant
for
changes of rectangular
axes.
t This
taken
is otherwise
obvious, because
S,^may
be taken
independent of A-.
4-82]
is
DIFFERENTIAL
surface harmonic
of
EQUATIONS
If
degreen.
eikcty-hj
we
127
it to be
assume
to
permissible
take
we
^kr)F,r (cos6)
^^^
vid"
sm
is
solution
representedby
that
justifythe assumption
/
di- V
A,^{6,cf))
may
of the
solution
the normal
construct
,bV\
,cV\
drj
be any
equation of
/
0
c
sin 6 d0
^dV\
^dV\
dd
surface
a-'I'
1
^
harmonic
of
degreen,
we
motions
wave
sin^ 6
i^d^V
'
cos
which
has
factors of the
form
t;'*"'
The
mcb.
factor which
involves
6 must
then
he of
sm
the form
involves
is annihilated
by
the operator
l)U-^r^
-(r'^"yn(n
dr
so
Theorems
4'82.
analyticat
derived
dr
from
the
originit
solutions
be
must
of
the
multipleof e/^+^{kr)j^h:
equationsof
Mathematical
Physics.
It is
to
possible
Bessel
of the
equationor
Thus, if we
prove
functions
render
to
by a comparisonof
motions.
equationof wave
cerning
probable)theorems convarious solutions of Laplace's
e^^J^i
+ a"
[k^J{p'
lap
"
^)],
cos
see
that it is
solution
natural
to
00
e^^ J.ot/o
{kp)-1-2 2
?"
{A,ncos mj)
Assuming
the
consideration
in p and
/We
a,
of this expansion,
we
possibility
is
an
and
function of cf),
even
A,n is of the
form
so
B,n
0 ;
c," is
Cm.Jm{ka),where
independentof
p and
a.
thus get
+ aJo \k's/{p"
-lap cos
S e,"c,"Jm0"'p)
'fn{ka)cos
^)}
mcf).
111=0
we
powers
Cf.
and
cos
get
C,)i=
of p,
Bryan, Nature,
i,
lxxx.
(1909),p.
309.
and
(f),
compare
the
128
and
expansion*
led to the
are
we
so
[CHAP. IV
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
OF
THEORY
00
2a p cos
+ a-Jo {k\/(p-
of which
which
take e'*"'^*+^*,
Again,if we
to
be
is a solution of the
motions,
equationof wave
and
+
proofwill
formal
more
I Cni^^J^^^^(kr)Pn{cOS
(^^"^kct
6),
where
is
Cn
constant
that
; so
r^y
gikrcose
=
\KrJ
If
we
the coefficients of
compare
nl
and
so
c"
^;
4*83.
Solutions
of the
be
analysis
justexplainedhas
equation
d^-V
"
normal
function
solution
of
and
of this
been
dxp^
dx.r
d'^V
c-
dt-
equationof frequencykc
vW-
by
the
case
of
which
is
as
expressible
"2-+
"""+
VX
the operator
j^
such
by Hobson" to
only,where
be annihilated
so
dimensions.
d^ p-1
and
extended
...
ofp
space
d^V
1-
r=
must
d-V
1
dx{'
find that
expansion:}:
equationin
wave
The
the
side,we
,1=0
proofwill
formal
more
each
''"2'"+*r(n
+ |)'2".(w!/'
\icr/
of which
n=0
are
we
c,,i'^/"^.
(kr)Pn (cOS6).
(jr
solution,containing
time-factor e^*^^
a
must
be of the form
e""'''^^^p.,,(kr)/{kr)i^p-^K
*
This
t The
is due
tesseral
to
Neumann,
harmonics
X This
expansion is due
" Proc.
London
Matli.
Theorie
do
to
Soc.
not
occur
der
Bessel'sclten Functionen
because
Bauer, Journal
xxv.
(1894),pp.
the function
fur Math.
49
"
75.
lyi.
(Leipzig,1867), pp.
is symmetrical
(1859),pp. 104,
about
106.
59"65.
the axis of
z.
4-83]
DIFFERENTIAL
describes the
Hobson
of rank p
such
succeeded
Hobson
in
combined
notation
By using this
function
a
as
ikr)/{kr)^^P~''^
quotient'(^jip-a)
cylinder
function may
with
an
example of
provinga
equalto
Xp
no
cos
when
shall consider
we
a"
odd
an
for
'
%ir
expansionfor
an
p],
"/")
cos
it is convenient
and
\k s/'if+
^j-dimensional
space,
of
functions
cylinder
integersimultaneously.
of theorems
half
such theorems
J
where
the concept of
number
129
EQUATIONS
to
other coordinates.
Hence
e''*"*./
{kV(r-+
is annihilated
by
by
dp
dr
dec./
'
are
cf) d(f)
sm
r-
functions which
normal
"/")
jp]
cos
the operator
dr^
Now
2ar
the operator
dp'^
that is to say,
a-
annihilated
r-
d(f)'^
by this operatorare
of the form
oa
where
(l -2a
By
J
the
used
reasoning
+
{k\l{r-
a^
2ar
"
in
cos
of aV' in the
cos
" 4*82,
we
expansionof
+ a'y-^p.
(f)
infer that
"^)\p]
1
=
/N^ow
{ka)Pn (cos"t"p).
i]^r)
Jn+,,,.,
^n-/"+i^-i
{kap=Hh^^^^
all the
expand
on
cos
{k'^ar
"^)'*
each
side ;
Bessel
functions
and
equate the
coefficients oi'
find that
we
2^
2" r
A^
(?t+ i/J
-
)
^
"
^M+hp-,
so
that An
*
So
,^ 1
1^ ^^^
+
2flP-^(n +
ip^
2"+iP-i r {n +
h^p-l)V
{hp
n\ r
(1^
1)
'
1).
W.
lp)f
15. K.
C^/'-^cos./.).
!)
130
OF
THEORY
expansion
We
{kV(r2
/jp_,
(r^+
2iP-
a^
2ar
"f))]
(f))^^'
2ar
+a^-
"
[CHAP. IV
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
cos
cos
^^ i
(*^
'/\;f_,
*p-l)e/,^i^-i(^^r)/^,p_,(A:a)Cf-^(
4"84.
Two
Batemari's solutions
of the generalised
equationof wave
solutions of the
systems of normal
rr
a^
8^
motions.
equation
d-V
1 B^F
_
have been
the two
If
also established
connexion
between
systems.
take
we
variables p,
new
equationtransforms
the
who
investigated
by Bateman*,
normal
Xi
^2
a,
^y
cos
"^ defined by
the
-yfr,
^,
Wx
cos
p sin Xr
^i
(^
sin -\/r,
equations
into
solution of this
equationwith frequencykc
is
J^ (kpcos "t")
J^ {ka sin "f")
e' ('*x+''"^+^fO^
where
"I"is any
constant.
Further, if we
write
p
so
that(r,
^) form
%, i/r,
?" cos
of
system
sin
(f",(T=r
"^,
polarcoordinates,equation(2) transforms
into
^,g.
'
^ir.??7,l?!r
ar^
dr
r-
cot"/"-tan"/)aF
"^
d(l"^
df
r^
a'^F
"*"
Now
normal
annihilated
are
K^" +
or-
solutions of this
7, 5^ +
Messenger, xxxm.
cos-
"^a^'
equationwhich
a^Fia^F
~
r-
have
sin- "/"
a-"/r-c^ 1)"
'
e""('^x-l-'"/'-t-^cO
as
a factor
the operator
by
rdr
1
^
r^
'^ +
^
v
loT^
6
(cot
v
r
[a"^2
(1904),pp. 182"188;
"
tan
"i)
r/
^^
Proc. Lo7idon
-^r~
Math.
-.
^^^^^
Soc.
sm'
)"
,
'
"j"\
(2)in. (1905),pp.
111"123.
CHAPTEK
PROPERTIES
MISCELLANEOUS
this
have
shall discuss
chapter we
place in the
namely
common,
found
not
feature
one
in
preceding chapters,and
that
they
all obtainable
are
indefinite
some
(^)
1%"+^'^.
dz
(1)
l~z--^^
(2)
"^, {z)dz
these formulae,
generalise
To
which
by
which
have
but
of
processes
integrals.
formulae
recurrence
functions
Bessel
character.
The
propertiesof
some
two
definitely
elementary
We
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
5*1.
In
OF
z^+^
the
to
results
^C+i {z),
'e,^ (z).
z-"^'
lead
once
consider
j%''^^f(zy^^{z)dz;
integralbe equal to
let this
+ B(z)K^,(z)l
z''+^{A(z)"^^(z)
where
The
(z) and
result
{z) are
to
be
determined.
of differentiation
^"^Vl^) K
(z)^
z"^'
is that
\a' (z)"^^{z)+
+
In
take
order
(^)
that
{z) and
B' (z),and
{z) may
{z)
z"-^^
^''^"^^{z)-A{z)^^
(^)|
[B'{z)-^^.^j
{z) +
depend
not
on
the
{z)"W. {z)\.
cylinderfunction, we
then
f{z)^A'{z)^^^^A{z)^B{z).
Hence
it follows
'
(3)
z^^^
that
^^
\^"{z)
+
B'
(z) -f B
z^^^
This
result
formula
die
due
pp.
(with
BesseVschen
to
was
obtained
diflPerent
Functionen
Nielsen, Nyt
by Sonine, Math.
notation) had
been
(Leipzig,1868),
Tidsskrift,ix.
(z)].
^^ {z)dz
[E {z) ^^ {z)+
Ami.
p. 70.
(1898), pp.
{z)%\^, {z%
xvi.
obtained
Some
73"83
developments
and
Ann.
di
ber
and
equivalent
an
previously by Lommel,
Studien
of formula
Mat.
(3)
vi.
iiher
(3) are
(1901),
43"46.
For
some
associated
Quarterly Journal,
XLii.
integralswhich
(1911),pp.
338
involve
"
340.
the
functions
bei,see
Whitehead,
5-1, 5-11]
MISCELLANEOUS
THEOREMS
The
is
133
obvious
an
of (3),
consequence
be noted:
should
z'^^''",{z)dz
(4)
ifji'V-
r z"--'K
5" 11.
two cylinder
containing
integrals
functions.
Lommel's
which
simplestintegrals
The
derived
the Wronskian
from
{z)dz
contain
formula
"
of
312
are
those
which
integrals
contain
^^^^
functions
(2),namely
/. iz)J'_. (.)
Bessel
two
TTZ
which
gives
dz
"
(I)
J^^{z)
2 sin
VTT
./.,
(Z)J_, (Z)
2 sin
VTT
^^
^^
/, (z)
'
and
dz
^^
V^{z)
2J^{z)'
; zJ^H^)
(3)
'
77
zJ,{z)YAz)-2'''^
JA^)'
dz
(5)
two
given
TT
zY:-{z)
reader
The
any
J-.{z)
J^ {z)
IT
^
are
should
have
cylinderfunctions
due
to
Lommel,
of the
Math.
to Euler
order
same
Ann.
verified
which
in the denominator.
was
quoted
"
Math.
Ann.
The
to
xiv.
The
fornmlae
reader
should
actually
compare
1 '2.
Lommel*,
by differentiation that,if y
in
due
f (P-Qyy'}'^^
then
similar
(1871),pp. 103"116.
rv.
more
once
F,(2r)'
in evaluatingthe
difficulty
no
results,also
interesting
of Bessel's equation.
genei'alisations
It is at
J^ (z)
are
obtained
the
and "?;satisfy
"'''""
(1879),pp. 520"536.
from
equations
134
THEORY
Now
apply this
^v denote
I,
result to any
equationsof
two
functions
cylinder
any two
[chap. V
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
OF
the type of
of orders \x and
".,^^^^.,.^^Ap^
dz
(6)
dz
cj^'iz)
4"(z)
where
functions
arbitrary
are
(z)and y{r(z)
(f)
This formula
As
use.
generalto be of practical
multiplesof 2^,say kz and Iz. It
be
{k^-l^)z-
^^.
is too
and ^{^(z)
to
(f){z)
(7)
of
IX'
"
take
special
case,
is then
found
that
%(kz)'"^Mlz)dz
The
k
(ii)
If
take ix=
we
(8)
{kz)
This formula
It becomes
numerator
v,\i is found
6
^
may
{tz)dz
(i)/u,i/,
cases
special
is
that
k''-V
be verified
nugatory when
the expression
on
by differentiating
is then
the
right.
constant.
If this constant
when
stillfurther in two
the left simplifies
on
expression
l.
is omitted, an
of THospital's
rule
application
shews
that,
l-^k,
(9)
z"^^{kz)%\ {kz)dz
result of
[kz^^^,(kz)'6; {kz)
kz90^(kz)f^V+i{kz) '^^(kz)#^+1(kz)}.
The
-^
using recurrence
formulae
to
the derivates
remove
on
the
rightof (9) is
(10)
z^^ (kz)9^^(kz)dz
-^,^,{kz)"f,-,{kz)]
5-11]
MISCELLANEOUS
of these formulae
Specialcases
K' {kz)
f~^
dz
(11)
{kz)f
^~z'W^
_^
are
135
^z' {'e;~
{kz) '-^^_.
{kz)'^,^,{kz)]
|(l^\ 9B,'{kz)
Iz^-
a 2)
THEOREMS
{kz)dz
{2'^^^
{kz)'f
\z"-
(/.^)J
'^;^
_^
9?,^,{kz)^_^^,{kz
the
latter
function
To
equationbeing obtained
of order
obtain
is found
"
by regardinge~'^'''-Yi}
^{kz) as
cylinder
fi.
different class of
take
elementaryintegrals
k=l
in
(7) and
it
that
^" ^^'*'
^'"^^' ^^"^
iic.)^=r fe-^(fe)-g,
"^"^'^'-"^'^^'
^'^'
"
(13)
^S^{kz)^,{kz)
The
result of
(-14)
?^
making
z/
in this formula
^-/a
^
(^"^)6. ^ (A;^
T
""
last
'
~a
'
0 fJi
^g'M(A:^)^^.(A^-^)
^M+i(^)l
_^
^^ (yr,^)
(15)
we
mtegrating,
and
then
re-
have
j ./m-H^^)^
=|^{/..,(A-,^)!i|M(^-^)-/.
2^^.M^-4
+
method
of
formulae
Lommel's
Various
result will be
obtainingthis
Results
Chaleur
V,^^^^=2/.t^(^)
kz.
Arfalternative
other
by multiplyingthe equations
case
special
placingz by
As
'
'""^'
"
2~ 1
The
is
of this section
as
seem
old
in the
to
as
Fourier's
treatise,La
of functions
case
have
been
givenimmediately.
of order
discovered
Analytiquede
Theorie
zero
before
but
the
none
la
of the
publicationof
memoir.
specialcases
of the
formulae
91"99
have
and
been
worked
out
in detail
by Marcolongo,
of St Louis,
Sci.
136
THEORY
cylinderfunctions;
Indefimte integralscontainingtwo
5'12.
[CHAP. V
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
OF
LommeVs
second method.
An
alternative
integrals
justdiscussed.
of the
form
been
has
method
The
consists in
method
this method
By
more
Lommel*
givenby
their values
some
evaluating
are
obtained
in
computation.
adding the
results
two
-z"'
(p +
v) z'"-'1^^{z)W,{z),
^+
^{p-^-v-2)
that
so
(p +
v){~z^-'
%\ (z)^,{z)dz+
/x +
(p-fM-vz^
and
then
Thus
(1)
2) r
(2)
As
^^+, (z)W
,+1
(z)dz
givingspecialvalues to p.
we
have
fz-"^-''-^%^Az)'^^^,{z)
dz
'^e(^)%%
J ^'^""-''+i
cases
special
(^)f/^
g^^^^_^^^
c^^
['
'
z-^-+^'^C^
{z)dz
(4)
Again,if p
be made
zero
,
it is found
that
^'^+ '^'^-^^
^'^'^"^^^^"^'
of these
"^V+i(^)
f^-'"-'
(3)
(5)
ZP-'
re (z)f
^"^^
^'^^^
2(/7^+l)
so
for
of this type, we
get
%\ (z)W,(z)^-(p,
2n) j'
W,^,,(z)^?.+,
v)f
(z)^
+
Math.
Ann.
xiv.
5'12-5-14]
if /u.
particular,
In
0,
z^
137
THEOREMS
MISCELLANEOUS
dz
j %\{z)'"n{z)~
(6)
r,
"-ll
r-
'^0(^)^0 (^)+ 2
m
where
1, 2, 3,
there
But
seems
+ '^niz)'^n{z)
'",n{z)'^\n{z)
I
to be
no
....
j%{z)%\ {z)^
For
I.
xi. (1881),p.
Rayleigh,Phil. Mag. (.5)
(1)see
for
Papers,
{Scientific
217.
(1899),p. 516.]
So7mie's
5 "IS.
in
expressible
be
extended
by Sonine,Math.
Ann.
(1880),pp. 30"33,
xvi.
that
the form
-f {"/^(^)}
{0 (^)}
{^ (^)H^ (s)-2?^^,
(^)-^M i'^(^")J;5.
been
of conditions
the discussion
may
functions.
containingtioo cylinder
integrals
The
to
of
specialcase
simpleformula
+ C
+i" (.-)
{0 (z)}
^^^,{^ {z%
-gf^^j
(z)"^^{0 (.-)}
%-^^^{V.(3)}
are
too
complicatedand
not
important to justifytheir
sufficiently
insertion
here.
reduction formula.
Scliafheitlins
5 '14.
reduction
formula
for
I'z"^9^%''{z)dz,
is
which
natural
and
Schafheitlin*
^v{z)
To
as
varies
appliedby
(" 15"6).
the formula
obtain
of the formula
extension
we
him
to discuss
observe
that
'
2"^{z'-v')'i^J'{z)dz
--fz^W.i^)\z^^^z^m^)dz
'
-^ [_ ^^+2^"^_
(^)r^; (^)]+
Now, by
+
(/j.
^;2
I {^^+-2
(^)+ (^
1 , ^^+1
-i^^
(^)'^-;(^)|dz.
integration,
partial
[z"^+''^\''{z)]
S)\'z'^+"(^J-'(z)dz
=
Berliner
1%'^+'
{z) +
K' (z)[z"^:
v. (1906),
p. 88,
Sitzunf/nberichte,
dz,
{z"- v')K (^)l
-
138
THEORY
and
[CHAP.
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
OF
so
+ 1)
{fjL
'^/^{z)dz
I%'^+^
Hence,
r^'^+^K"
{z)]+
'^,(^)-g^;(^)dz.
(^'^ v'^)
['2'^+^
-
substitution,
on
{lji+\)\%"^{z'--v')9^-'{z)dz
-^/^(2) (/x+ 1) z^^' '^v(z)'^J (z)]
[^'^+"
1%^^+-'
9^.(z)%%' (z)dz
{fi+3)
[V+^ W^
and
{z9S:
[^'^+1
(^)
-
5'2.
Expansionsin
shall
We
in " 2'7.
(1^)'"^
Chapter XVI.
result of
The
" 27
'i'/{z)
J^*^
dz.
v'\
+
1) '^.(^)}^
in
at
^f^
z^9Sj'{z)dz
^'
^'^+^
[z'
-
7.^+
H/^
(^)].
^)1'^^.^
question.
of Bessel functions.
series
discuss
now
i (m
formula
for
for
dz
+ lf-v^z"^+'^ii,'{z)]
{hAjJi
2)['
{ti+l)[v'-\{fi+
z"^+^^i^fj'{z)dz
+
(z)W;{z)
1%'^+'^,
-22.^1
find that
we
By reari'anging
{fji
+
z"'+'"^.{z)
"^J {z)+ z"^+-''g?,2
{z)
"W:^(z)-(fi+1)
[z"'+'
+ If
{{fi
of the
tained
simplestexpansionsof the type obgeneraltheoryof such expansionsis reserved
some
The
of the expansion
suggests the possibility
once
00
+
(i.)^=s(^i"MIV
.")^^^^(,)_
(1)
is due
which
establish the
To
is
Gegenbauer*
to
series of
and
is valid when
expansion,observe
fi is not
negativeinteger.
that
domain
bounded
J^+on(Z)]
{(i^)"^
it is evident
(^z)~'^
(z)-(fl+
{nJ^+^n-l
-^_^
^^
of the series
now
under
n) J^+2n+l(z)],
consideration
i"n
is
1=
n-
Wiener
Sitzungsberichte,lxxiv.
^"
(2),(1877),pp.
124"130.
0,
140
By
we
analysis,
of the
slightmodification
[CHAP. V
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
OF
THEORY
that, if k is
prove
may
any
constant,
oi^i
{fi+
This
formula
in"
n, -n\
+ 2n)J^,+^n
1\ A--)
(yu,
{z).
some
requiredin establishing
will be
generalexpansions
more
11-6.
+ h)].
\\/{z
of {z + A)**''./^
expansions
LommeVs
5'22.
It is evident
+ h)],
A)~^"J"^[s/{z
qua
that {z +
Am
00
J. {V(^+ h)]=1
(.+/o^''
These
formulae
(2) we
deduce
are
from
h, is analytic
combined
[z-i^j.
(v^)l
-^
-.
some
yirzj
(4)
--^
sin
z-\-h
+ 2zt)
^/{z^=
0; and
so,
in
J.n-i(z),
m.
,n=o
"
when
^ in (1)and
^
slightchanges in notation,
take
we
2zt)=^
^(z^
cos
(V^).
{.i^/.
(V^)]
If
f+Wl
m
dtie to Lommel*.
l^\
(3)
(Jm
+ ^)} is analyticexcept
{\/('2'
Again, (^+ A )"'/,.
providedthat |A |" j^^ |,we have
(2)
have
{z + hr^^j.yiz +h)]
(1)
of
theorem
by Taylor's
consequently,
function
./i_^(z),
"
equation(4) being true only when |i|"^|2^j. These formulae are due to
Glaisherf,who regarded the left-hand sides as the generatingfunctions
odd integer,
associated with the functions whose
order is half of an
just as
efficients.
(^ 1/0} is the generatingfunction associated with the Bessel coexp f^^'
"
Proofs
been
givenby
is somewhat
*
of (3) and
Studien
Glaisher ; the
algebrainvolved
in
of this
investigations
nature
formidable.
ilber die BesseVschen
by Bessel, Berliner
Abh.
t Quarterly Journal,
Trans,
of the Royal
Soc.
1824
xii.
Functionen
[1826],p. 35,
(1873),p.
clxxii.
136
(Leipzig,1868),pp.
for the Bessel
; British
Association
(1881),pp. 774"781,
813.
11
"
16.
Formula
(1) was
given
coefficients.
Phil.
5-22]
shall
We
In
(1) replacez
J, {W(l
(5)
// by
and
modifications
various
enumerate
now
h)\ (1 + hr
of
^"2^and then
and
z-
141
THEOREMS
MISCELLANEOUS
;;,
-^
/.^",(^),
and, in particular,
If
/.(^V2)^2^^
(6)
from
In like manner,
providedthat |.^^|"
A'
make
we
A-)H (1 + AO-i" i
when
is
an
1 + 0,
the series
W'i
integer.If
the
on
v
is obvious
of ?",
"^
in]
TT
the condition
is any
^-^^^/.-,"(^),
m=0
for convergence
the convergence
satisfied,
when
find that
1, we
"
-^
we
"??l!
Hence
1.
A--*-l+0
providedthat
make
J^^-Az).
(2),
J. {W(l
(8)
If
then
and
(5) by (1 + A:)^"
divide
we
"7f
when
Consequently,
is absolute.
if the
condition
is
integer,
S
(9)
if
In like manner,
^-^
R(v)"
^f^J.-,"{z)
0.
also when
1, and
"
is aiii/ integer,
we
have
/. (W2)
(10)
2-^"
^^
J,_",{z).
III--
It should
be observed
for functions
and
j^"I"
1 ;
of the
so
that functions
first kind
in
of the
may
be
substituted
(1),(2),(5) and
that
111 =
(12)
r, y{2
(z + h)i''
h)]
(13)
F. [zV(l
AOJ
=
^i^^]:"'^!-"-)
Y,_,,wz),
5
(1
"*-!
Y^ {zv(i
S
Z^)^"
/"
(14)
kind
second
^7"^^iW-" (--),
t ^
^01 (1 + k)-^-"
=
}-;_,"
(4
142
THEORY
[CHAP.
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
OF
when
tends
to
integralvalue, we
an
they hold
that
see
for functions
of
order.
integral
the
correspondingresults
substitute the symbol W
kind, we
first
the
that
see
we
may
for functions
for the
of
symbol
throughout.
last formulae
These
234
(1918),pp.
by Lommel,
noted
were
Chapter xi.
that
242,
they are
"
Stadien, p. 87.
of
some
Numerous
generalisations
by Airey, Phil. Mag. (6) xxxvi.
observed
It has been
given in
will be
of them
in calculations
use
connected
with
of
zeros
Besael functions.
When
that, when
combine
we
|X^
"
(_\m
x^
when
and, in particular,
("\m
results
two
X-' S
/. (X^)
"g',^",
{z),
is unrestricted,
00
These
find
we
il^\m
(\-2
-\\m
U__^^_Ji-Ai^
00
(16)
replace\/(l-\-k)by X,
1" 1,
^. (M
(15)
then
(\2
^^
-\\m.(lp'\m
^''^
described*
fi*equently
are
J.^,n{z).
theorems
multiplication
as
for
Bessel functions.
(when
observed
be
It may
is taken
the result
that
equal to
(2/zr
-{a-l)\
(17)
of
treating(14) in
i-i^
?n=0
An
alternative
proofof
xiii.
Sitzungsberichte,
see
formulae) Wagner,
A
[Note.
Lommel
Bern
Ann.
special
years
before
27r
as
(8) is that
the
of formula
the
F"_,"(4
has been
pp. 115
(fornumerous
of the
"
see
1, was
discovered
der Math,
Archiv
area
consisted, in
I I c,os,{^r
cos
with resi:)ect
to
integrating
difif'erentmethods.
rj is
^i^-^")
cos{^cose)iimU{l-P).riim6}~^^
^^
7 _i
(-)'"(lrsing)2"^
J^^i(?-cosg)
(2?n+ l)!
"7r"i=o
-
ml
TO=o
Schafheitlin,Die
two
di
6
_-v'(i-{=)'''sin
6 + r^r sin 6)
e.g.
and evaluatingit by
rf'"l.,
_i
See,
by
xxxvii.
"
result of
The
way
"
lix.
^
the
same
356.
His method
over
''''
formula
multiplication
Mittheilungen,
1895,
case
seven
(1861),p.
the
the
integern)
an
Theorie
der
Besselschen
"=
b/
'
(/-cos^)'"*!
Funktionen
(Leipzig,1908), p.
83.
5-23, 5-3]
MISCELLANEOUS
changing to polarcoordinates
the result of
and
'2n
"TT
{ri}cos
cos
"
these equationswe
If we
compare
and r^ sin- ^.]
r'^cos''^^
obtain
expansionof a
Bessel
5*23.
The
From
formula
Bessel functions
If
fjb and
The
/""^ r^
"
which
"n
the
(f))
pdpdcf)
I)
case
functionas
has
(rpcoh
cos
./
i/
l with
series
deduced
and
replacedby
of Bessel functions.
series
interesting
an
of
unequal,and
are
(1) in
(7),Lommel
5'22
^"
"^"n'
143
{p,(p)is
1
/"jr ri
I
I
1
-"
THEOREMS
jx is not
we
negativeinteger,
have
may
arrange
re-
"
and
hence, by Vandermonde's
This
formula
1868), pp.
putting
22
=
"
case
23, in the sjjecial
0, it is found
=
/i
/i=0,
with
0; by differentiating
have
we
Lommel's
MJ
"
An
compared
addition
with
Neumann's
(1)
of
i
7/1
the
"
to
*
ilv
"
3'571.
"
of any
order is
J.-"^{t)J,n{z),
00
t)=
m
is due
"
to Be.ssel functions
This
(2)
lit
expansiongiven in "
" 2'4
J,{z + t)=
where
^^'ff
"f
;/'^
of the formula
extension
An
formula
is due
to Schlafli* ; and
%\-,n{t)J,.{z)
X
Soninef.
Math.
Ann.
then
"J/l^\
53.
and
formula
be
(Leipzig,
v
l"l
m=0
respect to
i ^-^~^{"r-''J,..,n{z)
J,{z)\0g{hz)-''^f^-}^
"}
(3)
This
Functionen
that
and, when
Studien
given by Lommel,
was
knY,{z)
(2)
theorem,
in.
(1871),pp.
13-')" 137.
^'^'''-x^'i-
144
THEORY
the
that
series
where
r,
R, A
When
in
sin
when
ascendingorder
Ju-m(i)Jm(^)
positive,
is largeand
uniformly
7? ^ I^ I^ A,
r,
numbers
unequalpositive
are
and
is
rightof (1)
the
on
functions of both
convergent series of analytic
I2^ I^
[CHAP. V
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
OF
vir.i^Ry.ir/Ry
is
(m
of
magnitude.
comparablewith
v)
and
of the
the convergence
series for {l"rjR)". When
series is
is
of the
"
binomial
n), the
general
is comparablewith
term
V{v
the
and
uniformityof
n+\).n\
the convergence
of values
sets
of
iii
by
Term-by-termdifferentiation
il-P) i
\"jt
so
consequently
permissible*,
J.-.n{t)Jrr,{z)=l
CZj^=-tx^
\J\-n,{t)
J^{z)
m=
"x"
"
""
on
J' m{z)]
,_,n{t)
it is seen,
-ao
1,1=
and
that
terms
on
the
rightcancel,so
that
Hence, when
series
2
m
of
and
with
F{z
which
respect
+
is
to
1),then
we
put
0,
we
that
see
"
oc
and
{t)^J^{t),
the
truth
evident.
and
in
in=
and
when
(3)
function
analytic
as
a
expressible
functionof z-\-t only,since its derivates
and t are
identically
equal. If this function be called
m=
If
J^,-m(t)Jm {z)is an
have
"
with
(1),we
see
that
I Y^_rr,(t)J,n{z).
Y,{z + t)=
m=-
(1) be changed,we
Cf. Modern
CO
Analysis, "5-8.
of
(1) becomes
5'4r]
MISCELLANEOUS
with
this is combined
When
reader will
The
(1),equation(2) becomes
J,^,n{t)J,,{z\
'i^,{t-z)=
%%^,,(t)J,n {Z),
Ann.
is
Studien
Functionen
by Graf,
given* explicitly
of these formulae will be
generahsations
an
(1893),pp.
XLiii.
|,
";
"
given by Lommel,
results,(3) was
1868),when
(Leijjzig,
Math.
i"
|^ |"
F,+",(0 "/".
(4
2
)"
evident.
that,when
Y,{t-z)=
these
method
same
J,{t-Z)=
(6)
Of
the
readily
prove by
(4)
(5)
145
THEOREMS
141
142.
"
Various
of Bessel functions.
Products
5'4.
ascendingseries for the productJ^ (z)J^ (z) has been givenby various
stated to be due to Schonholzerf,who
writers;the expansionis sometimes
published(in1870)
publishedit in 1877, but it had, in fact,been previously
examined
been
has
More
by Orr",while
by Schlafli^.
recentlythe product
has givenexpansions
(c" " 5-42)for productsof the forms
Nicholsonjl
The
l^^(z)Yn (z).
presentsection
shall construct
we
differential
two
equationsin
the
productvw,
have
we
y"
v"iu
-{I
where
*
See
also
[Jahrbuch
yXJeber
Epstein,Die
vier
Gubler, Einleitung
Nielsen, Ann.
in
die
Theorie
Sci. de VEcole
2v'tu',
respect to
some
z.
norm.
who
der
sup.
1904), p. 20.
derfiinktionen(Leipzig,
p.
J)y
Ftniciionen
attribute
the
According
expansion to
Funktionen,
BessrVschen
(3)xviii.
l^mndertmgen
(1901),p. 50
to
Nielsen,
Integratioimceges
include
Math.
Ann.
Graf
Ann.
de
Frogramm,
Math.
(4)ii. (1902),
1862.
that he
uses
iii.
IIQuarterly Journal,
xliii.
and
None.
des
Schonholzer
(Bern,1894),
der Math.
authorities
The
2v'w' + vtu"
bestimmterlntegralemit Hiilfevon
die Auswertlmng
(Bern,1877),p. 13.
differentiations with
primesindicate
forms
their normal
dz-
az-
if y denotes
then
(1912),pp. 78"100.
10
146
THEORY
OF
^Jy"(^
It follows that
^) 2/1
2^"^' + 2v'rv"
-2Ivw'-2Jv'w
and
y'"+ 2(1
hence
J)
+ 4//
2/'"
(1)
to shew
but, if I ^ J, it-iseasy
This
Appell,Comptes Rendus,
To
a
Orr
form ; both
2/'2/=0;
in connexion
with
(1),see
211"214.
results to Bessel's
applythese
normal
viv').
the equation
satisfies
(1880),pp.
xci.
{I- J) (v'w
differentiation that
by
differential
of the
is the form
I =J, y
when
case
Hence, in the special
to
(/' +J')y
[CHAP. V
FUNCTIOjNS
BESSEL
the equationhas
equation,
Nicholson
and
effect the
to be reduced
reduction
by taking
it
z^^^{z) as a new dependent variable,but, for purposes of solution in series,
is simplerto take a new
independentvariable by writing
d^_d^
that
so
^"
the
Hence
5?
(^=- .=)"=
.^^ 4e-,}
2 (2^=- .'"
-
/x- ^ v', is
0,
that is to say
[^^-2(fi'+ v')^2
(3)
and
the
(fM' vj] y
+ 4e-"'
(^ +
1)(^
2)3/
0,
(4)
Solutions
in series of
(8) are
m=0
where
" /j^"
a=
and
4(a
Cm
If
2m-l)(a
"
{a +
fx +
take
we
+ 2ni
/m +
){cc+
/J,
"
2m) (a
2m)c,"_i
+ 2m) {a
yu,+
z/
"
'
"
fi
"
2m)
and*
1
^'~2''+''r{fi
+ i)r(v
we
obtain
^
,"^oml
and
(-)'"(1^)'^+'^+""
T(fi +
+ m + l)r {/jl
+ 7n
{fi+
V
signsof
i)'
the series
either fx
or
or
are
both
solutions of
/x and
v.
v+2m
+
l)
l)r (v +
(3) are
obtained
1)'
by changing the
148
earlier
mode
obvious
This
of
writers;it was
[CHAP. V
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
OF
THEORY
been
have
to
seem
Ann.
noticed
by
of the
any
(1899),p. 228.
lii.
obtained
by Bessel,Berliner Abh. 1824,
Jq{z)cosz and J(i{z)ii\mwere
and
for
results
J^ (2)sin 2 were
and
the
J^{z)cos,z
corresponding
39,
[1826],pp.
schen
Functionen
iiher
die
BesseV
Studien
Lommel,
deduced
from
Eoisson's integralby
ber
the
functions
and
bei have
deductions
Some
16
18.
concerning
1868),pp.
(Leipzig,
been made
by Whitehead, QuarterlyJournal, XLii. (1911),p. 342.
series for
The
38
"
"
an
fow!T{v
m-n
tt'-"'
oF^(- m,
'
obtain
l)
m;
//-
1/
1 ;
6-/a^)
+
r(yLt
m!
and
l)r(i/ + l)
so
{hazY (Ibz)"
r(^ + l)
(2) J^(az)J,{bz)
=
2^1 (- m,
^ (-)'"(|a^)^'"
Jlo
mWiji
this result
and
in
expressible
One
another
whenever
simplified
is the
case
case
we
is the
then
Ave
I-
/ox
the
1; "/a')
l)
hypergeometricseries
a,
which
/i- =
has
alreadybeen
v".
the formula*
use
r("-^-fl)r(i)
-1)=
that
see
case
ia,providedthat
Fia ^- a-^4-1and
hiiTT
cos
i-y" (^azy''+^
m-
(4) J_.(az)L(az)=
If
(6)
an
we
take
e^'^"
in
2
=oml
(3) we
Cf,
the
Kummer,
(-)'"(^a^)2''+^'"
m-^
l)r{i' + 2m+
(-)- (i"^r
which
T{v
ber,2(^)+ bei.H^)
expansionof
is
compact form.
of reduction
case
In this
be
can
-fi-m;
cos
1)'
(I.- lm)7r
find that
S
^^
i2i/+4W
~-^,
leadingterms
Avere
xv.
(53).
discussed ;
5-42]
The
MISCELLANEOUS
(1906),pp.
XV.
from
490
of the
been
series have
Some
By giving/*
e--"
(7)
and
497
"
consideration
discovered
(3),(4),(5) were
formulae
"
/._, {zsin ^)
in
by
importance.
is easy to prove
that
^'"''
^^"'^"^y\) (2 sin By-^ S rT^^TZT^
\^v
1-
M=o
in which
of this formula
case
special
to be of any
(2),it
The
given,QuarterlyJournal, XLi.
but they are too cumbrous
(/:),
values
special
the
149
THEOREMS
2i/ is
n)
integerhas
an
given
been
Hobson*.
been
outline of
kind.
have
We
{J^(Z)/. (Z)]
I;
TtJ,(z)Yn {Z)
=
where
second
The
have
Bessel functions
of the
involving
Products
5'42.
is to be made
equalto
I [J,(^)/-. (^)l,
(-r
performed.
Now
|;{/.(^)J.(^)}=l0g(|^)./.(^)^.(^)
2
r=0
rlT{fi +
x{f(fjL+
2r +
l)r{fM
l)-ylr{/u.+v
l)r{v+ri-l)
1)
+
(z.
i/r
?"
1)}
and
[J,{z)J_. (z)}
1^
=
50
irlr
(fM-
1)
+
+ 2r -\-l)-^lr{fl-v
{^|r{f^-v
parts, S and
We
1) r (fi+
.=0
r=o
l)
2r +
r
(-
l)-^jr{-v +
In
the
1)
r
former
l)]
part
we
r=n
have
^^"
Proc.
Lotidon
Math.
1 (-i' +
Soc.
xxv.
l)
(1894),p.
0(3 ;
see
also
Cailler,Mem.
de
l"i Soc.
de
Phijg.de
xxxiv.
(1902"1905), p. 316.
had been
The
expansion of Jo(z)Yo(z)
t Quarterly Journal, xliii. (1912), pp. 78"100.
p. 21.
1904),
(Leipzig,
der Theorie der Cylinderfunktionen
previouslyby Nielsen, Handbuch
Geneve,
giveu
150
OF
THEORY
undetermined
is
replacedin
this part
by
+ r, it is
[CHAP. V
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
to be
form
evaluated.
When
that
seen
"
--^
(;. n + r
(l^r-"+^'r!r(;a+
2^
\.to
X
r\{n+r)\T{fi
+ ?i
(yu,
-v/r
1)
1)!
l)
2r +
+ r
(yLt
"/r
r+\)
+ "
[21og(i^)+ 2"/r(yLt
1),(n
7r/,(^)J.(^)
(1)
l)
+
1)
-^/rO^+r+l)-^/r(r+l)}.
The
m
0, 1, 2,
by
and
continuous
function
rightin (1).
series for
The
of /a at yu- m where
series for 7rJ'm{z)
Yn{z) is obtained by replacing
fx,
the
so
...,
the
on
rightis
the
expressionon
series
by constructing
be calculated
Yj,i
{z)F" {z)can
for
'd-J"y.{z)J"^{z)'
dfxdv
in
similar
have
been
5*43.
integral
for J^ {z)J^ {z).
The
by
; the
" 5*41
has
integral
0,l,2,
...
provided
R(fi + v)"-l.
It is then
evident
J^{z)J^{z)
that,when
that
change of
difficulty.
This
p. 263.
formula
the
order
is due
to
T^
(fi-v) 6 dO,
l,
"
J^ (z)J, (z)
the
COS
--"
R{/jb+ v)"
(1)
integral
("2*6) for Jn^(z)is obtainable
formula*
to the result of
so
which is extremelylaborious,
analysis,
will not be repeatedhere.
applyingthe
details of the
of Neumann's
generalisation
that
The
manner.
m,
"=
fj.
('^J^+,
{2z
cos
of summation
Cauchy
Jo
; for
and
proof by
integration
presents
contour
see
integration,
no
Modern
serious
Analysis,
5-43-5-51]
If
be
MISCELLANEOUS
"
J^ (z)J,,(z)
(2)
151
1, then
"
^-t)!['V^_,
{2zcos d) cos
if /a and
is also true
this formula
and
THEOREMS
are
both
(ix+ n)\ede,
but
integers,
are
otherwise
unrestricted.
Formula
given by Schlafli,Math. Ann. iii. (1871), p. 142, when yi"v are both
cxi.
general formula is due to Gegenbauer, Wiener Sitzungsherichte,
(2a),
(1) was
integers;the
567.
(1902),p.
The
5*5.
A natural
expansiono/QzY'^''as
series
formulae
of the
generalisation
ofproducts.
of Neumann
and Gegenbauer
(""2'7)
("5-2)is that
+ i)r(.
(i,w..-r(,.
(2^r
a^
(i)
i)
r(/x
i)
The
formula
is true
if p, and
proofappliesonly if i2 (^ +
" 5"2
From
multiplyby
we
6
cos'*+''
^^
(p
cos
"
following
^/^+,+,",(22cos^).
it is clear
integrate,
and
(/u-p)Odd=
cos
^"T^
"
v)6
"
Jo
77"
the
1.
"
have
we
(zcosey+''= s
If
1) "
i'
but
negativeintegers,
not
are
"
from
"5"43that
/^
"
"i'
and
of fx and
the result
is at
formula
The
Lxxv.
5'51.
once
from
formulae
values
herichte,
Sitzungs-
(2),(1877),p. 220.
series
LommeVs
expansionderived by
An
t/,,+m(2),
'-/^+"i,(2^)
from
the formula
2vdJ^^{z)
-j"irz~'='^^-'^'^-'^^^'^^^
2(v + 2n)dJU,,,(z)
r,
/,x
J-^_i {z)
IS
~r-
so
a^
71=0
that
2JzJ\_i(z)dz
i (v + 2n)J\^,,,(z)
p. 532
The
;
Ahh.
xv.
will be fouud
in Math.
(1886),pp. 548"549.
Ann.
11.
(1870),pp.
632"633
xiv.
(1878),
.152
Hence, by
have
..
Iz^ {./^_i
(z) J,-,(z)J, (z)}
(1)
when
on
If
take in turn
we
have
we
+ 2n) J%+,n{z),
(i/
0
by adding on
R{v)"0\
seen
terms
so
at the
is superfluous.
R{v)"0
h;,v %,and
[CHAP. V
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
OF
THEORY
obtained,
("3*4)
z
(2)
-=
sm2.^
(3)
while, by taking7-
1.
"
(_)n("+i)/.^^^^(^)^
that
see
we
(w + i)/Wi(4
(4)
Another
formula
of the
type is derived
same
"
'v+n
the
by differentiating
series
("3')
;
M=0
for it is evident
that
"^
00
2^
J-
end
'v+n \2)
e,i Jv+n
Z"
(^)^
i^)
v+n
00
and
so.
Avhen
R(v) "0,
+ J,^,(z)]
J,(z)lJ,_,(z)
2vJj^{z)/z,
obtain
we
J"+n (2)[Ju+n-i
(^) '/^-f-n+i
i^)}
"n
modification
of Hansen's
formula
("2-5),
namely
(5)
enJ-\^,,{z)2v\ J.'{t)~.
2
"
.'0
An
By takingy
i, it is found
en
an
upper
sin^ t
2 r^
+
sni
TT
^.cZ^
2t
so
(6)
I J\+,{z)
-Si{2z),.
TT
n=^0
by
of
TTJo
2 sin^^
and
value
that
/-n+i {z) -\
"
the
the "sine
to
This
integi'al."
which
reference
result is given
has been
made.
5-6]
MISCELLANEOUS
5"6.
Continued
Expressionsfor quotientsof
immediatelyfrom the
it is at
Bessel
functions
formula
recurrence
are
givenby ^3'2(1);thus,
J^_,iz)
\z-/{(v+rn~l)(v+m)}
This formula
is
easilytransformed
/,_, (z)
results
+ ni)
^z J^+rn^i(z)l{v
i^
"
These
fractions
be written
AM=W^
^^^
continued
as
apparent that
once
(u
^ ^
153
fraction
formulae.
deducible
if the formula
THEOREMS
2vlz-2(v
J"+,"(2)
"
into
l)/z-...-2(v + m)!z
./,+",
{z)
for
are
was
to
'
discovered
by
is
Schlomilchf,
Other
(4)
J^+^{z)
Z"'
J,{z)
^^
2{v + \)--l{v
Z"-
2)-2{v\-^)-...-2{v
^2{v+
'
JJz)
Bessel functions
The
Z"
m)-
Zj,+,n+l{2)
J.^m{z)
'
'
l)-2(v
in all these
2)-...-2(,^
formulae
may
J.+.ni^)
m)-
obviouslybe replacedby
any
functions.
cylinder
It
assumed
was
so
neglected,
Berliner
writers ;
Graf,
see
Ami.
Abh.
the
00
last
quotientmay
be
Mat.
des
(2) xxiii.
t Zeitschrift
fiirMath,
only.
I Stiidien iiher
und
Math,
Phys.
+ l)] \z^'l[{v^l){v+2)]
\z"-l\v{v
(1824),[1820],p.
Kncydopedie
di
-^
that
JAz) _hzlv
1
J,_,{z)
/m
Sci.
31.
Math.
Formula
11.
(2) seems
(1895),p. 47.
uiid Plnjs.11. (1857),
p.
142
p. 217.
not
A
to have
_....
been
given by
ditt'erent form
slightly
considered
Schlomilch
the earlier
is used
by
integral values of
pp. 292"297.
die
xxx.
BessePsclien
Fiinctiunen
(1858),p. 332,
and
(Leipzig,1868), p. 5;
Giinther, Archiv
der
see
Math,
also
uiid
Spitzer, Archir
Phys-.
lvi.
dcr
(1874),
154
THEORY
[CHAP. V
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
OF
though it happens to
assumptionis justifiable,
be so, and a rigorous
proofof the expansionof a quotientof Bessel functions
fraction will be given in " 9'65 with the help of the
into an infinite continued
theoryof Lommel's polynomials."
obvious
It is not
that this
"
[Note.
the fraction
tends
The
tends
pjom
to that
to
limit
be
as
The
reader
continued
pp. 483
been
will find
fraction
sinw,
memoir*
considered
q,a
discussion
elaborate
an
by Perron,
of the
fractions
types
considered
and
231"247
(1860), pp.
that
case
^'"^"'
though
^"'
"
oi J^{z)/J^_i(s)as
representation
xxxvii.
Sitzttngsberichie,
equation,depending on such
by Wilton, QuarterlyJournal,XLVI. (1915),pji. 320
continued
LVii.
the
on
MUnchenei'
a,"=-l.]
m,
of Riccati's
504; solutions
"
between
in
that,even
by taking
seen
jt?"i=m +
the
necessarily
it is not
"i-*-co
is
obviouslycorrect
is not
assumption
the
why
reason
been
The
323.
"
connexion
the relations
noticed
necting
con-
Journal
by Heine,
Lvur.
fiir Math.
Christoffel,Journal
(1907),
representation,have
has
filr
(1861),
pp. 90"92.
Hansen's
5*7.
It
was
stated
expression
for J^(z)as
Hansen
by
limit
ofa hypergeometric
function.
j-that
i-4fJ
"^'"=j",i"Tl)-'^-(^'''^^
"
We
This is
numbers
For
term
and
m!
V{v
continuous
(lessthan
\2^)
+
function
2
n
+
1)
of h and
of the
expansionon
when
the
and
rightis
1'
77 ;
and, if 80
arbitrary
positive
770 are
it is the
{m
l)th term
verges
con-
the
Since
*
1/8,fi
and
This
uniformityof
the convergence
the convergence
memoir
is the
follows from
is uniform, the
subject of
paper
of the
sum
by Nielsen,
Milnchener
terms
is
continuous
Sitzungsberichte,xxxviii.
(1908),pp. 85"88.
t Leipziger Abh. 11. (1855), p. 252 ; see also a Halberstadt
[Jahrbuch ilber die Fortschritte dcr Math. 1909, p. 575.]
dissertation
by
F.
Neumann,
1909.
156
We
take
Murphy's formula
P" (coszjn) o/^i
(=
and
modification
that
then
when
,F, (where
is
we
can
the two
compare
1 ; 1 ; sin^'^z/n),
applicablewith
the
slight
series
,F, (1/So,
1|^ +
^B^
1 ; 1 ;
|^
^),
number
less than f j^ |~^
and the comparison
positive
arbitrary
\n\" l/8o-The details of the proofmay now be left to the reader.
Bqis an
is made
n,
1 ; 1 ; sin- ^z/n);
precedingsection
the inequality
use
we
n,
the
reasoningof
the
[CHAP. V
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
OF
THEORY
when
is restricted to be
it is convenient
In the
generalised
Legendre functions (of unrestricted order '7"i),
depends on whether the argument of the functions is between
of
case
the definition
+
1 and
"
P"so
not
or
(between
.F, ((cos
^) ^^^^^^
=
l;m
.,
0 and
have
ir)we
l;
|.r/.),
sm^
that
lim"-P,r"'(cos-)=j;"(^),
(2)
but otherwise,we
have
Pn'"^ (cosh ~]
p
so
j^^oPi(^^^\^
n,
1;
-\-1 ;
smh^
|-^/"),
that
(3)
lim n^-P,r-^
(cosh
-)
/,,{z).
The
from
sin
lim
(4)
This formula
n IT
second
Qn"'[cosh
Km (2).
has been
it is most
given(with a different notation)
by Heine ;]:;
the integral
of Laplace's
easily
provedby substituting
type for the Legendre
function,proceedingto the limit and using formula (5) of "6-22.
*
Cf.
Bromwich,
+ Cf.
2r
??^
sin
mir
n)
P~"^
nir
g/"
in Barnes'
notation, which
t Journal
fiirMath.
lxix.
is
in this work.
adopted
(1868),p.
131.
"
'"
^"
T-
r(l-m
n)
T{l
n)
5-72]
MISCELLANEOUS
Another
(5)
lim P,,
"
this is due
to
Pn (cose)
The
[Note.
to be
g^)
/o (2.);
provedby usingthe
be
second of
Murphy's
namely
formulae,
used
157.
THEOREMS
generallybelieved
Thus
Bessel functions.
Functions^ Lamfs
it
that there
stated
was
Functions
Bessel functions]
are
[i.e.
and
with
in
the main
luith Mehlers
^^).
be
emphasized because it
Legendre functions and
his Eleuientan/Treatise on Laplace's
(London, 1875), p. vi, that "these
subjectof this book."]
Functions
BesseVs
associated
Integrals
5"72.
no
tan-
must
connexion
Todhunter
connected
not
of this section
was
by
1 ;
n, -n;
formulae
of the
existence
^e 2F1 (-
cos"
between
formula.
the formulae
of the last
completelydifferent method of establishing
and
this
Mehler
method
section was
also,later,by Rayleigh;
givenby
depends
of
thus
a
on
use
integral,
Laplace's
A
":
P,j (cos6)
\ (cos 6
i sin 6
cZd)
"/))"^
cos
1 T"
g" log (cos0+i
__
sine
"/))
^^Jj
cos
Since
uniformlyas
when
go
-^
i sin
log{cos{zjn)+
0 ^
{zjn)cos 0}
have
tt, we
at
iz
-^
cos
once
1 f"
lim
Heine
of
f and de
Laplace'stype
Bessel functions
results in
" 6'22
has also
Mehler
P" (cos2/n)
Ball.I have
for
made
Legendre
when
/'^
2
"^
If
be shewn
it may
y\r^
n"p
by using the
the
limit
integral
cos
(9)}
])resentssome
^|rd^
/"^cos
"
-.u,
--r:y,
'^
to
Mehler- Dirichlet
that
2
passage
his
{n + ^) (f)d(f)
cos
J 0 V{2 (^os(p
P"(coss/")^bvit the
to
of Y^,{z).
representations
integral
his formula
given a proof of
deal with
we
d(f) J^ (z).
and
of the second
e'' '"''"^
\'V
because
little difficulty
the
integralis an
proper
im-
integral.
Various
*
Juuriml
enoneous
de
on
Journal
have
formulae
which
givenrecently
384"385;
(3) i. (1875),pp.
Math.
account
been
of
Math.
J'iir
arithmetical
an
lxix.
Nacli.
cxxviii.
(1891),col.
formula
actuallygiven by
Laurent
is
error.
(1808),p. 131.
pp. 383"386.
t Ai"tr.
the
in which
1"4.
See
also
Journal,
Sharpe, (juarterli/
xxiv.
(1890),
158
the
Legendre
Thus,
formal
approachesits limit
expansiondue to Macdonald*
function
its
as
degree tends
to
infinity.
is
where
[CHAP. V
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
P^-'-lcos^)
(1)
a;
formulae,which
Other
OF
THEORY
(2) Pn (cos7])"
an
replacing
Qn (cOS7])
ITT-l
4"9i
\/(sec11)
Pn (cosh^j
(3)
(4) Qn (coshf)
(^)
^-^-^
/o (nf) +
j)
e-("+4)(f-tanh
^(gech I) 7^0{(w+
i) tanh ^|
"6"3V(sech|).e-"^^+^)^
"^
i? (n) +
where, in (2),0
less than
^ ?; "
unityin absolute
magnitude,and
0 ; the numbers
be
complex
may
the proof of these results is too
positive.But
i,
6^,62,6s are
providedthat
lengthyto be
givenhere.
Th
The
expressible
by Hansen's formula as a
to investigate
methods
hypergeometricfunction has led Olbricht;):
Bessel's equationis expressible
confluent form of equations
a
as
"
fact that
limit of
which
by
formulae of OlbricJd.
5 73.
associated with
If
Riemann's
take the
we
Bessel
function
is
P-functions.
equation
S-^|-(-'^"
of which
and
fundamental
the
compare
equationwith
the
'a,
pU
Proc.
obtained
London
Math.
previouslyby
+ Watson,
Tram.
the
Soc.
same
Camh.
equationdefined by
b,
1,
/3', 7',
writer,Proc.
Phil.
Soc.
xxii.
London
Math.
(1918),pp.
pp. 151"160.
X Nova
Acta
the scheme
c,
^,
A,
*
o.
Caes.-Leop.-Acad.
(Halle),1888,
pp. 1"48.
associated
; some
Soc.
277"
xxxi.
308 ;
results
(1899),p. 269.
Messenger, xlvii.
had
been
(1918),
5-73]
MISCELLANEOUS
THEOREMS
159
namely
fl-"-"-
d^y
^
d^;^
-^-^'
1
^
f"a^(g -h){a_^
"
] dz
"
{h -c){by3/3^
c)
1-7-y]
"
7y(c-a)(c-6)
a)
"
_^
_^
2'
"
"
=0,
(2: a) (s' b) {z
-
"
that
see
we
latter reduces
the
while
0,
remain
finite
We
thus
(their sum
obtain
a=
the
7'
"
J/
0,
2^/3,
fi,
^,
/i,
Pl
scheme
for
lim
those
which
Note.
have
It has
whose
when
zero.
solution
the
the
^2
{6- and
h +
7'
0.
2i/3,
z
'y,
7
"p,
7,
Hansen's
formula
-4a/3,
but
constructed
is
0,
a-hv,
schemes
observed
7,
00,
^^".
v+l-a-^.
they
are
will be
by Haentzschel,
of
no
sufficient
Zeitschrift
fur
examples.
Math,
unci
Phys.
xxxi.
equation
(/m), may
{% 4-3) is iih^"^v
invariants
directlyfrom
ii/,
been
now
been
^,
[_ij,^
l^-\v,
other
given
/3/3' 77'
7 4-
before.
0,
pJ
(;^::)
has
7' as
J^ {z)derived
r
Olbricht
/3 + /3'and
that
way
/^,
IX,
V-
of 7 and
values
same
fx,
"
is
scheme
\-v-ii,
the
such
while
"
scheme
lim
with
+ ^Q-}.
^[{ix+ i-)-
similar
Another
o!
IX,
"
infinityin
to
I7,
if
former
being 2/a+ 1)
lim
where
the
to
c)
"
and
g-^ of
the
be
derived
Weierstrassiau
by
confluence
Lame's
from
eUiptic function
are
made
equation
to
tend
to
VI
CHAPTER
REPRESENTATIONS
INTEGRAL
Generalisations
6'1.
this
In
Poisson's
of
Bessel's
functions
in
applied
Chapters
and
vii
It
that
happens
the
shall
we
integralwhich
formulae
singleexponentialunder
examine
shall therefore
integralswill
formulae
and
integral are
Bessel's
of
more
and accordingly
integral,
is due
of
choices
large.
Poisson's
in substance
the circumstances
Hankel
to
is
" 3"3
expressiblein
are
can
contour
approximate
integralsign,while
the
functions, Avhich
circular
is
with
be obtained
investigationof generalisationsof
give
now
the
or
Poisson's
The
6"2.
shall
we
simplestof
The
"
to
type
applicationsof
study integralsof
now
Bessel's
of
the
obtain
to
suitable
elegantformulae
integrals.The
applications of
than
elementary character
of
viii
integralsassociated
integral("2'2). By
definite
as
FUNCTIONS
contour
integration,
largenumbers
Bessel
BESSEL
integral.
various
study
integral(""2'3,3"3)and
express
also be
Foisson's
shall
chapter we
of the contour
which
of
OF
the
*.
this formula
other
of
terms
in which
Poisson's
contains
formulae
contain
exponentials.
two
We
contour
2^1e'^'Tdt
J
are
solutions
of Bessel's
not
of z, and
that
of
the
equation;
it is
and
end-points,a
h, are
complex
is
function
numbers
of t but
independent
z.
operating on
" 3"1, is
in
V", defined
TdA
'
of
result
The
e'-'
integralwith
gu'fj(i
^2~)^n + (^2v+
fb
J
Math.
and
Ann.
AV(2)
expressed
detail
i.
is due
in
(1869), pp.
473
Schladi,
Ann.
to
the
notation
by Gubler, Zurich
the
theory
pp.
235
"
Bruxelles,
of the
262
xxis.
linear
lvi.
The
485.
"
di
explained
operator
Mat.
in
discussion
4-15.
(1903), pp.
140
432
"
equations
"
143.
444.
See
Te'-'^
Ttdt
i2vVl)Tt-^^{T(t^-l
dt,
of
1) ("+'
xxxni.
Vierteljahrsschrijt,
differential
(1905), pp.
Bessel's differential
follows:
as
^"+2
the
e^~^'T{t'-l)
t"''+i
are
that
supposed
which
also
The
the
for Iv(z}
corresponding integi-als
though
232"242,
integrals have
(1888),pp.
147
also
"172,
la
Vallee
Poussin,
been
and,
Math.
Ann.
Schlafli's
results
examined
from
the
Ann.
de
in great
la
aspect of
xlv.
(1894),
Soc.
Sci. de
6-1]
INTEGRAL
we
by a partial
integration.
Accordingly
if T, a, h
are
so
chosen
161
REPRESENTATIONS
obtain
solution of Bessel's
l)Tt,
eiztT(t^-l)
^^{T{t^-l)]^{2v
+
The
former
of these
that
so
it is
that
we
0.
multipleof
integration,
constant
the
path of
^
1)"+
e''^*(^2
that
is
choose
may
that
equationsshews
equation
that
returns
"
so
to
its
vanishes
each limit.
A
contour
passinground
figure-of-eight
clockwise.
the
point
if
and round
t
And,
we
suppose
of
is
the
second
t
hat
contour
real
of
the
a
z
positive,
temporarily
type is
part
both the points
which starts from -|-ooi and returns
there after encircling
one
t
counter-clockwise
-1,-1-1
counter-clockwise
(Fig.1
and
"l
If
Fig.2).
we
take
a,
"
1, it is
Fig.1.
Fig. 2.
necessary
to
suppose
that
R{v
h)"0, and
we
merely obtain
Poisson's
integral.
To make
of ^
1 and
"
axis
on
We
the
rightof
therefore
^=
we
1)""*definite*,
where
the contours
take the
cross
phases
the real
1,
proceedto
examine
the contour
integrals
"(i+, -1-)
+
of the values i ^| ^,
It is supposed that v lias not one
"1, and both integralsvanish, by Cauchy's theorem.
,
at
w.
B. F.
tt
CCI
...
; for then
the
integrandsare analytic
11
162
THEORY
It is
differentiations
analyticfunctions
are
integrals
In
order
expand
the
under
to
in
integi-and
the
convergent with
respect
/"(!+,-1-)
J
Now
odd;
or
we
2
m
and so,
1)""^is an
takingthe
or
even
left with
the
To
from
u
"
"
1) "
0
0 ;
1
to
on
the
evaluate
the
the
is
even
origin,
we
are
/"(!+)
rightoi
contour
taken
Jo
(2m):
/
;
{'^lll)
u^"^-Hn-iy-idu,
Jq
right,we
then
the
on
the
1 vanish
"
when
be
temporarilythat
the straightline
assume
deformed
into
second
part, returningfrom
"
and
\.
the
may
twice;
l)"-*dt
f^'" (f^,
/"(1+)
(_\7nf.v+2)n
^
integralson
{\"u)e~''',and on
{\ u) 6+"',where,
We
accordingas
rightvanish, and
the phasesof
\/u; in the last integral
i? (i/
+
i^
s
7/1
on
a"
is
the
on
(_\m^v+2m
00
of t
1)""^dt
t'^ (P
JA
equation
-
writingt
r-
of the series
efe*(^f- 1)"-*dt
JA
r{,\+,-l-)
odd function
an
-1-)
/"(1+,
2"
on
ml
to be
contour
see
then
dt=
f^it^"
It follows that
,;in2:v^m
oo
^^t (f-ly-i
z-
v.
the contour.
on
of
powers
to t
convergent,
permissible.Also, both
integralsign are
of
first
the
express
are
{")" 0, both integrals
that, when
phase oil
is
"u
to
we
have
0, we
have
1,
1 to
zero.
thus get
f(l+)
ti""-h(xi
r\
1)^-*du
tcn-h (1
{e-(""-*)'r^' e(''-*)T'}
2t
Now
both
sides of the
cos
VTT
du
u)"-^-
^^--
and
be observed
to
[CHAP. VI
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
OF
"
"
"
equation
f"^'""-"
("- 1)-'
rf. =
2i
cos
I"^^"ili""i)
of v; and
by the generaltheoryof
proved when R(v + ^)"0,
so,
has been
v.
-R
Modern
Analysis," 5-5. The reader will
("+ i)" 0, by repeatedly using the recurrence
P+^.-4
(u
1)"+-*
du
is obtained
find
it
possible
+J'"-"_1
"
nA-h
f"^\,"-i("
J0
u-1
the
result, when
i)v+"H du,
the formula
by integrating
(m
|^{u'"+^(u-l)''+"+ill)u"'-^(u-l)''+" (,
the
obtain
to
formula
Jo
which
also
terms
of
au
integralof the
same
"
!) M"'-i(u_!)"' "-*;
type in which
the
exponent of
164
THEORY
Thus, when
and
R(z)"0
r"'i
-^is not
positive
integer,
/"(-!+.1+)
7/V'"rtVi "y
"
(2)
BESSEL
2/
[chap. VI
FUNCTIONS
OF
27rtr(|)
This
also obtained
equationwas
Next
by
Hankel.
consider
f(-i+,i+)
,
where
of
co
00
esp(-!to)
defines
or negative.This integral
angle,positive
is analytic
when
is an
which
acute
iTT +
"
and, if z is
subject
analyticcontinuation
of
ZttI
has any
jR
(2)"
0 and
(v+ ^)"0
we
can
the
an
have
we
value between
0);
e^^Hf- ly-Ut,
"^tt
function
J cciexp(-iuy)
{^)
for
that
defined
that
so
contours
be
J-t,(z)can
J-.(^)='^%
yrnV
arg
K^TT
arg
of the two
of values of arg z;
range
(3)
where
ft) "
to
be deformed
extended
^ir+
obtain
can
tt
"
take
may
and
o)
and
the
(o.
of J_^(z)
representation
a
tt.
contour
to
be
that
shewn
in
Fig.3,
/\
Fig.3.
supposed that
By takingeach straightline
in which
it is
made
ultimately
are
we
separately,
small.
indefinitely
get
^"^^^s^T/:" '-'"'-")-*
J-.{z)-
+
*
If
iw Ibe
of J
increased
-I,
(z)valid
in
series of
for any
stages to an
preassigned value
e^"e'^'(''-i)(l-"2)i/-i^^1
appropriate value
of arg
may
(greaterthan
be obtained.
a
Jtt),
sentation
repre-
6-11]
On
"
bisectingthe
third
(4) J-A^)
which
Weber
t in the
the formula
to
integrals
by it,
Gubler*, which corresponds
is
l^\-^^{l
+ t^^r-hdt+rcoB{zt
^J;jf[smvTT
vn).{l-t^yL
Jo
J
{" + 2)
formula
the various
^,
i
n(^)
and replacingt in
integration
for J^v{z),due
a formula
integralfor ./^(s)
;
(5)
of
obtain
we
t, "t, t, it respectively,
to Poisson's
path
165
REPRESENTATIONS
INTEGRAL
""
K^J
with
Poisson's
2{^zr
=
"r(v+*)r(i)
was
it is found
integral,
that
I e-'i{\-irt'^Y-hdt\
j\m{zt).{\-t^-)''-hdt-
also discovered
values
of integral
case
by Gubler,though
of
it had
been
stated by
previously
v.
should
have
in obtaining
a
difficulty
no
formula
(6)
in which
rightof
it is
i
supposed
the
that
phase
of t'^"\
vanishes
when
is
Modifications
of HankeVs
6 '11.
of
contours
" 6"1
By making
Zurich
und
the
which
the contours
(1888), p. 159.
See
also
are
to
parallel
the real
and
(1893),p. 115.
xxxvm.
Phys.
portionsof
those
xxxiii.
Vierteljahrsschrift,
t Journal
pp. 86"00.
on
Fik'. 5.
Fiff.4.
Phys.
integrals.
contour
on
l.
filrMath,
The
iii.
lxxvi.
formula
(1873),p. 9.
was
(1892),pp. 142,
examined
234.
Cf.
Hayashi, Nyt
in the
case
i-^O
Tidssk
riftfor
Math,
xxiii.
is, (1012),
by Escherich, MonatsheftcfiirMath,
166
THEORY
axis
off to
move
obtain
BESSEL
OF
(so that
infinity
[chap. VI
FUNCTIONS
integrals
along them
the
tend
to
zero),we
followingformulae:
the two
(-1-)
(1+)
X
(2) J_.U)
-1+coi
r(i+)
(1+)
,
/"(-!+)
X
I
./"1
l+ooi
many-valued functions
phase of
phase of f-
be 0 at J. and
t^"1
the
1 is 0 at JL cmd
"
To
in the
^-
avoid confusion
same
1 is +
"
to
(3) J.A^)
to have
i?,the formula
at
TT
the
phase of ^- 1 interpreted
it is supposedthat the phase of
unaltered,while (2)is replaced
by
27rt r
(-1-)
e^^{t-- \y-^dt-\-e-vm\
l+
alteration
e^'^{t--iy-^dt
-1
OOl
in
the
00
the
integrals,
convention
has been
determiningthe phase
reversed
of i^
"
has
necessitated
On
"
(1)
(1+)
the
the
and
interpreted
by taking
at B.
it
"
it is desirable
in both
way
is
at
tt
00}
to be
are
be +
to
3"61
equations(1)and (2),we
that
see
H.^H^)
(4)
^^\-"r}a'fl''^'
e^^^{t^-iy-idt,
(5)
*""* ^
unless
We
is
in
integer,
an
can,
however, obtain
value (w),from
continuous
which
consideration
functions
of
ir""i'
{z)
=
near
and
-1
oot
equations(1)and (3)are
case
(4)and
(5) in
the
case
when
not
v
Thus
n.
-JTl
(t)
r(|-n).(i^)^
iriVil)
for ^"*^'{z).
similarly
has
lim fr;i'(z)
y^n
\2.'
1+ooi
fi^^)
e'^^if-iy-idt,
1+ooi
independent.
an
integral
involved
are
6-12]
As
INTEGRAL
REPRESENTATIONS
167
in the
be
(5)may
continuation.
analytic
if
Thus,
(6)
^77"
"
"y
f TT
"
6)
'^1' i-
both
providedthat, in
^TT4- ").
"
27r and
If
and
^"' (^'
1)^
cotexp(
"
obtained
thus
27r,and
^^^'
"-
!w)
"
lies between
of ^^'^'(5)when
of H^^-^(z) when
arg
has
arg
^tt+
"
any
and
"
tt.
increased
be
o)
round
tt
"
\2)
are
Representations
between
1)"--dt;
^^-vwrf^I
^;=) (z)
(7)
^"* (i'
have
Itt,we
"
have
we
'^\.;ViV
^.'^'(z)
while, if
f TT,
"
the
beyond
singular points of
the
the
make
to
errors
the
are
coil
contours
liable to
occur
Note.
The
formula
2ii\{z)
makes
Hy('^){z)-HJ~'){z)
possibleto
it
Hankel
obtained
and
in this manner
loop integrals,
be
of
view
w
ill
in
this
not
reproduced
investigation
Yn(3);
Hankel's other method
which has been described in " 3-52.
offunctionsof the
Integralrepresentations
6"12.
In the formula
between
tt
"
and
27r,and
that
that the
phase of
contour; and
(1)
(o
has any
given value
^,
shall write
we
e-^^i z-^ (
t-l=
so
3^^(2)in
"
Then
phase of
equation
define /3 by the
the
express
series of
third kind.
that the
arg
so
the
of
terms
has
mulae
for-
it follows
H^^ (z)
m).
increases
from
tt
/3 to
tt
/3 as
t describes
the
immediatelythat
-^^
7,f,
(- uy-^
e-
-.
1 +
du,
the
_-
+ /3"
-Itt
arg
zk^it
13.
168
[CHAP. VI
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
OF
THEORY
/3 is any
where
or
negative)and
angle(positive
|7r+ /3 " arg ^ " Itt+ ^.
acute
t,by " 3-61 (7),H^^^'^{2) e""' iT^D (^),it follows that we lose nothing
to deform
that R(v + ^)"0; and it is then permissible
so
v
by restricting
taken twice; for the
into the line joiningthe originto 00 expt/3,
the contours
tend to zero
at the origin)
taken round a small circle (with centre
integrals
Since
with
deformingthe
On
where
/3may
the
specified
manner,
{^^l.^,;^
I
HJ'" (.)
(3)
(1) in
of
contour
be any
l)"0,
from
In like manner,
find that
(l 2i)^-.
.-" "-*
and
or
negative)
angle(positive
acute
R{v
we
Itt+ /3 "
arg
"
/3.
tt
(2),
rxexp'jS
2 \^ g"Hz"ivTr"iTT)
iu\''~^
*''
i."w=Q VTTTirl.-"''-K^-s)
w
where
^ may
be any
R(v
results (3) and
and
or negative)
angle(positive
acute
l)"0,
|7r+ yS.
/3"arg^"
yet been
proved when
odd positive
integer.
(where ?j 0, 1, 2, ...)
similar work of " 6"11,that (3) and (4)are true when
it follows,as in the somewhat
^,
also
be obtained for such values of
results
The
by expanding the integrands
", #,
may
in terminatingseries of descendingpowers of z, and integrating
term-by-term;the formulae
are
so obtained
easilyreconciled with the equationsof " 3' 4.
The
in view
But
of the
(4) have
-f7r
not
continuitynear
of the functions
2u
is
an
involved
....
importancein the
generalformulae (3) and (4) are of fundamental
of J"" (z)for largev^alues of \z\. These
discussion of asymptoticexpansions
of the formulae will be dealt with in Chapter Vll.
applications
The
arg
u=2z
To
There
obtain
formula,write
e~^" 2-^ ( h),
f-h l
=
is
an
even
to be
function
Cf. Modem
an
If we
Schafheitlin".
acute
and
angle),
"
this
seems
be
to
to
of
no
then
r^-cos''-*(9.e-"'"^-''^+^'^
2"+'^"
rT(.^,^
,^.
is due
of the formulae
useful modification
,^
,^
2e"'"
(1 -^iufz).
v.
Analysis,"
12-22.
"
Journal
fur Matlu
cxn-.
(1894),pp. 31"44.
take
write
6-13]
and
INTEGRAL
REPRESENTATIONS
that
hence
008"-'^$. sin
li''
2^1 ^^
(7)
169
(z-vO
hO)
These
formulae, which
of
valid
_.^^^^^g
^"
sin^-'+i^
^''(^)-r(i;+i)r(i)Jo
,.
rf^,
onlywhen
course
"
integral I
The
u^'^^{l + ii)'^~^
du, which
e~"^
is reducible
to
Jo
Lix.
The
ix
v,
has been
studied
this section
of differential
are
also discussed
6*13.
detail
some
The
from
by Nielsen,Math.
nos.
in
Ann.
89"102.
of
integrals
solutions
Mehler-Sonine
generalised
theory of
Polyt.Inst.
577].
"
Nach.
totic
asymp-
1902,
integrals.
Some
definite integrals
elegant
maybe obtained to representBessel functions
of a positive
variable of a suitably
restricted order. To construct
them, observe
is less than |, it is perthat, when z is positive
(= x) and the real part of
missible
to take ")
Itt in " G'll (6) and to take "
^tt in " 6'11 (7),so
that the contours
those shewn
in Fig.6. When, in addition,the real part
are
of V is greater than
the contours
to deform
(afterthe
|, it is permissible
of " 6"12) so that the first contour
consists of the real axis from + 1
manner
v
"
"
to
"
1 to
twice while
taken
00
"
taken
00
second
the
contour
twice.
-^.^
r,^^
N.
/
Fig. 6.
We
(,.;)
=
I/f^(-3)
(^,)
=
(i^^lM
[V*{t'
e-.(-*t--)
^"^Skl^^-^
(1
the second
(1
iriv
being derived
from
(o)
dt,
1)^-^
it? 1)"-^dt,
e=(-5)-)^e-'-'
-
.'1
t by
" Gil (7)by replacing
1.
170
THEORY
replacez; by
In these formulae
1^
and
the transformation
use
formulae
then
['* e^^*dt
iT.W (a;)
(1)
-l"R{v)"^,
and
x"0
[CHAP. VI
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
OF
=iY{l-v)T(i).{lxy] {t'-iy-^i
'
so
e-^'^^dt
[*
that
dt
f'"sin (a:;^)
(3)
/. (^)
(4)
Y^ {x)
r(i-^)r(i).(i^)v'i
(f^-i^i'
2
Of
these
results,(3) was
Other
specialcase.
Symbolicformulae
"When
R{z)"0
where
the
denotes
If D
and
of 1
phase
Ann.
"
due
(i/
+^)
is any
Ann.
v.
0 and
Maodonald.
and
0, it is evident
i^ lies between
and /
{djdz)
Mat/t.
^^.^ ^^^^^
Hargreave
to
"
^^^^^
xvi.
of
generalisations
6*14.
given by Mehler,
case
^^ J, ^^^
(xt) di
r"" cos
from
formula
\tt.
"
polynomial,then
f(it).e^^^=f{D)e^\
and
so, token
is
v+\
have
we
positive
integer.,
-r("+i)r
When
is not
of
representation
("''+""'
',
0 dt.
e^^'/(^"
Consequently
(1)
and
SO
similarly
that
B^K^-s(z)=
ly
(i+i)y-j"i!iizi^2^,
THEORT?"
172
in which
phasesof
the
both
^^ are
Now, from
zero.
have
we
and
so
^^
(3)
that is to
"
'
we
^^i^i^^
fe"
Jo
(i/
K, (z)
(5)
^
result set
formulae
Hobson
by
as
are
Basset's
6*16.
When
sinh^''^d^,
The
will
and
positive
is
'^"
t)
Tripos,1898.
problem in the Mathematical
R{v + l)"0 and [arg^ |" Itt. The reader
from " G'll (6).
(4) directly
^
1
(*"-!)'-**,
/C(^)='^^|4^/V'
whence
Iarg
^^iMiy
say*
(4)
of 1
and
t--l
[CHAP. VI
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
OF
is
complex
number
derived
for H^^^
{xze^-"^)
the integral
I" l-TT,
subjectto
from
condition
the
"611 (6)may
be written
in the form
of a circle from p to
taken round arcs
integral,
Hence, by Cauchy's
oo
tends to zero
as p
by Jordan's lemma.
p gijTTi-iargz^
the line
until it becomes
theorem, the path of integration
may be openedout
iu, the phase of
which R (zt) 0. If then we write zt
{u-jz^)1 is tt
on
in the ?t-plane.
at the origin
Now, when
the
R(v)^-l,
It then
follows from
=
(.r^e^-O
iT^l^
J..V.(^^-i)"^-^
2r(i)
e-^^'^du
V{v+\). {Izy p
and
so
we
have
Basset's formula
,^
valid when
Basset
*
The
,_^_V{v
\).{"zy r""
co^xu.du
R{v
f, for
"
"
K, {xz)
"
in the
case
by Kiemann,
Ann.
obtained
the
der
Physik
Chemie, (3)xcv.
t Proc. Camh.
Phil.
Soc.
vi.
(1889),p.
Hydrodynamics,
ii.
by
limit of
(Cambridge, 1888),p.
19.
und
6-16, 6-17]
REPRESENTATIONS
INTEGRAL
173
it by the corresponding
Legendre function of the second kind and expressing
of
limit of the integral Laplace's
type (Modern Analysis,
" 15"33).The formula
for
is obtainable
Kn ("^^)
Basset
of
by repeatedapplications
similar
a
investigated
also
formula
for
the operator
"
j-
I^,(xz),but there is an
error
in his result.
mathematicians
before Basset.
integralon the rightin (1)was studied by numerous
Poisson (see " 6"32),Journal
these investigators
de I'Fcole Polytechnique,
were
ix.
The
Among
Catalan, Journal
de Math.
(1840),pp.
v.
de
corrections,Mem.
some
de Math.
110"114
(reprintedwith
viii.
"
Other
who
writers
(1873), pp.
; J. J.
815
360
365
"
Phil. Soc,
Camh.
Ellis,Trans.
Leslie
be mentioned
must
QuarterlyJournal,
cos
.Ku
(1882),pp.
Oltramare, Comptes
and
provedby
writer
last named
213"215
Thomson,
(1849), pp.
viii.
SL-hlomilch,
the integral
Enneper, Math.
CLXXii.
377"381
xviii.
Rendus
de
Ann.
lxii.
232
vi.
(1881),pp. 792"
Coates,Quarterly
V Assoc. Frangaise,
that
integration
contour
du
31); and
"
are
(1841),pp. 65 "74
20
(-)"-'
/e--"-^Vi"\-j
["(i"-'
TT
r c^"-!
(-)"-i7r
e-
+pY_
The
former
be obtained
/.
cos
and
obtainable
Whittakers*'
6" 17.
Formulae
xu
the equation
by differentiating
du
^^
ire
'^P
by using Lagrange'sexpansion.
of Hankel's
generalisations
in
equationshould
p=l
be constructed
integrals.
solutions of Bessel's
in the form
zi\'e^''Tdt.
J
be shewn
It may
by
the methods
" 6'1
of
that
v,.|."/%.""|^
r*
and
so
the
functions
each
end
integralis a
of order v"\
d"T
("
solution if T is
and
dT
solution of
Legendre'sequationfor
at
integrated
part are the same
of the contour.
*
Proc.
London
Math.
Soc.
xxxv.
(1903),pii.
19S"
206.
174
the contour
Legendre function Q^_j(^),
may start
is
where
acute
or
an
negative)
angle(positive
iexp(" ?'")),
satisfies the inequalities
to be
If T be taken
end
and
at
+00
providedthat
the
Itt+
"
If T
taken
be
arg
^TT+
z"
Py-^{t),the
be
to
"
of P^_i (^ at
singularity
logarithmic
to
joining
impossible
in
considered
the special
"3'32; for a detailed
case
in the generalcase, see " 10"5.
We
proceedto
now
"
take various
is
(when
"
0).
possible;but the
an
|
integer)
contour
same
it
makes
[CHAP. VI
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
OF
THEORY
to
t-
is not
"
as
except in
contour
discussion
of the
integral
in detail.
contours
First consider
/"(-!+,1+)
zi
e'''Q,..(t)dt,
J
phase of
the
where
contour
crosses
1 and
1^1
=
the similar
t is
ootexp("
the
at
zero
/(o)
the
point on
the contour
to
rightof ^ 1 at
lie whollyoutside
=
of t.
It is thus
which
the
the circle
found,as
in
r(-i+.i+)
(lz\^-e-^^"^^'!'^^
J^ (^)
(1)
^Hn^n
^
I'
and
"
\2)
""*
xi
exp
Q-i (0 dt,
2u))
therefore
J-A^)
(2)
-^l,^.
^''
J
""^va/
If
kinds
combine
we
and
these formulae
r
i (
cos
(I)
2 )
TT
use
Q-^-k (t)dt
iu")
the
relation*
connectingthe
two
find that
Legendre functions,Ave
of
ixiiexp
VTT
J
J ooiexp(ia.)
ooiexp(iai)
Again,consider
"(1+)
zH
e'''Q,_^{t)dt;
J
at:
"K
i AT-n
exp ((
7
"
uj)
},.\)
i
rightof
z
-^-\- coi.
^
"
00%,
Hence
we
find that
/"(-1+)
?iU
"'~'Q,_,{t)dt
J ooiexp(
Tlie relation, discovered
"
i"o)
is
by Schlafii,
p"(.) =
*^{Q"
(.)-"_"_,(.)}:
TT
cf. Hobson,
Phil.
Trans,
clxxxvii.
(1896),p. 461.2
6-2]
is
INTEGRAL
REPRESENTATIONS
H^^H^)
(4)
*-
V2/
C^z^h
p-h'v+h)ni r(-l+)
^
H^^^ {z)
with
(TLz\h pk(v +
TT
1 is
"
from
which
integral
h)Tvi
r{-\
COS
VTT
e^'^P._i (0 dt;
j-exp{-ioj)
rjj
(3).
differs from
the point+
(6)onlyb}^encircling
inside such
analytic
on
"
"
6*2. Genei^alisations
We
system
Schlaflif.The
to
We
the
Hankel's
take
that
at
"
contour.
crosses
point.
of Bessel
representations
contour
integralsdue to
which
formula
fundamental
in
integral
Bessel's
various
integralsand
definite
of
contour
1 instead
of BesseVs integral.
examine
shall next
Q,_,(t)dt,
Schlafli's relation,
zero
e-'
l^.\^.^^^^^
(2/
H.^^ (z)
(6)
e"^Hl_,{t)dt,
exp(-iaj)
00!
"
of
^^p.i. I
and
consideration
7*
(5)
175
will be obtained
of functions
case
well-known
whose
order is
by
Sonine*
and
is
reduced
easily
integer.
an
of the
generalisation;]:
functions
Eulerian
second
integral
1
r(o+)
l)^^i].^
^
V{v
in which
the
phase of
increases from
tt
"
to
tt
'""^*^^'
"
as
then
\^
2
Consider
'
^
TT
e^ dt.
obtained
the function
t-"-^-^
the signsof
by interchanging
summation
the right;it is
on
integi'ation
and
/"{0+)
Z-)
an
S LJ_llfZ_
t-''-'exp\t-~[dt=
'/h!
-00
Matlmnatical
t Ann.
di Mat.
also be consulted.
Hopkins
+
Cf.
Collection,
'it)
v.
Ann.
memoir, Math.
(2)v. (1873),p.
204.
In
Graf, Math.
addition,see
t-''-^--U'dt,
J
"j=o
UniversityCirculars,xiv. (1895),pp.
3Iodern Analysis," 12-22.
Ann.
20
"
lvi.
-00
xvi.
An7i.
(1880),pp. 9"29.
(1871),pp. 134"149,
iii.
(1903),pp. 423"432,
and
21.
sliould
Chessin,
Analysis,"" 5-32,
4-44.
John
176
THEORY
and
so
have
we
at
"^'W=y/_j-'--pK4*
result,which
This
When
it passes
real axis.
On
the first to
was
writingt
Sonine's
given in
was
Again,writingu
J, (Z)
(3)
valid when
In this formula
Fig.8, with
about
angle arg
an
|arg
the
originuntil
the negative
with
\" |7r,
earlier paper
e2Sinh",-K!.
^^y^
^r".
vertices at
oc
(p.335).
have
e'",we
the contour
by Sonine;
2^-L""~''"'exp|i^(i.--j|^z^.
^"'^^)
form
then
Izu, we
by Schlafli,was rediscovered
pointout its importance.
Iarg z\"^7r, we
in a
to infinity
(2)
in
discovered
was
This
[CHAP. VI
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
once
(1)
and
OF
"
to
iri,
"
consist of three
iri,rri and
sides of
by
Schlafli.
as
rectangle,
m.
ni
-TTl
Fig. 8.
If
on
write t +
we
for
tti
(4)
/.(2)=-
valid when
If
if R
we
jarg
make
(v)" 0, so
is still true
The
second
tri,
we
f''cos(i/6'-^sin^)rf^-^H^^
["e-^'-^^'^ht
^^^
\" ^tt.
when
-^
^r
is
pure
integrals
justdiscussed
memoir;
the sides
iv on
in that
memoir
modifications
appropriate
or
(positive
negative)and
were
examined
he obtained
of the contour.
if
For
6-21]
replacedby
(tt+^|^)^. By takingthe contour
the contour
+
00
corners
as
REPRESENTATIONS
INTEGRAL
in
be
(3) may
177
which
goes from
be three sides of
one
to
i,(tt+ y}r)
i,and
y}/)i, (tt -v/r)
modification of (4),
at
cc
(v
"
"
viip
"
with
rectangle
obtain,
e'^''*"''"-'^^*'cos(i^^-^cos-v|rsin^)rf0
e-"'* sin
f"
ITT
Again,if we take -^ to be
be replaced
by one which
anglebetween
an
passes from
oo
0 and
tt,
,,^.,,
the contour
to go
(|7r4 "y\r)i
"
Jo
TT
so
"
fn
Ju{z)
(5)
i to
(tt yfr)
"
(tt+ -v/r
)i,we
co
"
in
(3)may
and
(|7r4-\|r){,
find that
we
riT + ^
(6)
1
1["
./^(^)
=
1
^_
cos(i^^-^sin6')r/6?
f"
g-zsinh"sin^-.,?
g-j-^
COsh t COS
(2r
ttJ 0
providedthat |arg
When
"
{i")
is
both
and
"\\r
tt
"^
I^TT
dt,
J^a/t)
^.
"
positive
(= x),we
take
may
"|r
cosh
(a;
in the last
formula,and get*
fi'^
(7)
./^(a;)
=
Another
the contour
by
Jordan's
cos
1 r^
{yO
"
sin
e""' sin
0)dd +
c/^.
I^'tt)
"
out
importantformula,derived from (1),is obtained by spreading
axis on the rightof the origin;
until it is parallel
to the imaginary
this is permissible
if R{v)"
lemma
1, and we then obtain the
"
formula
J.(^)=^-^^-J t-''-^exi^]t--\dt,
4^1
J
(8)
^TTl
in which
may
which
Integrals
(1899),pp. 121"161
Whipple, Proc.
resemble
W.
London
Math.
Soc.
(2) xvi.
94
(1917),pp.
substitute Schlafli'sintegral
" 6-2
we
rightof
the
of
importancein
Soc.
the
tion
investiga-
Math.
Proc. London
of
Soc.
xxx.
HI.
"
equation
=
v-TT
/_,.{z)cosec
vtt,
find that
C^
fir
"n
basis of many
is the
integral
Math.
this
those
lightby
H.
which represent
uf the
functions
Integrals
6-21.
the
have any
of the diffraction of
on
"
value
positive
investigations.
c
Sonine's
If
Y, {z)
=
cot
COS
VTT
J (,
{v6
-
sin d) dd
cosec
cos
pit
(r6^+
cos
VTT
W.
13. V.
Cf.
Gubler, Math.
sin
dt
e-"'-''"'^''
Jo
*
^)dB
.'0
Aiiit.
xi.ix.
f"e"'-""'!''
dt.
J^
(18',)7),
pp. 583"584.
^-^
178
OF
THEORY
Replace^ by
tt
^ in the second
"
[CHAP. VI
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
the
on
integral
and
right,
it is found
on
duction
re-
that
1
(1) Y, (2)
=
/'""
sin {2 sin
C"
-\ (e"*+
e-v6)d6-
e""* cos
v-n)g-^inhf ^^^
By
means
which
function),
for Neumann's
of this result
can
we
TTlj
Iarg zIk^tt;
when
is valid when
\" ^tt.
evaluate
_x
for we
[arg
be rectilinear,
in
as
to
li
"
Fig.9,and
Fig. 9.
write
the
iri for
t, id, t +
"
on
then
we
see
that
is equal to
expression
1
"] ("00
and
p"vni
/""
this is
formula
roo
(1) combined
with
".( "'e^sinhw-w^'
^^^
(2)
jy^d'(z)
(3)
JY,(^)
(z)=
.!
TTlJ
"'
e^ ^'"h
fi^
-uw
-co
Formulae
pp. 327"357.
pp. 1"16.
By
an
obvious
change of
(4)
ir,(')
{z)
(5)
H.^^ (z)
"
variable
I
1
we
M-"-^
roc
A.,
^
may
write
expU^[u
-
exp(-7ri)
,-.-.
exp
du,
^^j
/
|.(u-i)|
.
du
"
180
OF
THEORY
Modifications
thus found
of
w
by
by replacing
obtained
[CHAP. VI
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
"
^iri; it is
that*
HJ^'H2)
(8)
ei2coshw-vw^^
"
gizcosh
ir^(-'
(Z)
(9)
qqqY^ J^W
dw,
Jo
TTl
d^
g-izcoshw-,'W
r-
TTl
-oc+hni
2ei
g-izcosh
qqq]^ j/|y
dw,
TTl
(o
"
of
interest
special
arise
"
that
ie'',
(10)
HJ'^Ux)
e^^coshi-.'^^^^
r-
ijkvni
(11)
ff/"^(x)
hence, when
"
J^,(x)=
-
F^(a;)
=
"
1^
"TTl
00
"
"
iit(i^)
"
1, we
J 0
have
C'^
sin
TTJ
(13)
cosh z^^f/",
Opkvrri I"ao
roc
g-ixcosht-ut fli
0 and
2
(12)
J0
7n
TTl
and
cosh
e'-'^
__
j_oo
TTl
(x cosh
"
^ vtt) cosh
.
vt
dt,
-I
(" cosh
cos
"
j/tt)cosh
.
i/^ c?^;
.
and, in particular
(cf."6'13),
F.w=-?r5^*,
(15)
.
when
The
Math.
replacecosh
we
last
Ann.
Proc. Camb.
two
xvi.
formulae
by
are
^.
due
to
Meliler,Math.
aud
(1880),p. 39, respectively;
Phil. Soc.
viii.
(1895),pp.
122
also been
discussed
SoDinc,
by Basset,
Journal,
given by Hardy, Quarterly
find that
J{ah),xt^au
+ bjw,we
The
reader
A(cos^)
^
=
77
combined
xxxii.
^^)^^=.yo{2v/("6)}.
j'%in("u
(16)
Note.
they have
v.
128.
"
been
x
Ann.
with
the formula
*
Cf.
to obtain
f'- sin(n +
(14) from
the formula
^|)(^
je ^/{2(cos^-cos0)}"^
was
Mehler's
Coates, QuarterlyJournal,xxi.
originalmethod.
(1886),pp.
183"192.
6-22]
INTEGRAL
which
previousanalysis
is
easilymodified
formulae
If in
(3) the
"
SO
that
prove
(!"""'""-"""
dw.
valid when
arg^:
^tt if E
be three sides of
to
(v)"
0.
with
rectangle
corners
that
I"^
'
ir
Sin
VTT
e'^'^'^cosvede
e-'^^^^'f-"'
dt,
that
2 sin
/_. (z)
hence, when
and
jarg^
77 77
e-^c"**h"
cosh vt
L {z)
=
"
K,
(5)
a
to
as
00"17}
iri,it is found
IJ2)=-
(4)
is taken
contour
x
Tri, iri,-rri,
"
so
"
=J"-V
-iTT%
00
givenfully;theyare
mainly in terms of the
|arg z\"^'ir,
/, (z)
(3)
at
of sufficient interest to be
K^ (z)are
of " 62
analysis
hence, when
The
in the discussion
function
The
involved
arc
to
and
of the
modifications
of I^ (z)and
due
181
6 "22.
The
REPRESENTATIONS
dt,
^tt,
{z)=re-^coshtcosh
jjt
.
dt,
Jo
obtained
formula
From
by Schlaflif by
the results
evaluate
can
e^ cosh
z\"^7r.
\ arg
For
it is
cc
"
d^
that
r^+TTi]
r=o-7r/
"I
_!-. J
27^^ [j_^_^,-
27nJ
"
w-uw
"ni
easilyseen
=
tions.
elaborate transforma-
of somewhat
means
justobtained, we
27ri
when
"
^.j
d^fj
gZCOS\MV-VW
J oo-ni)
TTi
e-"^'''^''-'''dt
+ I,(z)
"l-TTlJ
_:
1i
(2)v. (1873), pp. 199"205.
(2) v. (1873),pp. 199"201
(1868),p. 131, as the definition to
Ann.
di Mat.
Ann.
di
Math.
Lxix.
Mat.
I/TTl
+ L{z\
[I_^{z)-L{z)]
sm
vir
this
which
formula
reference
was
was
used
made
[CHAP. VI
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
OF
THEORY
182
and
hence
e^'''I.Az)-e-'"''I,{z)
oo+wi
g0COShW-vW(^,;y
(6)
"
27rlj
Again,we
KAz)
(7)
^r
and
e-'^^'^"-''Ult,
" 6-21,
r
n
fee exp ( ill)
/""=exp(-i".)
1
-
^"(^)
(8)
when
"
TT
"
fi)
"
u"^exp
and
TT
vir
the form
(5) in
write
may
2i sin
-oc-TTl
'
-) du,
Oexpiuj
^tt+
"
1\)
iWw
"
"
arg
^tt+
"
(o.
Similarly
r
sinz^TT /'""exp(,r-a"),"^
(9)
e""'
.s
/_, (^)
e-''"
-r/x
I, (z)
it-"-^ exp
7^
0 "
aX
27r and
contours
J0exp{-7r+"o)j
^tt+
"""
(8) and
arg
(9) are
"
^tt+
shewn
ix)
nz(u+-h
V
du ;
"^^/j
co.
in
Figs.13
and
14
respectively.
Fig. 14.
Fig. 13.
Further, when
(= x) and
positive
is
"1"
round
be swung
it
is
thus
axis
found
that
imaginary
;
in
(8) may
the
path of integration
half
of the
positive
R(v)"l,
until it becomes
the
Iv
-^v(^) le"^""'
=
so
y"""^ exp
^-lixiv-
that
(10)
and,
on
(11)
K^ (x)
=
^^^
le-i""j e-f^sinh(-vt
v,
K^ (x)
I ei""^*r
J
e-'*sinht+vt ^f^
00
6-23]
INTEGRAL
From
these results
(12)
we
REPRESENTATIONS
that
see
IvTT.K^ (x)
cos
183
g-'^sinht ^q^]^ ^^
that
SO
K^,(x)
(13)
f"^
(a;sinh 0 cosh
cos
COSjl^TTJo
these formulae
and
In
are
"
0 and
;4
(^^,
"l"R(v)"
i.
particular
K, [x)
(14)
{x snih 0
cos
dt
result obtained
It may
by
be observed
Jo
Mehler*
"
{z^)
0.
whom
exp
among
(cahier16), 1813,
p.
integralon
The
the
be mentioned
may
-I)
^ze'
=
j^ { "}
provided that
the substitution
make
A'.(^) I {^y
(15)
(t"+
in 1870.
if,in (7),we
that
),/
: 0
^^^^
T,
we
find that
been
righthas
studied
Poisson, Journal
bj
de V Ecole
Report, 1872,
maticians,
mathe-
numerous
ix.
Pol^technique,
pp.
15
"
17; Proc.
Camb.
41
in.
The
44.
"
"
"
"
962.
6*23.
The
Hardy
of Du
formulaefor integrals
Reyinond's
type.
integrals
r=c
r-a
/j,2
_
I sin
Jo
in which
of Du
Bois
./" "
Bois
0, "1"B
sin
"
i""^
dt,
gO.
cos
t
.
cos
{v)" 1, have
been
^""^
"
dt,
Jo
examined
by Hardy f
as
examples
Reymond's integrals
r txtf^'^t.f-'dt,
Jo
cos
a differential equation
f{t)oscillates rapidlyas ^ 0. By constructing
of Bessel
them in terms
in expressing
of the fourth order, Hardy succeeded
them is to make use of the results
functions ; but a simplerway of evaluating
in which
of
6-22.
""6-21,
*
Math.
Ann.
t Messenger,
(1881),p. 182.
(1911),pp. 44"51.
xviii.
xl.
184
If
it is clear that
replacet by xe\
we
sin ^ sin
t"-''dt
"
sin (^e"*)e"*c?^
{xe^)
sin
x"
Jo
[CHAP. VI
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
OF
THEORY
-"
roo
j^ "v
J
=
hence
and
_,
(2a;)],
have
we
-rT-^
sinisin^.^''-irf^
(1)
"00
7i
2e-^'"^'
iT^(2a;) 2ei'"^^
and
{2x)
[7rtW'""'f/'^_^*
(2.2;)TTte^"-*H^^^j,
i^"
gf*^^
g-2ia;cosli(gSiasinhf g-2ia;siiilitj
fg2ij;cosh"
+ /_,(2^)-/,(2./0][/.(2.t")-J"_,(2.r)
similarly
(2)
When
^ cos
cos
these formulae
zero,
become
+ A'"(2a.O,
sinisin^.^
|7rFo(2a-)
t
t
(3)
.'0
"
(4)
cos
cos
6 "24.
it
Jo
value
special
has the
cZ^
r-i
.
curious
extension
of Jacobi's formulae
of
obtained
has been
" 2*2
in the
of
case
and
Ji{x) by Theisinger,Monatskefte
fiirMath, und Phj/s.xxiv. (1913),pp. 337
shall now
formula which is valid for functions
of Theisinger's
give a generalisation
V
"
where
If
341
Jq {x)
; we
of order
h"v"\.
is any
it is obvious
positivenumber*,
^
J^(x)=
'"' '
^^fj [""
e-"'^"'"cos(A'cos^)sin2''^c?^
j^
A)r(i) jo
r(r
integralthat
Poisson's
from
'-"f/
"
^r(r+|)r(i)jo
^^^
(i-e-"^8ine)cos(^cos^)sin2''^"Z^.
)
\
I
^
/"in"
Now
sin-" "9o?^
(9)
COS
(1 -e-"^sinfl)
(.rCOS
}0
Ttt
contour
1-exp
above
origin,and
sinh ix sin ^
cos
u;
6) sin-" ^cZ^
5)
"?2
/._-l/A^''
(.-!/.)}
(lag;.origin. Take
the
write
\^
+tan
z"
the
parts
^^,
sui
T"
(x cot
r,-
sui
ix tan
(^)
^0)
e""^'cot-" d)
.
f ^-^--^W^^-^^^t'^)
sin Gr
l"^).e-
"-'
tan
/o
"
4A I
Jo
sin
/I
/I
JLN
cot d)
cot (/")
(ia.r
cos
(iax
\_
4.
4.
In
cot^"
-^
sui(.rcot0)
[-'"
2'
of the contom*;
-r
"
sin (.rtan
vn)
Theisinger's
analysis,a
^^
sin
-"^
+ ^"
contour
the two
on
2/
expressionis equal to
/"!
passes
the
at
;rs
sin
the
"
[x
where
"
snili
^
^^'V
j_t sinhl:|.rz(2-l/2)}
__
indentation
g"
^^TT
aarsin^
sin
is
au
"p
-^
c^
^sm0
r-",
(.rcot 0)
cot^" d,
even
c?6
i"^)
'-.
integer.
-^-^
sin
we
an
thus
6-24-6-31]
and
INTEGRAL
REPRESENTATIONS
185
therefore
(1)
.wis/
"
"
-^.(""")=
e-"^-^"'e
(.rcos^) sin'^"^c^^
cos
""
j
The
case
to
(h-un)
sni
(I
hecause
I'^A,
fails when
l differs from
cot
"
the radius
with
zero
transformation
tend
not
"*"'
sin
the
he works
^i/(*") f
^-fej^I^^-
with
"
The
form
sui
the indentation
does
(7) which
3"3
'^
(.rcot (Ji)
integralround
of the indentation.
(1) because
_^^
(f_^50)
^ot^^ "i
gives
'"
(2)
"""'=''"^
f-""
"
4,
,1
/I
(iax cot (b
i.j\
(^a.rcot 0)
sm
xj
cos
T-
jo
d cos
cos
("""
e) sin2''-'.^
"ii
X-
sin'''
(i^ tan
vtt)
"
"^
T-
sni
^ cW
i(i)
deb
,,,
fJ-icot-"--
.,
(a-cot (/))
(h ^-J"
^sni^"^
6*3.
The
Three
obtained
of K^{z).
equivalence
of the integral
representations
different types of
in
""6*15 (4),6"22
now
been
e--^'""'"*coshi/".c?^,
Jo
demonstrated in 1871 by
directly
of the second and third as early
Schlalii*;but Poisson proved the equivalence
of the
1813, while Malmsten
as
gave a less direct proof of the equivalence
second and third in 1841.
We
proceedto describe the three transformations
in question.
The
equalityof
6'31.
We
arises from
(1)
r("+^)
.
be established
may
We
have,of
at first to taket
*
more
t The
tion
or
of the
Ann.
by Schliifli,
analysisused
di Mat.
(2) v. (1873),
{\z)^
j ^_,^
^y_.^^^ ^r
"
j,
j"
'
and
of K^ (z),
comparison of two of the integralrepresentations
that
of
2"323.
by analysisresembling
^
course,
to suppose
-~h"R
{v)"
tliat R
{z)"
0 to
secure
convergence,
and
which
it is convenient
1.
earlier
Au
much
abstract
"
which
was
Scldiifli's
transformation.
first give an
pp. 199
second
by the
proof is
use
of
due
recurrence
to
Kuinmer,
fornuilae.
Journal
186
THEORY
Now
where
on
define S
by
and
x^l;
the
cosh
0, we
J,
that,by
see
have
we
u,
integrandin
Replacingx by
so
equation
theu^ii t=x-{x-l)
expanding the
[CHAP. VI
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
OF
of
powers
and
term-by-term.
integrating
that
uFii)
(coshd-ty
partialintegration,
^'^^^""'"^^
1 e-^^^i^esinh ^sinh r^cZ^
/""e-^eoshecoshr^c/^^^"^^^","'"^^
jo
r(i)
jo
"FC*)
r(i-.)jo
F(I^)/,i/"'""'"-'""'
rci-.-) ji
2"
of the
the transformation
6*32.
The
to Poisson*
is true
when
of the
course
of
and
If
we
by
presents
integrations
no
and
great theoretical difficulty,
transformation.
proof that
is due
of the
zt"
is established.
Poisson's
direct
order
re-'^f"-iy-idt;
J
the inversion
jo
j-.
^""'r(i)
Journal
de VEcole
x"0
|arg2|"-|7r,
proofthat R{v)"^
an
appeal to
replace^ by
suflficientto prove
new
ix. (1813),pp.
Polytechnique,
and
R{v)"
and
|arg
"
-g,
|"
formulae
recurrence
variable
jo {w^+z-^y^h
defined
jtt,
and
by
but
it is convenient
and
to derive
the
the
The
239"241.
to
equation
in the
assume
values
theory of analyticcontinuation.
equation v^x^e'^,
we
see
that
that
f%x".r_i,/.v..
pcos(^,70rfu_lr(l)
"2,-i/.v^^
*
See
also
Paoli,Mem.
di Mat.
di Fis.
della Soc.
Italiana
delle Sci.
xx.
(1828),p.
172.
it is
188
and
the first is
of the third
unboundedness
multipleof
the second
C is
independentof
C, make
and
x-^0
then
sotnat
R{p)"0,
follows,when
requiredtransformation
'
z'"
2z^^T{v+ i)
if we
the
use
duplicationformula
function.
in finite terms
expressible
for it is
"
transformation
of Malmsten's
consequence
,.
"
,,
",,,
immediate
An
constant
(u^+ z^)
the
he
JX
-^
determine
To
.v.
/
and
of the
In view
that
so
J 0 {U +2')"
where
third.
that
it is obvious
x-^+oo,
as
and
of the second
linear combination
consequentlya
[CHAP. VI
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
OF
THEORY
is
r,
that
"^
[
,
cos
xu
du
^^
^"
2m
equal to
roc
^' ^^
2^-i{(n-l)!}^j,
'
"-i(2a's)'"(2/i-"i-1):
^g-w
given by Catalan,
evaluatingthe integralis simpler than a method
is not rigorous in all its
Journal de Math. v. (1840),pp. 110
114; and his investigation
is discussed
by Serret,Journal de Math. viii. (1843),pp. 20,
stages. The transformation
also
193
see
216;
Cayley,Journal de ,Math. xii. (1847),p. 23G
21; IX. (1844), pp.
This
method
of
"
"
Airi/sintegral.
6*4.
The
integral
r
{t^" xt) dt
cos
Jo
of Light in the
appearedin the researches of Aiiy* "On the Intensity
which are
of a class of integrals
neighbourhoodof a Caustic" is a member
tabulated by Airy
in terms
of Bessel functions. The integral
was
expressible
laborious. Later, De Morgan "(but the process was excessively
by quadratures,
obtained a series in ascending
powers ot'x by a process which needs justification
either by Stokes' transformation (which will be explained
immediately)or by
the use of Hardy'stheoryof generalised
integrals^.
which
Trans.
Camb.
Phil.
Soc.
vi.
(1838),pp. 379"402.
cos
In
form
(iv'^mro)die,
-
thif?is easilyreduced
but
to the
communicated
Quarterly Journal,
xxxv.
integralgiven above.
to
Airj'on
(1904),pp.
22"66
March
11, 1818
; 2'rans.
Camb.
see
Trans.
Phil. Soc.
Camh.
xxi.
Phil.
Soc.
(1912),pp.
viii.
1"48.
6-4]
INTEGRAL
It
noticed
was
Stokes
and
The
Stokes*
also obtained
values of x, both
with
by
reader
will observe
189
is annihilated by the
integral
operator
asymptoticexpansionsof
negative.
and
positive
the
integralfor large
{loc.cit.p. 187),but
Stokes
that the
the
of the transformed
one
REPRESENTATIONS
of Bessel's
integral is identical
equation for Aii-y's
equation (^ 4-3). This fact was noticed by
made
of it until Nicholson,Phil. Man.
specialuse was
(6)
of Bessel functions of
XVIII.
(1909),pp. 6"17, expressedAiry'sintegraldirectlyin terms
orders
considerable importancef; see
"7'.. These Bessel functions have latelyassumed
(1910),p. 267, and the approximate formulae described in " 8'43.
Weyl, Math. Ann. Lxviii.
no
the
nexion
con-
he then
"
To
observe
we
Airy'sintegral;]:,
evaluate
that it may
1 r*
^
consider this
Now
exp {if
ixt)dt.
integrandtaken alongtwo
of
arcs
circle of radius
with
at
centre
-*
rcoexp^TTt
/"CO
{f "xt)dt
cos
-^
2
Jo
lr
"^
.'0
[e^""'
exp (- T^
second
the contour
of the
originand
the third
"
exp {iV""
e^'^'
^t)
ixt)dt
^'^'
integralconsists
exp (- T^ "
of tvro
dr ;
i'^'xr)]
integralis obtained
rays
rays.
series
Now, since the resulting
Jo
*
pp.
Trans.
(-
exp
73
" e-s"''
xt) dr
convergent, it may
are
^-^
Phil.
Camb.
329"349.]
See
also
Soc.
ix.
Stokes'
(185ii),
ppletter of
t'"
'^""'-
111=0
12, 1848,
pp. G09"
X The
Soc.
Sci.
functions
occur
in
problem (with
619; xxx.
(1915),pp.
of the
Bruxelles, xvi.
" Bromwich,
dr,
(- 7-*)
[Math,
and
Airy,
Sir
to
Pli,/s.Paper.-",11. (1883),
G.
G.
Stoke/^,Memoir
and
160.
integral is convergent.
de
"
exp
that"
.0
166"187.
May
be shewn
cit. p.
228,
or
de la ValltJe
Poussin, Ann.
de la
190
OF
THEORY
and
so
cos(f
(Im
(+ a;)*"cos
^
S
xt)dt=
^^="^
^
"J
Avhich
a;
(1)
to be
{t^ Xt)dt
cos
De
by
"
".
1) TT
r
.
When
Morgan.
of Bessel functions,we
terms
is to be taken
!
{^vt+ ^j)/m
the series
obtain
the
on
Nicholson's
right
formulae, in
:
positive
/2x\/a-
^TT'\/(^x)
,x
T"'exp(-Tnc?T
Jo
(" i^)
,^=0^?^!
r(?n +
r=^
i7r
f)
TT
^^"
ml
,,^^0
'
are
[chap. VI
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
J-"[373/
J,
i2x\Jx
V'3V3,
2x \Jx
/2x.\/x\
'2x\/x\
f2x\/x\
(2)
^-^l-3V3J-^n"3V3J
\Jx
Barnes'
6*5.
/2ijc^/x\
"
integral
representations
of Bessel f unctions.
Let
consider
us
the residue
of
r
at
2m
r,
where
of the residues is
?'
0, 1, 2,
(2m
s) {izf
("^'n^amg-iz^
Hence, by Cauchy'stheorem,
J, (z)e"''
if the
(v +
that the
that
suppose
s)
"
the
2^'" .mWiv
^.
"
R{v)
When
"
|, and
"
choose
(2m
~o 2^"'.mir(v
rn=t
is convergent and
Rend,
Lincei,
ser.
t Mellin
J
Gamb.
of this
del R.
has
Istituto
type, see
given a
Trans,
Barnes,
ds,
the
l)
be
contour
verified,by using
so
that, on
it,
s)
l)
equalto
4, Rendicoiiti,
Phil.
It may
points0, 1, 2,
are
integrals
convergent.
00
"
formula
Stirling's
r(2m-s).{izy
/"""+'
i
2'Tri^=0
encloses
contour
Now
(hzy 5
=
Lombardo,
iv.
summary
xx.
of his
(1908),pp.
Proc.
London
Atti
researched,Math.
270
Math.
"
279.
Soc.
For
(2)v.
della
Ann.
lxviii.
(1910),pp.
bibliographyof researches
65.
(1907),pp. 59
"
R.
Accad.
305
on
"
dci
337.
inte;,Mals
6-5]
onlypolesof
The
calculate the
we
Gauss.
to
integrandinside
the
191
If therefore
the
contour
sum
change the
we
order
have
we
integration*
and
of summation
due
formula
well-known
the
by
REPRESENTATIONS
INTEGRAL
0, 1, 2,
at
are
When
....
find that
we
poles,
that
so
J^ {z)e--
(1)
1^1
relation.
is Kummer's
which
('^ I
f^^r+1)
,h {z)e^'
(2)
'^'^" +
R{v)
"
which
; 2z. +
are
v,
2iz),
1 ;
2iz).
relations
\, are
"
1 ;
find that
we
Y%'ll) i
; 2r +
In like manner,
These
and
connectingfunctions
by the theoryof analytic
so,
It is also
which
no
T{-v-s)T{-s){lizy^-^^,
function
qua
of
5.
It has
5
residue at
The
0, 1, 2,
the
polesat
2,
....
is
the residue at
"
vir
in
i^
(-)"'(2 ^)'"^'"'
m\ T {v -{-m + 1)
'
sin
'
is
-iri-"
(-)"(l2)-''+='"
'
sin
ml
vTT
(v +
1)
'
that
so
ds,
(lizY^''
^-^.ir{-v-s)r(-s)
7re-i"''+i'"'
i/,'-'
(z)
(3)
and, in like
where
the
in
X
manner,
Treic+it'^''
^,w
(4)
"
l,-v
...; -v,-v
TTJ^
while
points
the contours
start
{z)
from
~[r(-v-
and
return
to +
(5)
we
iz
to
reverse
7re-i"'+^'-'
H/'^
(z)
^. f'^"'
r (ItTI J
Cf.
Bromwich,
hir
\"
as
the polesof
encircling
in (3)or jarg (" iz)\" |7r
after
oo
start
we
from
oo
i and
find that
ds,
s) V (- s)(^izy^''
-c-jai
end
at
192
THEORY
OF
BESSEL
[CHAP. VI
FUNCTIONS
number
c is any
positive
providedthat \arg (" iz)|" ^tt;and, in each integral,
is parallel
to the imaginaryaxis.
exceedingIl{v)and the path of integration
There is an integral
resemblingthese which represents the function of the
and the argument
R(v)"0
firstkind of order v, but it converges only when
in questionis
The integral
of the function is positive.
in the
it is obtained
and
Barnes'
the
offunctionsof the
representations
^vK^)e
Consider
for the
2i.^/7r}^
r(s
the
now
{2zy
third kind.
Gamma
function
we
write
may
l)r(2i.+ s+l)sins7r"
integral
"'
2iVt.
in which
precedingintegrals
; the reader
integrandis 0 {\sl"""^).
formula
By using the duplication
results justobtained in the form
\^}
the
as
way
js |is largeon
6'51.
same
T{-s)r(-2v-s)r(v
i).{2izyds,
_c
the
"
"
"
...
"
''
"
"
"
"""
for,if s
have
we
pe'^,
i).(2,"r
,r(-.)r(-2..-")r(.+.H).(2,-.).^p^^"/r
(s) (2i/
1)
(2i^ s)
+ . +
5 +
sm
STT
sm
TT
and, by Stirling's
formula,
r{v
i).(2izy
''^r(s
+ i)r{2i^
i)
pe'^log(2iz)-(v
with
of
p
s
cos
and
is
When
logp.
p
jsin 6 j}and the
\ exp \piT
times the integrandis
6
cos
log122 [
"
this tends to
p sin ^
"
as
"
pe'^)(logp
when
"
^
tt "
-|-
in
pOamO
"
6 is nearlyequalto "
dominant
arg 2iz
/a
"
term
pcosd\ogp
if | arg iz i"
|7r.
pcosd
-{-
"
2p\^\nd\,
6-51]
INTEGRAL
Hence
the
times the
round
integral
to pass between
REPRESENTATIONS
integrandtends
all alongthe
to zero
193
and
semicircle,
zero
so
so
as
It follows from
Cauchy'stheorem
that,when
|argiz\" |7rand
2v is not
an
then
integer,
r'
J
be calculated
may
2v
(- s)r (-
s)r (v +
i).{2izyds
"x"i
"-
residues at the
the
by evaluating
poleson
the
rightof
the
contour.
The
residues of
r
at 5
and
TT
r ((- .9)
2^ +
"
(v +
7)1
1) (2/^)-^
.
respectively
are
1) {2iz)'"'
2/. -s)r{v+s
r (-
TT
;/
1) (2i")-2''+"'
sin 2viT
and
rn
!F
+
(2i/
'
1)
sin ^vir
nil
r(" 2i^+
1)
hence
-Pr r
=
r{-s)T{-2v-s)T(v
s+l).{2tzYds
^^+i' -^^"
snr2;^r(2TTT)-^^^^+^-
H2^)-vr^r(i-z.)
g"
TT^e'^
sin 2t'7r
It follows that,when
i,,..(,,
(2)
^-'"-'""=-(^-)-(2-)"
77 '^
-j-.i
X
"
and
when
similarly,
2/v
r (i.
+
.9)
s +
1) i2izyds,
s) r (r+
.9 +
1) (- 2{zyds.
F.'^'(2)
(3)
(- s)r (-
XI
giiz-.'Tr)
cos (i^tt)
(22:)"
.
r ((- .s)
2i'
-XI
The
restriction that
is not
to be an
integermay
be removed
by a limiting
process, but the restriction that
integercannot be removed, since then poleswhich must
would have to coincide with poleswhich must
contour
manner
AV. B. F.
2i" must
be
be
on
on
in the usual
not
the
be
an
rightof
the left.
13
odd
the
VII
CHAPTER
EXPANSIONS
ASYMPTOTIC
7*1.
In
Chapter
series
since the
large compared with 4 (i^+ 1), 4 (i^+ 2), 4(^ + 3),
fairlyrapidlyfor such values of z. But, when |-^ I is large,the
slowly,and an inspectionof their initial terms affords no clue
z^ is not
converge
converge
; when
i^
is
possiblethe calculation
Bessel's equation when
There
the
of
the
be
calculated
without
of formulae
fundamental
difiiculty.
which
recondite
latter,and
investigationof
problem
the
render
of solutions
system
of
large.
it is
be considered
to
that
made
was
behaviour
until
postponed
however, be mentioned
It must,
the
to
to
series
this statement
exception to
one
determination
values
; the
is
than
more
is
is not
functions
..
when
largeis very different from the investigation
former
investigationis, in every respect, of a more
V
The
character
of the
reallytwo
are
when
large.
the
chapter is
this
objectof
is
Y^,{z). There
integerwhich
an
("3'4) enable
in finite terms
The
{z) and
of J^
values
approximate
the
obtained
were
multipliedin some
computation when
z,
series
These
by log z.
functions
Bessel
representationsof
various
III
of series of
in the form
cases
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
OF
by
the
Chapter
of Jq {x), for
some
is not
recondite
viii.
Carlini*
gation
investi-
the
solution
before
years
of
Poisson'sf
large positivevalues
of x,
was
published.
The
formal
expansion obtained
by
Poisson
was
1^
3^
1-
5^
-Hsin(^-i,r).|^^-3J^^
+
when
is
large and
and
since
positive. But,
Poisson
to
be
*
Ricerche
1817).
his method
regarded as suggestiveand
An
siilla convergenza
t Journal
de
of Jv
Mathews,
of these
account
VEcole
on
che
serie
investigations has
to
Bessel
Poisson's
Functions
series
of
the
on
right are
serva
than
alia soluzione
already been
given
34
"
vergent,
con-
in
dominant
the
term) is
convincing.
del
prohlema
di
Keplero (Milan,
in " 1*4.
not
remainders
obtaining the
ingenious rather
Pohjteclinique,xii.
{x) similar
Treatise
della
the
investigationof the
no
gave
since
..
350
been
38.
"
352
see
constructed
" 1-6.
An
by Gray
vestigation
in-
and
196
of the formula
generalcharacter
The
the researches
and
memoir;
vi.
by Lommel,
publicationof
Studien
indicated
Functionen
for
[CHAP. VII
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
OF
THEORY
the
(1873),pp.
146
"
149
Haukel's
also be
must
mentioned.
asymptoticexpansionof K^{z)
at an
earlydate by Kummer*
asymptotic)
formula
of
addition
the
the
corresponding
also contains
known
paper by Malmsten:]:
expansionof K^ {z).
The
study of
close
the remainders
(and proved to be
investigated
with
was
reproduced,
for /^ {z),
by Kirchhoff f ; and a littleof the asymptotic
an
investigation
was
; this result
in the
and
been
made
"
"
expansionshave
The
1906, pp.
239
"
265, and
also been
Ann.
investigatedby Adaraoft",Petersburg
1905.
by Valewink|| in a Haarlem
dissertation,
Inst,
polyt.
Investigations
concerningasymptoticexpaosionsof t/^[z)and F" {z),when
to be most
l^iis largewhile v is fixed,seem
simplycarried out with the aid
of Poisson's type. But Schlafli*[has shewn
that a largenumber
of
of integrals
of integrals
results are obtainable by a peculiartreatment
of Bessel's type,
Barnes**
has
discussed
the
while, more
recently,
asymptoticexpansionsby
of the Pincherle-Mellin
means
integrals,
involvinggamma-functions,which
examined
were
||6"5,6"51.
7'2.
We
in
shall
obtain
the
asymptoticexpansionsof the
third kind, valid for largevalues of \z\;the analysis,
apart
modifications,will follow that givenby Hankel ff.
Take
valid
R{v
now
The
-|7r"/3"|7r
l)"0.
expansionof
and
the factor
^'^
Journal
fur Math.
Svenska
xvii.
V. Akad.
(1837),pp.
Handl.
lxii.
Tra)is.
tt Math.
Camb.
Ann.
Phil.
i.
of the
slight
some
(1869),pp.
xx.
228"242.
f Ibid,
(1841),pp.
^, provided that
xlviii.
(1854),pp.
1907, p. 492.
di Mat.
270"279.
of
is
"""'
65"74.
der Math.
(1908),pp.
491"495.
3,^ +
"
2:4:1^
H Ann.
Soc.
arg^^
in descendingpowers
(1 + liu/z)"'^
^tt-f-/3"
-^
2z
t K.
from
the formula
when
+
functions
348"376.
7-2]
ASYMPTOTIC
EXPANSIONS
197
since this
but
shall
we
For
all
values
positive
integral
"2zJ
V^i2/
"^'
",=o
It is convenient
to
take p
any
8 is
sin S,
"
2iz
S.
"
so
that
2S.
"
""'^^-h
"
"I
independentof
TT,
so
^e-!'"''):(sinS)""''-^-i'
^p,
=
z.
On
term,
is
Ap
^2-77
"7r
is restricted
given,z
consideration,and
under
2{z/
say, where
choose
ut\
ut
1-
then
we
made, then
1-
ii
'
(Itt+ /3)
"
2S ^ arg
TT
"
and
"
2tz/
satisfies the
"
When
(p~\)l\2izJ Jo
j/3|^|7r S, Iarg^The
have*
we
largethat R(v"p
l)^0;
inequalities
so
positive
angle S which
of p,
find that
we
|)
_^
l).{2izy
+
(|-i/),".r(i^
"p"i
Z,
mlT{v
^^(j)'
where
^^
(1) I "
i?
^'
(I
^).
(1
i(3
exp
ty-' dt
.-U
^-(p-iy:r(v+i)(2iz)p\]o
I^^v+p- ^^f^
;
^Bp.\zrp,
where
5^
is
function
Hence, when
when
is such
and
angle";
function
The
*
due
of the
formula
Cf. Blodern
to
Graf
pp. 86"87.
Math.
the
Soc.
and
t Cf. Modern
v,
8 which
p and
and
R(v-p-l)"0
that
tt
independentof
R(v+l)"0,
Analysis, "5-41.
valid when
The
Modern
(1920),pp. 6"9
as
die
acute
being any positive
symbol which denotes a
|-^ |
oo
^^
this may
R(p-p-l)"0;
of this form
use
in
Gubler, Einlcitung
of z~J^
Theorie
der
of the
z.
have
we
2S ^ arg 2^ ^ 27r
28, 8
is the Bachmann-Landau
(1)is also
is
symbol 0
order of magnitudef
Cf. Whittaker,
xxxviii.
of
MacRobert,
BcsseVschen
(7;/(/.pp.
seen
by
to be
expansion seems
Fiinktioncn, i. (Bern, 1S9S).
binomial
be
10"19.
Proc.
Edinburgh
198
THEORY
[chap. VII
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
OF
supposingthat R(v
"
"
"
"
of these q
In
similar
work)
can
we
is therefore 0
p + 1 terms
"
{z~v).
manner
from
deduce
throughoutthe previous
+^^^
ir,W(^)=('A'j%-^.-4--i:r)
"J'
_,r=o m!(-2.-.)-
(2)
277 +
Hankel,
If,following
{v,m)
28 ^ arg z^ir
of -values of
is
given
now
-1h.
write
we
(i
(-)
and
v\n il + v)y,
ml
{v +
!r
(i/
-
"
"
1)
+ I)
m
m
1)^}
2-'^.m\
become
expansions
these
2 \^
(3)
Sl=W^'^-i
TV 2f /
''"^
For
^Ay e-M3-A.^-i^,
ir;^)(^)
(4)
brevitywe
write these
(5)
(v,m)
0(z-p)
equationsthus
WzJ
(2t2)"'
,^.0
(6)
Since
(v,m) is
of
V,
"
when
|
z
function
even
of
of order
it follows
v,
"
"
with
the
the real
of
sponding
corre-
part of
^^" (^)
(;^)'
(8)
m^
(A)*
(z)
anglejustless than
Stt.
when
i-J
..F,U
+ .,l-v;
^'"'^--'"^"''^'
e-^^-i"'-^-^ .^0
"
tt
"
arg
"
"
(i
+
^,
(6) are
of
i/
formulae
functions,the expansions
generalised
hypergeometric
are
(7)
(7)is valid
the
from
is unnecessary.
So the formulae (1)
is confined to one or other of two sectors
In the notation of
of which
t,
connect
fimctions
exceeds
an
"
2^-^
'
27r "
arg
"
tt.
7-21]
ASYMPTOTIC
7 '21.
199
AsymptoticexpansionsofJ^{z),J-^(z)and Y^{z).
combine
we
the formulae
Bessel
(which express
of
functions
" 7-2,we
deduce
of the
from
first and
second
(-r
"
"
cos
"
(z
vir
'-^to
irz
-^A^)'^
7H
COS(^
" 3-61
of
{Izf
^
\
=
''
'
{^zf"i+i
()
(-)'" (^.2w)
"
'
^-^
"
2
cos
irt+l
(^2r)-
J-. {z)
{v,2m)
(-)"^(^',
2//i+l)'
f 7r). N
I i^TT"
"
"
^^-^
sm(2'-iz/7r-i7r). S
"
\lTZj
(3)
of
in terms
(2#-
-sm{z-h"rr-\Tr).
(2)
kinds
kind) that
'/.iz)
(1)
the formulae
"
If
EXPANSIONS
m-=0
"
1
/
1
%\Vl{z-^\vtt
-\it)
F_.(^)^
case
of functions
Y, ^z)
oi
order
integral
2??i + i)"
(-)"^(/',
co^{z
"
\mr
"
(2^)-"'+i
(-)"* {n,2m)
(2^)-"^
.
s\n{z-\mT-\'Tr). %
+
(-)'".(n,2m +1)'
{'TT).S
m
formulae
\-"^}
only),
1)1
These
C0s(2'
+ |z/7r:^7r).S
2lT
(5)
1)'
(in the
{-f.{y, 2m)
and
.^-^-
1
.
(4)
(-)"'"
(^.2m
^
^^^-^
with
are
which
we
have
to
deal.
has
been
seen
in
"
Cf.
xxiii.
(188:)),p.
223
Searle, QnarterhjJournal,
xxxix.
to have
originatedfrom Todhunter, An Elementary Treatise
(1908),p. ()0. The error
appears
(London, 1875), pp. 312"313.
Laplace'sFunctions, Lame's Functions and BesseVs Functions
on
200
The
[CHAP. VII
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
OF
THEORY
and
by Lipschitz*by
" 1) with
grating
inte+ 1
at
corners
.'0
-1
"
ei""^ e-"'+""^zr ^ (2
ui)"-dn
0,
and
be convenient
It may
involved in
to note
expansions
3^)
(4.V"-1-)(iv-
in the
2!
(8^)^
"^
4!(8^)^
(4t/^ 1-)(4i/- 30 (4i/- 5'^)
3! (82^)3
^ (-yn.{v,2m + l.)_4i"--l1182
(2zym+i
""=o
The
reader
should
notice that
J,^{z)+ J,^^Hz)o^2/(m),
a
formula
Note.
of
method
which
by
respect to
but
of
93
be noticed
that
endeavoured
to obtain the asymptoticexpansion
the expansions of J^^ (z)with
by
differentiating
97,
that the term-by-term differentiation of an
known
now
Lommel
was
"
it is
course
67.
respect to
Lommel's
later
which occur
These errors
have been enumerated
in his earlier work.
errors
algebraical
Archives
The
221
225.
xxviir.
by Julius,
A'eerlandaises,
asymptoticexpansions
(1895),pp.
of '-Ai
Ann.
of Math. viii. (1894),
(^) and T"{z) have also been studied by McMahon,
282.
fiirMath, und Phys. xiv. (1903),pp. 275
61, and Kapteyn, Monatshefte
pp. 57
the
"
"
"
novel
of
application
3'ears : they are
in recent
divisors of numbers.
In
these
of
Journal
\ Ann.
Math.
fiirMath.
Sci.
de
Kongresses
Acta
in
lvi.
VEcolc
norm.
sup.
Heidelberg, 1904,
Mathematica,
%Quarterhj Journal,
pp. 1"25.
(1859),pp. 189"196.
xxxvii.
xlvi.
(1904),pp. 207"268,
(3) xxi.
pp. 241
459-534;
Verh.
dcs
Int.
245.
"
140.
(1914),pp. 113
(1915),pp. 263"283;
"
Proc.
London
Math.
Soc.
(2) xv.
(1916),
7-22]
ASYMPTOTIC
Stokes'
7"22.
!arg2^|"7r.If
between
and
tt
"
/.,(z)
=
we
201
phenomenon.
formula
The
EXPANSIONS
established
for values
e-"^'-A
27r
of
such
that
lies
(so that arg^'g"''''
(2'e~"')
2
CO
e"
"'
(ire
cos
TT
"
i/TT
"
tt)
"/-HI
that,when
so
"
arg
/
"
2m
^ (-)"'"(J^,
Wi
(2lp
III
The
and
the
27"
(-)'".(!/,
sin(^+ |i^7r
+ Itt) S
"
shall
make
now
derived
throughoutthe sector in
asymptoticexpansion
close examination
which
tt
"
from
"
arg
iy
=11
expansion is superficially
quite different
1)'
this
'lir,
"
TTZ
and
^-
--^^
ze'
expansionof
change.
from
the
of this
the formula
"
\m
The
expansionfor //^''-^
(z),namely
corresponding
^;^) (^)oo
(1)
"
-Hz- 4"
J-)
('\'"'\
TTZ
"
arg
E,^'^
(z)
=
and
this
(2)
sector
2^ "
cos
'Iir we
VTT
H,^-^{ze-^')
+
e"^'
gives
-('B-ii/jT-iTr)
H,('Hz)c^(~Ye
{v,m)
..o(2izy"
^(-r.(^,-)
2cos...(iY.^-i-^\lT4yJ
The
F,'"{ze-^%
"i
\-'"^
.'
now
the
difference between
2cos^7r.(" ) e''^+i-+i-" S
and, on
account
oi lower' order
U'-W
"
is
this exi)ression
the series,
multiplies
duo to stopping
than the error
of magnitude{when \z\\blarge)
of the factor e'^ which
202
at
OF
THEORY
term
definite
stop at the pth
expansion(1); for
term.
Hence
when
occurs
used in
0"arg2^"7r,
where
this
is 0
error
between
discrepancy
when
(e~^^z~P~^)
(1)and (2),which
(1) has to be
series in
its remainder.
with
conjunction
Generallywe
is
the
[CHAP. VII
FUNCTIONS
of the
any
we
BESSEL
have
the constants
have
values which
and
Ca are
c,
Ci
where
difficult to prove
follows :
as
le2p{"'+i)"
Co
^"^i^^',
|e-^+i)
c,
p is any
This
Stokes
which
confined
functions which
Soc.
to
possess
discontinuous
in which
le2?"(''+i)-^
him
Bessel
in
arg
"
{2p + 1) tt],
[2p7r"
arg
"
(2p + 2) tt],
asymptoticexpansionsof
involved
which
constants
discovered
was
by
in the
by
simpletype*.
Stokes
made
and
Stokes
third of these
to
seems
have
been
Acta
Math.
; 283"298
written
by
(1902),pp. :39.3-"
(1905),
pp. 283-287.]
xxvi.
; V.
Stokes.
and K^(z).
of Iy,{z)
Asymptoticexpansions
7 '23.
The
"
series of papers.
It is a phenomenon
functions,and it is characteristic of integral
The
the constants
X.
397.
assignedto
1 ) TT
discontinuity
of the
discovered
was
apparentlyone of those
Gabriel Stokes,Memoir
papers
e2^(''+^)-^,
[(2^
-
by
Jy (z)are
of the
discussed
was
is not
or
integer,
positive
negative.
phenomenon
and
The
Ci, c^
formula
shews
K^ (z)and H^^^'"
(iz),
at
once
with
connects
that
^^'W~y ''"!"(2ir
(1)
(")'
1 H^
"
'
2!(8^)-
1!82
CO
Cf.
Bromwich,
t Stokes
the latter
Theory of InfiniteSeries,"
illustrated the
being
those
change
associated
with
with
133.
functions
Airy'sintegral("6'4).
whose
orders
are
0 and
"
204
THEORY
be
quoted here.
functions of
The
are
order had
zero
[CHAP. VII
EUNCTIONS
to deal with
it convenient
Russell*; he found
BESSEL
OF
been examined
the
previously
by
be written
may
as
follows:
iber(^)^expg(^)cos
^^
\hei(z)V(27r^)sin
'^ ^'
|ker(z)^expa(-^)cos
^"'^
^'
^{-Iz/Tr)sin^^
[kei(^)
where
13
25
_z
"^^^^~V2"^8^V2
384^^/2
^^^
The
Iarg
\" |7r in
These
the
of
case
results have
(1910),p.
been
the formulae
Hadamard's
result
the
of
case
(1) and
expressedin
modified
form
expansions.
modification
of the asrjmptotic
which
so
expansions,
that
is of
no
importance is due to
modifythe various asymptotic
luith a negligible
convergent series together
mainder
re-
that it is possible
to
formulae
have
theoretical
considerable
theybecome
The
term.
in making
difficulty
the modifications
but
variables,
appropriate
complex variables.
We
u,
" ^ir in
|arg^-j
are
(2).
to
3842V2
162'^
8^v'2
51.
7*25.
A
of
validity
of
ranges
V2
""'
128^*
take firstthe
of
case
when
/"(";)
"
\.
"
When
U^)
ilxy
ede
ii^V^n
f'^^^''""sini) (i)Jo
rf
1 (i^
+
(- '"'^" ""^'
nSm) ir'^
"
2(2xye''
"
i^-v)
^
may
being valid
write this
equationin
e^
_
because
[^w2.+2m
exp (_ 2u-x)du,
where
y denotes
Phil.
is convergent.
integrals
the form
r{r
l, 2x)
l).m':{2xym
"incompleteGamma-function"
of
'
Legendre".
the
the series of
I (^-v\,^.y(v+
V(27r")^=o
'"
"^'~'-
Jo
"""
replacesin |^ by
have
we
we
de la Soc. Math,
de
France,
xxxvi.
will be
(1908),
pp.
77"85.
explained
in
" 8-11.
7-25, 7-3]
e~-^-)which
0{x''^"-'^h
In the
is
of the
case
EXPANSIONS
205
largevalues
For
is
ASYMPTOTIC
n.
we
ordinaryBessel functions,
take
the
expressionfor
so
\-S plix-iv:r-j;ntfee
'i),\v-h
that
fl
(2)
and
!."(,)
=
(A)',
-^-^';'"'_7"''+'"+.%
0(..-.-n
,-,.-i..-i"
similarly
^ir-xj
(y + I)
! ("
2ta;)^
for functions
gave the formulae
of any order exceeding | is obvious.
Hadamard
functions
of order
zero
only ;
but
the extension
to
"
7'3.
Formulae
for
in the
the remainders
asymptoticexpansions.
in
shewed
which
that the remainders
investigation
order of
the asymptoticexpansionsof H^,^^^
{z) are of the same
{z) and i/^"-'
magnitude as the first terms neglected.In the case of functions of the first
In
and
" 7'2
second
theorem
to
we
an
gave
kinds, it is easy
to
obtain
v
more
is real*
and
exact
x
is
and
rather
remarkable
positivethe remainders
after
Let
us
write
We
"-'!(i-v"r+(i-i^.n'^-^'"-)
may
take
v^O
without
losing generality.
206
[CHAP. VIT
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
OF
THEORY
that
SO
(1) /i,
(x,v)
Sin
{x^-lvir-Itt)Q {x,v)\
cos
yrrx/
/ 2 \*
"
l{v)
the variables
real,and
are
that, if p
It follows
[-2x)
and,
V^2x)
1 ;
It follows
'
be
taken
on
\.2ixJ
|, there
\2ixJ
{2p)l
in this formula, we
real,
^"^' since 6o is obviously
"
exists
1 ^
'
have*
\2x)
{2p)\
^o^
'
1.
that
integration
^^Zo
(2"0 ! i2xy^^
doe-" zf+2p-* du
'
^)Jo
'
the
if+'^P-^
du
T{v
2p^ I),
(p
l)th term
"
the formula
From
(l +"'Y""=
2x)
V
find in
I e-"
Jo
see
exceed
of
"
\h
we
^tt since
since
and
we
so
ml
2xJ
take h to be
may
1-
results combined
|^o1^
where
^2^^
"r=o
adding the
on
so
exceedingunityin absolute
6, not
number
of " 7"2,we
and, in the analysis
yrrx
Now
+
[sin{x^-lvir-^tt)P (^,i^)
similar
(i
"r=o
V)m
(" MV"
"^
\2ixJ
ml
manner
exceed
the
{p +
after p terms
in absolute
l)th term
'
in the
expansion
value,providedthat
2p-^v-%.
These
results
were
reproduced by Gray
p. 70, but small
Camb.
This
(1859),pp.
xvii.
was
189"196.
Math.
Ann.
in their Treatise
have
been
pointed out
i.
on
in both
"
494, and
were
(London, 1895),
investigations
by Orr, Travis.
(1899),pp. 172"180.
of if^,
{x) we
case
result
Mathews
inaccuracies
Phil. Sac.
In the
given by Hankel,
and
obtained
in
have
the formula
rather
different
mariner
by Lipschitz,Journal
filrMath.
lvi.
7-31]
ASYMPTOTIC
EXPANSIONS
207
and
and, when
j)'^v
where
^i "$ 1, and
"
\, the
"
last term
be written
may
integration,
so, on
m)
v^^jv,
?H
where
This is
by
the
methods
; the
after the
7'31.
The
(1 +
of
manner
(1 +
" 7'3
"
(2^)pJ
'
|.
those
obtained
for P
{x,v) and
why
and does not
^ut/xy~P~iis positive
+ (1
liut/xy-^'i
liut/xy~P-i.
reason
Q (x,v)
is secured
oscillate in
is,of
sign
The 7'esearckes
results of
;^
result than
exact
more
same
course,
jj ^
(2^-)'"
{v,p)
'
on
of Stieltjes
Jo{x),Y^Xx) and Kq(x).
put into
who
preciseform by Stieltjes*,
in the asymptoticexpansions
associated
the remainders
less than the first terms neglected,
Kq (x)are numerically
were
have the
more
sign as those
same
terms.
also examined
and we
shall not reproduce
Iq (x),but his result is comj'licated
Stieltjes
It is only to be expectedthat /q(."")
is intractable because in the dominant
expansion
the terms
all have the same
sign whereas in the other three asymptotic expansions the
alternate in sign.
terms
itt.
It is evident
from
0)=^r
{x,
Q (x,0)
In these
formulae
" 7 "3
the definitions of
u-i
e--
f%"
w-i
{(1+ |m)-i + (1
{(1+ iuO-i
dv,
|V")-*]
(1
im)-^}du.
replace(1 + ^iu)~^by
2 r^TT
that
d(f)
1 "
^^'
Si^^ ^
'
norm.
(188G),pp. 233"252.
sjyj. (3)in.
by Schafheitliii, Jithre.fhericlit der Deutschen
/^(.r)has also been examined
for tlie
to use
Lagrange's form
129, but he appears
Math.-Vereinigung,xix. (1910), pp. 120
remainder
in Taylor'stheorem
when
it is inapplicable.
Ann.
t The
function
"
208
evident
It is then
that
1
i iu)--^
+ (
^
^
1 +
(
^
Iiu)~^
=
'^
-^
TT.
"
['"{1
xu^
_
2
^ttsin-*^
1 +
where
[CHAP. VII
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
OF
THEORY
(-)^-'(Art^sin" "^)?'-i
sin^ (/"
+ ...+
+ 1 '*'sin" 0)}d(j",
i-y iiu'sin" (/))^V(1
integer(zero included).
positive
jj is any
Now, obviously,
where
1 ; and
0 and
0 lies between
If
Jo
hence
^^^^f^(in)"-...
l-^^(iu)^
+
function
positive
the
multiplyby
we
l+^u'sm-"f)
e~"*
and
m"^
it is evident
integrate,
that
(^i;
^(,a;,u;
'^ ^
2!(8;r)'^
(2p
2)! (8^)^-^
l^3^5^..(4"-l)2
where
"
^i " 1, and
result which
had
we
and
integer(zeroincluded);
positive
proved for P {x,0).
p is any
to be
from
Similarly,
this is the
the formula
find that
l-.3^52
r-
(2) Q(^,0)-
+,^
118^+3,(8^)3
"""
()'
l-.3^5^..(4^-3)(2p-l)!(8^)^P-i
l^3^5^."(4p
,
^'^
(2^ +
l)l)!(8a;)^^+i
+
'
In the
case
oi
took
Kq{x),Stieltjes
^'JJ
K, {x)
e-"^
and
replaced
by
(1 + lu)~^
^
^
"i'^
By
and
justexplained,
an
obtain the
a
method
"-^ (1 +
du,
lu)-'-
dd)
; the
Jtfsm-'"|)
givesagain the result
TT.o
method
the formula
1+
of
" 7*3.
Bull,
(2)xiv.
7-32]
ASYMPTOTIC
signsof tJieremainders
The
7*32.
in the
209
asijmptotic
expansionsassociated
Y^ {x).
alreadybeen
functions
two
EXPANSIONS
and
P{x,v)
simplertype.
shall
We
that J^ {x)and
seen
Q{x,i')which
extend
now
Y^ {x)are
in terms
of
expressible
asymptoticexpansionsof a
of Stieltjes
("7'31)so as to
have
the result
shew
|; a
{p + l)thterm providedthat '2p" v
restrictions
The
which
2])"v f
"
on
be stated in the
to
terms
of
beingnumerically
result
corresponding
these conditions lay
"
after p
manner:
following
In the
oscillatory
parts of the series for P {x, v) and Q {x, v),the remainders
less than, the first
terms
sign as, and numerically
of the same
neglected.
are
By
modification
slight
"""^ Kl
^^^l^^
f"^~"'
P G'P"
^)
and, exactly
as in
11(1+ iuo-i
" 7 '3,we
(1
of the formulae
shew
may
reader will
when
2p
"v
see
that
"
du,
ii")"-^!
liuty-^p+i (1
-
the
on
rightis of fixed
dt
^iuty-'p^i]
if
can
we
+ (1
'"'O"-^'
{^m)l
(-)^(l-^Wi^r-Y^-^
^^,^_, ,^^
The
have
that
m=o
" 7"3,we
(_r-(h ^'Uihuy^^
iiuy-^ Ji
of
we
can
prove that,
and
its
sign
signis that of
{-y.{l-i'),,auypi(2p)i.
It is
sufficient to
clearly
-^1(1
(1
ty^-'I i {(1+ iiutY-'i"+'^
-
2p-v-i^o
is
this
Now
positive.
that
shew
is equaltoij:
expression
I
-
In-
{2p-v-^)T{2p-p-l)]o^
li
typ-'~
^
^
in
" 7-3
we
may
take
{2p
"
ru
+ i)JoJo
"
,^y^
1
As
Jo
r/9
1
I^x-v-"-^
\e-^"+='"'"'
-
f f"(1 ^y'""^""^
dt
1iuty-'P+i]
{2p-v
:r.
i-^O without
I V^-"-^
e-^
loss of
^i'^^2^w^)^-'d\dt
"
ty-"-sin (hXut)dtdX.
.'o
^)Jo
proved in g 7"3.
X Since isin (hXut)\^i\ut, the condition
iofiniteintegral.
[(1
rf\dt
e-^ '^-i'""}
generality,
W.
B. P.
2p"v-h
secures
the
absolute
convergence
of the
^^
210
THEORY
Now
(1
second
OF
mean-value
theorem,
f (1
number
Jo
Since
(2p
I
"
"
2/5
I'
"
into
"
we
^) is positive,
f (1
consideration
'under
succeeded
in
transforming
dt
iiuty-'p+^
the
is
positive.
(1
and
integrandis positive,
so
the
expression
is to say,
That
1
0.
ii {(1+ ^iuty-'p^i (1
typ-"-
that
.'0
in which
infinite integral
an
have
hence, by the
1, exists such
r sin (IXut)dt ^
"-
"
0 and
f,between
0'^~'sin (iXut)dt=
of t; and
decreasingfunction
typ~'is a monotonic
"
[CHAP. YJL
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
{(1+ liuy-
liuy-i]
p^i(-r
"
(I
v)Uiur-
nZo
0:^0 when
(-y.(i-v\p{h^y^
^
i^my.
{2p)l
where
stated for P
The
2i
K'
2jw"i/ |. And
(x,v).
corresponding
property
i"'^'-^ (1
-
{l"Uuy-^
it has
"
The
Hes
for
i"')'-'i -,!o
=
'"J:t
will easily
be suppliedby
analysis
analysisfails
between
and
the reader.
when
if we
take p
0, but then the phase of
"h"v"^
and
so
"h(v-^)7r,
l{{l+liuy-h + {l-Uuy-h} has the
the same
signas
manner,
^{{l+^iu)''~i{\ -iiu)''~h}/iha,ii
=
"
the
first terms
is true
for
in their
Q {.v,
v) when
7*33.
Weber's
remainders
in the
expansionsoffunctions
Math.
Ann.
xxxvii.
(1890),pp.
404"416.
212
where
functions
of
(z)
(z)^,"''(z)+ B' (z)ZT,'^'
0,
(A'
(z)and B (z)are
^ H/^^ (z)
Y'(z)^ H^^
=^
that
chosen
so
[CHAP. VII
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
OF
THEORY
e'-"-i"
(iTT.)-^
/(-2i^U
i'^"
'
It follows that
and
J'^)
{z) ^7ri^TTzrie^;-J"
A'
|l^
H/^^ (z),
so
(.
{iTT
tt/J
A(z)==A-i,
J. is
where
S;" {z; p)
for
expression
similar
B (z),and
the
By considering
difficult to
Hence
we
behaviour
J'^)
"^^^
and
write Hankel's
may
l-2i(. + 0P
of both
that A=l
see
it follows that
hence
g-'X^-J"
{^'rrz)\
{z)]
[AH,^'^
{z)+ 5^,'-^'
(^J
-h^'rrp.{v,p)l
is not
^"^^'
constant.
obtain
We
^"^ ^'
l\^
{-2i(z
0}-^e^-^^^^-^-i^^
sides of this
equationas
^^
-^
it
oo
,
0.
in the forms
formulae
"^
^"'^ ^^^
"
the remainder
where
^"'""^'""''"1-"'"
(^
(")"
72^*"may
be defined
the
by
(^
i7rp.(.,^.)j^
i?/'
Since
(z)^ 0,
see
we
inequalities,
we
have
that the
'
i')+ ^i'"'!'
Equation
^^-
1_2,"(,_^,)}.
+ i^),and
\z+ t]"^\J{r^
so, by using the crude
modulus
of the last integranddoes not exceed
Hence
+ i2)-i(p+i)
dt,
I$ 2'-p G'p I{v,p) jr (7-'
Ijs^"i'
Jo
when
and
so,
and
similarly
These
the
and
are
p^l,
we
have
analysisno hypothesishas
p;
other writers.
by
been
Weber
made
and
it will be observed
that in
by
7-34]
ASYMPTOTIC
7*34.
Approximationsto
When
the argument
(with the
in it
the
small ; at
remainders
in the
of
time
to
the
argument
and
Jo ("^^)
to
apply the
We
so
state
be
term)
is not
particularly
sufficiently
largefor the
slowly.
very
converge
may
numerical
An
and
asymptoticexpansions.
remainder
same
ascendingseries
Kq{x)
213
expansionis not
term
EXPANSIONS
in detail
devised
obtained
were
difficultieswas
as
Yf^{x).
transformation
indicated
in
" 7"31
the formula
to
that
e-^" du
e-^
e-^V2
TT
i'*" e-'^'^dedu
.',)
.'o "*(! + I'usin^^)
r
p-1
hi sin' Oy^dddu
-^(-
IT
IT
X^ r
Now
when
the value of
is
/Now,
e~^
is
as
increases from
0 to
oo
where
^j)+
(when
increases from
"
oo
to
to
ue-^"
oo
,
"
The
about
t Ann.
range
of values
4 to about
of
.r
under
norm.
sup.
nearlyequal to
remainder
that
then
and
zero
and,
=
2x
after the
a,
from 0 up to
write
so
we
maximum
"
"
e-'-^'\
for similar reasons,
wc
write
e"'''.
contemplation for
(8)in.
the
so
the
functions
10.
Sci. de VEcole
is
increases
^ue~^"'
sin- 6
from
choose p
(x),we
=
consider
to
du.
is least
(0,ni)l{2xy"'
where
^-T^
,-,
in order
large; accordingly,
smallest term
dd du
.'oi""(l+i"/sin-^)
for which
^"rnr
v^'{0,ni)
+ {-y R,
L".
(2*')'"
=0
."X
K'^xj
iri
"i
x/T
Jo Jo w^l
+|"sm-^)
(1886),pp. 241"252.
is
^'o(-Oi"'i "'"-o(-''}
.7o("'")"
214
domain
The
(|,77)plane; and it is
of the
the whole
becomes
integration
of
[chap, vn
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
OF
THEORY
that
found
i.^
TT*
-00
("%s
-00
where
a
by
the
'
It follows* that
arithmetic.
largevalues
for
asymptoticexpansionof R^
^0,2
24'
^,"
tedious
rather
some
^"
"
0,0
x\^e-"-^
of p
"
'
the dominant
terms
of
are
c^o,2+ cr2,o
R^'^2
'p
ITJ
that
so
(2)
"^' +
|_2
TT/
It is easy to
J9
that the
to
stopping at
V)
"
'
of the smallest
one
...
is
terms
roughly half
of the first
omitted.-
term
In like
in
due
error
that
theorem
verifyby Stirling's
'{-)
so
?V
1,
A~2(--V^-'7.+
manner
defined
as
" 7*3,then
^X"=^9|=;^^(-)'i^;",
i'(^,0)
(3)
-s"-"'"ff:r^'^(-)^ie;
.3(..o)
(4)
""=0
where
'''
R^(P)r^(^\^^
(5)
TT/
^""
"
p is chosen
of this character
similar
formulae
have
und
Phys.(3)xx. (1913),pp.
Reports,1913, 1914.
It would
Bessel
be of
functions
to
functions),
J,
^
L2
_2
"""
vw
Vtt/
so
as
be
to
nearlyequal to
and
x,
is defined
to
p.
Eesults
some
1_2
i^^'"-.
--
providedthat
\iQ.X
240"244
zero
order
Bessel functions
tabulatingBessel
actuallyused
interest
some
of
useful for
are
been
to
(as well
of
(1914),
pp.
(3)xxil.
extend
as
the
functions
by Airey,Arcliiv
30"43
results,which
for the
order.
arbiti'ary
and
174,
or
the
lemma
which
will be
7-35, 7-4]
Deductions
7"35.
If
ASYMPTOTIC
^.
which
6 in the formulae
2 tan
(2^)"+* f*-sin"-*
Schafheitlin's
resemble
It is obvious
215
s integrals.
from Schafheitliri
replacea by
we
EXPANSIONS
" 7 "32,we
of
^ sin
deduce
(i/ 1) 6/
-
,^
of "6*12.
integrals
from
P (.'T,
V) " 0,
Q (*",
i^)"
interesting
consequence
(-
Q ('^,
v) " 0,
An
that
0.
"
,.
"
f)
(h "
i'
"
f)
"
1)
(_
we
can
"
that
prove
Q (x,v)/F (x,v)
is
function
increasing
an
function
For
of
when
"
of
when
h;"v
"
"h:
and
it is
that
decreasing
^.
"
have
we
Q'{x,v)P{x,v)-P'{x,v)Q{x,v)
where
n//i
.N
^^^' ^^
so
(cos^cos.Jj^^^
,
.,
-.^
,,
*^"
'"'
^"
"
ix
"
"
that
+ P(c^,^)
F(0, cf")
If
add
we
the
has the
'^)
^Pi-(^^"
^^'^"^^^7^
^
^^^
t-^^
in the
interchangethe parametricvariables 0, cj)
results so obtained we see that,when
l"v" %,
the
result.
and
this
same
signas I" v ;
pi'oves
7'4.
In
"
^) (^
double
"^)-
and
integral
integral
the double
of Bessel functions.
expansions
investigation
ofthe asymptotic
Schlaflis
memoir
which
hardlyto
seems
(2
of
investigation
the
have
received
has
which
recognition
elegantbut somewhat
the
given a very
asymptoticexpansionsof
the fvmctions
of the
third kind.
the
Ann.
di Mat.
is
The
only standard
by
work
Graf
on
and
Bessel
Gubler.
functions
in which
216
Jt,{z)when
in
OF
THEORY
is
[CHAP. VH
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
the
obtaining
compact form.
Schlafli's procedureconsisted in
^.j
H-"-
the
selecting
and
of
contour
of
takingintegrals
i7-e-
in
integration
-
He
and
being 0
(I) Let
tt
took
two
contours, the
and
it is
supposedthat
firsttake the
us
p is
where
way
is
tt
it,the phcifie*
of
that,on
l/w)
for the
constants
and
positive
contours
respective
is real.
write
pe*",
l +
6 is real,and
and
positive
du,
such
2 +
be
phase to
u
type
|" (u ^)
J
exp
ire'"(?/
is constant.
the
then
+ pe'^)
re^'p^e-'^/il
is
is
and
negative,
Hence
its
consequently
equalto
conjugatecomplex.
have
we
sin (a + 2^)
..,,
^^
Next
choose
sin
a
sin ^
.".
'
(a + ^)
sin
parametricvariable "^such
new
(a + ^)
that
"/) 2^
=
and
a-7r,
then
!("-(/))
i (a + 0)
cos
(2)
cos
Now,
from
^ varies from
as
the
originat
at
infinity
angle(tt
an
"
angle
an
"
"
(tt
"
"
ot)to (tt
a) with
(tt
"
laid
|(a
cos
a),u
"
a) with the
-rsin-"^
(m-1)2
'
traces
the
"
out
0) cos |(a + 0)
contour
real axis,providedthat
positive
on
the
contour
passes
to
emerging
passingto
0 "
"
27r.
more
infinity
once.
We
shall
for
specified
value
a,
as
laythis
now
formula
restriction
on
and
then
we
the contour
give to
and
is of the type
arg
the
same
is permissible.
It follows that
e""'
/_^ (re'*)
-
e'^^i
I^(re^")
=
'2isin
where
*
The
"method
Chapter
vir
is defined in terms
reader
of
viii.
will find it
of
2^IZ'j'""
(" ")1
1^''''"
% ^'^''P
which
"
"^by equation(2).
to
interesting
steepest descents"
compare
is
the
applied to
general methods
obtain
various
of this section
with
the
asymptotic expansions in
7-4]
the
ASYMPTOTIC
11 /-e'""
L
r 'or"
+ u") exp
) X
(.S)ei""'i/,w (j-e'("-^^-)
=
(2) it follows
From
as
0 to
ir
"
a:
and, if we
?-e'"'(" lf/u
when
positive
is
the contour,
on
we
write
have
dt
dt
du
0 to +
t,
^'
"
from
varies monotonically
"/)
that t is
^^
d(f".
^]\^^^
from
"re"^{i( 1)-/hincreases steadily*
that
so
217
EXPANSIONS
"
'
H
the range
(a
re'"
of values of arg
+ u.-i)
^/{rt)
Tfi() e-H'^-")^("i
being less
than
tt.
Next, by Cauchy'stheorem,
it is convenient
outside
to
take the
the contour
because
must
be
It follows that
iii+ u-i i
^--Ht-1)(^^
_
_
Hence
i/"+, i+)
r
r ("+.
e-J'"^'exp(re''^)
"
rr
/rx
^^
m
"
Now
",
it is evident
2" is any
to
On
making
1
that
fP
(-)y l;p
^mpn
(^_y,i
that p exceeds
both
R(v
in the last
this substitution
"
(wjththe
will be convenient
h) and R("v
r (i;-I-m
"^^"-^^
notation
of
(9
'^^~r(v-m+
i).
4-
A)
I (v,m)
i,).(2vil) (2m)!
that
deduce
" 7'2),we
"
quently
subse-
integrandand observingthat
1/M.+,1+)
/"("+,
"2^j
^""H?- l)"^^c?^
+ ^^/(7-e'-)
(^- 1)-^
positive
integer(zero included). It
suppose
g-i^r*
27r'-'?;r^e*- JoJ
p-i
where
"x
^^
r j'-i
\i
("V"
(i'w)
where
-^^*'
"
J
2"W(27r),'o
t?
SincG
sin0(l+2cosacos0
sin-"*
^^
"
d(j)cos
cos
(T^n:p^(7^e^'M(^^^"^+T^"^}
(p
"
(cos a
+
~"
"
cos
cos-"/))
(/")-
"'
218
OF
THEORY
[chap. VII
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
First consider
p is
When
to
contour
so
largethat
be
as
circles tend
If
the two
on
both
R(v
"
^) and R{"v
take the
we
-|),
and
small
large
"
in
shewn
oo
it exceeds
and
tend
to
zero.
write
we
now
to
^"^p-id^
/"("+,1/U+, 1+)
rays
(whichare
(-)Pcos
contour),we
TT
.-kP-"-*
(1
vir
find that
Jo
tx
xy-^'''^d.v
{I
x)/{re^'')
Fig.15.
Now
the numerator
modulus
of the
of the denominator
values of
it is
never
integrandis positive(when
is
less than
never
less than
|sin
1 when
is
^tt"
"
and the
real),
|7r; for other
!.
Therefore
^ft
d'
do \cos
vir
^
l^7rrV(2
1"
e-ittP-i xP-''-i(1
dxdt
a:)P+''-i
^TJ")j 0 J 0
where
a
see
\accordingas
V^
is negativeor
that
cosi^TT
(7)
cos
i^
6o\{R(v),p)j
(vtt)1
~
cos
'
{27')P
6^I{v,
p) I^ {2r)P,
When
positive.
220
THEORY
and
[CHAP. VII
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
OF
hence, if now
t
re^''(u"lf/u,
find that
we
have
-f7r"arg^"-|7r,
^.'M.)=Q^--"--f:!:[i^;^^"i
(13)
as
l{z)^0 or l{z)^0,
|02.\does not exceed 1 or |secarg^ ]accoi'ding
providedthat v is real and l) + l"\v\; and R (d^)" 0 when I(z)^0. If is
complex the form of the remainder has to be modified,justas in the case of (8).
where
functions
of
"
as
was
that
in this
it is unnecessary
v,
exceed
must
be observed
It should
to suppose
investigation
based on
of
investigations
integrals
in
necessary
even
R {v)
Poisson's type.
investigation*
of asymptotic
expansionsof Bessel functions.
7"5. Barnes
of functions.of
asymptoticexpansions
The
which
formulae
Barnes'
from
obtained
were
r{~s)V{-2v-s)V{v
6'51.
""6*5,
Let
immediately
consider
us
i){-^izyds
"cci"v"p
'
T{~s
(-2iz)-''-i'
J
If
"
r{-s
"
cc
Di-2izyds.
have
v+2))r(-s-v+p)
r(s-p
i)(-2izycis
T'
v+p)r(-s-v+p)r{s-p
\r(-s
v+p)r(-s-v+p)r(s-p
i)e^''-^y''^ds
is convergent
integral
the last
and
"
and
so
{(-2iz)-'-P\
.
"
"
^,
"
"
%,
"
...
is
" 6"51,the first integral
the
(22^)"]
plus
V"
p +
(-)"'r (1/+
Tram.
Camb.
\.
Phil.
"
"
^Tvi timcs
The
residue at
^) r (-
Soc.
xx.
the
1/
i^
it is
so
the
sum
equalto
of the residues at
sum
"
times
'Im
h)
??i"
is
7-5, 7-51]
and
ASYMPTOTIC
when
so,
221
EXPANSIONS
"
(iy,...,-.p,;i.g",o(..-.)this is
and
//^'-'
(2')
may
The
reader should
obtain
to
possible
been
^ by
by replacing
of
" 7'2. The investigation
throughout.
of the remainders
magnitude
of the
be constructed
in
result obtained
the
equivalentto
is
of the 07'der
of
transparently
simple,it is not
concrete
remainders, which
by
this method
ultimately
suppliedby
are
the methods
which
have
considered.
previously
7*51
not
possibleto
seem
obtain
v.
2e"2*'~THA*+.'+i)-'
^
2fx-+ 2p'
TTZ
4^12
for
J^{z)J^{z)+Y^{z)Y,{z)
and
for
J^ (z) F, (z)
-
V^ (z)./,{z).
examine
should
the
integral
/";r(2.+i)r(^"i;-..)r(t^-.)r(''7
the contour
contour
the
we
and
contour
is to be chosen
the
;
polesof
and
so
that the
polesof
(2s + 1) lie on
functions lie on
the
rightof
not
are
temporarilysupposed that /u,, and fi "
is convergent
integrandhas no double poles.Tlie integral
it is
so that the
integers,
providedthat Iarg (?2)I" |7r.
i^
222
THEORY
First
evaluate
is
m
equal
+
to
minus
^{/x+ v)
lie to the
the
of
sum
round
the
right of
the
residues
at
the
VII
enclose
the
to
contour
; the
originalcontour
poles,and
these
[CHAP.
the
expression
residue
at
is
v)'7r'm\ r{/x
It follows
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
integralby swinging
poles which
of
sequences
the
OF
')n
l)r{v
l)r i/x+
m+
l)
that
27rt
vir
sin (i;
sin
yti)7r
"
sin
(,a+ v)7r
(/a i/)tt
"
sm(/ji+ v)'Tr
{J,(z)J,{z)+Y,(z)YAz)\
sin
+ v)7r
{/J,
^3g-j(M+w"|2cosit7rcosi/7r+tsm//i+ i')7r}
^S
^^^-
^"7
"
\r
t^
/
\
^
1 Az)-ru.
(z)
^
\)
(z)J^ {z)\
TT^
[[/,(^)j,(^)+F^(^)r,(^)}
2sin|(/x + v)Tr
cot
F^ {z)J, (^)}]
-2cos|C+^)J{^-^-"-^-(-"^^-(-"^'^+
By writing
arg iz I and
"
tan
(^) F, {z)
i (/. ^) TT {./,
-
for i
cot
the
throughout
less than
H/*
") '^
Y, (z)/, {z)]].
deduce
analysis we
"
!-^(Z) I^.(^)
tt,
1
,.
that, if both
then
(2)^. (^)l]
7-51]
ASYMPTOTIC
EXPANSIONS
223
and
results hold
^) TT
[J,(z) r. (z)
.) (-^^ .)
("-^^
These
J (^
tan
.in
..
(i.r
ds.
"
We
obtain
now
firsttake
the
the
be
p to
J -xi-p
-xi
"
either
(when
is equal to 27ri
integrandis inserted)
the polesbetween
the contours.
Since
residues at
the left of
on
tegrands
integerso largethat the onlypolesof the inof
and
then
F
R{s) "2)-j are poles
(2s+ 1) ;
an
on
the functions
asymptoticexpansionsof
of " 7'5,
manner
times
the
of the
sum
r~'~'f(s)(izrds=^0{z-^P-i),
J
deduce
we
that the
txi-
"
when
asymptoticexpansions,
cot
11
Sm
^) 'r
z\
"
ir, are
V
TT
"
"^
H/^
[arg
TT^
r(-'y
r(^V",i)r5g+,"+i)
,^.(-rT(^%."+i)
+,.+i
iTZ-
I,
i-'^;
-\)
..F.(^'+i.
^"+1,
'-/+i.
.".^;7"
^
^
2
2
^^-y
V 2
I (yu, i^)
sm
"
TT
and
.
(4) [./^
{z)J, iz)+ Y^ {z)F, (z)]+
2
TT^COS
//i+
//A
^{iJb v)7r
"
^'^
IZ
1/
l
1
tan
\{y,-v)'rr.
{z)F, {z) J, {z)Y,{z)]
\_J^
^l"V
/A
?-'
"
l
1
V
^'
"
\
1
ix+l1
/i+
"
^
/i.
"
1
"\
v
i^
.
.
_
'
'
'
'2'
W*
224
THEORY
the
In
special
in
Formula
(5)
(6)
formulae
is,
pp.
and
der
(4)
VII
to
{1.3.5...(2m-l)l^\
(-r{1^3^5"""(2.^-l)}-
by
stated
Walter
to
by
(2.)-
of
Camb.
by
A.
p.
Phil.
repeated
(Leipzig,
Gregory
Lorenz,
(1898),
I.
P)-oc.
Orr,
Cylinderfunktionen
attributed
however,
discovered
scientijiqties,
transformations
on
der
Theorie
Lodge,
while
Soc.
integrals
1904),
x.
the
(1900),
247
"
British
Selskahs
general
more
p.
by
given
was
245
pp.
Vidensk.
Danske
K.
435],
99.
Nielsen,
the
Association
proof
Hand-
expansion
Report.,
(5)
1906,
494"498.
is
not
method
Jy'
{z)
an
to
easy
after
such
[Oeuvres
v^ere
depends
which
It
of
reduces
formula
(2m)!
been
have
to
seems
(1890).
vi.
(3)
(5)
last
JHz)+YHz)^-''~
Jo(^)+io(^)-^^^-^
Sh-ifter,
huch
the
v,
[CHAP.
FUNCTIONS
particular,
m
(b)
of
jx
JH^)+Y^^{z)^^
(5)
and,
when
case
BESSEL
or
is
used.
Yy-
estimate.
number
any
An
{z)
estimate
will
exactly
of
alternative
be
given
in
terms
the
these
method
in
magnitude
" 13"75,
of
or
asymptotic
obtaining
and
it
will
the
then
the
sign
of
the
mainder
re-
expansions
when
asymptotic
expansion
be
possible
this
to
form
CHAPTER
A'lII
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
OF
LARGE
ORDER
8"1. Bessel
of descriptive
subjectof this chapteris the investigation
properties,
equalitie
includingapproximate formulae, complete asymptoticexpansions,and inThe
of various
functionsconcerned
are
results
Carlini's
formula
with
with
Bessel
functions ; and
primaryimportancewhen
many
of the
results
the
the orders
happen
to
perties
pro-
ofthe
be
true
orders.
positive
associated
of
large,though
are
of all
for functions
We
types connected
will be examined
which
which
are
of
("1'4). Next,
purely formal
we
shall
character,
obtain
certain
The
and
trivial
problem
is fixed,may
of
he noticed
It is evident, by
to the
this
l/v^(27r);
tV|
=
large
logi^z)-{v
that
expansion of " .3-1,
^)logv}.
V
where
is
here.
theorem
applyingStirling's
result
has
been
pointed out
by Horn,
Math.
Ann.
Lll.
(1899),
p. 359.
for functions of largeorder,
of approximate formulae
physicalapplications
writers may be consulted:
Macdonald, Proc. Royal Soc. lxxi.
(1903),pp. 251
theJi^Howing
A
258 ; Lxxii.
; Phil. Trans, of the Royal Soc. cxx.
(1904),pp. 59"68
; xc. A (1914),pp. .50"61
und
der
Ann.
xxx.
Chcmie,
(1909),
57"136;
Physik
(4)
Debye,
11.3"144;
pp.
(1910),pp.
Ann. der
Rybczyiiski,
(1912),pp. 29"50;
March, Ann. der Physikund Chemie^ (4) xxxvii.
[Note.
For
"
Phil.
Mcifj.(5)xxiii.
In connexion
with
the
(1887),pp.
principle,see
Math.
W.
B.
Ann.
F.
lxvii.
Stokes,
(1883),p. 341.]
(1909),pp. 535"558;
252"255.
Camb.
Phil. Soc.
ix.
ii.
Milnchener
xl.
[5], (1910).
Sitzungsberichte,
15
226
und
Physik
pp. 516"537
of
the
Royal
Soc.
waves
ccxv.
"
The
546"563.
8'11.
Nicholson, FMl.
(1913),pp. 191"208;
[CHAP. VIII
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
OF
THEORY
the
over
theoretical
works
sui'face of the
with
all deal
quoted
with
earth, and
are
experimentalresults.]
MeisseVs
"
(1)
function
{z)by
if we
define
then
equation(1) transforms
of
now
we
equation
+ ZU
{z)-v-'il- z")
[u{z)Y'\
=
assume
(Z)
VUq +
on
functions
denote
of
which
...
independent of
are
128(1-2^)-
it is
integration,
found
'
(cf." 1'4)that
jlog^'^^
^,^
^ ^
V(l
(16
1 5122-
"'"5T60l"{
322-^ +
l}i log(1
^^)
42^ + z'
((1-^2)^ j
2 + 32^
24i;
-U-
ISz^
32(1-2-)'
8(1-^^)^'
+ ^^
8(1-^-^)^
(z)dz
series
...,
W2=^
"
2(1-^^)'
4^+10^^
j\
2882"
v,
by
zero
z-)]/z,Ui=ir7z.
Uo=Wil-
on
(z)is expansiblein
find that
the left,we
Hence,
+
Un/v+ u-s/v^
Ml +
v,
0.
of v, thus
descendingpowers
where
the
i);
into
z''{u'{z)+
(2)
If
v^{l-z^)JAvz)
,-^^-_+._^_
a
be written
equationmay
2322"
-z'-f
lQv''{l
-
36542-*
375^"
_
(1-^^)^
+
132"
z-^)
228
THEOKY
OF
BESSEL
where
(1) P.
sec"'/3)
^^(4sec^y8
+
-^"^
g"'
288
(768 sec^yg+
/3 + 232
sec^
sec*/3+
41280
(2)
Q,
/3-)-13
sec"
/3)
14884
^8+
103
375 sec"
yS)
sec^o
sec^^ /3)
'
"
"
"
3sec=/3)
z;(tan^-/3)-^||^(2
+
57601/^
(16
o^^-Va
322od0j^*
1512
sec-
3654
/3
/3
sec*
1891200
1914210
sec"/S
sec^/3+ 4744640
sec^yS+ 67599
sec^"
/3)
....
J^ {y sec /8)in
To determine
^TT,and compare
type givenin " 7*21
to
the results
;
of these
terms
so
obtained
that, as /3
see
we
P.
we
sec"
4242
+
'
and
[CHAP. VIII
FUNCTIONS
with
take yS to tend
we
expansions,
the expansionsof Hankel's
\'k,
"
", Q.~z^(sec/S-^7r),
"
infer that
(3)
(4)
^,*="(i/
sec
/3)
e-^^+'^Q.'-^'"',
a/(^-^)
a/(^-^^)
"
e-^--^"Q-+^'''^
"
It follows that
(5)
J, (v sec y8)
(6)
F. (^'^^^^
P^ and
where
("8'41)that
and
Y^ (vsec
Formulae
which
easilybe
values
rigorousmethods
the
reader
(Q,
'"'''''^^
^^"' ^'^)'
"
ivr),
are
equal,cannot
The
e-P"'cos
defined
Q^,are
of Jt,(z) and
y/'(?^^)
v/(^^)
are
obtained
of the
from
will observe
valid when
by
this method
that the
8*11.
are
both
largeand
but it will be
variables,approximationscan
Schlafli's extension
correspondinganalysisof "
and
of Bessel's
approximation has
been
be
nearly
are
in
" 8'2
obtained
by
seen
integral.
carried
two
stages further
than
in
8-2]
FUNCTIONS
The
Note.
dominant
OF
in the
terms
LARGE
ORDER
229
expansions(5)and (6),which
be written
may
in the
form
J^{x)
(7)
M^cos{Q^-^7r),
}\ix)
M,sm{Q,-^7r),
1'
3f"
where
Qv
"
the
publicationof
Videnskahernes
had
obtained
sin
arc
^'^) ^vir-\-v
'J{-'^'^
been
memoir
two
before
years
on
The
Lorenz
procedure of
has been
which
proved
in
[_
^.^L
then
^
to
the exact
use
whence
the
from
the Wronskian
Subsequent researches on
of the Royal Soc. ccx.
(1907),pp. 697"707
; (6)xix.
(1911),pp. 67"80;
closelyconnected
1906, pp.
8*2,
and
of the result
consequence
.r*
formula
follows without
(1910),pp.
131
been
that
prove
difficulty.
Lorenz
by
144, and
"
(1910),pp. 228"249;
(8),has
{^-l}^
of
are
publishedby
A.
due
to
Macdonald, Phil.
Nicholson,Phil.
516"537;
with
in
trxAI^^'
x-y.-\
Trans,
is
L. Lorenz
'
easilydeduced
by
equation
Q.
IX.
"^'-
dx
is
granted that,as
2.4
.'-
'
which
paper
SelsJcahs
" 7 '51,
iro:
and
Meissel's
436.]
"
take for
to
was
{vjx),
Proc. London
494"498.
principleof stationary
i^hase.Bessel functionsof equal order
The
argument.
of stationary
principle
phase was formallyenunciated by Kelvin* in
of the principle
connexion with a problemof Hydrodynamics,
though the essence
is to be found in some
much
earlier work by Stokes f on Airy's
("6'4)
integi-al
and Parse val's integral
and
also
in
a
posthumous paper by Riemann^.
("2-2),
The
The problem
integral
which
propounded
Kelvin
?/
-"/
"In
which
time
to find
[m [x
an
approximate expressionfor
corresponding
Phil.
The
wave-length 27r/??i.
Mag. (5)xsiii.
t Cavib. Phil.
Trans,
Werke
Ges. Math.
the
dm,
tf{m)}]
disturbance
at
expresses the effect at placeand time {x,t) of an impulsive
waves
(0,0),when f{m) is the velocityof propagation of two-dimensional
to
cos
was
principleof interference
set
forth
placeand
in
by
water
Stokes
230
BESSEL
OF
THEORY
[CHAP. VIII
FUNCTIONS
and wave-velocity
of group-velocity
suggested to Kelvin
Rayleigh in their treatment
outside
the
that,for largevalues of .v tf{m),the parts of the integral
-a, n + a)
range (/x
of interference if /a is a value (or the value)of m
account
of values of m are
on
negligible
and
"
which
makes
"^[m{x-tf(,m)}]
=
In the range
three terms
and
0.
of its
replacedby
the
first
that, if*
it is found
v/[-Mm/"(m) + 2/'(m)]'
/"
then
c/o+ 0-2}
{",i2y'(/x)
cos
7rv^f-2r;Mr(M)
+ 2/'(M)}]
M'
C0S,V/'(M) + i7r}
+ 2/'(;.)}]"
v/[-27^^[M/"(M)
replacedby
the
case
to
and
oo
o-,
which
are
largeeven
though
be
small,have
been
oo
.
that in
foregoinganalysisthat Kelvin's principleis,effectively,
the
the
is
function,
importantpart of
integral
of the integralof a rapidlyoscillating
xohich the phase of the trigonometrical
that part of the range of integration
near
It will be
due
limits for
integralthe
In the last
from
seen
functioninvolved
is
the
stationary^.
The
of the
Let
let ybe
j,M
of Bromwich's
form
to
principle
Bessel functions
be
follows
the
tions
applica-
f t''-'sin t .dt=
r a;''-^F(x)smvx.dx^F(+0)
The
as
adequatefor
"
fji"
method
has
sin ^/jltt;
(+ 0)T (fi)
Jo
Jo
and, if0
is
will be
when x^O;
functionof x which has limited total fluctuation
Then,if"l"fj,"l,
functionof v which is such that vy^- cc as v-^ oc
F{x)
a
which
theorem
he
justbeen explainedwill
now
be used
to obtain
an
for a
at m=fjL;
m{.x-tf{m)) has a minimum
the sign of the expression under the radical is changed.
maximum
in the writingsof Cauchy. See
search reveals traces of the use
of the principle
t A persistent
16 of his Theorie
de la propagation des Ondes, crowned
Sept. 1815,
e.g. equation (119) in note
21/"?m.presentes par divers savants, i. (1827).[Oeiivres,
(1)i. (1882),p. 230.]
*
This
t Proc.
is the
Camb.
" Bromwich,
appropriatesubstitution
Phil.
Soc.
xix.
when
(1918),pp. 49"55.
Theory of InfiniteSeries,"
174.
8-2]
FUNCTIONS
which
This formula,
largeand positive.
by Cauchy*, is
discovered
was
is
231
ORDER
LARGE
Jv{v) when
for
approximateformula
OF
r(i)
JA^)
(1)
^2
^1
2^
.
3^ TTV^
of stationary
of the principle
paratively
phase,comby means
investigated
by Nicholson, Phil. Mag. (6) xvi. (1909),pp. 276"277, and Rayleigh,
recently,
Papers,v. (1912),pp. 617"620]; see
Phil. Mag. (6)xx. (1910),
[Scientific
pp. 1001"1004
42"48.
Soc.
Camb.
Phil.
xix.
Proc.
also Watson,
(1918),pp.
This
From
and
has been
formula
that
obviously
sm
vir
77
^^
g_^,j+sinhi!)
-rr
Jo
Hence
J^ U)
Now
let
(f) 6
=
I"cos[v(6
,.(0
(l/v).
Imi
But
then
sin 0, and
"
6)}cie +
sin
"
6l-*.0
COS
"
6"
and
"
itfollows
from Bromzvich's theorem
cosi/d)
"
^"
0
that
6^
cos
"
then
(1) follows
It stillhas
this result
we
to
be
at
,_a
,,
""
v(pd(p
cos
once.
proved
observe
'
I 9
-^'
0
r^x r(i)cos^7r,
and
r*
,,
-a9'^"
"^^/(lcos 6) has
that
total fluctuation
limited
; to
establish
that
d
(p-ismeg{d)
^s
tl-cos^J 3(l-cos^)'_
d~6
";(^)=illl^^^3(^-sin^),
whelT
so
5f(0) 0, ^(7r-0)=+oo,
that
^'(^) (1
=
therefore, by integration,
g{d)^0
and
monotonic
'
and
it is
Comptes Eendus,
Cauchy's methods
obviouslybounded.
xxxviii.
will be
(1854),p.
cos
+ cos ^) ^ 0,
^)2/(l
when
The
993.
O^e^n.
result
Consequently 0*/(l-cos^) is
(1900),p. 663.]
proof by
232
THEORY
By
and
it may
tedious
some
also be
obtain
proved that
JJ(v)=^^^o(v-i);
(3)
associated formula
an
[CHAP. VHI
FUNCTIONS
to
integrations
by parts*,it is possible
approximation,
namely
of
means
second
BESSEL
OF
is
r.w~-M).
(4)
terms,
these
which
asymptoticexpansions,of
with the
will be investigated
The
aid of
more
results
in ^ 8-42.
Meissel's third
8'21.
expansion.
to
integral
just discussed has been used by Cauchyf and Meissel:]:
is a largeinteger.
obtain the formal asymptoticexpansionof Jnin) when
w
obtained by Cauchy and (in
be explainedhow this expansionwas
It will now
of the promore
a
complete form) by Meissel; the theoretical justification
cesses
in " 8 '42.
employed will be investigated
The
Taking the
formula
1
Jn {n)
let
write 6
us
sin 6
"
f'^
{?i
(6
cos
"
sin
"
small values of t,
^t^; it then follows that,for sufficiently
/9_/_l_l/3i
u
i -f "^"qI
"
-r
_V-x
/5i
-r
Y4^^t'
"
Xo
1,
^\, Xa
1213.
7 20 7 200000'
"
*-5
Xi
~"
tioo
^^
'
/2m+l
asio^' ^^
A"jt,
""
and
^)|cW,
tt^tswuT)'
"""*
It follows that
Jn(n)
-r\
'^
.
When
is
^nt^is largeat
large,
J,,(7i)
~
(2m
l)X",tAcos(Ut')^dd.
[ m=0
the upper
(2"i+
1 ) X",
SeeProc.
Camb.
Phil.
t Comptes Rendus,
161"164,
pp.
+
Astr.
formula
Soc.
xxxviii.
(?
.
'7r,H=o
Cit"
r"
cos
(^n f) dt,
.0
1104"1107.
(1900),
167"170.]
Nach.
(1),Meissel
cxxvii.
(1891),col.
stated "Sclion
vor
359"
362;
cxxviii.
dreissigJahren
war
(1891),col. 145"154.
zu
folgendenFormel
ich
Concerning
gelangt."
8-21, 8-22]
OF
FUNCTIONS
LARGE
233
ORDER
a
("6'4); and hence, by
integral"
"generalised
signindicating
term-by-termand usingEuler's formula, Meissel deduced that
integrating
G is the
where
:i: X.,r("m
/.(n)--
(1)
also gave
Meissel
exhibits
approximationfor A,",valid
an
of the
divergentcharacter
the
-)
f)
cos(im-hi)7r.
when
is
large;and
this
of
The
"Sur
tion
approxima-
expansion (1).
Darboux,
(3)iv. (1878),
5"56, 377"416.
pp.
AVe consider
be
the
monogenic) are
and
near*
of 6
singularities
the
which
pointsat
the
"(127r)^
t=
fim
function
of t ; the
2/-7r and
where
(12r7r)5,
/=
"1,
"2,
"3,
...
are
}^
t
(367r)3il
+
(127r)-^i
approximation to X,h
theory of Darboux, an
jrithe expansionsof the two
fails to
singularities
(where 6
expansion of
in the
terms
the
6^
dominant
"27r
By
qua
is the
comprisedin
functions
of the
sum
coefi"cients of
;
that is to say
that
(367r)*
'^
-^
(2/n-i)
^
2
1
*.*."...
\,"
"'
(2m
1)! (12,7)*'"
2r(2?n,-l-")
sfm'
+ 2).(127r
3^r(t)r(2?rt
and
formula,
by Stirling's
so,
("^)
"
in
2j"
(18)^r(f)(m+l)Ml^'r)^"'
is Meissel's
This
loc.
by Cauchy,
an
approximation of
the
same
character
was
obtained
cit.,
p. 1106.
of Kelvins
cqyplication
The
8"22.
approximation;
to J^,(vsec^).
'principle
of stationary
phase has been appliedby Rayleighfto obtain
principle
acute
angle,
an
approximateformula for J^ {v sec /3)where /3is a fixed positive
and V is large
I.
The
in
As
" 8*2
have
we
J,(vsecl3)
fcos[v(6
/^
TJ"
and
(a minimum)
/3sin 6 is stationary
sec
"
Write
"
from
*
These
are
t Phil. Mag.
sec
0 to
the
13sin 6
Royal
lxxi.
"
tan
which
singularities
(G)
xx.
(1910), p. 1004.
Phil.
Trans,
(1903),pp. 251"258;
/3sin 6)}cW+
Oil Iv),
when
j3.
that ^ decreases
so
/3-t-"/",
sec
as
to zero
6 increases from /3 to
as
6 increases
tt.
nearest
to the origin,
Papers, v. (1912),p. 620.]
[Scientific
of the RoijalSoc. ccx. A (1910),pp. 131"144;
lxsii.
(1904),pp. 59"68.
are
and
Proc.
234
THEORY
[CHAP. VIII
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
OF
Now
{v(6
cos
"
/3sin 6)]dd
sec
/"T-^ + tan^"
dd
^^
tan
"
/3)}
j-. dcfi.
JO
_^tan^-/3
and
(10
{i^
("^+ ^
COS
as
"^V(2tany8)
rf"/)
/S.
"
from
follows
[v(0
pcos
that
theorem
/3sin 6)]dd
sec
+ /3
[v("/"
cos
vi/ tan
and
f^7r,it
/3)}//gl
tan
[v(tan^
cos
/3
"
-^^^
/3)
tt],
so
{v(tan /3
^)
V(i.^tan^)
cos
^
/.(.sec^)^
(1)
The
^tt}
'
formula
F.(.secffl~^'"'-'";,f^r^^:'"
v(2-i''''tan;S)
(2)
"^
"'\
is derived
The
in
similar
reader
r-/
from
manner
will observe
that these
the dominant
are
in Meissel's
terms
To
limited
these formulae
have
we
to shew
that
has
(f)^
{dd/d(j")
total fluctuation.
the square
Now
of this
is equalto
function,namely 0 {d6ld(f))^,
^
/3sin ^
sec
3 +
tan
^
_
(1
say.
sec
But
cos
^ (1
cosec
sec
cos
The
and
so
k{6)
decreases
from
B increases
when
/3cos
/3cosee
6)"^-2 ((9-sec/Ssin6
^ (1 sec (3cos 6)^
/3+ tan ^
as
(9)2
/3cos
0 ^ ^ ^
and
cos
/3cos
steadilyas
^tt to
6 cosec^ ^ (1
B increases
since
k{B) 0
h' {B) changes sign once
tt
from
when
/3cos
sec
to
6)^,
^tt,and
^"^7r,
then
increases
it follows
that
steadily
h'{B)^0
the
range
0t$"9^7r.
Hence
|Jh (B)|is monotonic
(and decreasing)when 0 ^ ^ ^ ^, and it has one stationary
and continuous
{6)\ is bounded
point (a minimum) in the range ^ ". B "
; since !s,fh
0 ^ B ^ ir, as had to be
when 0 "$ 0 ^TT it consequentlyhas limited total fluctuation when
proved.
tt
236
[CHAP. VIII
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
OF
THEORY
integranddoes not
oscillate rapidlyon
it ; and so we
expect that an approximate value of
may
of the integrandin the
from
the integral
will be determined
a consideration
neighbourhoodof the pass : from the physicalpointof view, we have evaded
the interference effects (cf.
" 8'2)which occur with any other type of contour.
The
contour
The
mode
has
the
8'6,8"61
that
so
the
will be
asymptoticexpansionsfrom the integral
specialfunctions which will be studied in ""8'4 8 '43,
of
of derivation
from
clearly
seen
selected*
been
now
"
but it is convenient
enunciate
to
this stage
at
be useful
are
Lemma.
when
F{t) be analytic
Let
\t\r^a
8, luhere
"
will
f which
lemma
will be obtained
0, B "0
let
and
00
e-"-" F
(t)dr
is valid in the
1arg
where
is
!^ ^TT A,
-
number.
arbitrary
positive
an
It is evident
such
z/
the
largeand
\v\issufficiently
when
of Poincare
sense
Then
are
(m/r)v-'^"'
:i:a,nT
'^
Jo
and
that, if M
be
fixed
any
a
integer,
K^
constant
can
be found
that
M-l
whenever
^ 0 whether
^ a
or
+ i2j/,
e-''^a"iT""*/^'-^dT
e-^'F{T)dT= 2
^0
therefore
and
J 0
ni=l
e^^dr
\Rm\^\ \e-"'' \ K^r^^^'^^-^
where
JO
K,T{Mfr)/{R(v)-b]^/^
providedthat
valid
remains
compared
when
even
with
is the
{v)" b, which
have
We
v.
6 is
function
therefore
Jo
For
the lemma
an
Burkhardt's
account
j)i
London
such
cosec
that
A.
R{v)
"
The
analysis
b is not
small
proved that
is established.
of researches
article in the
t Cf. Proc.
of
\v\"b
e-''F{r)dT=
so
when
31-1
/""
and
case
in which
the
contour
der
Math.
Wiss.
Encyclopddie
Math.
Sac.
(2)xvii.
(1918),p.
is the
ii.
133.
real axis
(1916).
see
pp. 1343
"
1350
of
8-31]
FUNCTIONS
construction
The
8'31.
It has been
with
shall
we
method
whether
steepest descents
with
In accordance
On
contours.
examine
now^
of
function
the
once
sinh
have
seen
these three
(I)
When
that
cosh
find
can
completesolution
iv
it
discussed
that
0,
are
descents,as
viv,
"
equation
v={)\
"
three
distinct
to
cases
consider,
We
equal to 1, respectively.
or
sider
con-
iv,where
u,
that
2?i7rt.
attention
our
such
(1) is
+
sinh
lu
to the
"
stationary
pointsf" a; at
the equation
so
is zero, and
vw
is
w
viv)
"
0.
are
cosh
so
and
z/sechct,
/ {x sinh
W^rite
of steepest
number
positive
imaginarypart of
to be
of the contour
of
these pointsthe
functions associated
in turn.
cases
xjv" 1, w^e
the
real.
are
stationary
pointsof
shall have
we
a;
then
the method
to solve the
(2)
and
xjv is
the variables
positive,
of the contours
appropriatefor the
in "|6'2,6"21.
types investigated
any
in which
237
hypothesisthat
the
have
of ^v, i.e.we
it is at
when
of
principles
(1)
and
contours*
of the
are
qua
ORDER
be
along suitable
taken
of Debyes
LARGE
in
seen
J^ {x) can
OF
sin
cosh
"
0,
or
vcosha
,
coshw
"
-.
(S)
siU'y
/-'
paper,
The
contour
contours
Math.
+ The
parallelto
Ann.
(1909),pp. 535
"
are
those
which
were
discussed
effect
the
than
"
would
be to
is
in
Debye's earlier
different;cf. "6-21.
translate
the
contour
238
THEORY
BESSEL
OF
[chap. VIII
FUNCTIONS
The
tt
"
and
the
so
contour
is
contour
Fig. 16.
If
sinh
cosh
"
(sinhw
"
to 0 and
00
along the
travels
from
contour
increases to +
then
shewn
curves
in the
figure)
arrows.
iri to
"
oc
since,by
; and
the
cosh a),
"
tti,
decreases
from
27rtJoo-,ri
have
we
obtained
J^(cc)when
cc
and
from
contours
solution
phenomenon, on
to
"
a:jv " 1, we
find
can
we
take the
acute
positive
(sinhtu
that,replacingiv by
(5)
cosh
10
"
cos
cos
"
yS
of the
second
Stokes'
that
of the
e"|uation
0,
i/3.
which
contour
/3) sin /3
sin /3+
angle/3 such
roots
now
are
"
(y
"
sin?;
we
/3cos /3,
concerning
discussion
/9,
sec
pointi/3,the
stationary
/
detailed
tv""
are
so
The
information
this
which
points,
stationary
cosh
When
1.
derive
""8'4,8*5.
a;=v
the relevant
can
iri
of the two
account
(4)
and
we
xlv"
equation;but
of Bessel's
(II) When
largeand
are
which
from
curve
givensubsequentlyin
integralwill be
The
contour
/3)cos ^
is
obtain
is
8-31]
OF
FUNCTIONS
of
for values
Now,
0 and
between
sin ^ + (v
has
minimum
one
values of
(v
0 and
between
of
for values
of
infinite when
are
The
half of
is 0
t;
or
"
0 and
00
is
; for
zero
other
these
v.
equation(5) givestwo
coincide only when
v
"
iri,T decreases
tt,
sin
givenby equation(5) is as
(sin/3
it is easy to verifythat
directions indicated by the
to
real values
=
/3. They
tt.
sin
and
(equalbut oppositein sign),
"
between
/3
tt,
sin /3+
Hence,
the function
/3)cos
"
/3)at which
tt,
239
ORDER
LARGE
(which is
arrows.
from
oo
As
to
real
w
on
"
cos
in the
then
upper
13),
travels
and
shewn
alongthe
contour
increases to +
oo
in the
from
and
"
so
we
Fig. 17.
have
obtained
curve
when
ZT;,'^'
(.*")
will be
of the" integral
from
x
and
which
v
are
["6"21 (4)]we
largeand x/v "
can
1.
derive information
The
cerning
con-
detailed discussion
stationary
point"i/3, we should have obtained the
to
in the lower half of Fig.17, and the curve
oc
shewn
curves
going from
discussed
00
TTi givesan
integralassociated with HJ-^ (w); this also will be
obtained
form a fundamental
in " 8"41.
The
two
now
system of
integrals
that there is a marked
distinction between
solutions of Bessel's equation,
so
the case x/v " 1 and the case
xjv " 1.
If
we
had
taken
the
"
"
240
THEORY
(III)
from
The
(I)or
are
in which
case
from
OF
(II)by takinga
as
limitingcase
The
/3 equalto 0.
cosh
shewn
they are
be derived
may
or
[chap. VIII
FUNCTIONS
now
curves
either
to be
sidered
con-
0 and
"
(6)
and
BESSEL
in
v/sin
v,
Fig.18.
Fig.18.
from
curves
the
from
to
"
which
curve
"
given in ""8-42,8-53,8-54.
will be
Geometrical
8*32.
the
concerningB.y^{y)and B.}'^'^{v)
by considering
information
while
is
obtained
oc
+ mi,
concerningJ^,(v)
from
vrz'.The detailed investigato
x
Trt
x
+
tion
passes
information
obtain
We
of Dehye'scontours.
p-operties
Bessel
which
An
"
to
of
important in dealing with zeros
proving certain approximate formulae
with the second of the three contours
cussed
just disis
that
the
the
branch
question
slope*of
from
in
exceed J3.
in
question,
It is evident
the
that,for
curve
du
sinh u-^r
.
sin (v
^)
"
^^
"
(v
sm^
has
sin(i; ^)secv-(i;-j3)cos/3
"
8) coti
"
V cos
'.
"
do
But
in
(Fig.17
be
to
..
positivederivative
the
cos^tan^v, and
hence
it
follows that
sin (w
"
has the
same
for the
curve
Proc.
"
{v ^) cos
"
V cos
"
/3
are
both
positiveor
both
negative
under
Camh.
Phil.
on
Soc.
xix.
(1918),p. 105.
originand
type
is obvious
from
+ This
^)
exist.
a
figui-e.
^/3 immediately on
the
8-32,8-4]
Again, to
OF
FUNCTIONS
dvjdu does
that
prove
exceed
not
241
ORDER
LARGE
write
y/S,we
'
sin
that
+ l ^0.
3^/.'2(^")-^^2("i;)
the
Now
expressionon
J^
''^
[(t' ,3){sin2(. +
a\
(v-B)cos,B-\
^
^'
when
positive
has the
has
This
0"v
~z
and
it
since
so,
Ijetween
value
positive
of
of r, there
0 and
^ 8'31
in
signan
same
tt
and
Next
0, it is
v
i^
it is
not
neo-ative.
obtain
now
the
asymptotic
to
and it is clear that,corresponding
values of w, which
two
w.,
imaginarypart,and
supposedthat
sech
/0"o)"0.
"
-7-7
dr j
^t,
Ami.
lxvu.
(1909),pp.
a,
in
ascendingpowers of r.
in
it follows that the expansionof
this expansion,
a.)-;by reverting
{w
and
Wi
tu.^ in
"
",=o
B. F.
^^
(dr
J0
expansionsof
drjdtvvanish when lu
a term
a beginswith
lu
of the form
expansions
by Debye, Math.
g-*'
^^
'Itti
and
"i=oW
The
a.
discuss the
we
powers of
obtain
we
w.
0-
therefore
./,{v sech a)
when
then have
We
SintJe
ixjsitive
is
shall
we
l{w,)"0,
where
beinglargeand positive.
it will be
{v /3)].
/3,and consequently
the order,both
Wo;
sin
"
any
cos
The
From
We
proves
8"4.
5-^.,,
(v)has the
Therefore,since y\r'
sin ^
the derivate
+ 3cos2i;
(sin-i'-(-3cos^y)-
"tt.
signas
same
"
^) has
r--
sm^v
-^~,
i7sin/3-3cos vsin(i;-/a)
-'
i
4sin*";cos^
"
-x-
positive denvate
the
has
,,
,,
cos-
sin2
ly
But
when
535"
m+l
in Si
8'41, 8-42
were
established
55B.
16
242
BESSEL
OF
THEORY
of
IT
valid for
expansionsare
small
sufficiently
Moreover
I.
dr
mwA
r(0+'0+V^wA
1
a,n
i{m+l)
['d^Jr
27ri
("+)
dw
=JLf
27nJ
The
[chap. VIII
FUNCTIONS
circuit in the
"
"
coefficients a,,,,.
Write
IF and
0.=
"
Co
"
| sinh
a, Ci
and
so
(cosh W
"
| cosh
1)
"
cosh
"
coefficients in this
(sinhTT
Tf)
"
c,3F^+...),
a,
c^
^^ sinh
"
expansionof {co+
have
TFHco + CiTf
where
sinh
"
we
Ci Tf +
expansionwill
Therefore
a,
c,
W^
be called
a", is the
("+i'.
...)-*
ao(m), ai(?)i),
azivi),
...,
have
we
ao(m)
Co-^("'+^),
+ 1
Gi]
"271! -^o;
m
771
1) (m
'co
2.1!
m
(m
C.2
S)
Cf
2^2!
+ l)(m
(?)i
Cs
3)
2ciC2
"
2^2!
Co'
l)(m
(m+
(1)
+ 5) d^
3)(/?i
3{
2^3!
a,{m)-c,
2.1!
-Co
V Co'
2^2!
2^3!
(m
CoV
Co
Co-'
1) (?H + 3) (m
5) (m
2*. 4!
On
substitution
we
f aQ=a"^
(0)
I Oi
I tto
"!
(1)
do
(2)
(2)
\a,
":;(3)
a,
I tta
(4)
"
"
"
find that
("
sinh
a)~*,
("
coth
I sinh a)~^ {y^^
"
^j coth* a},
'
^%%\ coth^a},
7) Cj^
'c*
244
THEORY
8'41.
[CHAP. VIII
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
OF
asymptotic
expansionsof J" {vsec /8)and Y^ {v sec ^).
The
" 8"4
obtained
we
the
We
positivevalue
passes from
"
of
there
t,
to
oo
of
it is clear that,corresponding
to any
of
values
two
are
these
+7^^;
go
the
lying on
values
which
contour
it will
and
w^,
supposedthat
be
R
We
e-*"
-.
except that
r^\dr,
dr
[ar
The
analysisnow
proceedsexactlyon
is replacedthroughoutby i/3,
and the Bessel
v8ec^.
0.
\~
J i)
TTi
(wo)"
have
then
(wj)" 0,
the
"8*4
lines of
function
is of the
third kind.
It is thus
found
that
{div.
^
Q-Xr
determine
To
arg
the
[{iL\i^)lr]
--"-
"
\dr
phase
5 TT
as
dr]
of a^, that
0, and
^^
a"
af"^^
"t=o
is of ("
we
|tsin/3)~*,
observe
that
so
ei'VV(ism/3).
Consequently
(taii/3-^)-i"
g..i
tan
^'i^vir
In like manner,
in the real axis of
(2)*
If
(4)
is
we
(^)(. sec
B)
have
Aj
|)
{\) {\vitan /8)+
^m
"
'
precedingcontour
that
valid when
are
r(m
^ri*!-^^^!!^
^
largeand positive,
we
combine
yS)^.^o
by takingas contour
the w-plane,
find
we
"
ir,""(i/sec/3)^
(1)
to make
r(m
is
|)
fixed
A^
angle
acute
positive
the substitutions
find that
J^ {v sec yS)
-^
2
/
^x
1
Z
cos(i/tany9-^/3-|7r)
.
vir
tan
/3
m=o
(-y"r(2m
r(i)
|)
A
2m
sin(.tan^-.^-l.)J/^^iM).
8-41, 8-42]
FUNCTIONS
ORDER
245
-^^r
"
7,
dominant
/D
(z/tan /3
sin
"
in these
terms
stationary
phase in " 8*21
(-)'"r(2m
-^
o
V
1
z^/3
1
tt) S
expansionsare
which
formulae
been
have
established
to
argument
and
however, possible
to
the
use
variables to be
and
complex
are
the
nearlyequal. It is,
pansions
determiningasymptoticext
hat
arise
no
ha]3pens
complications
by
are
complex.
numbers
of
large modulus,
such
that
that
z
\z
"
"
v\ is
in
(z^),
be small.
shall write
i'
and
argument
for
order and
""8'4,8"41 obviouslyfail
concerned
method
same
in
large.It
not
principle
Accordinglywe
where
the
function
in these circumstances,and it
supposingthe
by
The
A^^---.
those obtained
8*42.
are
i)
^
=^--
"
of
LARGE
F"(i'sec/9)~
(5)
The
OF
it is convenient
to
z(l -e),
temporarilythat
suppose
|arg^!"|7r.
We
then
iy"^'*
(z)
(1)
where
and
have
".
is that shewn
the contour
in
Fig.18;
w)
dtu,
zeiv]
this contour
on
sinh
"
is real
negative.
write
We
and
the values of
and
W2,
[z(sinhlu
exp
real
We
(2)
of which
w^
"
sinh w,
to any
corresponding
is a complex number
negativenumber.
then
have
H^^''
(z)
e-'"-
"
jexp
(zeiu^)
-~
exp
{zew.^-j^)"dr.
246
THEORY
The
obtain
OF
expansionof t in powers
expansionsof the form
of
{zeiu^)
^
exp
BESSEL
beginswith
T-s
ttr
don
valid when
To determine
7H
we
h,nt^"*,
small.
[t jis sufficiently
observe
that
^^
^^yjS
^^P^"^^^^"-(l^)r
^
Gtti
^""P ^'''''^
67ri]
hence
'^
(IT
are
in lu^,
and
term
2 ei('"+i'-'6,"TH
these
,"=o
T-3
exp(^6m,)5^'
and
[chap. VIII
FUNCTIONS
(w
(m+i)
"'"+^)
iv)i
sinh
"
in the
equalto
igJc^+D^i
multiplied
by
expansionof
exp
"
expansionwill be
w)/^'}"*^"*^^).
called
6o(//i),
6i(m),b.^im),
...
that
It is easy to shew
fbo{m)
lu
(zeiu){(sinh
6^^'^+'\
~2~
J'
60
(3)
o.K^u)
For
brevitywe
e^z^
(vi+ l)ez
60
124
120
write
b,,{m) m^+'^Bm{"z\
=
.50400
J"
so
that
8-42]
that*
so
By {ez)
ez,
B,{ez)
h^'z'-j'-Eez,
B, {ez) j^^z^
=
[Bs{0)
We
+ "|toe^"
ij^e'z^
Bs{0)
-^^Sjjj,
"
jjiisooo' -'"io(0)"
"
6 5
5-ioOOOO-J
have
then
diUi
ex^(zewyp
dr
00
e^^+'^-^6''"'+'^
B,,,{ez)Ti''\
lT-i
"i
dw"
00
-p
exp (zew.)
e"'"+i)-''
6i('"+^"
5"
T-' 2
(zeiv)(dw/dT)]satisfies the
[exTp
and
+ ^^,
^B,{ez) i-,^'z^-i-^e-^z'
(4)
conditions
(e^)r^'",
of the lemma
of
i"
^,w (^)
(5)
and
00
o^
"8'3.
of 5 8'3 that
the lemma
It follows from
,^1'^
e3"-+"'^^B,, (ez)
smh{m
e-3(-+i)-5,,(6^)sini(^"i-Hl)7r.-
l)7r.
similarly
H^^H^)^-^
(6)
deduce
We
at
that
once
ram
'^
(V)
J.{z)
(8)
i^(^)~-o;l^ (-r^5,"Msin4(m
From
1)1
247
ORDER
LARGE
OF
FUNCTIONS
is
the
1)
l)7r.-4^^^
be inferred that,when
large,
^^"'^^^
^^^
(_)m (-|)s
""
but there
to
seems
dominant
The
be
terms
no
very
in
(7) were
'
r(").(7/i+ i)Hl27r)3'"
simpleapproximateformula
by Meissel, in
obtained
for
Kiel
5"i {ez).
Programmi,
1892;
obtained
which seem
by
similar results,
" 8-43,
some
terms
in (8) as well as in (7) were
Koppe in a Berlin Programml, 1899. The dominant
also investigated
by Nicholson, Phil. Mag. (6) xvi. (1908),pp. 271"279, shortlybefore the
ap^aranceof Debye's memoir.
to resemble
and
The
values
the
same
the
as
integration is
The
values
of
apart from
col. 3.59"362;
of the contours
use
analysisgiven
to evade
of
the
in this
section.
those
stated
in
were
(1891),
given by Meissel, Astr. Nach. cxxvii.
Meissel's analysis (of.
" 8-21)is substautially
The
object
of
.Bo{ez),
B-,[ez]and
(1916),p. 524.
t See the
See
Jahrhuch
the Jahrhuch
of
contour
the difficulties
der Math.
Math.
421.
248
OF
THEORY
We
has
consider the
next
far been
so
BESSEL
extent
imposed on
which
to
formulae
[CHAP. VHI
FUNCTIONS
which
jarg2^|"^7r,
condition
the
The
dr/dw
They
therefore the
are
points
T
where
all
assumes
0.
2u7ri,
values.
integral
It is
"
"
"
TT
"
If
confine
attention
"
"
arg
TT.
to real
our
have
not
determined
i*
"
formidae valid
Approccimate
8'43.
The
Nicholson*
to
second
investigate
manner
following
In the
""8*4
in the transitional
8'42
"
regions.
approximationsto
Bessel's
regionsled
integralin the
of functions
case
of
Jn (^)
and, when
of
in the transitional
COS
{nd
"
n,
sin
6) dO,
and
and
order
integral
under
are
consideration,
Jn{x)'^IT
cos
{nd -xd
IxO')dd
}Q
rQos{ne-xd-^lxe^)dd,
TJ" Jo
TTJO
XXIV.
Phil.
(1916),pp.
239"250.
(1910),pp. 247"249;
see
also
Emde,
Archiv
der
Math,
und
Phys. (3)
8-43]
and
FUNCTIONS
the
when
is
expression
last
"
n,
and, when
"
OF
of
one
LARGE
ORDER
249
Airy'sintegrals
("6*4). It
follows
that,
n,
Jn{x)^^\^ ^j{/_i
(2)
J:.i,
where
the arguments
The
Nicholson
the
on
rightare ^ {2{x
)i)|=/a,'
"
also found
was
by
it is
F,.(.)~-j^i^l'{J_,-J,}.
3^
(3)
chief
With
view
and
integrals,
remedying
to
discovered
this
method
defect, Watson*
which
method
of
upper
iunction whose
Bessel
be written
i^sech a) may
in the
J^ {v sech a)
where
"
sinh
beingchosen
the contour
Debye.'s
theoretically
simple (though
which
formulae
analogousto
errors
involved.
:
employed is the following
for
Debye'sintegral
x{=
examined
is
"
"
its argument
e"^'' div,
exceeds
formf
"
(coshlu
that
so
order
"
is
-iTTt
1)
cosh
"
IX, -TTI
on
positive
(sinhw
"
iv),
it.
is
"
"
suggest that
considerations
These
first two
terms,
givean
not
The
^w'-sinh
Proc.
Camb.
Phil.
is deducible
shall
we
where
t This
^vf
"
cosh
the
a,
approximationvalid throughoutthe
which
integral
whether
namely
"
nlay
to examine
it is desirable
"
Soe.
from
region.
is therefore
investigate
| IF- sinh
xix.
first transitional
(1918),pp.
"8-31 by making
^ W'^ cosh
a,
96"110.
a
250
THEORY
and
in the
the contour
If TF
it.
on
positive
hyperbola
and this
that
is
the
it^^=iF^
has contact
curve
[chap, vin
FUNCTIONS
the
planeof
BESSEL
OF
Debye'scontour
at
the
origin.
approximationto
an
/"ocexpCaTrO
+7ri
e-^'Uhv
e-''^dW.
is
differ by
integrals
These
ro
Jo)
for
of an upper bound
problem is reduced to the determination
\[d{tu"W)ldT]\. And it has been proved,by exceedinglyheavy analysis
which will not be reproducedhere,that
and
the
so
{lu
W)
Stt sech a,
"
di
and
so
(div
dW]
dT
{dr
Gtt
i
,
Hence
xexp(i7r2)
dW^-^,
V
where
|^j|"
To
1.
evaluate
the
tanh
"
If we
making angles"\'ttwith
and
tanh
{\vtanh^ a) f
Jo
"
into two
contour
write W""
e^"^exp
the
on
integral
becomes
the respective
on
^q-^I-^^
rays, the integral
tanh- o}d^
{-\v^'-\ v^e^'""'
exp
e~^''exp
(^V
tanh^
a) / exp {"^v^^
I v^e
"
^"^
tanh'^a\d^.
Jo
"
"77*tanh
and
hence
we
exp
(4)
sech a)
Jt,{v
7r\/3
exp
[v(tanh a
^ tanh=^a
+
where
[^i |"
I^(^vtanh^*a)],
"
1. This is the
more
form
precise
"
tanh^ a)
"x)}K^(lv
oc
a)},
{i/(tanh
8^ii^~'exp
of Nicholson's
"
approximation(1).
252
[CHAP. VIII
EUNCTIONS
BESSEL
OF
THEORY
and
of tan- /3,integrate
term-by-term,
powers
it is
that
eXp jTTt
OO
g-^"" dW
00
"
"
V3
equatingreal
and
itan
:3-Han
F^ (i^
sec
13)
(6)
/Q)
vi tan*
/i (^i^
tan* yS)]
[e-i-'
J_j (ii/tan* /S)-h e*'^'
Tre^-^ tan
On
/ tail ;3
"
-* tan
tan
^^^ ^_
^^^^ ^, ^^,^,
^^^ ^,^^3^^_
^^^.
imaginaryparts,it is at
found
once
that
/3cos [v(tan/S
/3sin {i/
(tan/3
yQsin [v(tanyS
tan*
1
/3cos {1/
(tan/3
tan*
tan*
yS)|[/-j
/3
J{\+ 24^^/^',
/3)}[./_-H J^.]
/S /9)}[/_
J^]+ 24^3/1^,
/8
rightis
tan* ^; and |0.^ and j^gl are both less than 1. These are the more
precise
1^1/
forms of Nicholson's formulae (2) and (3); and theygive effective approximations
the right.
terms
on
except near the zeros of the dominant
where
the
It is
argument
of each
of the
functions
J"i
highlyprobablethat
in
largely
Bessel
excess
the
8*5.
of J^ {vx)luhen
Descriptive
properties*
The
contour
which
integral,
"
obtained
was
a;
in
on
the
for the
are
errors
1.
"8"31(I)to represent
Jv {v sech a) was
shewn
in
" 8*4
to
In the contour
take
integral
%u
so
that
With
logr,
the contour
equalto
its
and
positive
write
log{?'e'^|,
0.
selected,
X
is
be
to
sinh
conjugatecomplex,and
"
the
path
of
is its own
integration
flexion
re-
qv
The
(2)XVI.
(1917),pp.
150"174.
are
(X sinh w"w)
^y
in rather greaterdetail
investigated
in Proc. London
Math.
Soc.
8-5]
FUNCTIONS
Changing
the notation,we
is
"
sin 6
that
x^md{
log
\
X
last
This
6-
is made
this substitution
and, when
so
the contour
equationof
so
253
2^
1
+
ORDER
LARGE
OF
'-
cot ^
sin ^0
be
expressionwill invariably
V(^'
denoted
"
*' sm^
the
by
x'sinh w) is
6).
symbol* F(6,x),
that
-re-^'P^''-^Ue,
J,(vx)
(1)
under
by differentiating
it is found that
justified)
.//(")=
(2)
is also
Before
from
J^'{vx)
proceedingto
is convenient
easilydeduced
=
to set
^-.
'liri
the
X-
"
easily
sm-
equation
''-"''
e" ^"'^''"'^
sinh
lo
dw.
further results
obtain
concerningBessel functions,it
oi F(6,x). The reader will
properties!
record various
on
is
'\J{U'
^p^^ldff.
ifV-"..
u)
TT
This
integralsign (a procedurewhich
the
and
easilyverifythat
4^,o,.)
-^-^.o.
(4)
SO
that
F{e,x)^F(0,x)^F(0,l)
(5)
0;
also
and
^
.
n/n
"
Next
we
^'
sin 6
more
abstruse
cos
property
F(e,x)^F(0,x)-\-^(e^--x''sm'e)/^(l^x').
'
(7)
To
"
prove
it,we
shall firstshew
^
,a
This
function
will not
"
that
a;^sin ^
COS
be confused
with
Schlafli's function
defined
in
0^0
" 4'15.
^tt.
254
BESSEL
OF
THEORY
[CHAP. VIII
FUNCTIONS
It is clear that
"^/(l+x%
g(7r,x)=l
that,if g{d,x),qua
so
that
value
6 had
that, no
not
at
or
"
(^o'
-
tt,
its
then
tt,
/^
sin^ d^f
therefore
g
so
0 and
(^0
sin- ^o)^
X-
6q between
2^0
A'- cos
(6,^
value
less than
1"
and
of 6, attained
function
be
would
where
matter
exceed
g(d,x)
af-cos
value
does
V(l +-'^'')-
Hence
dF(0,^)
d-x^sinlcos.e
_
and
so
whence
(7) follows
at
once.
of the
Another, but simpler,
inequality
prove
this,observe that
^{0'
^-^^^^
"
and
type is
F(d,x)^F{0,x)+^d'^{l-x').
(8)
To
same
integrate
; then
From
the
these results
and // (px)qua
J^{i"x)
we
x^
sin^ e)^e
V(l
^),
is obvious.
inequality
are
now
in
functions of
to
position
obtain
theorems
concerning
v.
Thus, since
dJ^(vx)
i1
dv
rF(d,
dd
x) e-"^^''""^
0,
TTJO
decreasing
integrandbeing positiveby (5),it follows that Jt,(vx)is a positive
is a positive
// (I'a;)
decreasing
function
functionof v\ in like manner,
ofv.
the
Also, since
OV
TT.'0
integrandbeingpositive
b}^(5),it follows that e"^^^-^'J^{vx) is a decreasing
is e"^'*^-*)
//(i/a;).
functionofv; and so also,similarly,
the
8-51]
OF
FUNCTIONS
LARGE
ORDER
255
have
Again,from (8) we
Q"vF[0,X)j-ir
g-vF{0,X)j-ir
exp
J, (vx)^
"^
1
^')1cie
[- i z;(9-V(
-
{}
r
g-vF(0,x) /-co
CO
exp[-^ve\/(l-x-)]dd,
"
A
SO
that
g"vF(0.x}
(1
The
\/{2'7rv)
a;^)*
expressionis easilyreduced
last
so
values
positive
o^
for all*
The
v.
for JJ
result
corresponding
approximate expression
expressionis always in error by
Carlini's
Carlini's
to
{vx) is derived
from
(7). Write
e--x-^in-e=G{d,x),
G for
replaceG {6,x) by
and
brevity.
Then
^
2xJ: {vx)
fV^^(^- 'Ei^
[G (6,x)]-icW
-'
cL"
Tr.'o
fv^
g-vFtO,:r)
T
.
exp
G-^dG
I- ^vG/'^il+ x'^)]
exp
[- ij.{?/^(l
+^2)1 Q-hdG,
g-vF{0,x} rao
^
and
so
(10)
The
of the factor
absence
It is
in
to
possible
very similar
This
Wfi shall
large values
t Cf.
^^^^'"^
will be
It is evident
of
Froc.
is remarkable.
shall establish
we
is less than
concerninga single
its order.
that, when
the lemma
prove
the rate
*
argument
-16-^
lemma
the denominator
F {6,x).
concerning
now
^^^
results which
the
whose
Lemma
8"51.
the formula
,^"2)V^/(27^I^).
manner.
concludes
Bessel function
The
prove
\/(l"a;-)from
used
^^'^^^
immediatelyto
0^0
^tt,
then
^ ^-
^^-^"^sin-^
prove
an
importanttheorem
cerning
con-
of increase of J^ {vx).
from
the
expression is in
v.
London
0 ":a;^l and
Math.
Soc.
(2)xvi.
(1917),p.
157.
error
b^-excess
for
siificientUj
256
OF
THEORY
If
sin- 6)
\J{"^ X"
BESSEL
H{6, x),we
dO
is
function
non-decreasing
function
non-decreasing
{6
sin 6
X-
dd
6?--A'-sin-^
sin 6
of
"
cos
of 6.
The
sin^ d)(1
cosec^ O-l-^
d)-^[{d^-
cos
that
(l-^cot^)is
[CHAP. VIII
FUNCTIONS
2a;2(1
^ cot
a^)
^='cot ^ cosec'^ 9
6*
(^2cosec-
of 6 is
6){d cosec
i
-
Of
cos
in this expression
is positive
and every group of terms
(or zero)in consequence
of elementarytrigonometrical
inequalities.
first observe
we
trigonometrical
inequalities,
establish the
To
(9+ sin ^
(i)
(ii) 6 +
sin (9cos
(9
26-
0 $ ^ ^ tt,
sin'-(9^0,
(9-2(9-1
cos
that,when
cot
"9^
0,
(iii)sin^-^cos^-^sin^'^^O,
because
the
the
expressionson
left vanish
when
and
have
the
positivedifferential
coefficients
(9cosec
^)2, (iii)sin
(9((9-sin ^
cos
^),
then
(92cosec2 6-6'^ cot 6
6-1
cosec-
{6-cosec2 ^
sin^ 6
1)(1
^ cot
^)+
cosec
(sin6
^)+
cosec
(sin^
-6
con
6-
1 sin-"*
6) ^ 0,
cos
^ sin^ 5) " 0,
^2cosec2^-l-Jsin2^
6 cosec^ 6
so
{6+
sin 6
cos
sin^
6-26'^
are
proved.
inequalities
that the
consequentlybeen
It has
shsAvn that
re
de
where
the variables
entiations with
understood
are
regardto
d
^ "'
\m
bo 6 and
to
^. It is
now
[FH
obvious
d
x,
and
primes denote
differ
that
{F')
rj
dd
this inequality
from
integrate
and, if we
0 to
6, we
get
F'H
0
_
Since
and
of H
the
F' and
truth
{6,x)
HJH'
vanish
of the lemma
in the last
when
becomes
inequality.
is equivalent
to
0, this inequality
obvious
when
we
substitute
the value
8-52J
FUNCTIONS
The monotonic
8"52.
OF
LARGE
property of J^(vic)fJ^(v).
shall
now
is positive.
will
[The actual proof of the theorem
since
some
small
n
umber),
positive
arbitrarily
X-
257
ORDER
is obvious
in their
lie valid
true
in
seen
for values
(1)
'J
--,
dJ^,{vx)
^Te-'Fi^'^^dylr,
f'^
Stta-Jo
[G^l^"^')}"^^^"
e-"^"'^'-)
dO,
dd
'
differentiate under
the
integral
sign,
F{ylr,x)e-''^^*'''^dAlr,
dv
"n"
cKjivx)
dvdx
as
it is
Ov
ox
J,{vx)=
we
; moreover,
fact that
" 0,
-^
-,
dpooc
dx
an
and
^ 8 since e"^*"-^) J^ (i/.r)
that
{yx)
dJ^iix)
.r
and, when
0 ^
functions of
when x is sufficiently
small
non-increasing
its real importance to the
Chapter xvii, the theorem owes
of x in the neighbourhood
of uniiT/.]
e-''F(o,ce)iJ^
(^)are
will be
when
an
27rxjo
27rxj
^^^
j_.d_G{ex)^_^,^,^^^
^"'
dO
^"''^^''"'
"fj^^
"l^
F{0, x) {G (6,x)]-i
0
_,dG{d,x)
{G(e,x)]i^^l^-^,F{e,x){G{e
V
TTX
'
dd
J 0
.xe-'"f"'."(W
by parts the
integrate
if we
of the two
integrals.
it follows that
Hence
'
former
dx
dvdx
ztt^xJoJo
dv
where
'dF(e,x)
n{e,ir) 2{Gid,x)]i
dd
[dF{d,x)
:^2[G{d,x)\^
dd
F(ylr,x)-F(0,x)dG{9, ^
2G(e,x)
dd
^0,
by usingthe inequality
x) ^F{0, x) combined
F{-\\r,
W.
B. F.
of
^ 8"51.
l?
258
THEORY
Since
(0,yjr)is
that is to say,
BESSEL
[chap. VIII
FUNCTIONS
the repeatedintegral
cannot
negative,
proved that
be
not
have
we
OF
.d'~Ju(vx) dJv{vx)dJ^(vx)
T/
dx
negative;
dv
that
so
J^ivxyr^0.
this inequality
between
Integrating
dJy(vx)
the limits
1^
and
1, we
get
/^
dv
that
so
dJy(vx)
are
J^{i'x)and J^"(t')
Since
this inequality
positive,
may
both
be written
in the form
3
(2)
dv
[J,(vx)/J,{v)}^0,
and
is
function
non-increasing
write
If,for brevity,
we
F(e)^ log
(1)
the formulae*
The
be
v.
8 "53.
(2)
of
to
was
for
F{6)
in
-^^r"
"'
^(^'
-
that
^'"' """
are
Jv{v) and Jv'{v)
.;(.) lj7^^^^ia|^^-.."
,/""4/"-....,
=
in the
first term
expansionof
^^'^
of 9 is
to
the
'
We
that
shall firstshew
dd\
To prove
this
we
observe
cot
value
It is to
V.
be understood
e)id^Y
,
P^-
that
\{\-e
F' id)
e-^
that Jl,'(v)means
ua,
.-,
the value
of
,i". Q
when
dJ" {.r)ld.r
.r
lias the
particuhir
260
THEORY
[CHAP. VIII
FUNCTIONS
Monotonic
8"54.
BESSEL
OF
It has
alreadybeen
functions of
decreasing
("8"5) that
seen
It will
v.
the
functions
be shewn
now
J^ (p) and
JJ (v) are
v^JJ{v)
steadilyincreasing functionsof v.
are
To
prove
dv
StT J
observe
we
that
TT
Oe-^P^^)
"Stt
^ I
(^)
dd
(^)l^""^'^'^
3^
.' 0
"J7'
"0,
since the
integrated
part
positive.
v^ Jv (v)is
Hence
vanishes
each
at
function
increasing
an
of
("8"53)the integrandis
; and
therefore
0-44731.
v^J,{v)"lim {i.-^
/,(!/)] r(i)/(2^3^7r)
(1)
In connexion
with
be noted
Ji (1) 0-44005,
the second
To prove
e--ne)
Stt
so
the
result,by following
\v^j; (v)]^2i'-^
dv
that
limit and
method
same
we
find that
sin2 0)
^(^2
_
v^ J^ iv)is
function
increasing
an
of
v.
Hence
v-^ J:
(2)
It is to be noted
J J (v)]
{v^
lim
{v)"
is that the
is
0-41085.
which
is
0-32515,
4^8'(8)
0-.38854.
The monotonic
A theorem
(|)/(2*
tt)
that
Ji'(1)
8"55.
3^ r
more
slightly
justproved
quotient
functionof v.
steadily
increasing
It is not
asv-^-Qo,
possible to deduce
and
f (v)~(p{v),
propertiesof/(j')in
if
these monotonic
is monotonic,
(j){v)
the absence
of further
propertiesfrom
nothing
information
can
be
the
inferred
coucerning /(j*).
coucerning monotonia
8-54, 8-55]
FUNCTIONS
To
8*54
OF
the
use
LARGE
261
ORDER
integrals
alreadymentioned
dv
in
"" 8"53,
dv
third
be -^ in
to
integrals
where
n, {6,^)
sin^ 0)
IF' (0)V(^-'
l^~^^^ (6)
F
sin ^
cos
^
,
"
M^_-_^_^)
The
by " 8'51.
(cf " 8"52);
0 and
to
function
overcome
XT/
'j-^^ \ifr(f)
CT
F(n.
it will be found
when
yjr,
that
Hi ("/.,
d)
"
2 sin- -^
^2
^^p'
,.
-p,
ti,,\)
^*^^ ^^^
P/Z3M
/zdn
^sin^cos6^-2sin-^
,
^^^^^""
^V(^--sm-.)
Since 0-^
of
in the
sum
functions
("8-53)increasing
or
the rightare both positive
both
on
both
which
""8-51,8-53, the
second
arc
both
262
THEORY
OF
BESSEL
[CHAP. VIII
FUNCTIONS
8 '6.
The
"
supposedthat jarg
It will firstbe
where
and
between
and
TT,
i^ and vjz if
real and
/3 are
while
"
to
integrals
The
is
be
that
cosh 7
to
sinh
"
(v
The
replacew by
we
/3)cosh
shape of
a cos
the
the
integrandis
equationis
slopesof
(u
curve
sinh
a.)
"
the
as
moves
away
and
Rf(w)
has
the two
from
As
rcc
"
e^/(""dw,
at
sin y8
sin /3+
branches
shall therefore
we
vestigat
in-
be written
cosh
sin
in the form
cosh
sin /3
0.
(u -a){v- y8)sinh
cot
(tanh o
cot
acute
an
cos
/3
0,
denotes
and
7,
Ifij).
/3),
y8),
creases
angle,positiveor negative; Rf{iu) in-
tends to +
(or
"
oc) as
tu
moves
off to
unless
infinity
the
curve
double-point
J.
Miinchener
That
"j+
tan
moves
second
stated
were
arc
(a,/3)is
near
"
where
iv,this equationmay
the
to
ic.
cosh
{(u ay -{v- /8)-}
so
correspondence
-one
whose
curve
e-zf{w)^^^
If(w)
If
one
/3 is restricted
rcc-H
stationary
point of
the
_oo
-t
=
is
".r^^\-'-f^'^'^
dw,
i7;2)(^x
=
complex. There
we
TTlJ
f(iv)
1/3),
are
investigated
H,^'^{z)=
where
cosh (a +
shall write
we
lie between f 0
suppose
may have any real value. This restriction prevents zjv from
has already("8"4) been investigated.
1 and 1, but this case
lyingbetween
cosh 'y
"^Tr, and
and AV(.r)
xl.
Sitzungsherichte,
[5],(1910);the asymptotic expansions of /^(.r)
explicitly
by Nicholson, Phil. Mag. (6)xx. (1910),pp. 938"943.
is to say 0"/3"7r.
will be
seen
8-6, 8-61]
(i)and (ii)denote
If
marked
in Fig'.19,
givenby
the
that
of which
contours
that of
portionare
shall write
we
"""* J
identical with
analysis
by
263
ORDER
(i)
by 7),it is found
LARGE
of the
the whole
those numbers
with
TTi
and
OF
FUNCTIONS
(ii)
(exceptthat 2/3is to be
" 8'41
replaced
(z) and S^,'-'
asymptoticexpansionsof S^^^^
(z) are
the formulae
(1)
"SV'^'
(z)
(2)
S,-"{z)
"where
'
'
(^)
(|)
y
-_
'
arg
("
7) which
sinh
(" i
+ arg
arg
'
lies between
^tt
"
7),
and
^ttis to
be taken.
(i)
Fig. 19.
The
values of ^4o,A-^,A.^,
are
...
^i
^0=1,
-4.
(3)
It remains
and
tIs
to do this
to express
coth=
5"ff
7 +
iff^ coth^
if^,'"
(^)in
{z) and ff^'^'
study of
intensive
an
i-Acoth^7"
the
If{^)
"SV'"
(^);
of "S^'i'
(2)and
terms
which
on
curve
7,
^/(7)
is necessary.
8-61.
The
The form
equationof
(1)-
{v
"
the
/3)cosh
curve
cos
"
a) sinh
"
where
{u,v) are
when
sin |8
cosh
coordinates
sin
and
0"
cosh
/3"
sin /3
TT-v
and
acute
tt
y8 are
written
though many
angle are
stilltrue
for
and
/S,we
^ is
an
obtuse
shall also at
will be
angle.
0,
tt.
the
that 0"/8"i7r,
an
Cartesian
Since
shall
current
complex.
are
introduced
y8+ {u
the variables
when
of Debyes contours
and
a,
we
unaltered
first suppose
proved when
(3 is
264
THEORY
the left in
the expression
on
brevity,
For
d(f){u,v)
=
--~
sinh
(1) will
.
B^
sm
[chap. VIII
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
OF
v).
(f)(u,
Since
smh
"
be called
sm
v,
ou
is
vanishes
given,dcp/du
has at most
two
0 "
?' "
0,
one
is a
multiple
have*
we
TT,
(f"{-X ,v)
(a,v)
(f)
and
root
one
so
of the
cosh
(f){+x ,v)
OC
"
is less than
and
"
"
equationin
finite root
of the
(^(w,0) 0,
seen
that, in each
to +
OC
as
tends to + 0
When
is
minimum
"
the
a,
becoming equalwhen
both
0.
is less than
to
tt
"
0, and
a,
so
for values of
when
configuration
vanishes
^,d(f"{u,v)ldu
the
largerroot
tends
at
li
0 and
lies between
o, and
"
hence
"
tt.
value
2 cosh
It
0,
consider
or
tt
curve
Next
/3|" 0^
greater than
of the
+ sin
"^(;^,7r)0,
this root
case,
CC
"
equations
it is
u,
the
By considering
sin
{{v /3)cos fS
4"(% v)
a.
"
There
are
now
sin /8(1
two
is
so
TT.
When
at
value of u, and
only one
equationin u,
(p(w,v)
of
for
cases
"
/3cot /3
"
to consider
/3cot y8
"
"
tanh
tanh
a)
accordingas
a
or
(I)positive
(II)negative.
*
minimum
Since
value
zero
at
/J.
cos
v), and
this has
the
same
sign
as
i"
8-61]
FUNCTIONS
The
domains
OF
of values of the
1
is
/3cot /3
"
numbered
in
"
for the
tanh
cosh
in
Fig.21; in
expressionis negative;the
the
complex v/z
265
numbered
are
domains
ORDER
complex y
domains
LARGE
1, 4, 5
(a + ^yS)have
the
the
responding
cor-
numbers
same
Fig.22.
N^
6/"
6c?
Fig.21.
When
(I)
y8cot /3
"
that the
curve
never
is that the
curve
after
so
dotted
upper
has
real root
no
between
0 and
(f)("a,v)has
that
so
negative,
Also
so
-h (a,
that the
/3
"
27r) has
^V'"'
{z)when
Next
=
we
"
have
("
negative,the equation(f)
a,
v)
(cos /3
at
at
does not
cross
pass off to
a,
v
its value
/3,and
"
0 and
lies between
v).
cos
"
there
/3
"
is
27r.
and
jB
"
irl,as shewn
by
crossing
the dotted
curve
discussion
the
the line
0, 0
to
"
associated
curve
with
/3$ Itt.
consider
"/"
(a,v)
on
expression
u
what
happens to
the
curve
crossingthe
after
TT.
Since
and
cosh
maximum
0
"
27r,for
"
must
Tjiiscompletesthe
therefore
onlypossibility
shewn
off to
x
as
by the
rightof Fig.20.
the
line
/3. The
"
singlemaximum
v) is negativewhen
"^(" a,
curve
is
v)jdv
a,
(p(u,v)
purve
tanh
"
/S)is essentially
positive,
"
the line
/3cot /3
"
is positive,
"^(u,
crossingthe
Fig.20.
{"
d(f)
Therefore
tanh
"
crosses
in
curve
When
(II)
Fig.22
the
cosh
[{v /3)cos /3
when
rightis positive
a
"
"
sin
/'
sin
(3,the
/3},
curve
never
crosses
a.; also
0 {u,iitt) {u
=
"
a.)sinh
jS)cosh
a cos
y8+ cosh
sin /5,
266
and
this is
when
positive
the rightmust
on
infinity
When
i.e.when
(a,/3)lies in
found
that the
passes off to
7r
curve
BESSEL
OF
THEORY
"
numbered
any of the domains
27r
does not cross
v
^, and
Fig.23.
Fig.23
Fig.21, it is
after crossing
1, 2 and 3 in
the
so
"
in
shewn
as
tti
corner
go off to
"
of
which
curve
in the north-east
shewn
as
tanh
a, so
lie
[chap. VIII
FUNCTIONS
by
curve
broken
curve.
Fig. 23.
We
have
now
numbered
6a in
to
consider
Fig.21.
1
and
("
(f)
a,
v) has
negative.The
u
"
Now
In such
tanh
"
maximum
after
curve,
a,
happens
(a,/8) lies in
when
the domain
circumstances
"
2tt
v
crossing
v=27r
0 ;
"
at v
("
"f)
what
tt,
"
"
a, 'Itt
remains
consequently
/3)being
the
on
rightof
y3.
in the intervals
v) is increasing
/3),
.
be
positive
it becomes
+ /8,2i/7r+27r-yS).
(2il/7r
Then
^ (u,^Mir
and
positive,
so
the
therefore go off to
2ir"
curve
has
^)
cannot
meet
minimum
cross
the
the left,and
on
infinity
-00
it cannot
lower
go to infinity
horizontal line in more
at
line
"
v=
a, at
which
2M'Tr + 2Tr
consequently
goes
"
its value is
it must
to
+(2M+l)7ri;
than
this,for then
than
two
points.
the
complete curve
would
268
The
reader
pass from
the
region 1
regionsla
Soc.
to
interesting
iri and
cc
from
The
differences between
and
76 appear
/3 |7r,the contours
expansions appropriateto
that the
so
for the
the formulae
been
have
to
overlooked
Royal
91.
argument is
that, when z has
the
real
go
of Carlini's formuhi
extension
shewn
7^^'to
for J^ (nz).
Kapteyns inequality
An
which
prove
qc
"
[CHAP. VIII
FUNCTIONS
valid.
are
A, (1918),p.
xcv.
8*7.
to
oo
"
Note.
will find it
'BESSEL
OF
THEORY
"
then
numberf
positive
z''eKp{n\/(l
-z^)}
{1+ V(l 2')]^
\Jn(nz)\^
(1)
This
not
formula
precisethan
in the denominator
appear
powerful for
To
is less
the purposes
obtain
Carlini's formula
right,but nevertheless
it is required;]:.
for which
in which
the contour
be chosen
If
formula
integral
the
r'*-i
^-^.
{Inz{t
exp
e"^'^,we
J^ (nz)
1/0}dt,
is
positivenumber
to
get
[n [^z(e^e'" e-"e-'")
exp
iO]]dO.
value of
id]\
on
{irrn)"^
(1"z-)* does
inequalityis sufficiently
subsequently.
write t
we
is
the
/'""+'
J,^(nz)
the factor
the
on
consider
inequality,
the
because
IJn {nz)I"
But
if ^
where
/je'",
and
positive
p is
is real,then
\z {e^e'^ e-"e-'^)
-
is
|p fe"cos {a+ 6)
this attains its maximum
and
"
"
e~"
cos
i9
(a
6)]
"
u,
value when
tan
coth
"
tan
a,
and
p
*
Sci. de I'Kcole
Aim.
t Since
both
sides
J See
norm
(1)are
when
z-
sup.
of
V(sinh^u
sin- a)
(3)x. (1893),pp.
continuous
1 is
when
: for such
positive
in which
"
u.
91^120.
approaches the
values
real
of z, either
that
the
given to
the
axis it follows
sign may
be
8-7J
OF
FUNCTIONS
Hence,
choose
now
u
[np v/(sinh-
exp
minimum,
the
equation*
sin- a)
// +
/v/(sinhof m, when
function
qua
sinh
as
small
as
this method.
this choice of
2
and, by takingz
it may
be
"
is chosen
cosh
u
\/(sinh-
"
"
root
positive
of
'
+ sin- a)
cosh
(cosh2ii
"
to
be the
to
proved that
\/(l "s^Osinh
e-''^),
"
positive
sign must
be taken
in
Hence
ambiguity.
and
be
expression
has
the
nu].
"
With
sin- a)
that the
so
get the
in order to
possible
The
269
ORDER
values of a,
for all positive
j^
IJji(npe"^)
We
LARGE
sinh
[1+ x/(l z"")]
cosh
e-"'
e"-'^
so
z
log
exp V(l
i^^"
log
1 +
V(l
V(sinh-u
2^)^
2')
g2M
sinh^
'
"2")
g2la
sin- a
sinh
=
and
it is
now
V(sinh-u
as
both
iz exp
of this
interesting
consequence
1-J I$ 1 and
I1
To construct
=
the domain
pe'",and define
by
z'^)
the
at
;Jn
(nz) i ^
the last
cosh
write
is satisfied,
inequality
p'
that,when
l+^/(l-z')
then
p
This
sin- a)
u +
\/(sinh-
equation is
long
sin- a)
once
so
"
equation
u
"
'
u
+
\/(sinh-
shews
previousanalysis
"
V(i-^')
in which
u
\/(l "2")
I
"
sinh
The
u,
"
is that
inequality
"
sin- a)
( 1 +v(i-^T'
\z exp \/(l
^^
before
li
clear that
/h (n^) I^
An
cosh
quadratic in sinh-
"
with
0.
one
positiveroot.
as
270
[chap.
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
OF
THEORY
VIII
It
that
follows
2u
As
sin^
p-
sinh
increases
from
sinh
{u cosh
sinh
"
u).
'
2u
sin-
1-1997
to
increases
from
0
z
from
creases
and
to
the
on
Fig.
in
is shewn
theory
When
the
take
TT
is then
It
0-6627434
arc
of
The
24.
Fig.
24
tan
of
(coth
in
; it
will
of the
order
contour
domaiu
series
Kapteyn
the
of
boundary
Bessel
integraiion
w
a)
tan
clear
exp
that
\/(l
de-
^^)
"
^1
be
real
/""
\J
exceed
considerable
but
positive
radius
of
If
axis.
take
we
cosh
'
1 +
is
circle
of
not
This
origin.
curve
unity.
in
importance
(u
not
6"
to
cos
6"
on
be
these
2a cosh
(v
rays
get
"vv
do
u)
ex-^
"
{v
u)]
dv\
)
vahie
is
given
by Plummer,
Dynamical
Astronomy
(Cambridge,
1918),
p.
we
inclined
we
rays,
integer
an
b\- two
terminated
|^ |
v)-
i-estricted
so
This
the
xvil).
function
to
be
to
prove
the
containing
curve
which
the
to
sini/TT
=$3/"
oval
an
(Chapter
\J^{vz)\4:M''-{-
and
....
inside
and
to
...,
47.
CHAPTER
POLYXOxMIALS
The
objectof
in various
occur
ASSOCIATED
WITH
definition
of Neumanns
The
9'1.
IX
EESSEL
FUNCTIONS
On(t).
polynoynial
this
first of these
The
in Neumann's*
polynomialsto appear in analysisoccurs
function /(^)
problem of expanding an arbitrary
;inalytic
into a series of the form Xa^.Jni^)-The function On{t),which is now
usually
is
defined
called Neumanns
the
coefficient
of
as
enJn {z) iu the
jJolynomial,
expansionof l/(^ z) as a series of Bessel coefficients f, so that
of the
investigation
"
.-^
(1)
this definition
From
it will
and
...
^n-Jn{z)Onit).
we
an
order
In
l/{t z)
"
to
in
coefficients
This
proceduregives
1
^ ^_
1
=
7I
Assuming
*
Tluorif
dcr
2M
"
e2m'J2m{z)+
ni=0
l f'
Maih.
Lxvii.
deriv^tlie
"
'6\\.
Neumann's
equation which
will
m-l)l
Js^2m{2)l.
'"i
repeatedseries
(Leipzig,1867),
Functioiicn
"
(./n0
that the
BeascVschen
(s + 2m).(s
-f^j :i
pp.
is absolutely
convergent
"
lo, 83
see
also
Journal
:|',
fiir
to
in
series.
f In anticipation of " 16 11, we observe
by substituting for l/(( :) in the formula
that
the
expansion
of
an
arbitraryfunction
is obtained
{z-^)f[t)(lt
X Cf. Pincherle's
pp. 224"225.
rather
more
general investigation,Reiuliconti
Jt. Lst.
Loiiibardo,[2)xv.
(1882),
272
effect
we
is
BESSEL
OF
THEORY
s by
rearrangement by replacing
1
=
Accordinglythe
functions
e"
0.(0
(3)
It is easy to
(4)
We
("
the
equations
1):
"^
(2"
2)
4
.
(2"
2) (2n
"
"
"
4)
denominator
of a
possibility
r
factor
negative.
or
have
"
by
l/".
i +
^^;^^
being zero
defined
that
see
On (t)
e.
^,,
I ^n {z)
'
,n-2m+i
It**"
series
2m, and the rearranged
"
n.(n-m-l)l)
|"i(.-i)2"-^r"-i
^ ".
",
On{t) are
1
^x
thus get
we
..
f2m^2m (^)+
[CHAP. IX
FUNCTIONS
to
now
consider
"
2"
should
be convergent.
(4),we
have
,"!o
r,i
r7i"+"i1 \
To
for
the
prove
'"'''+2'''
f.^/
If
^\
that this is
I''**
2-
^'"
"
actuallythe
^,"!o
-n^Hs
case,
observe
we
^ir^l) !
that,by "
2*11
^^^iil^l)
"2(^l2i)' + 2"'{exp(i|0P)}/(2m)!
"(i|.i)"exp(il^|2).
Hence
2'
"
^,I|7^I
s=l
''
f"
^
\,m=0
+ 2?w).(s+ OT-l)!,
(.s
^r~
"'
,,1
\z\'
"
^l"^..2m(^)|U2
^iexp(i|0p)
,
"
I'
s=l
,,,
",
Ig Iexp (^ Iz P)
^
"
I^Ki^l-MI)
The
under
absolute
of the
Bessel
functions
in the
expansionare
defined
of the
pansion
ex-
9-1]
ASSOCIATED
When
these
POLYNOMIALS
the
satistied,
are
inequalities
273
moduli
of the
sum
of the terms
does
not
exceed
Since
the
i -^
the
follows from
convergence
right is independent of
the
expressionon
(^r)"-^2'"exp
(|-/-2)1
exp (ir^)
and
", the
uniformityof
the
of Weierstrass.
test
a Bessel function
by Neumann
of the secoyid
used (cf.
kind*; but this tei'm is now
""3"53, 3*54)to describe a certain solution
of Bessel's equation,
and so it has become obsolete as a description
of Neumann's
of degree n + 1 in l/t,
function. The function 0"(0 is a polynomial
and it is
polynomialof order n.
usuallycalled Neumanns
The
function
called
0"(Owas
in Neumann's
\n
"
\{yi
or
"
found
once
for
\)"m
S^(l,_,.)!(iO--
(6)
(n~
t^
The
^^
-I
results
in
^"
the methods
" 21
of
(8)
1 ""^)
(n-
t'
3^
in the formula
be combined
mav
Ctf-
(n odd)
^^ '^'"^
/,)_l^^V^^,Jii(iZi+"^-i)'
These
in
that
0" it)
5
(5)
givenby
Neumann.
provedthat
easily
1, it is
\enOn{t)\^i.{n\).{^\t\)"^exip il\t\%
(9)
(n"l)
"
where
|^ j^ [exp(^ \t f)
From
the series
l]/(2/;2).
-
these formulae
whenever
is absolutely
convergent ; and, when
-an{zjt)"'
is outside
to
prove that,as
*;
en
By analogy with
oo
-^
the
W.
B. F.
"
Legendre function
'
Cf. Modern
^"Sl
|l^^
Jn {Z)On {t)
"
71
of the second
(/^-^)|
,
is such
that
274
OF
THEORY
and
[CHAP. IX
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
which
hence
it may be shewn*
that the pointson
the circle of convergence
at
either series convergesfare
identical with the pointson
the circle at
which
the other
series
the
functions
analytic
the
on
when
(-)i.{p + qV._
,.r..
^ ^
where
p, q
It may
are
dPJn(2)d"iOn(t)
"
^^/n
{t-zf+9+i
be convenient
to
l/f;
Os (t)
+ 24"/t*,
S/t'
0, {t)
We
0, (0
V^
0, (0
4/^^
The
shall
obtain
1)0.^,(0 + {n + 1) 0,Ut)
0,^, (0
(2)
been
calculated
by
^^^"^B!W,
^''Onit)
^"\~
(,,,^1)
=
0"+,(0
20,/ ( t),
(n ^ 1)
-0,(t)=Oo'(t).
(3)
The
15, have
...
the formulae
^
(1) ("
0, 1, 2,
formulae satisfied
hy On(t).
recurrence
now
following
expressions:
0, (t)
coefficieuts in the
9*11
'
^^q
record the
placeon
Otti,Bern
^^p
positive
integers(zero included).
any
The
series of
first of these
stated
Math. Ann.
iii. (1871),p. 137, and
proved b}by Schliifli,
LXV.
(2),(1872),pp. 33
35, but the other two were
Sitzungsberichte,
was
Gegenbauer, ^Viener
proved some
years earlier by Neumann,
"
Functionen
(Leipzig,
1867),
p. 21.
Since
them, but
are
Bessel coefficients.
Taking |^ |" |^ |,observe that,by " 91 (1) and " 2-22 (7),
{t-z)^ enJn {z)On (0
"=0
It is sufficient to
use
=
-
e" COS*
the theorems
Analysis, "
|n7r Jn {z),
.
n=0
o*33.
so
also is
(4)iii. (1881
"
"Zbjn, and
2), p. 160.
that
then
276
BESSEL
OF
THEORY
at
(4)
ntOn-x (t)-{n--l)Onit)
(5)
ntOn+^(t) (n^
-
If ^ be written
1) (^ +
(w
(7)
(/I+ 1) (^
The
the
by
equivalentformulae
-(n
(0
formulae
1) On (0
1 ) On
(t)
sin' i?i7r},
[tOn+^
(t)
sin^ Ititt.
become
{iOn-,(0
^i
sin- Inir,
l) tOn (t)+
sin^ l^iir]
order
integral
polynomialof negative
Neumann
by Schlafli*
defined
was
equation
0.n(t)
definition
this
With
values of
From
?i
formulae
(1) (7)
valid
are
"
all
for
integral
equation^satisfied
hy On(t).
differential
The
the
the
i-rOn(t).
n.
9*12.
1) (^
formulae
recurrence
1) On (0
1) {- ntOn+,{t)+
(^
{tOn(t)
"
sin''|n7r}
j~ X
that
r(^
ft
and
the
(8)
(^
obtain
once
these
{djdt),
for t
(6)
1 ) 0"
[CHAP. IX
FUNCTIONS
2) On+i(t)+
cos^
"
+
2^7r}
sin^ ^mr
sin^ ^nir,
the differential
On (t)satisfies
equation
consequently
(^
On(t)
1)^On (t)+ (t^ 71')
-
d^y
dy
/,
n-
"
is
and
so
the
only solution
sin- |??7r.
7?
sin- hiir
t-'Wn(t),
of (1) which
equation
"^^-^^
y=On{t)
+
^/iTT
cos^ hiir
1\
-d-'-tIV--^)y
"i"
cos-
of the differential
generalsolution
is
as
expressible
terminatingseries
is On (t).
convenient
It is sometimes
^-^^
to write
dt'^tdt^V
(1) in
f-
the form
^"^^'
where
/ox
^"^
(**"^^")
Moth.
Ami.
t Neumann,
Lxvii.
/A_i^/^'
^""^^^
(1867),p.
Tii.
(1871),p.
Theorie
314.
der
[nit'.
(71odd)
138.
Bessel'schen
Functionen
(Leipzig,1867),p. 13;
Journal
fiirMath.
9-12, 9-13]
method
Another
and
ASSOCIATED
of
POLYNOMIALS
f (J^
'
^^^^" ^^^
i^"""^*^"
so
277
+^
a;
2z^
f2"'^2"
(2), 2=
"-2
22
e2n
that
r^2
'"'}
("-2)3 ("-2)2
Now
observe
to
"-Z
+ l)"^2n l(4
l(2^i
00
and
hence
t+
fi
"/"(2).
e",9'"(0
'2
"i=0
Therefore
^'
e",./"
(2)
5 ^4
"""
^ "*"^'
"
7(=0
On
as
equating to
" 9"11,we
in
the coefficient oi
zero
obtain
at
Neumann's
9'13.
It has been
the difterential
once
shewn
by
with
On{z).
Neumann*
\ 0^{z) On {z)dz
(1)
just
identity,
equationsatisfied by On (t).
associated
integrals
contour
side of this
left-hand
the
J^iz) on
^"
{m
0,
and
i^n)
Jc
! J^{z)On{z)dz
(2)
(m?^n')
0,
J c
(3)
k is the
where
the
The
firstresult is obvious
of
Om{z) On{z)
is
Cauchy'stheorem,
and the residue
origin,
is at the
simplepoleat
prove
the second
similar
and
origin,
the
manner
of the contour
because
the
there is
zero.
the
the residue at
larity
onlysingu-
grand
onlypole of the intethis pointis l/e".
0,
and
and /,"(z)respectively,
by zOn (z)
subtract.
If U {z) be written in
.dJjAz)
,.d{zOn(z)}_^
(
''^^
^""^^^
the result of
dz'
(Z)+ ZU{Z)
*
Theorie
{W?
dz
'
the form
assumes
subtracting
Z'U'
round
result,multiplythe equations
V,,J^ {z)
/-
of
from
The
To
of
the number
originover
27rikl"n,
circuits
positive
negativecircuits.
of the number
excess
der BesseVschen
Functionen
(Leipzig,18G7), p.
!!".
placeof
278
THEORY
and
BESSEL
or
[CHAP. EX
FUNCTIONS
hence
The
hence
(2) when
deduce
we
Two
due
corollaries,
(4)
^-.
(5)
^ n^.
Ann.
Jn {X + y) 0^ (y)dy
"
The
m^
Schlafli,Math.
to
+ )
/"(0
/"(0
first is obtained
the second
9*14.
It
was
follows
by making
Neumann's
stated
by
Neumann*
'"
=/;
We
shall
now
prove
by
where
is any
of (1) will then
a
"
2-4
{x).
"
(1),namely
of variable.
change
that
^""' +
^^'^^^""'
-
induction
^'"'"
e-'du.
formula
equivalent
the
ia
/"ooexp
l\
On {z)
(2)
the formula
QC
obvious
an
)"J^
Jn+p{x)J_j,{y),
2
"
(^)+ (
,,
("^),
integral
for On{z).
0. (.)
(1)
J^,
that
are
Jr,-m (*")
+ (-)'"^n +
by applying(2)and (3) to
P=
(1871),p. 138,
iii.
0^ (^ +y) Jn Lv)dy
"4("+.y)=
and
(z)dz.
integrated
part vanishes because U(z) is one- valued, and the integral
for all values of z ; and
rightvanishes because the integrandis analytic
the
on
dz=\
{z)J^
z^^g^
J
[[t+ V(l
anglesuch
that
|a. +
+[t- V(l
"^)}"
arg
2^
|" ^tt;
on
e-' d^,
r-'))"]
writingt
u/z,the
truth
be manifest.
modification
equation(2) is
of
""
On (z) I
(3)
To
prove
(2) we
cosh
e-^sinhfl
f '"{e""
+ (-)""-"*}
observe
that
foaexpia
"
te-'^dt;
Jo
Jo
by usingthe
ia
fee exp
e-''dt, Oi(^)=
Ooiz)=
and so,
Odd.
Jo
formula
recurrence
Too
that
we
may
write
expia
"\in{t)e-''dt,
On(z)=
J 0
where
(4)
(0
it) 2t"Pn
(t) (t"n-i
"\"n+,
-
0,
and
(5)
*
Theorie
p. 312.
"^o(0=l. "PAt)
=
der BesseVschen
Functionen
t.
(Leipzig,1867),p. 16;
Journal
fiir Math,
lxvii.
(1867),
9-14]
The
4",(t) A[t
=
where
and
equation(4) is
+ 1)}"
-\-B\t-V(l + ^0}".
^{t^-
independentof
are
conditions
The
279
POLYNOMIALS
ASSOCIATED
n,
functions
formula
of t.
(2) is
established.
This
given in
proofwas
/"oc exp
written
have
symbolic form
by
Sonine*
who
wrote
where
(^"(Z)) {\lz)
/
'/:
whose
we
ia-
to
now
Kapteynf,
write in
the form
When
j^ i" !2^ i we
"
"=o
have
-r,=
if p be
so
chosen
exp
J0
ii\ du
\^
("=-oo
that
1
=K^-^)-
w
z
It follows that
^-r
shall
We
now
will be sufficient
shew
to
=r[
be made
du.
i^i"4^:"i2i!.^"(f)
e~"
interchangeof summation
that, for any given values of ^
shew
and
is justifiable;
it
integration
(such that | C 1" I^ |),
Z"'
small by taking
arbitrarily
large| ;
sufficiently
\u"s/{u^+ z^)\^^{u
and
and
that the
n=N^\
can
now
\z\),
so
|2!" Jul
Math.
t ^rm.
Ann.
Sci. de
xvi.
(1880),p. 7. For
VEcole
J Cf. Bromwich,
norm.
sup.
similar
investigationsee "
syinbalic
(3)x. (1893),p.
108.
G-l-l supra.
280
OF
THEORY
BESSEL
have
{u"J{u^ + z')Y
the
and
when
expressionon
and
[CHAP. IX
FUNCTIONS
be made
small by taking N
arbitrarily
sufficiently
large
fixed.
are
|^ j" |^^ | we
Hence, when
have
"3
.'0
b"=-""
ienJniOOniz),
"
is defined
0" (i^)
by the equation
where
.
and
it is easy to
?i+
1.
the
that 0"
see
{z),so defined,is
9' 15.
integrandis expanded*
Sonine's
investigation
of Neumanns
by
(4).
integral.
An
and suggestive
of a generaltype
extremelyinteresting
investigation
of expansionof l/(a z) is due to Soninef; from
this generalexpansion,
Neumann's
formula ("9*1) with the integral
be derived without
of " 9'14 can
Sonine's generaltheorem
is as follows:
difficulty.
"
Let
so
that
(w) be an arbitrary
functionof w
a/t
is the functioninverse to yjr.
-//v
Let Zn and
and, if yjr
{w)
cc, let lu
beingassumed
on
the
^nAn,
rightis convergent.
Cf. Hobson,
t Mathematical
X This
Wiss.
II.
Plane
Collection
but
slightly,
modified
^ (x),
"
Then
it
is connected
323
"
382.
Sonine's
notation
o.
closed
closed
has
been
the
and //i
his.
symbols \f/
are
with Laplace's transformation.
(Analysis)
{m"),
pp. 781"784.
See
Math.
9*15, 9-16]
curve
surroundingthe originbut
'
n-=OJ
'"^,f^' f
Then
W'^
J r]
[JC
"
the pointz.
enclosing
not
J C
27ri Jo
281
POLYNOMIALS
ASSOCIATED
tu
-/fi{x)
"
QZ"il(W\"aiX
2'rriJ J
"
jf^{x)
Jo
provided that
(w
take
expansion,
1/w), ^ (x)^x"
if it is assumed
permissible.
are
Neumann's
yfr{iv)
and
(a); and
R{z)"R
^(x" +
),
then
""
11=
-'X
QO
1,
Since
^"
(-)" ^-n
dx,
+ 1)}-"]
^(ar + 1)]"+ (-)" [x" V(*'-'
e--"" [[x"
we
at
Sonine
so
notes
the
that
he
memoir
328) that
(p.
The
9*16.
series
The
intesfral
o'
obtain Neumann's
once
(2),which
(- )"e"i!"0"
is
generating function
of t except zero.
Kaptejn*
converge for any value
of Borel, in the following
:
manner
series after the method
1
'""
,
part of his
generatingfunctionof On {z).
does not
in the later
/^
'""
"^
n.(n +
"
'^
"i=0
n=()
inj
however, has
with
"summed"
m-l)\t~''
.
(^2*/
{n + ^).{n+m)l t^"-^'^
"
\i''
"(=o
associated
'''^
_1
_1
Nieuw
1 + r^
Archief
^ n.{n
""
m-l)\
f^"'(l+t^)_\
{2m)
voor
Wiskunde
t-'"'
'^
+
'(l+i'^)
(2TO+ 1)! i!^'"
pp.
(2),vi. (190.5),
49
"
55.
0"(2),
the
282
OF
THEORY
BESSEL
[CHAP. IX
FUNCTIONS
"
-57
-Tj
is
convergent
long as (1
so
fi)zjtis
"
"
and
"-
this
integral
negative.
not
00
There
is
no
"
)"f"^"0"(3)is
an
asym-
n=o
ptoticexpansion of the integralfor small positivevalues of t when |arg 2 1" tt, and
integralmay be regardedas the generatingfunction of On (2). Kapteyn has built up
of the
theoryof
The
9 "17.
function
Neumann's
the
much
ihis result.
from
We
so
Neumann's
satisfied
integralan inequality
satisfied by J^inz) obtained
inequality
the
have
"
^" (^^^)
=
the
2^ f 1^^^^^'^^^'
^
being a
path of integration
where
that
+ {w
^'^^"
in the
contour
e-""- dw,
V(w^ + ^-)}"]
w-plane,and
which
so
givesthe integrandwith
the
greater modulus.
Now
is
the
pointof
stationary
and
\/(l "2^),
so
"
where
is one
path of integration
stationary
point.
If
the
ta
the
stationary
point is
+
for which
cc
are
at
lower
the
only pass
level than
z
(2)
Hence, since
" 8*3
in
on
the
integrandis greatestat
is constructed
over
both
the
w
the
ty-plane,
=
and
the pass if
exp V(l
Z-)
be drawn when
can
(2) is
joiningthe originto infinity
and since the integral
involved in (1)is convergent with this contour,
satisfied,
it follows that, throughoutthe domain
in which (2) is satisfied,
the inequality
a
contour
^')
V(l
On(nz)"r^^
\/(l 2^)
1 +
(3)
is satisfied for
character
as
some
the
constant
value of A
of " 8"7.
inequality
exp
;
""'
"
and this is an
of
inequality
the
same
284
THEORY
The
differential
OF
equationof
BESSEL
which
[CHAP. IX
FUNCTIONS
J." "(")is
solution is
where
The
generalsolution
of
'^^+"(0-
1"-'
"
Of these results,
(3),(4),(8) and
due
(9) are
Gegenbauer ;
to
he
and
also
proved that
(10)
where
"
An, (t)e-* dt
formula
corresponding
The
a"
in the
I
"tti J
"
formulae
following
for Neumann's
On (t)e^^^dt
may
polynomialis
i^ cos
\narc
also be mentioned
I Ajt,
"{z) An
Jc
(12)
"
;*"""""*
(11)
The
formula
2" i- r
y{z)dz
cos
z],
(m
0,
and
^ n)
'
[2-''J,^,n(z)An,Az)dz0,
(13)
(m^ :^w=)
J c
( z-''J,+niz)An,,{z)dz27rik,
(14)
.'c
The
firstand
the second
is derived
from
the
^i'+mdv+m{z)= 0,
whence
(m
we
are
the method
provedby
of
" 9'13
equations
^v+n{z^ An,v\Z)\= Z
"
gn,v\Z),
find that
n) {2v\- m
n)
z-"
J^+ni(z)A
J c
9*3.
n,
{z)dz
\ z''-" gn,
{z)dz
{z)J"^+,"
0.
J c
polynomialSn (t).
Schldfli's
9-3]
t" ^:^^l^l^)}(lt)--^-m^
(u^l)
S,"(t)
(1)
polynomialis
of the
Schlafli's definition*
So(t)
substitute
we
the former
l)Sn-^ (t)-^(n
2)H-'
the
by using
Neumann's
(0
l) .9"+,
cos-
nt-'
of course,
Sn{t),without
of
definition
n-TT,
S,,(t)
-
2t-' cos^
Other
get
be
proved by elementaryalgebra
of
appealingto the properties
is
polynomialof negativeorder
true
for all
from
values
integral
of
w.
forms
of the
formulae
recurrence
which
be derived
may
(5) are
(t)
nS" (t) tS,,'
2 cos-^ Imtt,
(8)
tS"_,(t)
(9)
(t) 7lS,,
(t)+ tSn (t)
tS,,+,
wfc
these formulae
for t (d/dt),
write ^
(10)
{^+77)Sn(t) tSn_,(0-2
(11)
(^
n) Sn (t)
=
UTT.
become
i
COS'-^
7l7r,
2 COS^ i
tSn+,(t)+
2 COS-1
WTT.
Jt-followsthat
and
/^tt.
easilyderived
If
polynomial.
definition of Schlafli's
The
and
nS^'(t)
is
U-'
S,,(t)
add
2 and
formulae
The
The
formulae
recurrence
the latter,
multiplythis by
we
hmr.
cos2
that
-
and from
that
once
0,j(t)in the
Sn+^it)+ .S;_i{t)
(4)
If
find from
and (2),we
i (n
at
see
('3)
If
0.
On
nil
"=o
(2)
285
POLYNOMIALS
ASSOCIATED
so
(12)
Sn{t) is a
"
l-
n) Sn-i (t)+
-In
2t sin'^
^ UTT
4-
{t)+
^'-*S'"
Math.
Ann.
in.
2u
|mr
cos-
i nir,
cos-
1 ?i7r.
equation
'',+{PH-)u^-lt sin^ \
t'^i^^+t
*
cos^
mr
(1871),p.
138.
2n
from
(4)
286
It may
be convenient
BESSEL
OF
THEORY
to
the
record
placeon
S, (0
+ 768/t',
S, (t) 2/t+ 48/t'
S, (t)
:
following
expressions
8/t'+ 96/f,
+
12/t'
[CHAP. IX
FUNCTIONS
384/^^
7680/^.
by Otti,are
generaldescendingseries,given explicitly
The
(|n + m-l):
^
2 ,il_.^.i..,,n
(ln-m)l{ity
Sn{t)=
(13)
(neven)
,=1
_2
coefi"cients in the
{ii" 1^)
-
^^
"
"
1,2,
formulae
...
obvious
reproduced (with some
Funktionen,ii. (Bern,
are
der BesseVschen
Theorie
24.
1900), p.
9"31.
Formulae
alreadyencountered
and Schlatli,
namely
have
We
for
polynomial "S'"
{t),
14; Otti's
1898, pp. 13
Mittheilungen,
Gubler, Einleitungin die
Bern
(/?.^1-){n? 3-)
+""""
^i
.
-^+
'
t-
The
2n{n"-2'-)
2n
Neumann
formulae
two
"
and
Schldfli.
connectingthe polynomialsof
cos'^ |?l7r,
of which
is
the former
an
immediate
from
connectingthe
formulae
we
eliminate
cos-|w7rfrom
definitions
formulae.
due
are
we
either
of the
number
shall
now
discuss
find that
(1)
Sn-At)-Sn'{t) 20nit),
(2)
Next,
on
summing equationsof
(3)
and
.Sf"
{t)
=
-2
^^T'^*Sf'"_""_i
(t)+
sin^ i
UTT
find that
: S, it),
hence
(4)
Sn {t)+ S,,_,(0
's'^
2
m
the type
Comptes Rendus,
cxxv.
(1897),pp. 421"423,
n-m-i
(t)+ S, it).
860"863;
of
to
alreadyobtained, and
functions
two
of the
consequence
the recurrence
9-31, 9-32]
ASSOCIATED
POLYNOMIALS
287
that
SO
(5)
is the most
This
of
interesting
formulae
summing
Again,on
(6) On {t)
-2
of the
0'"_.","_!
(0
0"(t)+ 0n-At)
-2
9'32.
The
type of "9'11(2),we
sin-^1
Sn(z)
'rr
III
stated
Gubler's
by
Graf*
nir
0, {t)+
when
obviously
the
7i
the
+ 0,{t)+0,{t).
0',,_,,,_,(t)
sum.
is most
IT
temporarilyby
Y,n {Z)
"n
is
the
,"
{z)
"ft=-"-l
n-l
irJ.n-,{z) S
m,=
it
Yn+i{z)
n"
TT
now
and
it is clear that
(f}n{2),
?i-l
"
If
l.
n+1
Jn+i{Z)
in Graf
readilyproved by induction;
also,by "3'63(12),when
0, and
m-
Y,,{z)-'7TYn-,{z) 1
+ l
-{2n7rlz)Jn(z) S
in
we
Oo (0,
nfl
at
| n-Tr
cos^
[Jn(^)ym(2)-J"n(z)Yn(^)}
formula
rightbe denoted
Now
find that
-n
in 1893,
treatisef.This
true
on
Graf'sexpressionof Sn(z) as
peculiar
summatory formula
(1)
sum
Crelier.
by
hence
(7)
was
obtained
-.11=
and
the formulae
"
J ,,{z)
)i+\
Y,,(z)+ ('In-rr/z)
Yn{z)
"
m=
I
-
/,"(4
n
vanish.
It follows that
(z)
{z) {2n\z)
(f)n
(2)+ "/)"_!
"^"+,
7r/"+,{z)\F"+, {z)+ F_"_j {z)] IT F"+i(2){./"+j
{z)+ /_"_, {z)\
^
IV, ^z) [J,,
J"_j {z)[F" {z)+ Y_, {z\\+'TT
+
(z) J_n {z)]
|i^ (_ i)"}!/"_^(^)r,^(^) /" ( .) F,_^ (2)}
-
TT
4^~^cos--^?i7r,
formula
by "3'63(12);and so (^n{z)satisfies the recurrence
by Sn{z),and the induction that "i"n(z)Sn{z) is evident.
which
is satisfied
Math.
Ann.
xliii.
(1893),p.
dcr
138.
Besserscli'm
34
"
41.
288
THEORY
9'33.
If
Creliers
r X
On (^)
and
ia
exp
[[t+ V(l
o-
1z\
exp
"_ f"
Hence
/a
e-^^
[{^+ v(l
dt
;^+
P)Y'\e-^' dt,
t^r] dt
V(l+^^)]"-|^_^(l+f2)j"_^^
^
V(l+"0
rfi.
'^-^^^-Jo
equation,which
Sn{z)=
write
^=')
Ann.
iii.
(1871),p. 146, in
the form
"{enB-^-y^e-ne^e-ZBinhdcld^
in Crelier's researches*
is fundamental
We
v(i
given by Schlafli,Math.
was
(2)
of which
we
shall
give an
now
outline.
temporarily
Tn
and
it follows that
(1)
This
"^2^Jo
t^)Y+{t- V(l
find that
^'
''I
[CHAP.IX
FUNCTIONS
"9'14(2),namely
by parts,we
integrate
On {z)
BESSEL
integral
for Sn{z).
the formula
take
we
OF
t')Y\
then
T
-*"
71+1
"^fT"T
-t
-*-
0
'-')
"
-* n"
"
that
so
"in+i
=
1
-..
2t +
-
-*
and
^^
2^ +
continued
quotientof
fraction
having
so
the suffixes n,
It follows
"
It
follows that
...,
number
2vXl
the
2t}n
of elements
that|TJK(2t)n-i is independentof
r,
Tn^^jT^is
K{-lt,2t,...,2t)n-,'
denotingthe
..+2r
that
Tn+i_ K{2t,2t,
Tn"
+ 2^+.
elements.
simplecontinuants^
two
^'^2^
^;
the
n/ J-n"i
therefore
in the continuants.
; and
since
K{2t\=\,
have
we
T,,
=
Comptes Rendus,
cxxv.
t Chrystal,Algebra,
X Since
ii.
this abbreviated
notation.
-l^{\+t^).K{2t)n-,,
860"863
(18!)7),
pp. 421"423,
; Bern
(1900),pp. 494"502.
of the continuant
are
the same,
the continuant
may
be
expressedby
9-33,9-34]
ASSOCIATED
289
POLYNOMIALS
and hence
exp ia
/"a3
K{2t)n-^e-''dt.
Sn{z)=2
(3)
Jo
to obtain
possible
of continuants.
Sn (z)by usingproperties
From
this result it is
9*34.
expansionof Sn{t + z) as
Schldfiis
We
shall
to
series
recurrence
formulae
for
of Bessel coefficients.
Schlafli*
that, when
\z\"' t\,
be
Sn (t+ z) can
result due
the
obtain
now
all the
I S,_",{t)J,,(z).
Sn(t + z)^
(1)
00
"
values of n
this formula for positive
simplestmethod of establishing
It is evidently
true when
n
is by inductionf.
0, for then both sides vanish ;
the rightis equalto
when 7i
on
1, the expression
The
I {^",,_i
(0 +
20o (t)./"{-z)h
J,,(- z)
'SV, (t)}
m=l
e",0,n{t)Jra{-z)
0
2l(t+ z)
8, (t+ z),
n,
...
the
assume
we
we-
have
we
induction
"
? {Sn-,a-^
it)
-
the
"
is established ;
Math.
Ann.
t The
W.
extension
B. F.
to
"
Qo
J,",
2.S""_",
(Z)
{t)\
to
line in the
analysis,
result that
(1871),pj:).139
(of." 9-1).
iii.
z).
z)=^^s,,(t
s,:{t+
*
of orders
(1) for Schlafli's polynomials
have
S,,+,
{t+ z)
and
of
truth
"
141;
negative values of
tlie examiuation
follows
on
the
of the convergence
of the series is
290.
THEORY
BESSEL
OF
[CHAP. IX
FUNCTIONS
The
expansion was obtained by Sclilafli by expanding every term on the rightof (1) in
ascendingpowers of z and descending powers of t. The investigation
given here is due to
concerned
with a more
was
Sonine, Math. Ann. xvi. (1880), p. 7 ; Soniue's investigation
as
generalclass of functions than Sehlafli's polynomial,known
hemi-cylindrical
functions
(5510-8).
When
make
we
of
use
i On-rn{t)J,niz).
On{t + z)=
(2)
m=
This
[^^ |" |^ |,
00
"
Lxvi.
proved directlyby Gegenbauer, Wiener Sitzungsberichte,
(2),(1872),
in
of
220
z
ascending powers
by Taylor'stheorem, used
223, who expanded 0" {t+ z)
obvious formula
[cf.j^9'll(2)]
pp.
the
was
"
(3)
and
2"
"^'
dtp
( )- ,C", 0"_p+2,H{t),
^^2^
,"=(
rearrangedthe resultingdouble
Graf's
It is easy to deduce
series.
results
\z\ "
(validwhen
\t\),
00
(4)
Sn{t-z)=^
S"^,"(t)J.Az),
(5)
On{t-z)=
On^,n(t)J,n(z).
m=
definitionof Neumann's
9'4.
The
The
problem
of
polynomialiln{t)-
analyticfunction into a
arbitraryeven
coefficients was
f by the
suggestedto Neumann
expanding an
of Bessel
series of squares
formulae
of
^00
" 2'72,which
express
even
any
of
power
as
"
"
,T^
(1)
Jo'(^)^0 (0
"i
To
obtain
^J^ (^)-^1(0
2/2^(z)a
(0
and, after
" |i |,
explicit
expressionfor n"(^),take ^'j
in ascendingpowers of z, substitute for each power of z
l/(^^ z"^^
an
"
mil
pp.
'Math.
Ann.
BesseVschen
xliii.
(1893), pp.
Functionen
Ill
"
142;
see
also
Epstein, Die
die
vier
Fortschritte
liechnung"operationen
1893"1891,
der Math.
845"846.]
t LeipzigerBerichte, xxi.
(1869),pp.
221"256.
[Math.
Ann.
in.
panding
ex-
the
(1871).pp. 581"610.]
292
By reasoningsimilar
that the domains
the
are
BESSEL
OF
THEORY
that
to
it is easy to shew
of the series Sa^ J^ {z)n,i{t)and 2a,i{zjty^
given at
of convergence
the end
" 91,
of
same.
The
have
reader should
in verifying
the
difficulty
no
Kapteyn*,
to
n"(o
(10)
The
9*41.
The
-2^/;'o..(J|-,)rf^.
recurrence
formulae
|n"'(o
^H^-5^-??4",
(1)
"
(2)
(2/0n/ (0
-^
(3)
(2/0Ho'(0
There
to
seems
Neumann
Take
and
be
2z/{t' zj
-
t-^
2n, (0
is that described
-zi
(z)
The
in
method
by
which
| 9'11.
observe
that
z,
that
Jo (z)/"'(z)Ho {t)+ zl
zl
[J^^.,{z)-J\+,{z)]{n^{t)-n,{t)]|n.
(0-
m,
differentiations with
"
Tn}
2 J"o{z)J:
by
these formulae
the fundamental
find
71
no
obtained
that,by Hansen's
On
("^2)
We
[CHAP. IX
FUNCTIONS
e"Jn'{z)^n{t)+
n=0
that
0.
M-1
On
Ann.
LtipzigerBerichte, xxi.
Sci. de VEcole
norm.
iii.
equating it
(1871),p. 606.]
to
zero
9-41, 9-5]
ASSOCIATED
POLYNOMIALS
293
Oegenbaner's
generalisation
of A^eumanns
polynomialI^nCOIf we expand z'^'^^l{t
z) in ascendingpowers of ^ and replaceeach power
series
of productsof Bessel functions given in " 5"5,
a
z by its expansionas
find on rearrangement (by replacing
s hy n
2m) that
9*5.
"
of
we
"
2'"+" +
"
t'-"'
s^o
00
()
JfjL
+ ^s +
(ft+
2?n
"i"
(w=0
\^)
+ As +
??i
then
are
consequently
equation
(1) Bn,^,,{t)
=
the
m)
+ -^n-m+l)T(fj,+
) r (i/
n
-'Im
v-{-n-
m)
l)
of
greater
" 9"1.
defined by
polynomial5".^_^(^),
the
-^3
formulae, none
be noted
l)V{v + \n-m
l)V{fi+ v+n-m)
by Gegenbauer*; it
investigated
of which are of a simplecharacter.
polynomialwas
It may
ml
corresponding
rearrangement
^''V{lx+ \n-m
recurrence
2m)V in-Vv
led to consider
We
This
2m
the
+
m\V{iJi,^-v
it is
\^) f
1/
"
"
i'
satisfies various
that
B,n.,.At)=^nt^n{t).
of Gegenbauer'sformulae are worth placing
generalisations
following
record. They are obtained by expanding the Bessel functions in ascending
on
series and calculating
the residues.
(2)
The
^. \^'''^\-^
J,{^t%m6)B,"
(3)
(4)
^.^
J. {2tsin
t-"
2'^+"
(/i+
t;
,,^,At)dt=i).
At) dt
(l")B,n.,,,
1 )r
2/0 r (/x+
(/A+
1/
w) sin" (f"
_
~
n\ r(/i +
X
In the
(5)
3^2(-
n,
1)
sin- "/)).
+ \,\^JL^\v^r\\
^l^\,ii.^"V'^n\\^l"\"\v
in which
case
special
i^+
/x
i', this
reduces
to
^ r"V''/,(2"sin(^)i^,";...(0rf^=2-=''(
LlTl J
This
formula
may
*
be stillfurther
Wiener
(1877),
pp.
lxxv, (2),
Sitzungsberichte,
218"222.
294:
9'6.
The
The
genesisof Lommel's*
the
which
are
obtain
for
explicit
expressions
The
'polynomial
Rm,v{z).
known
result of
J^ (z) /,_i(z)
{2vlz)
-
obviouslybe
J"-i(z); and
[CHAP. IX
FUNCTIONS
formula
recurrence
.7^+1
{z)
may
BESSEL
OF
THEORY
as
LortimeVs
polynomials. We
shew
proceed to
how
to
them.
the system of
.Z^+i
{z),J^+2i^), Jv\-m-\
i^)from
eliminating
"
"
"
equations
7^+^+1{z)
is
seen
easily
1,
1,
-22-i(i/+ ffi-2),
0,
0,
1,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
-2z-'^{v+m-\\
By expanding in
Jv+m (2)is unity;
cofactors of the
and
1,
0,
1,
0,
0,
0,
0,
cofactor of
row
1)
cofactor of
we
see
that
the
cofactor of
0,
1,
-23-i(i/+ m-3),
-2z-i{v
0,
0,
1,
-22-i(v+l)
J" (z)is
(" )"'~^
-2z-^{p+m-2),
1,
of the last
first column,
the cofactor of
-2?-i(j/+ m-l),
modified
l),
-2z-^v
by the suppression
column.
("y"~^J^(z) is denoted
771
...
0,
Jy{z\
J,_i{z)-{2v/z)J,(z),
The
0, 1,
be
to
Jv^m{z\
The
(p
and
by the symbol ("y'^Em,y{z)'"
polynomial.It is of degreem in \jz
effect of
Hence
it follows that
"
Math.
Ann.
iv.
(1871),pp.
108"116.
0,
9-6, 9-61]
ASSOCIATED
295
POLYNOMIALS
that is to say
2z-'(p+ ni-1)
The
He
function
by
somewhat
coefficients
which
way
It had
recurrence
'
2z-'
elaborate
(v +
2)
2z-'
(i'+
induction
8)
by
of
means
equation(1).
polynomial
to determine
simpler
the
two
9-62
2^-'
coefficients in the
; it is,however,
been
[cf."
where
numerator
defined by Lommel
was
R,n,^^,(z)
for the
an
explicit
expression
derived
then
is the
R,n^^{z)
consequence
of the
(8)]
^n-l (z)B,,{z) A,,(z)B"_i{z)=
-
"
^^
^,
,^^^
It
should
Lommel's
be
that
noticed
notation
they
(^0
the
same
shews
P"
"
(x)J
It is easy to
see
Crelier|use
ix)
notation
which
differs from
P"
,
ix)J
{x\
liolynoviial.
J_^_,"(^),qua
)'"
formulae as /"+,"{z);
that ("
recurrence
,/
9'61.
and
Graft
^y,g^^
integerm, satisfies
of " 9'6 also
analysis
function of the
and
hence
the
that
{Z)
(-)'"./_,_,^
(1)
(z).
./_,{Z)R,n.,.(z)
+ ./_,+,
(Z)Rra-l,.+l
and
(z),
(z)and " 9-6 (1) by ./_^+i
Multiplythis equationby ./,_i
add
the results.
It follows that
[Ju(z)/_,+!(z)+ ./_,(z)/,_,(z)]
R,n,u{z)
2 sin
VTT
Rm,v{z),
TTZ
Cf.
t Ann.
Chrystal, Algebra,
di Mat.
(2) xxiii.
11.
(1900),p.
(1895),pp.
502.
45"
fi5; Einh'ilang
di
Mat.
(2) xxiv.
(1896),jip.
131"163.
in die
Theorie
der
BesscVschen
Funk-
296
have
when
Ave
^Qn\V{-
in
1) r(i/+ n)
?i +
last summation
in the
replacen
[CHAP. IX
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
OF
THEORY
b}-m
Now
p + 1.
it is clear
that
+ 2j)+ 1) !
{V+})m+p+^ (??t
(m+jj
and
when
so,
combine
we
2)p
productsof
find that
2 sin
vir
"
izT^H-jn
")" (i^)-'"+^^-i
sin
(-)"(m -n)\r{v+
"|"'
vir
n) (|^)-^+^*-^
,
_
~
for which
the terms
("
on
V~
"to
vanish
n"^m.
! (m
n)
of the presence
account
on
'
2n)ir{v
of the factor
When
is not
7?
n^
^s"(-r On
f.\
ii,,,,{z)-
^d;
infer that
we
integer,
an
^^^^
^^"(^Y
n)l r (v + m
n\{m-2n)\r(v
-
^
c
n=o
But
the
(^ +
definition
original
of
"^
n) (|^)-'"+^"
n)
''""1
(
,)-^n^-^n
(t*+ ";
R,n"iz),by
of
means
determinant, shews
that
or
not;
R^^{z) is a continuous function of v for all values of v, integral
.and so, by an obvious limitingprocess, we infer that (3) is a valid expression
for Rjft"(z)
when
is an integer.When
even
z/ is a
negativeintegerit may
be necessary to replacethe quotient
v
^(^
^n
n)
r{v+n)
n-v-n
r{-v-m
^^
^_^",
^
^
^
+
+
l)
+ l)
series
(3) was
result,in
Archiv
der Math.
different
7md
Phys.xxxvii.
(1861),pp.
354
"
of
result,dependingon the equivalence
interesting
firstnoticed by Graf*, namely that
was
(4)
R,n,{z) (-)'"Rm, -.-",+! {z).
mentioned,
Ann.
di Mat.
(2) xxiii.
111;
an
ten years
valent
equiearlier,
355.
An
"
(1895),p.
56.
the
quotients
just
9-62]
(Iz)-'" oF, (I
(5) 72,"_
(2) (v)"i
=
orders
[^^ -2{{v
where
and
+
i"
mf
(v
and
(d/dz);
is
i?", (2^)
so
+
+ 4"z^(^'^
If}-']
2v +
2)(^
2i;
m) (^
,u
p. 251
pp. 332
2) ;
equation
4^-^^(^+ 1)^
0.
Ann.
stated by Hurwitz, Math.
xxxill.
(1889),
equation equivalent to this was
a
given by Nielsen, Ann. di Mat. (3) vi. (1901),
lengthy proof of it was
; and
from
be obtained
from the proof just given,may
334 ; a simple proof,differing
"
fornuila
(5).
Various
9*62.
of LommeVs
'properties
We
proceedto enumerate
in his
publishedby Lommel
polynomial.
which
concerning Rm,i'{z),
theorems
some
functions
the
satisfying
=
replacedby any
and, in particular,
are
r,_i (z)E",_",
,+, (z),
F, {z)R", {z)
};,+",
{z)
(1)
formulae
recurrence
same
were
of 1871.
memoir
In the firstplace,
" 9'6 (1) holds if the Bessel functions
other
3^
2)]y
+
An
z"-).
"
[(^ + m) (^ +
(6)
+ my -{vIf]^'^ + {{i'
in, \ -v-m;
of
"
v,
functions of
productsof cylinder
that it is annihilated by the operator
linear combination
is a
R,"^v{z)/2
Since
I m, -\m;
have
(cf.|"4*4,4*42 ), we
of Pochhammer
In the notation
297
POLYNOMIALS
ASSOCIATED
it follows that
whence
Next, in
vhy
m.
be
to
J, {z)F,_,(2)|= 2R,nA^)l{irz).
-
integer; replacem
even
an
becomes
equationthen
2 (-)'"sin
+ J-.-,. {Z)j_,n.l+.{Z)
(3) J,+,n(z)Jm+i-.(z)
VIT.
and, in'the
speciafcase
v
}2,we
R.^,n,.-m{z)l(-7r
get
{z)
J%n^,(z)+ J^_,"_i
(4)
by 2//",and
(-)- i?,,,,i_,"
iz)l(7rzl
that is to say
(2^r--""(2m-n)!(2m-2")!
^,
^
^"
.,,,
(5)
"
"
"
This
is the
order is half of
In
we
particular,
have
J%(z)
JU(z)
--,
irz
/,
/,
(6)
45
225,
when
the
298
Formula
direct
(5) was
[CHAP. IX
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
OF
THEORY
derived
who
it at that
time
by
of the
multiplication
^...iWT(-)".-^-,-i
by
followed
of
cases
special
As
/ 2
\*
(7)
\5
2 \^
={~)
(-)"^J_rn-i(2)
j sin
(^^
R"t,
J (^)+
from
deduce
By squaringand adding we
2 \^
/
^
cos
product.
have
to determine
lengthy induction
somewhat
w-(i)*(T.T^-."-;i/'"-
R.^-i,
I (z).
(4) thatf
(8)
replacem by
integer2m
the odd
1 and
then
"
J^^m+i \Z)J
(9)
\Z)
-v+m+i
J^^jn^i(z)
i^z)
J_i,_^_i
"
di Mat.
An
sin v7rR2,n+i,"-,n
{z)l{'rrz)
(-)"""
if
we
have
of
identity
any
the
type
the
where
functions
"
/,"(2)are
m=o
algebraicin
z,
we
at
can
infer the
once
identities
two
0,
f,n{z)-Rm.v{z)
l(2)sO,
/",(2)/i!".-l,"
m=0
7rt=0
the form
in
identity
by writingthe postulated
(2)} 0,
/,"(Z){J^{z)R,n,v{l)-J.-\{z)Rm-l,v^i
"
7)1=0
and
with
observingthat,by
algebraicfunction. Nielsen pointsout
pp. 331
"
in this
to
many
(3),the
" 3*2
memoir, and
9 '63. Recurrence
by
in his
to
seem
series of Lommel's
der
Handhuch
be
Theorie
of sufficient
polynomial.
1 and
i^
"
1 ;
on
Jv-\{z)Rm-\
v+i
comparing the
(z),
two
for
expressions
that
=
Math.
t This
Ann.
result
11.
was
der
practical
(^)lR,n,(z).
+ i?^+i_
Jy-X{z) [R,n_,^
(z)} [Jy(z)+ J"^_2
^_i
y+, (z)
*
an
formula
In the fundamental
replacem and
Jv+m {z),we see
its sequel,ibid.
expansions in
interesting
will be found
of these formulae
polynomials; some
Cylinderfunktionen(Leipzig,1904), but they do not
importance to justifytheir insertion here.
"
(2)is not
quotientJ^-i {z)lJv
(1870),pp.
obtained
627"632.
by Lommel,
Math.
Ann.
iv.
(1871),pp.
115"116.
300
THEORY
9"64.
Three-term
It is
possibleto
which
the
from
theoryof
the
from
deduce
continued
polynomials.
formulae
recurrence
by Crelier*.
[CHAP. IX
FUNCTIONS
Lommel
connecting
relations
discussed
has been
BESSEL
OF
relations
The
class of relations
by Crelier
obtained
were
fractions.
"
(^)(^)Rn-i.f+m+i
Rm+u,i'{z)Rm,^{z)Rn,v+m(^) J^m-i.f
(1)
Next
that
"
in
and
then
eliminate
and
by v+l,
that
seen
"
and
so
1.
"
is
the value
It is
on
independentof
consequently
(^) 1,
Rm,Az) Rm.f+l(^) Rm+hA^) Rm-l,^+l
due to Bessel (cf " 96) in the special
case
v
essentially
\^)
Rm, \Z)R^n-n+i,
v+n
so
replacedm by
had
and
we
i/
by
+ n,
and
into
by changing m
m
"
givenin
Replacem
If
and
result
(4)
"
0.
R,n,("2')
Rm-n+\,v+n {^) J^m+i,{^)Rm-n,v+n \^) Rn~i, \Z),
(3)
a
on
It is
1.
"
\Z)
+n
consequentlyindependentof
find from " 9-63(10) that
is Rn-,,,{z),
we
result
we
?";
into
by changingm
Crelier's formula
have
unity,we
(2)
of the function
and
different form
n
by
Lommel
by
1 and
f.
1 in this
?n-
it is found
and
equation,
that
Rn,v\2')Rm,v{z)Rm-n-'i,v+n+\{z)
l^m-n-\,v+n^i{z)
Rin-'i,v{z)
tween
rewrite this equationwith p in placeof n and eliminate Rm-\,v{z)be=
"
the two
we
equations,
that
see
\^)
{^)~ Rp, {z)Rm-^n-i,
Rn, (^)Rm-2}--i,v+p+\
v+n+i
{z)Rm-p-i,v+p+i
(^)J
(^) Rm-n-i,v+n+i
(^)Rm-n-\,v+n+i
R,n^^{z)
\^Rm-p-2,v+p+\
V
""
by (3).
we
If
obtain
we
transform
the second
{z)
"
Ann.
di Mat.
(2)xxiv.
(1890),p.
Rp, iz)Rn-^m-i,v+m+i
v
136
of
143),
by means
et seq.
{z)
\Z)Rm, v\Z) -tl^;"-ji-i,
f+TH-l
^^atJi. Ann.
iv.
(1871),p.
115.
9-64J
ASSOCIATED
POLYNOMIALS
301
any
parameter
the
and
argument
same
The
z.
formula
be written
may
more
symmetrically
that is to say
S
(7)
^"
Rn,A2)Rp-m-^,pJrm+\{z)
=
1)1, n, p
similar
functions
which
be obtained
may
orders differ by integers.
If we
result
whose
connects
three
any
eliminate
Bessel
'/"+m-i(z) between
equations*
the
\^)
v+n
]''
'J
\Z)
v+p
^^
'J
'J v+in
i^n"m,v+m \^)
'J v+in"i
\^) "ti'n"m"i,v+tn+\
\^)"
\^)
\^) ^^p"}n,v+7ii
'J v+m"\
\^) -'^p"m"i,i'+m-\-i
\^)"
v-\-tii\^)
find that
we
\Z) iip"),i"\,v+m+\
(-2') "' v+p \^) ^n"m~l,v-\-m+i\^)
"
"v
'J
^^
'J
the last
m,
",
n,
v+m
v+m
\^) -ti'p"n"l.i'+n+i
\^) i
is obtained
expression
V by 0, n
m,
m, p
"
"
from
i"
It follows that
n, p
m,
and
obviouslywe
can
the
prove
S
(9)
generalequation
more
^,
'^^+n{2)Rp-jn-i,i'+m+i(^)
=
'
m,n,p
where
^denotes
The
Graf
last two
and
Gubler
BesseVschen
[Note.
formulae
hint
use
have
to
never
seem
If
(2) to
we
eliminate
and/SO, replacingv hj
Jv-m\Z)=
resultingequation,
"j
positivevalues
result is
the
of the
{z),
(z)I^m~\,v
\Z)i
have
we
(z)Rm-2,
deduce
v-m
equation
parameter
(-)+"i'-l (-)"?n
1,
+ \
v-m
{Zj-
that
"
that
(^)+ "^i/
+ m-1
(z)Rin~-",
v+1
find that
we
"^'v
equations
m,
109.
J^ 4.
"
the
J^-i {z)from
m-l
simplifythe
J" (2)
It is
though
previouslystated explicitly,
equations,Einleitungin die Theorie der
been
of such
the existence
at
W^
and
cylinderfunction.
any
-m,
i^9-6
(z)-J^-\ (z)R-m-l,
(1),which
may
for
is the snmllest
be removed.
has
hitherto
v+1
(^)"
been
negative values.]
of the
intepiers?;(, ",
p;
302
shall
We
limit
Hurwitz
9'65.
Lommel
of a
[CHAP. IX
FUNCTIONS
polynomial.
that
prove
now
BESSEL
OF
THEORY
(iy-^^".-i(^)
j^ (^).
lim
(1)
252, to discuss
(1889),pp. 250
appliedby Hurwitz, Math. Ann. xxxiii.
has an
of the zeros
assigned real value (" 15"27). It has also
the reality
oiJy{z) when
been examined
52, and by Crelier,Bern
by Graf, Ann. di Mat. (2) xxiii. (1895),pp. 49
result
This
was
"
"
pp. 92
1897,
Mittheilwngen.,
have
From
96.
"
'
"=o?'!r(z' +
r(i/ + 7?i+l)
Now
?i
l)' (m-2w)!r(y
l)
write
{m
n)\ r (//+
"
"
1)
{m-2n)ir{v
so
^"''''"''
l)
that
6
If
of 6
numerator
n){m
m){v +
"
{v +
"
"
"
(m, n)
is
numericallyless
"
...
denominator, providedthat
Hence, when
7i "
N, and
1)'
the
in the
in the
N.
"
"
in
than
1)
2?/ +
(m
1) ...{v+ m
1)
now
(m
(m, n)
2N,
"
I6 {m, n) \" 1,
while,w^hen
has any
fixedvalue,
lim
in-*-
is
the theorem
and
Again, since
of values
of
the
(by the
from
'
"=o
!T
(j/+
/I
1)
is established.
of 2
convergence
test due
that
Tannery'stheorem*
"!r(l/+7l+l)
of Hurwitz
1,
"-);"^^""'",
absolutely
convergent, it follows
m-*x"n
{m, n)
Since
to
'
^^
in any
is uniform
"
bounded
it follows
Weiei'strass),
domain
of
+ i)
(i0)''+'"i?,",,+i(2)/r(v+'/"
to its limit is also uniform
Cf.
t An
excluded
in any
bounded
domain
of values
of
z.
Bromwich,
from
this domain
when
[v]^
0.
is
an
internal
point
must
obviouslybe
9-65, 9-7]
ASSOCIATED
the theorem
From
POLYNOMIALS
of Hurwitz
it is easy
VI-*-
On
carryingout
JXo
,/_1-'"h
"
derive
to
./"{z) ^ 0, we
2pz-'
inn
303
have
-^'m,
v+i \Z)
y.
\Z
infinite continued
an
and
that
noticing
"^2{v+m-l)z
"
9^-1
-'"'"i.v+m
v^y
(I'+ m)
find that
we
1
=
2vz-'
and
+ 1) ^-^
(i.
(2/+ 2) ^-1
(v + m)
...
'
^-1
hence
1
(2)
This
procedure avoids
of the continued
J.-^{^
be
neglected;
9"7.
The
In order
convenient
the
"^V+
is due
to
Graf, Ann.
to discuss
of the
properties
di Mat.
the
wi-s-oo,
last
modified
m-iv^n
-^
(2)
(1895),p.
52.
of Lommel
zeros
it
polynomials,
is
define the
"
polynomials.
by making a change
polynomialscontain onlyalternate
gm,v\Z)
7(i
(2)xxirr.
follow Hurwitz
{-yV
(1)
to
(i.+ 2)^-1
fraction
the method
Accordinglywe
equation*
so
(17+ 1)^-1 -2
--2vz-^--
that Lommel
reason
element
may
2i.^-i
Lommel
{v +
r{v
powers
of the variable.
polynomialgm,v{z)by
+
m-
the
l)z'''
n+l)
that
(2)
g.n+,,Az) {v +
(4)^
gm+^,.-l {Z)
""9"63,9"64,the
reader
vg,n,Az)
in
["^'OS (1)]
(-)"
^5''m-i,.'+i
^^.-..(^)+i/".-i-.,.-:(4["9-(^'K7)]
^^{^''i/,.,.(^)|
(5)
ym+-2
(6)
{z~"'-'
g,u, (z)}
=
dz
g,n+,,.-1
{z)
{z)
(7) gm,Az)g,"+,"+,
{z)-g,"^.^^{z)g,n-i,y+i
=
grn-,:, (z),
.
z'''go,v (z)g,^^+",+i
(z).
case
[A special
This
notation
differs in
["9-63 (4)]
the notation
used
of
by Hurwitz.
304
OF
THEORY
These
results will be
down
the
BESSEL
requiredin
the
sequel;it will
formulae
eliminatingalternate
importance.The eliminant is
The
some
result of
{if+ m)
where
c,n
(z)
{v +
C,n {z)ffm,
{2)
gm+2,u
We
{z) {v +
+
from
2)
the
2)Z'
iU
of
(z),
1z].
"
equations
:
(^)
{v + 4)^G,.
write
(3) is
system
g"t_o^
c, (z)g,^,{z)-(u +
to
9'64.
"
(8)
functions
be necessary
not
|"9*6
of
I) [(v+ m){v
[CHAP. IX
FUNCTIONS
4")z'g^,{z),
.
"
=
2m
(v+
2) g^^
c.^rn-^(z)g^_^^
{z)
^(z)-(v+
c.^ {z)g^^
(v + 2s) (/2S+2,(z)
2s +
2)z^g^^o,{z),
"
{z).
^{z)-{v + 2m) z'^g.^^n-i,
v
The
9*71.
shall
We
1/ "
"
cdl
2, in which
u'hen
ofg.2m,v{z)
zeros
giveHurwitz'
now
cl^'^
of gzm,v(z)
zeros
"
reality
of the
case
all
theyare
negative.
is
2.
"
that luhen
also that
of them
one
his theorem*
proofof
real; and
exceeds
"
positive,
except when
is a polynomialin z of degree m, we
observingthat g-2m,v{2)
that the set of functions g."m,v{z),
form
"7m-2,.'(^),
g2,v{z),
ga,v{z)
After
shew
"""
of Sturm's functions.
the real
To
Sufficient conditions
existence
oi
zeros
prove
that the
We
with
case
are
set
(i)the
(ii)the theorem
that
(/2ot,v(^)-
function
the
except
at
the
quotientis discontinuous.
l/'"''"
tA
^^2m,2m-2,
g'^m~2,u(z)
dz [g.an-2,v{z))
have
-r-
W^
where
from
(8),combined
shall
zeros
zeros
" 9"7
is a monotonic
g2m,v{z)lgim-2,v{z)
and
2, the
"
r, ..
{z)
g,-, (z)g's,
y
g^,u
(z)g'r,{z);
"
that
+ (v + 2m) 5l21,"i-l.2"n-2,
^^""m,2,n-2
g-2m~2,A^)
-
Z" S(?B2m-3,m-4
+ (r +
^512R.,,"_i.2m-2
=
SO
2""
2) g%m-^,y{z),
that
^^"m,^n-2 g'^-2A^)
=
and
when
therefore,if
V
"
"
is expressible
as
^ 1, ^^2m,-im-2
2.
*
Math.
Ann.
xxxiii.
(1889),pp.
254"256.
sum
of
positiveterms
9-71, 9-72]
The
ASSOCIATED
of
zeros
.-
Sturm's
theorem
The
reason
quotientg^m,
I.
(1918),"
The
of
on
g^m^vi^)
of the number
of alternations of sign
end of
at the right-hand
i^),
(2')
^'o,."
"
"
zeros
of zeros
is the excess
and not the deficiency
is that the
why the mimber
is
and
function
a
not
of z,
an
function,
(^)
decreasing
increasing
{^)/g2m-2,
version of Sturm's theoi-em. See Burnside and Panton, Theoryof Equations^
v
96.
0, oc
of
The
"
in the usual
as
the number
over
g.2m-2,i"(z)
separate those of ^a^, (^)-
305
monotonic
It follows from
POLYNOMIALS
are
or
upper
negative
; and
as
follows
lower
of functions when
signsare
to
be
taken
of Hurwitz'
the truth
set
accordingas
from
is obvious
theorem
-I-1
is
or
positive
inspection
an
of this Table.
9"72.
Negativezeros
Let
be less than
^"
when
ofg.2m,^,{z)
-
"
2.
"
integers
2, and let the positive
defined
be
by
the
inequalities
"
It will
has
no
has
Provided
zero.
negative
2m is positive.
that*, ivhen
negative
zero; hut that,when
one
that
be shewn
now
This
2s
2s"v"-
that the
"
2.
liesbetween
liesbetween
that,in each
negativezeros
2.s and
1 and
2s-
case,
25
2s
1, g^mA^)
2, g.im,v{z)
is taken to be
so
large
g2"i-2,v{^)-
proof differs
from
the
see
Proc.
London
Math.
Soc.
(2)xix.
(1921),pp. 266"272.
20
W.
B. F.
306
THEORY
By
i(^)f
"'('2^)
+5'2w+i,i'"
9'^^-^,''\^)
1^5'aOT-i,
that
"
[CHAP. IX
FUNCTIONS
of the formulae
means
BESSEL
OF
^- go,n^2,v{^)92^n^^,v-i{z)-g2m~i,v-i{z)92m,
(v + 2m) g\n_-^^^{z)
^(v
27n){g\,"^,,^{z)-z"-'^'']
"0,
and
providedthat v + 2m is positive
the
postulated, quotient
is
The
existence
negative.Therefore,in
the alternation
decreasingfunction,and
is
of the system of
of the
the circumstances
is evident.
zeros
shews
of functions
+92s-i,M,
-92s-2,A^)"
form
The
functions.
of Sturm's
set
these functions
signsof
+, +,
and
there
are
functions
when
alternations
of
is
^^
+, +,
....
-,
sign.
oo
+,
are
(-)*,
...,
When
is zero,
the
signs of
the
are
", ",
the
(-y9o,,(z)
.-.,
signsbeing
upper
",+,
...,
when
taken
...,(-)*,
+,
"2s
"
"
1, and
2s"
"
the lower
signs
there are
2s"
1 "v""2s"2;
s and
s + 1 alternations
being taken when
2s
has
of signin the respective
Hence, when "2s"v"
l, 92m,v(z)
cases.
2s
2s
has one
1 "
"
2, g2m,vi^)
no
negative
negativezero ; but when
therefore
stated
is
The theorem
zero.
proved.
"
"
"
"
9*73.
Positive and
complexzeros
As
" 9"72,define
the
in
It will
be shewn*
now
"
"
when
of g.^^t,{z)
positive
integers by
-
2s
"
that when
7/ "
2s
"
the
paper
This
lies behueen
"
proof is
of
more
elementary character
than
"
2.
inequalities
2.
2s
"
"
"
2s and
"
the
"
2s
2s"
"
"
each case,
1, gim,v{z)
and
m
2s
"
is so
"
2,
large
see
the
CHAPTER
The
and
functions Ji,{z)
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
WITH
ASSOCIATED
FUNCTIONS
10"1.
H.
and
E^ (2^)investigated by Anger
F.
Weber.
the propertiesof various functions
chapter we shall examine
certain
definitions are
representationsof Bessel functions.
suggested by
defined by integralsresembling Bessel's
shall first investigatefunctions
this
In
and
Poisson's
integral,and,
functions
connected
with
of which
by Lommel,
The
It is defined
the
by
J, (^)
This
function
It follows
from
distinct.
took
function
the
of the
limit
upper
investigatedthe
(1880), pp.
cussed
^TT
noted
by Anger
B in the
"
is
that
the
i
=
I"sin(v0
should
reference
function
"
terms
of
co"{v6-ziim6)dd=z-
der
la Conn,
give Anger's
t Zurich
of
name
des
to
cos2
Naturf.
V"
Additions
vn
range
of
cos
E"
J^ (2)and
integration,
by Lommel,
to researches
cob
6)dd
(vd -zsin
Jt,(z)+ sin
(j/^-2 siu ^)
p. 15
vtt
(1855),pp.
v.
"Z^
2iT
cos
vn
(2
(cf." 10-12),but
E^
"
f) siu
as
actually dis-
was
(2); for, if
/""^
I cos
--
'
which
replace 6 by
we
get
we
he
(21/77-1/^ +
sin
^) 0?^
(z).
"29. It
was
shewn
by Poisson
that
I'TT,
did
no
more
it
seems
reasonable
function.
xxiv.
I'iirteljahrsschriJ't,
(1879), pp.
Hv(z).
also
0) dO.
(i*^- 2 .sin 6) d6
cos
Ges,. in Danzig,
Temps, 1836,
the
sin
also be made
27r_/o
Schriften
he
equation
/""
Neueste
but
v.
and
Weberf,
are
/'2'r
1
half of the
to
the
by
order
n.
J"(^) is
function
and
F.
H.
by
by Anger*,
the
27r; and
functions
two
studied
was
of argument
later
defined
integer,the
be
integralvalue
the
has
J" (^)
as
function
easilyexpressiblein
right-hand
27r_/o
integral.
183-208.
/"Sn-
1
"
be
may
Bessel's
^) f/^.
when
an
integralto
E^(e)
this function
with
Ann.
type
discussed
was
connexion
is not
It
suggested by
sin
Jn(z)
to
when
the
E, (z)
xvi.
J^ (z),is
Anger's
function
(2)
Math.
several
propertiesof
particularcase.
1'cos(i/^
same
of
as
function
similar
obviouslyreduces
convenientlydescribed
In
examined,
gral
inte-
study a
are
We
equation
(1)
he
functions
be
to
discussing the
shall
!'"(z) we
Bessel
first function
after
whose
33
"
76.
Weber
omits
the
factor
l/iriu
his
nition
defi-
10-1]
To
in the
ASSOCIATED
FUNCTIONS
309
cos"*
^VTT
sin
cos
(f)
v(f)d(j)
cos"'
0
TT
!sin
^j/tt
2'"r(im-|i/ + l)r(im
a
formula
due
by
^tt+ (}ifur
hw
"
of z, write
ii.+ l)'
Cauchy*.
to
In like manner,
'^
"
n
sm'"rn d
aja
/'^cf^
cos
Jptt
! COS
'"
"
^i-
"
=--
z,
-"
But, evidently,
I
J,(^)=so
00
\i
\m,
^lin fn
( _\tn
sin^"*^cosi/^(^^+-
^2m+l
'^V
:i
,,
fn
Tvr
that
(3)
J^ {z)
{-y-(^zr
^vrr X
cos
=0
(m
|j.+ 1) i' (m
sinii'7r S
r
=0
and
^2/+ 1)
(m
ij/+
1)r (/w+
1;/+
1)
'
similarly
(-)-(l^)^
+
or(m-iz/+l)r(m
cos
"
1
|z/7r
r (m
,"=o
These
results may
be written
J^{z)
sin
22
"
_
i;2
22
("
Ll'-^'
1
"
COS
(6) E.(^)
(l'-I^-)(S--Z^2)(12_j,2)('32_j,2)(52_y2)
vir
Z*
2-
1--
9i_
VTT
T.+,-^
J/-
(2--i;^)(42-i;-)
^""'
I'TT
The
memoir)
equivalentto
formula
in
17, 1854;
see
Mem.
(l^-I/^XS^-V^)
_r--V-
IT
Results
these
were
letter
ComptesRendus,
sur
...
^2)(4-2^2) {2?-v^)(^^-^
(G^-j,^)
j.2)
vir
TT
COS
"
s^
VTT
1 +
(-r (W^^'
+ f)
1) r (m + ii/
1^^+
smvir
(5)
ij.+ l)
les
xxxix.
""
(12_j,2)(32_j,2)(52_j,2)
givenby Anger
and
Weber.
(1854),pp.
to
the French
Academy
128"135.
integralesdefiniea (Paris,
1825),p. 40.
Cf. Modern
Analysis,
p.
263.
on
July
310
For
it is convenient
("10'7),
subsequently
will be apparent
which
reason
[CHAP. X
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
OF
THEORY
to write
z^
z^
"*"
(7)
Sq^v\Z)
(8)
s_,^,{z)
,.2\/Q2_,.2\
/'12_
(p_j;2-)(32_j,2^(1^-7^0(3"
i/2^(52-I/-^)
-.^
I2_y2
"""'
1
-
-,
z^
^-
^,,^22
^2)
(z)
s_i
E,
(z)
-^
(z)
So,.
7r
(11)
v6
cos
from
formulae
following
the
(^).
5_i,,
TT
It is easy to deduce
(^'X
i;(l-coSi'Tr)^
l-4-cosy7r
-ci
'
TT
TT
(10)
"
5o,
/iA\
"
j^sini"7r
sini/TT
/
\
T
J,
{z)
(9)
"
^2-)
^2-)
(42
have
(22
^2
cos
(z sin 6) dd
cos
sin d)dd
(2^
sin
(^ sin 6) dd
sin
sin 6) dd
(2;
"
sin
(1
i^tt
these results
s_i
(2),
Jo
sin vd
(12)
"
vrr)
cos
"
s_i
(z),
j,
Jo
(13)
sin vd
sin
i'tt
""
(z),
Jo
(14)
vd
cos
(I
cos
1/
sin
i/tt)*" (2^),
.
"/
riff
(15)
(16)
cos
cos "^)
rf(^
i'(^cos (^^
cos
sin
(1906),pp.
158
6)
(v^-2sm
sm
10*11.
"
is
positive,
zero,
or
equal to hn
is
-r
-."
COS
fi"^
wI/TT
Jt,{z)+ J^t,{z)=
"
COS
,\
-r
J^{z)
"
"
)j"
is 1, 0
or
Anger'sfunctions.
COS
{z COS d")d(p,
Jo
,
J_^{z)=
vd)
4 sin Ai/7rr*''
/
where
(2),
{2)
?;" Jn
negative.
the formulae
from
4
/I
(1)
-3-,
his functions
with
Webe7-'s formulae connecting
It is evident
620.
"
real,it
is
611
the integral
166, has investigated
"
Jo
namely
section,
LVii.
(2),(1868),pp.
by Unferdinger,Wiener Sitzutigsberichte,
examined
accordingas
in this
(n6-cosd)dd,
has
COS
lesin*
J
and
discussed
resembling the integrals
Integralssomewhat
been
-|-i/7r
(^'X
s_j
^vir ^o (z).
cos
Jo
have
"
'
"
,.7,
cosv(f"sin{zcos(b)d(p,
"
TT
.
10-11, 10-12]
ASSOCIATED
(3)
E^(z) + E_^(2)
(4)
E^ (z)
It follows
on
J, (z)
cos
"
^^
I
'
addition
cot
E_^ (z)
311
FUNCTIONS
(zcos 0) dxf).
v"b cos
cos
that
IvTT[E^(z)
E_^
that
so
sin
(5)
and
I'TT
J" (z)
cos
i'tt
E^ (z)
E_^ {z),
similarly
sin
(6)
The
formulae
The
Weber
recurrence
have
been
It is evident
cos
"
due
i^tt
J^ (z).
Weber.
to
Recurrence
10'12.
vir
which
formulae
determined
by
functions of
Anger
J^ (2)
=
(cos
TT
j0
{v6
cos
sin
dd
6^)
Zj
f":^{sin(i;^-^sin^)}r
-"
2 sin
vir
TTZ
and
--"R^{z)=~V
f
")sin {vO
6'
cos
^\^^.{cos{vO
TTZ
sin
sin 6) dd
d)\de
f'C'
2(1
coSfTr)
"
TTZ
that
to prove
j._, (^)
(s)
j.,+,
-
j; {z)
1e,_,(^)-e.+,(^)-2e;(^)
From
these results
we
deduce
the
2i/
,
(2)
j,_,(^)-j,+,(^)-2j;(^),
I/)J, {z)
(^
(4)
0,
o.
sm
TTT
(3)
eightformulae
(1)
and
that
integrals
(2)
J"_i (z)+ J".+i
by the
Weber.
the definite
from
satisfied
are
J,_i (2)+
-^^
(sini;7r)/7r,
312
OF
THEORY
E,_,(^)-E,+i(^)
(6)
(^ + z.)E, (2)
(8)
(^
^,
Next
E,_i (^)+ (1
v)E, {z)
=
[CHAP. X
FUNCTIONS
2E;(^),
(7)
where
0E,+, {z) (1
i/7r)/7r,
cos
i^ttVtf,
cos
as
the differential
construct
we
y2)j^ (^) (^
(^2
so
BESSEL
""
equations;it is evident
that
(^ +
{vsin v'Tr)l'Tr
J"_i (z)
z--)
"
"
z'^Jy,
(z)+ (zsin v7r)/Tr (vsin z/7r)/7r,
-
"
that
T7
/ \
V^J^(^)
(9)
(^
sin
I')
7"7r
.
TT
We
also have
so
"
(^ +
^^
E^_i (^)
i^)
2^
E^ {z)
"
z(l +
cos
i/7r)/7r}
cos
(1
i^7r)/7r
cos
y (1
i/7r)/7r
"
cos
"
v'ir)l'ir,
that
V,E,(^)
(10)
vr
TT
Formulae
obtained
equivalentto (9) and (10) were
by Anger, Neueste Schriftender
and
xxiv.
Danzig, v. (1855),p. 17
by Weber, Zurich Vierteljahrsschrift,
formula
(9) had been discovered earlier by Poisson (cf." 101).
47, respectively;
Naturf.Ges. in
(1879),p.
10" 13.
in
Integralsexpressible
terms
of
the
functionsof Anger
and
H. F. Weber.
It is evident
from
rex^{"i(vd-zsme)}de.
J^(z)"i-E,{z)=-
(1)
(2)
when
larg^
e-''"-"inh"dt
the
"|7r;
result
^-
is valid
in
(3)
when
|arg^|
|7r,provided that
have
r
0
e-'^-^-i''
dt
-^
sin
I'TT
622, it
{J,(z) J, (z)],
"
of the functions of
R{v)"0.
Again,we
""6"2
10-13, 10-14]
SO
that, when
ASSOCIATED
combine
we
FUNCTIONS
313
"
f e-2"i"h"cosh
(4)
dt
vt
h7r tan
vtt
(5)
cot
[E,(^)+ F, (z)].
tt
Jo
I e~^^"'^^^
cosh
integi'al
The
pt
dt has
ah-eadybeen
but
("6'3);
evaluated
Jo
^
.'0
does
not
powers
of
be
to
appear
be obtained
can
2 sin
2 /"'^
f"^
VTT
g-^^^o^'^*
sinh vtdt,
;'^f^^+
e^"="*^
cos
but, since
T"
i"
/I
.-.
"'""'"'"
The
9"33
formulae
i^TT
"
I'
"
7/i
,\
is an
2-
'
be evaluated
cannot
nugatory when
(2) (5)are
'""
"
consideration
under
integral
the
(" )*"sin
W(ir+^=^'('
7,1
"" ''"
-^"-^
in any
simpleform
but
integer,
from
"
*.
""6'21,
have
we
f'e"f"
(6)
i"h'
dt
TT
Y, (z)},
Jo
g-nl-z.uAU ^^
(7)
(_y.+
TT
F" (^)}.
io
The
integrals
associated
'^
./0
been
have
noticed
sinh 0 rf",
.' U'
'
Whipple,
Proc. London
10-14.
"in
COJS
these types
Jo
sui
Math.
Soc.
(1885),p.
in researches
occur
(2) xvi.
cosh ")c/i!
(.f
e""^
by Coates,QuarterlyJournal.,xx.
of
integrals
Various
COS
e-"'
(1917),p.
on
diftVaction
by
prism ;
see, e.g.
106.
oflargeargument.
of Anger- Weber functions
expansions
Asj/mptotic
It follows from
" 101
(2)that, in order
to
obtain the
260.
when
gTvt
"
zsmh
asymptoticexpansion
is sufficient to
obtain
the
^Jf
Jo
To
carry
sinh
*
out
t in
i^f/cosh
See
shall
we
investigation
of
series
ascendingpowers
this
a
expand
cosh
t
vt/cosh
and
of sinh t.
1911) [Jahrbuchiiber
Journal,
first
xviii.
(1920),pp. 295"296.
314
If e^^=
u, we
SO
II
-*"
^"
" 7"4,
of
manner
^h
^'"-^\y
"
[CHAP. X
FUNCTIONS
f(u + .llu+)
W*" +
BESSEL
OF
THEORY
l/uh ]
v\t
\d^,
that
coshz.^
^i"'-^{^-l)d^
r("+.i/"+.i+)
c?r.
"
(2m)!
TT
and, if
to
take
we
so
in
be that shewn
(wH-,l/M+.l
i''~i
^P+
then
take
the contour
d^
2iri]
Jo
TT
If
and
{-)Pqo^Ivttr(p+i
^i ^1, since
0 ^
1 + 4ic (1
"
TT
in the form
^i/)r(p 4-^-^1/)
a;)sinh'-^ ^
R{p "\-\"\v)^Q,
COS^I'TT 'i'
(-rr(m
cosh t
"
(2jO)!
TT
where
4a;(l a;)sinh2i
be written
t are
1 +
1.
we
have
KWr(m
(2m)
m=o
^-i.)
^2 ,i"h ^""
(2;?)!
For
complex values
the condition
reader
0 ^
will be
sections of
^j :";1
familiar
Chapter
Similarlywe
of
and
this
vii.
have
1
nu+,iiu+)
316
OF
THEORY
BESSEL
[CHAP. X
FUNCTIONS
ofAnger-Weber functions
Asymptoticexpansions
oflargeorder
10*15.
and
argument.
We
obtain
of a type similar
asymptoticexpansions,
in Chapter viii, which represent J^ {z) and
expansionsinvestigated
when
iV \and |z \are both large.
shall
view
In
now
asymptoticexpansionsof
in
" 1013,
integrals
the two
it will be
the
to
adequate to
E" {z)
obtain
-f
TJo
in
As
Chapter viii,
write
we
where
/3:$ tt and
0 ^
(I)
We
is not
first consider
/
cosh
1/""
zsinh"-7/
j g"
'""Jo
increases
steadily
of ^
that
"
T
as
z("coshy+sinh
from
0 to
00
variable
new
t) ^/
When
vizis positive.
it is supposedtemporarily
that
t cosh 7 + sinh t
iri.
integral
ttJo
in which
cosh 7,
nearlyequal* to
the
g"
(a + t/3)
as
cosh 7 is positive,
^ increases from
0 to
00
we
t.
is
of t, except possibly
when
a monogenic function
(2%+ 1 ) Trt cosh -y+ sinh-y+ y cosh y,
where
is an
of these vakies of t is a real
n
none
integer;and, when coshy is positive,
positivenumber ; for,when y is real,(2?i+ 1) Tr/cosh y does not vanish,and, when y is a pure
the imaginary axis and the originis not one
the singularities
on
of
are
imaginary ( 2/3),
them
since y is not equal to iri.
=
The
a "-m
;(o+)
where
and
a",
'"
so
powers
a,"
"
liri J
.
rrrr,
we
particular
l/t in
expansionof
cosh
2(1
of
in
cosh
7)^'
'
24(1+
cosh 7
cosh 7)7'
" 83,
we
are
now
in
positionto
write
expansion
(1)
fV''*-^"*"h"(^"
i lML?i"
~
Expansions valid
near
ascending
54 cosh 7 + cosh- 7
720(1 + cosh 7)10
225
'3
general theorem
'
7'
'
t"^*"-!
the
the
1+
the
2iri
dt
/"(+")
j
t^'"+"
have
1
_
From
T--""+i dr
is the coefficient of
of t. In
'
^
dT
T-
.
"
is
T-
dt
"
r^
of
Tri
are
obtained
at the end
of this section.
down
10-15]
317
FUNCTIONS
ASSOCIATED
far,been established
; it has, so
expansionis valid when vjzis positive
that jarg^-j
"
the hypothesis
^tt,but, by a process of swinginground the
on
the range of validity
the
in the r-plane,
to cover
contour
may bo extended
domain in which |arg z \" it.
This
Next,
If
sinh
modifications
the
consider
we
write
we
sin y8+
It
sinh
studythe
in which
curve
cosh
by
"1"(ti,
v) is unaffected
Since
cosh
cos
cosh
-f
which
on
curve
sin
by methods
is real has
0.
resemblingthose
write
sin /3 +
u+iv,
by abandoningthe hypothesis
the
has to be examined
of
caused
cosh
of
change
It is evident
" 0.
cos
sin
cf"(u,v).
sign of
both
that the
curve
and
has the
first
we
o,
originas
its centre.
Since
has,
at
most,
multipleof
0
When
the
so
has
and, when
"
"
"
/B
ir,
00
t')
=
value of
the maximum
cosh
(J)(+
"
sin /5 {1
tanh
"a
contour
does
"
not
the
meet
00
,
y)
CO
"
line
"
tt)
=
"
/3
(tt
is at
u,
"
ir
/3)cot /S}.
0 has
or
no
so
the
(by symmetry)
the
line
fB.
Hence
the
is
being
TT
only one
is infinite whenever
of these
one
If this is
for
have
TT, we
"
"
sin v,
tt.
a,
two
sin /3 + sinh
any
equationin
"I"("
sinh
9"I"{u,v)/du
the domains
lies as
when
bered
num-
in
a
Fig. 25,
is positive
Fig. 25.
and
the broken
curve
increases is marked
the
by
an
shape when
arrow.
a.
is
negative;the
direction in which
318
OF
THEORY
It follows that
domains
the
BESSEL
[CHAP.
FUNCTIONS
is valid when
expansion(1)
1, 2, 3.
Next,
have
we
consider
to
the
asymptoticexpansionwhen
(a,/3)does
not
origin.
Consider
'^
first the
at
"y =
V
the
cannot
curve
to
the
is the smallest
strip
"
a "
cannot
curve
line
/3 and minima
"
and
when
positive
line
the
cross
cross
goes downwards
until it gets below
tanh
cross
goes off to
function
the
the
the
below
the
tt.
"
originis therefore
v=
^Ktt
"
which
point at
pointat
+
"
which
confined
/3,where
which
{(2K + 1) tt
line
(2K
"
in
infinity
/?}cot /9"
1) ir
0.
^, and
it
so
"
crosses
the
^Kir.
get
we
(ML?^
r'^^',-.t-.sinh.^^^ L 5
get
we
(2-)!a.
l[^^^^%-.-"i..h.^,^l
V
(3)
TTJo
7r""
the
L
is
the
"
-atanha-{(2Z+
e-"^-
-"'^
/"-x+(2i+i)7r;
in
" 8'61,
below
(a,tt
"
line
/Sjcot y8"
"
(2L
0.
get
S
^dt^-
l-^'''
,
get
1
the
which
branch
along the
obtain
we
7a.
and
1) tt
l\
z"^"-'
obtained
and /3 is obtuse, we
Hence, if a is positive
the
positive,
at
(5)
"
the line
(4)
"
where
at v
above
at
(2)
cross
the line
and /3 is acute,
Hence, if a is positive
axis of
The
is greater than
which
integerfor
1
The
that "^(a,v) is
branch
The
TT.
it cannot
similarly
and
TT,
"
1) tt
and /S is acute.
positive
"
it follows
positive,
Hence
{2n
is
(2??+ 1) tt + /3,
fi tt)is now
being greater than the preceding;and since (f)(a,
minimum
each
in which
case
/9mV
.-."-"i..^'*~i
S "--|i^".
00
1) tt,
10-15]
ASSOCIATED
FUNCTIONS
319
give the
not
formula
consider the
(II) Next
Qvt-zsm\it
^^
1106.
r*
/
g-zi-"coshy+sinh")
(^^
and
7
the
lies in
cosh 7
'
be
cosh 7,
9
this
deal with
of
(1- cosh
7)^'
^'
"24(1
" 8-42.
"
so
cosh
that
-cosh
7)
the
'
pansion
previousex-
write
we
case
vrjo
when 7 is small,justas
significant
was
nearlyequalto iri.
z{\
"
e),
It is thus found
"
sinh^,
that
oC^
TTJo
'Sir ' 0
and
namely
^'
expansionfails to
To
(1854),p.
".
This
y is zero,
a",
,_
_
shall
TtJo
The
the
integral
TTJo
^"
we
practical
importance,
largeand
xxxviii.
i"^-'
where
is
obtained
obtain
^-^-^'"^(^)
was
is of
" 8"61, we
76.
other
approximate formula
An
which
in
m=0
hence
(7)
A
p. 313.
result
e"'
equivalentto
S
"""'^'rfi~^
.i^a,m+i,
"
xciv.
A, (1918),
320
THEORY
10*2.
Hardy
OF
BESSEL
generalisations
of Airys integral.
considered
by Airy and
integral
manner:
by Hardy* in the following
The
If
sinh
Stokes
has
("6'3)
been
generalised
"^,then
{2
1
cosh 20
46'-+ 2
2 sinh
3"/"
85=*+ 65
2 cosh
4(^
16s* +165^
I,2
and
[chap. X
FUNCTIONS
sinh
h"\)
=
32s" + 405=* +
10s,
generally
2
^?'jj
nc^ {2s)\F,(- ir.,i
=
In ; 1
l/s%
SI
the cosh
sinh
or
Now
is
even
odd.
or
write
Tn (t,
a)
si^,(- in, 1
P.
1
-
;1
7j
4a/"0.
that
so
f^ +
r,ao)
T.,{t,a) t^ +
T, (t,a) P+
Then
the
2a
f]at
iaf
three integrals
are
following
"
Gin
(1)
'2o?
generalisations
f of Airy'sintegral
:
Jo
Sin(a)=
(2)
sin
Tnit,a) dt,
Jo
Bin
(3)
be shewn
It may
;[that
(")=["
a)}dt.
exp {- Tn (t,
the
first two
or
negative)if n
(whetherpositive
is complex ; and it is
a
converges when
function of a.
an
integral
real
When
is
of Bessel
functions
other two
involvingthe
Before
which
; but
when
function
to
the
obvious
fairly
third
is
integral
that Ein
(a) is
in terms
expressible
first only is so expressible,
the
are
of H. F. Weber.
we
evaluatingthe integrals,
reduce
indeed
is odd, the
But
2, 3, 4
three functions
the
integer,
even
an
convergent when
are
integrals
observe
a
functions
integral
exist
exp
that
{iTn {t,a)}dt.
Jo
*
Quarterly Journal,
t The
xli.
in
sine-iutegral
pp. 168"182.
[3Iath.and
the
(1910),pp. 226"240.
case
"
was
examined
by Stokes,
Camb.
Phil.
Trans,
ix.
(1856),
10-2, 10-21]
ASSOCIATED
when
taken round an arc of
integral,
the origin(the arc being terminated
by
By
with
radius R
at
centre
tends
complex coordinates R, Re^'"'"'),
with
321
FUNCTIONS
to
zero
circle of
the
points
R^^oc
as
therefore
And
rooexp(j7r?7")
+ iSin (a)
Cin (cc)
ei-^'/n exp
where
te"^"''"; and
"
of
integralfunction
an
be treated
combination
dr,
{- T" (t,oLe-"'"'^)]
integralis
last
the
{i1\ {t,a)}dt
exp
in
similar manner,
The
a.
and
the
ofAiry-Hardy integrals
of even
'The evaluation
10'21.
To evaluate
the three
that
temporarily
suppose
in the
we
integrals,
order.
2a* sinh
find that,by
we
{ujn)
2a* r""
sav
we
In
^^^
{e*"^'/"
J-vn (2a*")
-
e-*-V" J,^^
(2a*")}
.
have
similar manner,
""4 (a)
2a* T"
that,by
exp
"
"
so
du
i cosh u) cosh {ujn)
(2a*"
iriain-' e*'''"
iTi/^^^'
(2a*"),
that is to
exp
"
(3)
^V"(a)
(2a*/n)iiri;."(2a*").
on
the
that
hypothesis
is positive;
and
the
we
have
^*" ^"^
"
whether
W.
vilT(,n + l-lln)
2wsin(j7r/r0,,?o
a be positive
or
negative
B. F.
"
"
J,,
pil r{"u
l +
Vn)\
2T
'
322
OF
THEORY
Hence, replacinga by
"
BESSEL
/3,we
that, when
see
[CHAP. X
FUNCTIONS
and
/3 is positive
is even,
then
It follows from
8i,i(a) are
and
that
Einia) is annihilated
the
of the
case
because
the definitions,
from
directly
the
twice under
evaluate
it is difficult to
the
not
obtain
obtained
integrals
is odd,
and
Gin{oL)
this result*
by differentiating
convergent.
of Airy-Hardy integrals
of odd
The evaluation
10"22.
To
signare
integral
functions
^,2Qn-2
functions
first two
the
the operator
by
-Z
In
is even,
we
suppose
order.
temporarilythat
is
Gin (a)
r^
cos
"
n
.
du
(2a^"sinh n) cosh {iijn)
That
is to say,
ft"(")
(1)
??^^2ilW!0^.,"(.2".")
j/_""(2ci") /"" (2al")i.
-
2n sin
device
Using the
and, whether
be
(^tt/t?)
even
see
yS is positive.
that, when
whether
by
be
even
or
odd ;
the operator
J^^(-)"n--=a"-^
+
It has
been
integrals."
o.
proved by Hardy,
loc.
the
aid of the
theory of "generalised
324
THEORY
and
OF
17"2
(7)
This
It should
be noticed
'^^'^
(")
"*'~i
^'
Stokes
in the
^'
case
w\
{sin(Uhi)
'
X
=
The
a, and
"
formulae
his methods
in the
of
v-
Cauchys
In connexion
(- l)-^"'^+''
}
(- 1)*'"+''}
(2/3i")-J,/,,
{/_,/"
(2y3i")l
precedingthree sections
obtainingthem were different and
n
real.
/3 are
of the
case
special
10'3.
and
3.
X
{Tr/n)
nsm
"
{sin{^M
^^^^^^
where
"* '""'*
that
(8)
[CHAP. X
FUNCTIONS
of a,
givenby
equationwas
BESSEL
due
are
he gave
to
some
Hardy, though
of them only
3.
numbers.
with
of Bessel's integi'al
which was
defined
generalisation
studied by Giuliani (see " 10"31),
it is convenient
by Bourget,and subsequently
class of functions known
to investigate
a
as
Cauchy'snumbers.
The
the term
in
of t.
ascendingpowers
are
Cauchy'stheorem
1
(1)
supposedthat
n,
k, and
are
the coefficient of
of
integers
which
negative.
not
It follows from
It is
as
^-..M.
,"(0+)
that
1 \^" /
\""
t-'-'lt+^){t~-)dt
2;".J
27r
cos*
+ {-y e"^*}
I [e-'"^
Orn+k
r-rr
cos
TT
It is evident
if it is
*
pp.
from
d sin'" BdS
(^niTT
"
nd) cos*
6 sin'"Odd.
Jo
is zero
iV^_n,fc,m
if "n-\-k
is odd
or
negativeinteger.
Comptes Rendu"",
682"687,
850"854.
xi.
(1840),pp.
473"
475, 510"511;
xii,
(1841),pp. 92"93;
xiii.
(1841),
10-3]
ASSOCIATED
From
results,togetherwith
These
numbers
The
formulae
recurrence
(3)
('*)
-'"'"",t,m
_n,
immediate
they are
formulae
k. in
^^-n-rl,
k-1,
-^' n+i,i-,m"
^^
"
t'-''(t+
ijtf-'(t
r"
(t+ ijtf{t
1/0"'
"'"''(t +
1/0^'
{t
of the
of numbers
terms
different class of
existence
to
)ii "
"(-i"
i,fc,
n"
"
+ r"-i
i/t)""
1/0"~'
1'""'^
Cauchy'snumber
^-n,o,mtypes H^n.k.O'
of these formulae
successive
of the identities
1/0'"
means
-^'
By
^-n-i,k-l,
{t+ i/tf(t
which
are
r"
from
givenby Bourget*.
consequences
=
(-)""*N^Xm-
recurrence
be calculated,were
may
325
that
(1) it is seen
(2)
and
FUNCTIONS
is
any
1/0'^
(^+ 1/0*(^
I/O'""'-
in
ultimately
expressible
recurrence
{t+ i/tf-'(t
Bourget,owes
to
equation
the
d f
l\
It follows that
+7) }*
h^)\ {'-7)s {'-"('
27ri (1
by
{m
(5)
and
differentiation
On performingthe
integration.
partial
1 ) N_n^k,m
nN-n,k-l, m+i
nN_n.k+i,m~i
(A'
-
see
we
1 ) i\^_",
k-2.
that
m+2,
similarly
1 ) -^^-n,
m
/t,
+
(^"
(6 )
Developments
due
of Math.
Chessiu, Annals
to
(m
x.
1 ) iV_",
^.+0
6), pp.
(1895
"
"
",_2.
2, are
r=0
.s
-^ -n,
(8)
These
may
Another
be deduced
formula
by
due
k, ?rt=
induction
to Chessin
)'gC^. iV_"
"
3_2,-,
fr, ))i-8'
from
is
A^-n,k,.n=
(9)
i-YkCp-r-mOr,
("=0
where
hU-+m
"
the coefficient of
n). This is proved by selecting
{t+iiifxit-i/ty".
*
Journal
de Math.
(2)vi. (1861),pp.
33"54.
t"
in the
product
its
326
OF
THEORY
The
10"31.
The
JnA^)=
is
Giuliani.
the
of Bessel's integral
generalisation
2^.j'"^'r"-(^
^)'expji^(^-^)|
+
and
integer,
an
[CHAP. X
FUNCTIONS
get and
our
is defined by
Jn,k{z)
function
(1)
where
functionsofB
BESSEL
k is
positive
integer.
It follows that
1
Jn
(2')
=
jfc
f'"
^r-
Ztt
and
J-,,^
(,-)
=
r(2
The
pp. 42
^(2) has
"/",
Jo
(1888), pp.
151
satisfied
the function.
[Note.
contains
by
An
171, has
"
earlier paper
propertiesof
another
studied
been
"
XXVI.
order
function
by Giuliani, Giornale
of
generalisation
1
-
we
from
(1887),pp.
integral,
namely
xxv.
198
"
202,
to be
seem
incorrect.]
powers
of 2^,we
deduce
from
" lO'B
that
(1) that
(4)
= J"(4
J",o(^)
Again
from
evident
that
J_,,,(2) (-)-^-J",(^),
(5)
(6)
(z)
Jn,k{z) Jn-xk-i{2)+ Jn+i,k-i
',
and, if we
take ^'
1 in this
(7)
These
Bessel's
Mat.
it is evident
di
/ cos("(9-2PsinP^)(:/^,
6'/cos
(?i6'-^sin 6*)fZa
cos
TT
and
sin
"
-"
therefore
(2)
but
{" i {nO
exp
formula,
J",,iz)
=
results
obtained
were
^J,,(z).
and
by Bourget;
the
reader
should
have
no
in provingthat
difficulty
(8)
Other
(9)
(10)
2/Va^)
formulae
recurrence
J,,,+,
{z)
=
Jn-,,ic{z)Jn+,A').
(due
(z)
^ j:,,,^,
to
Bourget and
^J^"}1
Giuliani
(^)},
{^,^_,
/,^^,_,
, (^)
_
are
respectively)
10-31]
The
ASSOCIATED
differential
FUNCTIONS
equationis most
327
simply constructed
the method
by
used
Giuliani ; thus
by
^n Jn,k(^)
f'"d
{- (n +
IT
;Tn
dd
2k
in
and
cos
(z)-"
IkzJ'n^j,
z^\u
^ [ \jQ {nd
{z)+
2kzJ'n^k
6) sin {nd
cos
sin
6)](2 cos df
dd
6) (2 cos
6) sin {jid
cos
IT
{nd
cos
sin
sin
6)1
(2
df-^ sinj^f/^
cos
6')
;^ {(2cos
sin d]dd,
^)^-^
so
V, Jn,k{Z)
4.k (k
1) /,,,_,
(z).
d^
this
Operatingon
equationby
(^,l)IV, ./.,,(z)
+
and
hence
(11)
we
2^
was
1, and
using(10),it
k
Giuliani's
follows that
(k
1) /,,,(z),
equation
(2^"+ 5) zJ'n^k
{z)+ {z'+ k
It
(z)+ k^Jn,k
{z)\
2kzJ'"^k
have
;7^,
also observed
by
Giuliani
'2-
{z)
n')J^,^.
0.
that
S e,",Ln,k{z)
2nd
cos
(12) e'-"i""(2cos6?)^-=
rt
this is verified
by applying Fourier's
i S
rule
e.n+iJ2n+i,k
{z)sin {2n + l)d;
on
the
right.
A
somewhat
(1883),col.
The
most
"
similar
8.
n^N
^^^^
function
it follows
J{z;
V,
by Bruhns,
important property
(14)
whence
This
function
{z;
v,
of this function
k)-J{z;
V,
J^+l)
is that
j^^^^^f^:^^ff^f:^y
that
//
"^^''
z^_
Astr. Nach.
"2vJ^^.2m{z)
''''^^-,"?,(v
+ 2".-2)(.
+ 2m
2)'
civ.
328
THEORY
10*4.
OF
BESSEL
[CHAP. X
FUNCTIONS
definition
of Struve's function'H.^{z).
The
that
have
we
Struve's function
H^ (z),of order
v,
is defined
2(izy
r(i;+ i)r(|).io
providedthat R(v)
"
by
the
equations
sm(zcosO)sin'''Odd,
-h.
similar
By analysis
that of
to
(1^)"
" 3'3,we
have
(-)"*227ft+".m!
r(i),"=o(2m + l)!r(^ + m + f)'
that
so
(2)
H,(^)=
The
R(v)
function
exceeds
"
H^ (z)is defined
this
It is evident
not.
or
by
It is easy to
all values of
v,
whether
function
integral
resultingexpressionis also an
that
the
and, if the factor (^z)"be suppressed,
function of
equationfor
H^(z) is an
of
tegral
in-
z.
see
^'^
"'W=IWPT?Ti)"'^'*'
where
(4)
and
*
I^0
Mem.
de VAcad.
Imp. den Sci. de St Petersbourg, (7) xxx.
(1882),no. 8; Ann. der Physik,
und
1016.
See also Lommel,
Archiv
der Math,
(1882), pp. 1008
(1861),
Fhijs.xxxvi.
(3)XVII.
+ fl,li'
+ li,
+ f|,li'
|i/
"
"
p. 399.
t Prograinm, Luisenschule
pp.
X The
this
Berlin, 1890.
der
Math.
1890,
340"342.]
892
"
there
895.
The
given.
results contained
in
10-4]
We
and
can
obtain
thus
formulae
recurrence
329
FUNCTIONS
ASSOCIATED
similarly
^
c?^
b-H
^
"
(-)-(2m + l)^^
^^to2''+-^-+ir (m + f) r (v +
(5V=
^
^^
^)
/_y"+i22m+2
"
1^ (m
^,""_i2'^+^+-^
I) r (i;+
1)
l)r(i)"^"H.+iC^
~2''r(z.+
(6)
H._.(.)-H."(.)
(.)+
2H,^,(2),
have
we
particular
^ {m, (^)]
(9)
J^llV-^^^
2H/,.)-p^(i|]l^^.
=.
(a + WH,(")
(7)
^ H.
(.)
(5)
In
find that
On
zU, (z),
{Ho(^)}
=
v) |^H,_i(z)}
(^
z('^-v
l)II,_,{z)
to
V,H,(^)
p. 218.
been
This
bears
L^ (z)which
function
J^(s)has
studied
function
(in the
is defined
L. ^^ (2)=
(11)
'
should
reader
case
by
the
^(^'+ i)^(|)"
have
to
Struve's
function
Journal^
0) by* Nicholson, Qxiarterly
XLn.
See
also
(1911),
equation
#)r(:.+m
+ A) r (1) / 0
(,.
in
difficulty
f)
^
"'^"''''
"'^^"^^'''*^'* ^-^
^^'
"
{%")
"\.
obtaining the
fundamental
propertiesof
function.
*
/^ (z)bears
as
*^^^
no
relation
same
integralformula
The
the
",=or(w
the
^"""'*^^^'
(10)
The
(^).
H,
r(i.+ |)r(i)
that H^
have
so
Gubler, Zurich
xlvii.
(1902),p.
I'ierteljahrsschrijt,
421.
this
330
10*41.
The
It
noticed
[CHAP. X
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
OF
THEORY
for H^(^).
loop-integral
in
"
Let
take
us
(f
ly-^-sin
zt
dt,
Jo
where
the
phase of
the contour
t
f^
l vanishes
"
the
at
crosses
the
pointon
rightof
does
the contour
1 at which
enclose
not
the
point
-l.
If
"
r(i+)
-
dt
zt
2i
cos
the
phase of
(1)
^^ is
"
R(v)"
H.
zt
.
dt,
^^
{z)
have
^, we
"
"
;Vil
(2 )
1
"f' ^y-"-"i"
'i
dt-
'
"' 0
sides of this
by
the
all values of
From
v.
this result,combined
(2)
To
t-y-^sin
zero.
in
so,
Jo
Hence, when
Both
(1
VTT
Jo
where
ment
seg-
ly-i sin
{t-
and
into the
deduce
that
j^{z)+ iH,
transform
with
this result,let
be
"
any
1 )"'-dt.
or
angle(positive
negative),
acute
We
then deform
+ w.
^tt-f "" and |-7r
the four parallel
lines
the contour
into that shewn
in Fig. 26, in which
make
with the imaginaryaxis. It is evident that, as the lines
an
angle
the
real
axis
the integrals
to
off to infinity,
move
parallel
along them tend to
The integral
zero.
alongthe path which starts from and returns to 1 + so ie~''"
is equal to i/^w {z); and on the lines through the originwe
write t
iu, so
and
let the
phase
"
of
lie between
"
"
that
on
them
(f- 1)"-*
=
eT {"'-h)W
(1 + ^c^y-h,
It follows that
The
isolated
undetermined
values
form.
i/.a)(^)+
|,
|,
...
are
jT^^y^p
^^^j^
excepted,because
the
e-'
(1 + u^-^ du,
expressionon
the
rightis
then
an
332
OF
THEORY
If
write
we
ix in
(3),where
BESSEL
we
positive,
is
deduce
which
R{v)"\,
that
sin
du
{xu) (1 +i{2)''-2
.
jo
r(i/+*)r(i)
result
that,when
see
{W
lty{x)=-I_^{x)-
(6)
[chap. X
FUNCTIONS
(1911),p. 219, in
XLii.
the
specialcase
in
0.
Tlie
10*42.
asyni])totic
expansionof
jz \is large.
lating
asymptoticexpansionwhich may be used for tabuthe argument z is large,
the order v being fixed.
Struve's function when
Since the corresponding
asymptoticexpansionof V^,(z)has been completely
in Chapter Vil, it follows from | 10"41 (4) that it is sufficient to
investigated
determine
the asymptoticexpansionof
We
As
shall
in
now
obtain
{z)when
H^
an
^ 7 '2,we
have
^2sv-J
P^^i-y^'.ik-vXr.U
(-1)
am
mlz''
uHy-p-^
r
f^5^//-')-^?)
(-)^.a-^)pw^
+
(pWe
take p
for which
so
largethat
R (v
"
"
S, Iargi:
|/3|-$^7r"
so
that
is confined
then
yS|$ Jtt S,
"
"
^7r
"
28.
have
1 +
so
be any
2S ^ arg
TT
"
We
of the
the sector
to
to
ill\/t\,
1! ^
sin
"
5V
6,
arg
{I "
ill\Jt
"'rr.
that
1 +
say, where
~Y
I
^
A^ is independentof
It follows
on
e^-i/WI
(sin8)2i2W-2p-i A^,
=
z.
that
integration
/"
J
-^
7)1
mlz^
ao
where
^p
-^
"1^--
0 (^-2^).
exp ip
e-"
c?w
it'^P
dt.
positive
angle
10-42, 10-43]
We
{arg z\"Tr
that, when
deduce
providedthat R{p"
333
FUNCTIONS
ASSOCIATED
and
in
-[-\)^0;but, as
is
|^
large,
be
removed.
This
asymptoticexpansionmay
'
p,
^1
7r"i=ol (^ + 1
"
in the form
"-
^\
4-
'
Tm
F,(^)+
V (m
/'-I
H,(^)
(2)
also be written
"+1
v^n.-.+i
w)(^2-y"*
Q(^'^~^M-
the
that, if is real and z is positive,
difficulty
in the asymptoticexpansionis of the same
terms
after
sign
numericallyless than the first term
neglected,provided that
as, and
established
by the method used in " 7-32.
'R{'p-\-\"v)'^^.This may be
It may
remainder
be
proved without
'p
in the
p. 504
i'
that, when
is half of
...,
then
is expressible
(1 + u-/^-)""as
in a finite form.
It follows
expressible
odd positive
in terms
H^ {z) is exjDressible
integer,
In particular
an
of elementaryfunctions.
[Hj(^)=(-)"(!^),
cos
^^^
l-r,r
.X
10"43.
^^^
2\
/2\V
"
COS^
order.
asymptoticexpansionof Sti'uve'sfunctions
of lai-ge
The
obtain
We
now
As
usual, we
shall write
V
cosh
(a + t/3)
=
cosh 7
which
of
no
see
generalcase
" 8'6
used in
importanceand it involves
great practical
For
an
asymptotic expansion of
the associated
(1904),pp.
481"487.
some
in
in which
and
cosh 7 is
" 10' 15, but it is
rather intricate
analysis.
integral
Papers, v. (1912),
[Scientific
pp.
20G"
211.]
334
THEORY
The
method
t3"pe,and
steepestdescents has
of
not,
be
to
of
of the formula
In view
consider
of
integral
an
of Bessel's
the
Poisson's
type.
integral
dw
L-^z(l
+u'-y
which
[CHAP. X
FUNCTIONS
appliedto
to one
previousinvestigations,
in the
as
BESSEL
OF
we
div
f'
"ZT
where
cosh 7
that
It is evident
so
log(1 + tv^).
r,
function
qua
of
has
w,
stationary
pointswhere
two
7 is equaleither to a or to lyS,
points
give rise to the stationary
that, since
which
have
cases
e-y,
be considered,
to
Accordinglywe
(II)in which
(I) When
increases
is
from
real
to
oc
,
decreases
then
the
separately
to e"^
In order to obtain
a,
first increases
cosh
"
which
zjvis less
is real when
from
0 to e~"
"
1, and
is real,and, as
cosh
increases
log(1 + e^")and finally
than
1.
number
positive
(I)in
cases
alongwhich
iv
o.log(i -\-e~^),
to
ao
increases,
we
continually
suppose
the
that w
moves
originto the pointe~'^,and
leaves the real axis at right
then starts moving along a certain curve, which
and increasing.
which t is positive
on
angles,
To
variables
in the
it has
We
now
double
sinh ^,
on
^-plane,
cosh
and
of this curve,
^ sin
1^+
?;
which
2 cosh
make
6""
^'7"
sinh
^0,
tan
arc
equation
write
2
arc
tan
J,
cosh ^ sin
examine
the values of
0, A, B, C have
^goes from
increases from
i^(f,r})as ^
traces
-t]
out
the
whose
rectangle
corners
complex coordinates
0,
As
to
point*at ^o-
"
and
it is convenient
real.
^, rj and ^0 are
curve
by writing
w
The
destination
change of
where
contour
first
arc
0 to A,
sinh 1,
arc
sinh 1
F{^, t])\s,
equalto
| tti,
2 sinh
^iri.
f,and
|/cosh'-
0 to 1.
*
Except
when
0, in which
case
it has
triplepoint.
this
steadily
10-43]
When
^ is
this
increases
steadily
establish
To
Note.
this
U(l+2fi)
r~
1
"
dt
t+
because
2t^
5-
^j
When
from
is
tt
as
cosec
tan
r]
rj
observe
^ *"'
2fi (2 + fi)
derivate
t,has the positive
C;
to
''"
"'"
with
^tt.
\t+7^
vanishes
0 to
that
(t + 2fi
t^Tiu^)
77,
increases from
J2 and
^ goes from
7r/\/2as
1 to
\
^
'^''
^''
"
7^^
V \/2
^is on
to
irls^'I
tan
arc
result,write
t, which
tan
arc
from
335
on
\/2
and
FUNCTIONS
ASSOCIATED
sech
ir
and
zero.
the curve,
Hence
on
part of the
inside the
curve
rectangleOABC,
the
which
rectangle
must
a, cannot
pointon
the side OA
pass from
this double
emerge
; and
from
so
point
to
the
the
singularpointC.
The
contours
and
broken
in
the
continuous
for
2t'-plane
curves
which
has
the
0, i
values
shewn
are
in
Fig.27 by
respectively.
Fig. 27.
Cdnsequentlya
in the
contour
part
the
singularpoint i; and,
0 to +
joiningthe
as
on
tf-plane,
to
e""
origin
traces
out
which
and
is real,consists of the
from
curve
this contour,
00
.
expansionof d^/ch in
^i=
ar
"i=o
r'"
powers
of
is
this
pointto
increases
ft'om
336
THEORY
BESSEL
OF
[CHAP. X
FUNCTIONS
then
o"j
and
10-4
hence, by
have
(1),we
/
XT
(1)
"
(II) When
0 to
CO
62
2 cosh 7,
6i
-^--^^"
V
S
6 cosh- 7
"
63
20 cosh^ 7
4 cosh 7,
"
a
pure imaginary(= i^), t is real and increases
travels alongthe real axis from 0 to 00 ; and so
";
.-
Hence, from
''^"^
2(*^)''
is
7
as
that
It is easy to prove
bo= I,
r
\
H,(^)~-i/,(^)+p"
/-.x
from
(1
dn,
".)'-"
steadily
/;.-"
[^^^ *"|
4r.
" 1041
i ^'^H.(.)~F.(^)+^//^/";,,,
(2)
providedthat jarg
result
domain
From
results
corresponding
the
expectedthat
these results
be extended
can
of
manner
in the
somewhat
wider
" 8"42.
theoryof
are
to
Bessel functions,it is to be
domains
of
complex values
of the arguments.
In
we
can
pcirticular,
that,in the
prove
Ii"(vx)
(3)
when
1 1is large,|arg
1-
expressionon
[Note.
should
we
that
we
get
10"44.
When
"
lO'l
is
If in
have
a
(I)we
obtained
case
"
right.
had
taken
order
?;
is
two
as
from
magnitude
of
..,^
^^
''""^"^*
w"0
crosses
H,i (z)and
of
to
?"; =
e~" and
placeof
the line
thence
iJy(2). This
to
w=
"
i,
indicates
/3=0.]
E" (z).
the
negativeinteger,
is of the order
containingiJy (2)in
phenomenon
purelyimaginary argument,
.,,,7
.^
the contour
the formula
error
^''i''
"
of
I^ (vx)
fixed,and the
"
the
of Stokes'
of functions
ri+j(i+x^)
the
is
x
|" ^tt,
^
times
case
"
10-44, 10-45]
For, when
is
positive
integeror
337
FUNCTIONS
ASSOCIATED
have
we
zero,
r{hu
\)T{\m
\)
'
and
CO
"
"=o
and therefore,since
Jn(z)
,"
{\m
(1
1)r
pn) r (?i+
(i//i
+
1)
'
have
Jn(z),we
\"mri (l"\n+m
"
|m)
that is to say
(1)
E,.
In like manner,
=
??
"
L-)"ft
10'45.
We
when
E_. (.)
(2)
{s)=l%
ii^""^Ml"L^H,. (.).
shall
is
negativeinteger,
H-" (4
^"'-"-^Vtf""'"'
-
function.
prove the
i^
we
see
by
elementajymethod, we integrate
" 10'4(1)by
that,for values of exceeding|,
an
iw"
cos
cos
(.a;
6) sin-""^6
V{v + h)V{\) \i
(2z; 1)
'
/=
^^"^'fx
1
1
(2^' 1)
n
/
/ 1 X
(^ + 2)^ (i) I
4^
"
tvWtt
COS
['"cos
{x
cos
d) sin-"--^ cos
Odd]
h
sin^''--'6'
^ 11
cos
ddd"^
J
-
cos
{x cos 6)}dO
^0,
since the
*
Mem.
integrandis positive.
de
VAcad.
B. F.
de
St
extension
Petersbourg, (7)xxx.
of Struve's
no.
(188'2),
8, pp.
100"101.
The
proof.
22
338
OF
THEORY
When
be
cannot
h, the partialintegration
is less than
[CHAP. X
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
|,we
have
(^.)*(l-cos.^')^0,
Hi(.^")
=
is
the theorem
and
completelyestablished.
j'
1/
^
(
I sin (x
'
\lTXj
or
accordingas
i/
"
or
i^
The
"
theorem
function
is positivefor
sufficiently
largevalues.
functions
of x,
values
for the
an
essential
positivevalues
difference
between
i and
"
i/
Struve's
extended
more
function
result
not
merely
and
Bessel
shew
J^ {x)and
take the
we
proves the
of x when
integral.
Theisinger's
10 "46.
If
indicates
theorem
The
of this section
all
i-n)
that Struve's
for
Ivn
"
"
r(.'+*)r(i)
equation
7r2
/"in-
J -hn
f
/"*
r.
JUi'piQ
te'e
A-
1\"1
l + iz dz
'
IZ
and
the
choose
+itau
z=.
be
the
imaginary axis,indented
the
at
then
write
di"
pT
"
{h (^) I"oix))
=
+ *0)
{x cot ^) logtan (iir
cos
-^^
so
"
/o (^) Lo i-v)="i
(1 )
a
origin* and
find that
1^, we
TT
and
to
contour
formula
If
order
cos
given by Theisinger,MonatsheftefUr
^^
{x tan "/")
logcot {h"i")
Math,
und
Phys. xxiv.
(1913),p.
341.
we
find,on changing
replacex by .vsiu 6, multiply by sin 6, and integrate,
i
n
the
the
on
integrations
right,
absolutely
convergent integral
we
the
of the
-^ | f
'"
I
so
6de
that
'"
(2)
cos
on
The
presence
indentation.
of the
-^
the
rightin
logarithmic factor
powers
ensures
of
the
(f)
(p
x.
f
2'
\-e-'
'
This
curious
convergence
of the
integralround
tlie
340
is thus
function
The
-uUr L
/cos
_
equalto
/,
-vw)
'"'
'""
"""^'-'^'^
t=l,
I r(m-i/
i^Try
(m
(^^) 2-"/r
jlog
and
be
"- '"*
^"""".^-'
that*, near
it is known
Now
to
seen
[CHAP. X
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
OF
THEORY
1) + A/r
(m
|)r(m
i/
i;
i) /I
ty
1) + Vr(m
1)1
,
since
+ i)
"'-"\,-.n-.
/i-^r^^^^''^-^r(/.
2/ii^M+l
"^",-"..-"fL^M'",,J'-'r(M+i)
i:
V
2
obtain
we
the
"2'^^'^+i
expansion
asymptotic
iiT,"'(^)
(7) W, (^)
GC
+
TT
V(27r2^)
+
functions
Some
which
(m
yfr
^ + v)
"
^iri]
yfr{m+J)-\og2z"
been
The
10'6.
functions
composingYn{z).
The
order,may
integral
IX
be written
'""-^(n-m-\)\
of the second
("3"52)
'
,,
!)-"/.(.+
I^'"g(i^)-V'(''"+
+.!"Jid'+l)!
The
which
series
has
the
Cf.
kind, of
Barnes, QuarterlyJournal,
xxxix.
",.
1)1.
of four functions,each
(1908),p.
111.
of
10-6]
ASSOCIATED
341
FUNCTIONS
where
(2)
m
and
(of." 3-.582)
(-rd^f^"""
Un{z)=
(3)
The
pp. 142
functions
"
The
due
are
investigations
to
studied
by Schlafli,Math.
Tn {z)
Otti*
to Gi*af and
and
["(i
TT-d)
indicated
(z sin
sin
Ann.
by
the
ill.
(1871),
equations
Gublert.
by
simply represented
Tn{z) is most
function
(4)
To
been
recent
more
+ l)--"/r(l)}
{i/r(/|+w
?u!(n + "i)!
=0
the definite
integral
nO) d9.
that
(-y"(|2)"+-"*
Tn{z)
de
"i"_j"_j
{m
+
e) r (?i
1 +
e)Je=,
-r^y^
1
27rt
./_i
(/i+ 2m)!
27n\^".';"_i
2
TT
'7^^
where
t has been
e"'9(-i" sin
2,
V^+'^^
e=0
/"'"+"
(-)""(i^y^+--"^
(1 + tY+'''^
log^
j_i
(n + 2m)!
Lae,""_j,,_j
Jo
,.
CW,
"
(n + 27H)!
m"-irt-i
replacedby
^f +"-'".(^-Itt)
;;
"^^
f'^^^
eC-^'-'^ii.
It follows that
Now
(-
iz sin
^)"+2'"
(- iz sin ^)
jcosh
(n even)
(n odd)
_
~
(h
,^"_j"_j
and
2?/i)!
[sinh(-
iz sin
6)
so
TTl
Bern Mittheilungen,
1898, pp. 1"56.
Einleitimgin die Theorie der BesseVscken Funktionen,
treatise,
87, should also be consulted.
pp. 77
t
"
11.
(Bern,1900),pp.
42
"
09.
Loramel's
342
If 6 is
second
of
obtained
The
"
at
once.
r (1 +
~d_I (-)'^(1^)"+^"^
_9e,"=o
(o)
from
p-"w
-rr^
7/i
e)
"=0
e)j-,+,(^)}
that
sin
(n(9
-
sin
Recurr-ence
[^e-""-^smhf^^,
^) rf^ + (-)"
Jo
TT
From
(n +
6)
fiog(i^)-t(i)K"W
+
10*61.
1 +
"=0
deduce
!r
Ki^)-^r(i
ae
so,
[chap. X
FUNCTIONS
obtained by considering
^ in the integral
only the
replacedby tt
is
is due to Schlafli,
the formula (4),which
the two
exponentials,
Un {Z)
and
BESSEL
OF
THEORY
(Jn(z).
that
see
Tn-^{z)+Tn+^{z)-(27l/z)Tn(z)
=
sin (zsin ^
(Itt (9)
-
n^) {2cos
2n/z]dO
r (hir-6)^{cos(zsin d-ne)}de
-"
TTZ
civ
"
4
=
COS^
Jn (z),
^
??7r
integrating
by parts and usingBessel's integral.
on
Thus
(1)
T^ {z)+
Tn-. {z)+ 7^,,+,
{z) (2n/2)
=
Again
and
T"' (^)
=
/"'^
I (Itt
"
"
^)sin
{z sin ^
cos
nd)(^5*,
"
so
(2)
From
it follows that
these formulae
(3)
(SV+ n) Tn {Z)
(4)
(^
and
hence
(5)
"
(cf.
" 1012)
) Tn {z)
zTn-, (Z)
2 COS^
-z
Tn+,{z)+
IITT
2 cos^ * nTT
2 J"
(z),
2/" (^),
find that
we
V,jTn {z)
=
[zsin2 1
?i7r
cos^
Iwtt}
-
4h
Jn (z).
10-61, 10-62]
With
for Jn
ASSOCIATED
{z),Y" {z)and
combined
deduce
Sn [z),we
343
FUNCTIONS
with
the
" 10"6
from
formulae
corresponding
(1)that
(6)
(7)
f^"_:(Z)
Un+,{Z)
(8)
(^ + n) Un {z)
(9)^
(^-^0
U,(z)
V,,Un(z)
reader
may
to
T_n (z)
-zUn^,(z),
-2zJ,^,(z).
the definition,
" 10'6
(3).
we
tt
f"(1
7^
"
^) sin (z sin
^) sin (^ sin
(ivr
3-58(2)]
[of.""3-58(1),
the function
define
{21Z)J, {z),
from
verifythese directly
It is convenient
and
U,: (Z)
(10)
The
"
nO) cW
nO }"
"
inr)dd,
so
T_,,{z) (-r+^TA^).
(11)
We
define
now
it is then
found
t7_,{Z)
Series
shall
We
now
how
Tu (Z)+ Sn (z)].
Un{z).
to derive
the
expansion
Tn{z)= t -{Ju+2nAz)-Jn-,,niz)]
(1)
from
of
that
(12)
10-62.
method
"''
which
shall
we
is to substitute
use
sin 2m0
^---0=^
TT
in the
needs
^
values of 0.
To
series
justifythe process*,let
converges uniformly when
S and
S ^ ^ ^
be
tt
small positivenumbex's.
arbitrarily
S, we
"
^^
{\7T-6)The
pp. 257"
analysisimmediately following is
-262. The
value
of the constant
due
an
integer mo
Since
the
that
2m(9
sm
m=i
find
can
such
"f,
m
to D.
Jackson, Palermo
is 1-8519...
Rendiconti,
xxxii.
(1911),
344
OF
THEORY
throughout the
of 6 between
8 ^ 6 ^
range
0 and
-M^
2m0
sin
,
=
'
{l+2cos2^
Jrr
"^
sni
the
2cos2i"i!}o?^
f(M+h)^
07
Jtt I
ao;
./(23f+l).f.
'
the second
^tt,by
sin
dt=
mean-value
it is easy
of .r~isinjp
graph
to
that
see
the
last
expressioncannot
'-
"
jo
...
function.
(increasing)
By drawing
exceed
6 and
0 between
"
] ^
value of
SUl
[h^s\n('2,M+\)t
^
some
g
(
iTT ;
monotonic
+ 2cos4^
t
|''i'rsin(2i/+l)"
dt
all values
"l
m=l
for
Again, for
"
have
we
tt,
ir
[CHAP. X
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
dx in absolute
value
we
have
Tn{z)
I
J0
2
^
m=i
sm(2Sin^-"^)rf^
"*
sin 2?u^l
-^^
/TJ(i:r-^)[
2
'
[sin
(zsine-
nd)dd
"i
m=l
sin
U
J TT-Sj 11'
(2
sin 6
"
n6)\d6
"
m=l
"-{7r.48 + (7r-2S)f}^,
where
is the upper
Since
(2J.8
4-
bound
of
|sin {zsin 6
n6) |
an
I r 'i'^-?^
sin (zsin
Tn {z)=-
and
nd) cW
I3r
series of Bessel
and
as
that, in
power
10"63.
series
that
definition
given in
" 10 Q
t)=
m=
This
expansion was
(z)
(3).
series
of Bessel coefficients.
expansion
Tn(z
(1)
("3'581) as
was
Graf'sexpansionof T^ {z+ t) as
defined
discovered
Tn-,,{t)J^\z),
"00
by Schlafli,Math.
Aitn.
iii.
(1871),p.
146.
10-63, 10-7]
that
for,from
T;^(^+ ^)
["(
1
TT
TTl
sin
345
FUNCTIONS
ASSOCIATED
j/i
0) dd
cc
TT
(71-m)l9)r/^,
CO
series under
since the
the order
and
of summation
vergent,
integralsign is uniformlyconbe changed,and the
integration
may
the
result is evident.
The
There
pp. 425
444, as
"
includes
as
(1)
where
this
V,y
k and
kz"-+\
(^ + 1).
+ \r-- v^-]
[{f,
{(^+ 3)^ .^j
,r-
(-)-(iy"+--^
=kz^-^
^,
+ l)r(l^
I (-)"n(l^)em+2r(l;.-l^
,_i
rightare
is evidentlyundefined
s^^^{z)
odd negativeinteger*.Apart from
(1) is evidently
an
solution of
(3)
2/
In like
manner
the
|. + |)
+
^)
in the form
written
function
is
on
brevitythe expressions
The
integralof
particular
with
is
z'^^'^,
beginning
that
of
equation,
proceedingin ascendingpowers
/x +
It is easy to shew
constants.
/* are
(2)
For
S^^y(z)and s^^t,{z).
functions
function,which
8n {z)of Neumann
plicated
com-
more
{z+ t).
equallysimple expressionfor "/""
no
genesisof LommeV
The
10"7.
A
to be
seems
use
either of the
when
numbers
general
+ A-S,,,(0).
'^,(2r)
generalsolution
of
IS
y-z-'-^''-'Hr^,{z)+ks,,A^))-
(5)
*
The
solution
of the
values
of
/x
and
is discussed
in
" 10-71.
346
THEORY
Next
let
us
consider
the
assume
as
parameters."We
where
(z)and
BESSEL
OF
solution of (1)
of
determined
J,{z)A'(z)+ J_A^)B'(z)
that
see
;7r
z'^ J_^
sm
Hence
(6)
where
i/
of
B{z)
z"^ Jy
2 sin
sm
{")dz.
vTT
(1) is
J^ {z)
z^
J_^ {z)dz
J_^ {z)
J^ {z)dz
z^
vK
a
Similarly
{z)dz,
v-TT
solution
equations
kz^-\
lTT
A(^)
of
0,
the
by
of "variation
method
the
by
solution*
functions
{z)are
[chap. X
FUNCTIONS
are
arbitrary.
integrals
of (1) which
solution
of
v,
whether
integersor not, is
(7)
i^'T^ F, {z)
z^
J^ {z)dz
./,{z)
z^
Y^ (s)dz
real
It is easy to see that, if both of the numbers
positive
/x + i^ + 1 have
If we
expand
parts,the lower limits in (6) and (7) may be taken to be zero.
the
integrandsin ascendingpowers
as a
rightin (6) is expressible
power
than
"
/m "
is
odd
an
Ave
the
that
see
containingno
we
integer,
negative
the
expressionon
of z
powers
neither
(3),it follows that, since
series
Hence, from
z^'^^,
z^^^,z^'^'^,
numbers
of z,
other
of the
have
must
TT
(8) V..(^)
J^ {z)
In
(9)
and
in this formula
It should
(10)
(z)dz
zi^ Jv
J.
was
supposed that
of the second
l7r
we
{z)dz
Jo
result it
functions
s^^Az)
z'' /.^
VTT
obtainingthis
introduce
we
2 sin
Y^ {z)
may
be observed
z^
kind,
we
J^ {z)dz
proceedto
is not
integer;but
an
if
find that
J^ {z)
the limit in
that,in Pochhammer's
z^
Y^ (^)dz
making
notation
an
integer.
("4"4),
V^(^)-(^_^l)(^^^_^l)
+
x,2^2(l; \ii-\v^\,\ii^\v
*
Cf.
is not
Forsyth,Treatise
an
on
\\ -\z').
integer.
The
"
Bessel's
equation.
348
THEORY
OF
BESSEL
[CHAP.X
FFNCTIONS
the variable
z.
Recurrence
10*72.
It is evident
formulae satisfied
hy LommeVs
functions.
from
that is to say
Again,it is easy
verifythat
to
,_i
{z),
that
so
(2)
and
1) s^_,,^_i (z),
v-
similarly
(3)
On
^(z) (fl-V-l)
sV. (z) (viz).9^,
results
{2v/z)
s^^^(z) (^ + v-l)
(4)
+ V-l)
2sV,.(^) {fJ'
(o)
The
S^i, ^+1
"
we
.9^_,,
,_,
obtain
(z).
the formulae
(z)-{fx-v-l)
S^_,,^.i{z)+ {fM-v-
s^,, ,+1
1) S^_i.^+i (z).
the type
"S^_(z);
^
the functions
of
functions
of
by
that
so
(6)
(z),
S,^,,(z)
=
z'^^^-{(^ + iy-
"^|,SV.(z),
.
0)
+
(Z)+ {viz)
S,,,(Z) {fji
S',,.
(8)
(z),
S'^^^z) (vjz)
S^^,(z) (fM-v-l) 5f^,.,+,
1) "^^_,._,
(z),
V-
{2vlz)S,^,(z)^(fi+v-l)S^,,^_,{z)-(fi-v-l)S^.,^,^,{z),
(9)
(10)
These
due
to
not
in all
formulae
Lommel,
"
completelysatisfactory.
cases
10' 73.
be transformed
in various ways by using
may
Math. Ann. ix. (1876),pp. 429
432, but his methods
LommeV
when
functionsS^^y(z)
fi
"v
is
an
odd
negative
integer.
undetermined
form when /j, v or fi + v
an
" 10"71 (2) assumes
define
is an
odd negativeinteger*.We
in terms
of
can
easily
'S^"_2p_i,v(^)
10'72
which
of
(6)
"
gives
'S"_i,^(^)
by a repeateduse
The
m
(1)
formula
"
.,x
9
^.-.p-^,Az)
(.yn,.-.p^.n
(-)PS^_,,^{Z)
"^^
+
_-^ 2.^^ (_^^^^^(^ _^)^^^ 2..^,(1 ^)^
"
odd
even
function
of
v,
it is sufficient to consider
the
case
in which
fi-v
is
an
10-72,10-73]
We
lini
^"_i,{2)
(2)
of
limitingform
the
S^^i"(z)by
define
next
349
FUNCTIONS
ASSOCIATED
72
" 10
(6),namely
'
+ 1/ + 1)j
y +
1)(/U,
1_(/L6
"
"
^^^_l
The
(which
numerator
when
fx
1, and
v"
so,
function
analytic
theorem*
by L'Hospital's
is
of /x
an
near
/x
l)
"
vanishes
S^_,^^(z)^
=
Jfl
Z,V
'
.
P"1
verifythat
it is easy to
Now
IJ.=
\,Zo{m+
.-1
(2logz
iy.r(v+m
2)
+ y}r(v+l)-^|r
{m
^|r{\)
2)
(v +
yjr
2)}.
Also
d
+ f)r(l^
^{2'^+ir(l/.-l^
y^i
M=i'-i
_
2"
r(i.+ 1) sin
ii. +
I) rCl/i+
vir
+l)
l^|r(v
|-f(1)+
{log2 +
^7rcotvir},
and
'd_
r (l/x
{2'^+!
-
d/jb
and
(/^ ^)77}
+ l),
2''-^7rr{v
i'"
it follows that
(-r(i^)""
i=o^"i!r{v + 'in+
i^T(z.) S
"Sf,_,,(^)
(3)
{2\oghz
y}r{v +
integer)we
positive
to
apjjears
be
1)
1)
f (m
2"--^tt T
1)}
nugatory whenever
only when
is,in effect,
integer,
nugatory
a
1)cos
jn
hence
and
ii; +
i'
0 ; for when
by
v
v
"
is
7i
(v)Y, (z),
negative
(where
the formula
(2),
(z) 'S-w-i,
"S^_"_i,_n
=
in which
To
the function
discuss the
case
the
on
in which
i'
V,
which
(z)-
'S-i,o(2),
gives
0, we
^,{s''^'-^%^2,0(^)}
M=-l
Since
{^
S, ,,,,{z)=^z--^{V
+ 2"
it
f)}-^2
'^J
+ i)}2{cosAyxTTJ'o(z)
{r (l/L.
-
Sin
i/xTTJo (--)),
on
reduction,that
follows,
Cf.
Bromwich,
is
350
OF
THEORY
10*74.
From
Functions
BESSEL
[CHAP. X
FUNCTIONS
in terms
expi-essible
of LomtneVs
functions.
0.,,n
{z)
{Z) (If2) S,^
0^,^+1
^n. (Z),
(1)
and
Schlafli's polynomialSn{z) is
S^ (z)
(2 )
to
possible
of Lommel's
{0"J, (z)
^1-"
the
equations
2,"
the
express
in terms
similarly
expressible
by
4m
It is also
+ 1 )/^}
{(2//i
{z),
/S",
,,n+x
zi^ J^
importantintegrals
{z)dz,
functions ; thus
Y^ {z)dz
z"^
have
we
,_i
,_;
zJ, {z)^^_2.{z),
,
On
" 10'72
(8)
and
[' J,{z)dz
z^
the
proofsof
(4)
and,
(z)
{fi+ v-l) zJ^ (z)"SV_3.
._,
shew
nature
same
and using
equations,
zJ,^,(z)/Sf^.
(z),
that
generally,
{^ v-l) z^, (z)S^_,
j^z'^K{z)dz
+
of
Specialcases
the functions
(6)
these
{,^ v-l)zY,(z)S,_,,,_,(z)-zY,.,(z)S^,^(z),
j%:^Y^iz)dz
more
(5)
+ {fi
zJ, (z)S^_,{z)
+ v-l) zJ,_,(z),Sf^_,,
(z).
,_i
the
on
f z^,,, (z)
0)
Of these
(1876), pp.
these
formulae
rightreduce
dz
to Neumann's
I-J^%"
z^
r ''^2,0+,
(Z)dz
"
444;
be
(6) and
noticed
(z)0,,_,(z) "^^,_,(z)0,",(^)l
-
(7)
were
Cylinderfunktionen
(Leipzig,
1904), p.
It should
^Z {'(^,,ri+,
(Z)S^" (Z) %rn (z)^2m+i(z)].
obtained
are
,_,
that
contained
in Lommel's
given by Nielsen,
Lommel's
some
function,in those
ix.
der
misprints.
eases
when
it is
10-74, 10-75]
ASSOCIATED
351
FUNCTIONS
in
expressible
finite terms, is
The
connectingthe
functions
formulae
2''r{v + m)
lit i
are*
2m
+
z
(^)
A
2''+^r(^^+m + l)
X-
2w
i/
l^
.,
of
terms
("')
(^ .+..
(^) dz
^.p(^^^,^^
,.
2/M
The
function
defined
2m
the series
by
+ 2'"
(-)'"2''
lor(i/
+ 2??i+
)((.
in great detail
analogousto those of
generalfunction seems
Tiie
integral
v
Messenger,xxxiii.
incorrect
H.
i)
insufficient
.-s
dt has
been
58 ; and
pointed out
the
justifyan
to
i)*''+7,i^^'*
r(..+
Voung
Bessel functions,but
(1904),p.
(as was
by W.
4:Z'
this function
increase
of
account
of them
studied
(when
by Kapteyn)
and
is
he stated that,when
possesses
many
the value
more
here.
integer)by
an
n, its value
for
properties
Lommel's
simplicityover
H. A.
Wel)b,
generalvalues
of
is
is J
{"'^'uA-2)-^'%Ku{-Z)}Iz,
when
Ji (v)"
0 and
The
10'75.
We
shall
|arg {-z')\"7r.
asymptoticexpansionof S^"(z).
shew
now
then
positive
integers,
"^
(;. 1)^
-
^.^
[(f, If
-
v^-\
{(^ 3)-^
z"-
when
not
odd
V-
z*
Let
take the
us
_^
/Stti
The
integral
ni-lfi
p.-Phi
j
_co/_^,+j
contour
r(^
+
"
is to be drawn
^v-sjTi^-lfM-^v-s)
+ ^v) r (I
^/j,
"
by taking^j to
h/J' ^f)
TTJ-Uy-'ds
'
"
be
an
sinsTT
Oegenbauer, Wiener
Silzungsberichte,lxxiv.
(2),(1877),p. 126.
+ QuarterlyJournal, xliii.
177.
(1911),pp. 161
I Cf. Gubler, Zurich Vierteljahrsschrift,
xlvii.
(1902),pp. 422"428.
"
" Proc.
London
Math.
Soc.
cf.
352
THEORY
OF
BESSEL
[CHAP. X
FUNCTIONS
[arg
|"
tt,
and
it may
be
without
seen
from the
be shewn
It may
when
that the same
integrand,
at
centre
p
tends
that R
"
through any
function
asymptoticexpansionof the Gamma
round a semicircle,
of radius R with
integrated
f on the rightof the contour, tends to zero fis R-^oo
provided
in such a manner
that the semicircle never
to infinity
passes
the
the
of
integrand.
polesof
"
the
It follows that
expressiongiven above
is
equal to
the
sum
of the
residues of
^'^
'
"
r(^-ifi
at
the
iv)r{i-ifi-iv)
sinsTT
s
points
0,-1,-2,. ..,-(^-1),
1,2,3,...,
1
2
2A*
2/^
When
we
^^1
2^''
_1,,
3_1,,
2/^2*''
2
2^"
2A''+2'"
1,, _li,
"
'
(-)'"r{l-ifi
5_1,,
_!,.
2/*
2'^---)
2^^2*^'
find that
we
^v + 711)r (I
l/i
1
1;
m)
_j
,_,
(-rr(i
T{l"v-\-m)
r(|-|yu.+ |i^)sini'7r^=oWi!
2"-^7rra+ia-i.)
-^
(-rd^r-^
so
that
sini/TT
X
/_, (z)
[cosl(/jL-v)7r.
and
so,
and
this is
to
equivalent
have
the
cos
J, (z)]
l(fi+ i')'7r.
=
the formula
asymptoticexpansionstated
in
(1).
0 (z'^-'P),
10-8]
10'8.
353
Henii-cylindrical
functions.
Functions
the single
recurrence
Sn{z) which satisfy
=
combined
formula
2S,/ (^)
(1)
with
S,{z) -S:{z)
(2)
have
FUNCTIONS
ASSOCIATED
studied
been
in
They
functions.
cylindrical
It is evident
that S^i{z)is
in
expressible
the form
where
fn (^)satisfiesthe
combined
and the
polynomial
formula
recurrence
with
/o(^) l, /(^)
=
It follows
by
-e
(cf.
" 9"14) that
induction
/n(^)=H{-^
and
v(r+i)i"+{-i-v(r+i)}'a
therefore
S"{z)=^[{-D
(3)
^{D-^+l)]-+{-D-,/{D-^+ l)\n].s,{z).
values
(1)holds for negative
If it is supposedthat
S_n{z)
(4)
To obtain
an
alternative
J''^^'
of n, it is
easy to
sinh t, and
{-Qmhnt
"1
that
{-rSn{z).
to (3),put ^
expression
thenf
(wodd)
2l ^
'
see
4l
"
"
{n even)
n{n'- 1-)
n
^
'r----^^
[-1,^-
3;
(^odd)
Hence
a-
n-
+
So {z) + ^ So" (z)
2|--" \-y
"
(5)
S"(^)
(n^
"^
"
So {z)
So
{z}-
Sn(z),Un {z)and
It should
be remarked
that
not
the
functions of
*
Math.
no
....
xvi.
Hobson,
(1880),pp. 1"0,
Fhme
{n odd)
formula
^S.(^)
Ann.
t See e.g.
B. P.
(n even)
are
singlerecurrence
=
w.
.,.
hemi-cylindrical
functions,
functions.
hemi-cylindrical
+ X.+,(^)
S,_,(^)
givesrise to
So'^{z)+
but
2^)
^
41
polynomials.
71"80.
Tiigonometry (1918),"264.
23
354
We
theorem
TJie addition
10*81.
shall
BESSEL
OF
THEORY
functions.
for hemi-cylindrical
establish Sonine's
now
importantexpansion*
S",(^+ 0=
(1)
function
inside
as
or
contour
contain
whose centre
is
circle,
largest
of the hemi-cylindrical
singularity
any
circle C with
centre
such that So
(^) has
no
singularity
on
Ziri
The
Jn{t)S,^-n{z);
00
"
consideration.
under
Take
the
at
[CHAP. X
FUNCTIONS
^"z
uniformlyon
series converges
iTTl
"
,i=o
we
have
^-^d^
^. l.nJn{t)fni-^)\
V dzj
^-z
2in
,j=o
"^
so
d\
"nJn{t)fn[-J-^j^m{z)dz
=J^.,./.("/"(-|)/.,.(j'
it is easy to
But
verifythat
(f).
2/n(- ^)/" (^) =/r"-"(f)+ (-)"/""+"
so
that
S^(0
i Jn{t)[S,n-n{t)
+ {-T^,n^n{t)],
^o(OSm(^)+
M
Sonine's
whence
It should
type than
formula
be noticed
is obvious.
function,namely
hemi-cylindrical
function
one
which
of
general
more
equation
the equationS-^{z)
satisfying
without
fn
and
so
the
formula
the formulae
*
XVII.
Math.
Ann.
of
(-^)S", {Z)
xvi.
934
and
(1880),pp. 4"8.
See
stillhave
""5-3,91,
(1880),pp. 85"86.
we
So'(^),
"
thus
have
an
alternative
proofof
10-63.
also
Konig, Math.
Ann.
v.
; ibid.
356
OF
THEORY
BESSEL
F,(z)
(9)
and
are
independentof
It remains
z,
Y, (z)\d,+ iTT
J, (0
that
c^
and
c?"can
be chosen
zJy-i(^)
c.
""
^TT
I Y, (t)
m^
the
method
(0 dt\
,
be
to
be
so
the
to
comes
taken
thing)
same
zJ^_^{z)j(
+
^,
to
(5) by
J,(z)\c,-l7rY,{t)^,(t)dt
where
solve
solution is
The
of variation of parameters.
[chap. X
FUNCTIONS
_1,
Y,_,{t)7n^_,{t)dt\
'
2 TT
"v"\
(t)dt\-a^
^^-1
{z),
that is to say,
^J"^_i
{z)
Y" (0
-l'^\\
--1
^F,_i(2) d^
But
(/,_!
+ Itt
it is easy to
^.
(0
{J,(t)^At)-
ofp (z)=
0.
verifythat
since
zJ^_^{z)\c"
+
and
c^_i
{z)^, (z)
F, {z)a, (z)
Itt
i(ll)
d,
c^_i
d,_,
^TT{F^_i (a)yS^_i(a)
Itt
a,(z) 0,
F^ (a)a^ (a)]}
to
Itt[F^_i (a)/3^_i(a)
c"_i +
|(10)
(z)'^,_,{z\
t^,_i
(3) is satisfied if
-
this condition,by
-
so
^F^_i {z)\d^
zJ^_i(z){c^
to
and
satisfied;
isr,
._,
dz
to
F^ (a)"^ (a)),
choose
c"
0.
and
d^
10-82]
and
ASSOCIATED
the
difference
the
difference
condition
(1) and
as
^^
of
by
of
are
in
is
(8)
solution
of
two
same
satisfied, then
are
solutions
sufficient,
be
may
well
as
given
the
of
these
(4).
whose
type
throughout)
i/
if
that,
verifying
solution
condition
the
so
is
by (9)
existence
the
for
replaced
equations
and
known*;
difficulty
no
(with
(z) given
of F^
These
If,
have
equations
value
as
will
reader
357
FUNCTIONS
as
of
pair
regarded
necessary,
functional
tions
equa-
(2).
00
-^
f^(z)
S
where
0, then
"
we
0(z^-%
make
may
so
that
solution
general
F, (z)
(12)
7ri(i/) and
Some
Note.
be
of
of
formulae
deduce
to
(0
["J,
ItT
periodic
of
Mat.
(t)
which
(3)
of
dtl
,
with
period
17
pp.
"
unity.
(2) 07ili/are
satisfy equation
(1901),
v.
dtl
functions
functions
di
^.
Thus,
31.
to
from
{z)+F,
(2vlz) F(z)
^,{z)-
2g, {z)lz,
that
F,,,,{z)
(13)
ItT,
(l/)
A)in.
paper,
["F,
type
F"
it is easy
Itt
properties
earlier
the
(v)
rt"_i
arbitrary
are
interesting
Nielsen's
in
found
set
773(1/)
L,
have
we
written
be
F, (Z)
where
and
zc
,
cti,
c""i,
may
/, {z)
h^~
oo
-*-
0{zi-^),
Cy
the
g^{z)
F,{z)R",,{z)-F,_,{z)R,,.,,,^,{z)
n-l
the
first
and
the
Math.
An
terms
two
series
is the
of
account
Soc.
(2)
11.
the
on
right
particular
various
(1904),
are
complementary
gv^-miz)Rn-m-hv^m
function
of
the
given
by
\{z);
difference
equation,
integral.
memoirs
pp.
the
(2/2)
438"469.
dealing
with
such
equations
is
Barnes,
Proc.
London
CHAPTER
XI
ADDITION
The
11*1.
THEOEEMS
of addition
general nature
theorems.
It has been
and
to Weierstrass*, it is not
Jv (Z) and
of
addition
as
Jy (z). That
in the
theorems
There
however,
are,
addition
the
is to
strict
the
In
that
say,
as
due
algebraicfunction
an
functions
do
not
possess
term.
which
of formulae
of functions
case
"\-z)
Bessel
of the
sense
for functions
formula
Jv{Z
express
classes
two
theorems.
; and
coincide
possible
to
not
are
of order
first kind
of the
commonly
the
zero
described
classes
two
is
00
Jo {'\/{Z'^
+ Z-
2Zz
"
^)}
cos
7)1
which
has
The
Heine
on
|,who
addition
Neumanns
shall
We
as
integral;
confluent
is due
another
of the
form
to
Neumann
proof is
addition
f,
due
to
theorem
functions.
Legendre
11*2.
the formula
obtained
m(f",
of Parseval's
transformation
" 4"82.
in
depends
for
indicated
already been
establish
now
theoi'eni^.
result
the
00
^0 M
(1)
CT
all the
The
1893) ;
Ch.
xni
variables
theorem
see
Phragmen,
for
proofs
XHandbuch
Analysis, "
""
vii.
"
to
of
2^
2Zz
have
cos
0),
general complex
Schwarz'
edition
and
of
values.
Weierstrass'
Forsyth, Theory
(Berlin,
lectures
of Functions
(1918),
Functionen
Kugelfunctionen,
i.
70.
(Leipzig,1867), pp.
-lO
(Berlin, 1878),
340"343;
pp.
"
cf.
" 5-71
and
Modern
15'7.
" In addition
XVI.
der
sJiZ^+
theorem.
BesseVschen
der
Theorie
of the
in
Math.
Acta
supposed
are
stated
was
7/10,
write
and
to Neumann's
(1880"1881),
pp.
201"202.
treatise
di Torino,
-3]
11-1-11
We
ADDITION
THEOREMS
If''
^TT
which
the
of 6 with
/"'"
^TTJ
-n
function
analytic
359
sr
and a, the
We
period27r.
_^
integrandbeinga periodic
suppose that a is defined by
next
equations
sin
ts
and
it is then
cos
"
(f),
-ur
cos
a.
sin "^,
apparent that
\
,/"(ct)
=
["
.
X"
exp
2^ S
}H
^) sin ^
^^ cos
"
i^
sin
cos
^]c?^
cf)
((^-6)f^0
gj/it9+(zsin
/,"(2)
X
^TT
)".= =
HI
[i(Z
X
:
"
-
"l
the
interchangeof
./",(^)J..(^)e-'^
X
"
the order
the
uniformityof convergence
the
of
periodicity
If
the
of summation
formula;
J511
see
LXi.
of order
"
of
differ
"
before the
were
only in sign,we
obtained
by Clebsch,
of Neumann's
publication
'4.
addition
Neumann's
v
(1863),pp. 224
Graf'sgeneralisation
of Neumanns
11*3.
order
correspondingformulae
filrMath.
the next
integrand.
we
Journal
followingfrom
integration
from
step following
and
of the series,and
theorem
has been
form'tda.
extended
to
functions
of
arbitrary
different ways.
The
extension
which
to be of more
seems
is due
to
Graf*, whose
importance in physicalapplications
in two
immediate
form uJ^ is
iZ
(^
this formula
and
ze~^)^^
J^{^).\^^\
(1)
is valid
"
ze^
""
J,^,"(^)/,"(^)e-*,
III =-00
providedthat
both
of the numbers
are
\ze^''^\
less
thanj^l.
*
pp. 59
Math.
"
p. 241.
61.
xliii.
(1893),pp. 142
specialcase of the result
Aim.
A
"
144
has
and
Verhandlungen
also been
obtained
der
by Nielsen, Math.
Ann.
lii.
1896,
(1899),
360
THEORY
BESSEL
OF
[CHAP. XI
FUNCTIONS
"
To
the
prove
is convergent in
m=
"
'x
^T!"*
is
r
exp\lZ(t--)\
s-7
(,
-a)exp(-"a)
in interchanging
the
specialdifficulty
*.
integration
there
where,
-07
For
-sr
all admissible
w-contour
We
to start
then
+ z^
\/{Z'^
is taken which
makes
"
2Zz
cos
(f"),
of the square
root
^^0.
of z, the
values
or negative.This
positive
and
{Z- ze''l')/t
^ju,
-uTU,
supposednow
Z when
ze-''^)t
usual,
as
it is
-^
of summation
write
{Z
and
/J
order
no
Now
J,,(z)e-^'Ut
"---'
w=-oo
from
phase
determination
and
end
at
oo
"
of
is
"ay/Z
of
-nr
exp("
renders
now
it
where
1/9),
acute
an
to
possible
y3
arg
angle,
take the
zsr.
have
i-.l^^^)'r
m=-oo
27rl V
CT
exp
h.
J-ooexp{-ip) [
^
')]
(u
V
uj }
-
v''+'
(Z-ze-'^\^^
this is Graf's result.
we
define the
anglei/rby
Z
where
yjr
^^
as
relation indicated
"
-^
by
cos
(3)
"
sin
yjr,
may
be written
00
we
yjr,
t
Wl=
Cf. Bromwicb,
Graf's formula
and
e-^'*M^)=
*
nr
i /.+,.(^)/,.(^)e'"'*
(tsr)
changingthe signsof ^
"
Fig.28), then
and, on
cos
OT
equations
e"^^/.
(2)
the
"
have
J.^m{Z)Jm{z)e--^'\
00
Series,"
Theory of Infinite
176.
obtain
the
11-3]
361
THEOREMS
ADDITION
it follows that
whence
(4)
olll
""
jn=
oill
00
"
Fig. 28.
and
in,
deduce
readily
we
from
that
8'54
(5)
sin
and
'
'
"^
sm
,"-_"
so
(6)
sm
The
formula
of
applications
If
given by
(5) was
Ann.
and
sill
Qo
"
Neumann
due
are
XLV.
the formulae
replaceZ, z
we
)"
XLVii.
Schwarzschild, Math.
to
Ann.
lv.
equationsby iZ, iz
in,these
specialcase
(1896),p.
356.
Some
0;
(1902),pj). 177
and
i-^
see
physical
"
247.
respectively,
it is apparent that
0)
sin
1M=
)"
"rr,
"
Olll
00
00
(8)
bill
Of these
iij=" =
)H
stated
(7)was
results,
!5J11
cr
X
"
by Beltrami, Atti
della R. Accad.
di
Torino,xvi.
(1880
"
should
results,obtained by taking(^=|7r,
special
following
9^,{m)(,o%v^=
(10)
S
{-rK+,m+i{Z) J,m+,{z),
'^,(B7)sini;r/r=
?Ji
cos
""^,
"
{-y^9^.+,,n{Z)J,"^{^\
(9)
where
be noticed
=-st
sin
yfrand
\z\" \Z\.
For
the
362
THEORY
BESSEL
OF
[CHAP. XI
FUNCTIONS
theorem.
11 '4.
addition
Gegenhauer^'s
The
of Neumann's
addition theorem
was
generalisation
the
of
before
publication
by Gegenbaiier*nearly twenty years
second
obtained
of
type
Graf's paper.
If Neumann's
of
" 111
is differentiated
times with
respect to
find that
"^,we
cos
formula
Jn ("r)
-^^
tsr'^
(1)
This formula
"
e.
order
by Gegenbauer to functions of non-integral
differential equations(see" ir42); but
of the theory of partial
by means
Soninef gave a proofby a direct transformation of series,and this proof we
shall now
reproduce;it is to be noted that, in (1),^ is not restricted (as in
" 11 '3)with
We
extended
was
reference
Z.
to
take Lommel's
^ (- hh)pj.^A^)
^
and
in
if we
replacef and h by Z'^+ z^ and "2Zzcos(})respectively;
it is found that
for brevity,
placeof J^ (otj/ct"
J.+pW(Z^+2')}
(Zzcos"t")P
I (-yzP+^COSP"f" J^p^giZ)
"
^
by
and
further
write O
^ro,to 2^.p\ql
of
application
Lommel's
'
Z'^^
expansionwith ^
and
r(p
k)
replacedby
Z^
2l
But, by
" 5-21,
v+p+2k
ql
J,+p+g{Z)_ 9
T^
29
{:,k\{q-k)\
p +
iy"^^^'^^^^'
and
Tiv
p-^q+k
so
4 (-)g {v + v^ 2k) r (v +
P +
k) zP^'i
cos^
Z"
+ q+k+l)
^ro^ro^ro 2'^plkl{q-k)ir{,"-\-p
the
J,+j,+^Zl
tripleseries
on
the
with
00
00
/)=0g-0
qi
S
A:-0
Z'^^^
r (r + p + A;)
zP^-^'i
/.\^^
r (j,
+ p ^ 2k) r{v+p
2P+-2q+2kj)i
^.)!
_
Wiener
t Math.
Sitzungsberichte,lxx.
Ann.
xvi.
(2),(1875),pp. 6
(1880),pp. 22"23.
"
16.
q + k +
i)
364
THEORY
OF
BESSEL
[CHAP. XI
FUNCTIONS
in obtaining
though it is used implicitly
some
of the results
givensubsequently
in this section.
Unlike
the
is so
" 11"4, the formula is true only when l^'l
small that both the inequalities
|ze^^^ \"\^\ are satisfied;but, in provingthe
formula, it is convenient first to suppose that the further inequalities
formulae
of
+ z''\,\z\"\Z\
\2Zzcos(f"\"\Z^
satisfied.
are
We
then
Lommel's
use
P!
i)=0
which
is valid when
It is then
^ ^
found
^
^
-
"
|^|.
alterations
by making slight
(-)y+i{v ^- 2i + 2k)V {-
"3oA/t=o
|A
P+
.;i,C""X
2"^
{v+p
~,.=oA=o
SO
the
q-
of 1 11"4
analysis
2k)T{v
p\k\
r
p +
Z"
k) cosy ^ J_,_p_^(Z)J,+p+,k
(z)
Z^
+
(i/
k) cos
"'"^^
requiredresult
Z"
%^
^-7/^^
is established
z^
{m-2k)lk\
(.) i (-r (^ + m)
under
that
2^^-^-p\k\n\Y{\-v-p-k)
piok%
2-' r
'2k)r(-v-p-2k-
2''+"'-2^{v + m)
I "4"^(-)m-fc
in the
2-^'iplk\(q-k)ir{l-v-p-k)
+
(-)P+'(i^
I I i-y^^
the form
z"
G^" (COS,/,),
the conditions
the last
is an
expression
circle of convergence
analyticfunction
when
of the series*
I (y + 7n)Z-'"-"^
,"=o
and
of
z'^
Cm''(cos(b)
r(l -v-m)T{\-\-v^-m)
'
of the series
0^" (cos"^).
(^Ij
the
Cf.
" 5-22.
11-41]
365
THEOREMS
ADDITION
whole
of
of values
for which
I^e*** I" i^ I
"
replacey by
If in (1) we
Again,if
values of
^^-P 2" r
(3)
and
(2),we
see
of
(.) 2
%^" %M
(. + m)
C," (coscf"),
generally.
so,
^)
(4)
If in
ir4
consideration,
under
now
find that
combine
we
i^ we
"
make
(8) we
and
^-0
Co"(cos 0)
2^r(.)
lim
use
(.+^)%i^)^%^c',/(cos"^).
the formulae
(cos 0)}
[r {v)(v + m) C,,,"
cos
mcj), (m i^0)
find that
we
00
Fo(t3-)=S
(5)
cos
",nY,n{Z)J,n.(z)
m(f).
m=0
formulae
The
not
been
to
Gegenbauer,
and
(5) was
"
"
327.
If
replaceZ, z
we
this section
we
^-#
(6)
and
by iZ, iz
ot
and
in the formulae
of
" 11'4
and
find that
2^ r
tJT-
(.) S
,"
(-)'"(. + m)
o
%^^
%^^
Z"
C^" (cos"/"),
Z-
(7)
J^_-Ap
2''r{v) i (-)-(.+,n)^^^^"%^6;/(cos
(8)
^"
Of
pp. 156
2^ r
(.) i (. + m)
^^^ ^^^
C.,r(cos"^).
Math. Soc.
formulae, (8) is due to Macdonald, Proc. London
Neumann
in
the
specialease
given by
157; while (6) and (7) were
these
"
xxxii.
v
(1900),
366
THEORY
The
in the
2
formulae
case
and
(b
If
^.
V(/-'+
are
of
special
physical
importance
kr
0 for Z.
and
by writingkxt,
become
cos
6)
fl"'-2arcos^)
a-
Z;v'(?^
+
cos
^ ^^
V(r^+
a-
2ar
"
""
2ar
-2ar
cos
6?)
(9)
cos
{" AVC?*^+
v(^
a^
"
0-"
2ar
2or
cos
cos
^)
^)}
l)^^iii"iA^^'Ii"i"^)p,"(
(2,"+
\ "
171=0
These
point on
centre
formulae
of
are
importance
is at the
at
If "f)
TT, we
If 0
|7r,we
Z=z.
the
6=0,
reader
from
Ann.
the
lxxv.
of (4) were
which
from a
pulsationsemanate
in presence of a sphere whose
origin,
(1914),p.
pointedout
141
et
seq.
by Gegenbauer,and
have
have
and
is taken
"if^
alreadyobtained
formula
\r
problems in
followingspecialcases
worth recording
:
are
in
distance
The
V'*
V"
fi.=0
exp
[CHAP. XI
FUNCTIONS
the notation
change
we
sin k vX/^ +
.^^
BESSEL
" 11"4
of
see
we
OF
should
consult
to
("o'o) by
be /",
different method;
Gegenbauer,Wienei'
in this connexion
lxxv.
Sitzungsherichte,
(2),
(1877), p. 221.
More
taking Z=z,
generally,
^=^0, 'fe'Y/",,we
cases
Gegenbauer,loc.cit.givesalso special
(b
TT.
(^ ^ TT.
=
have
by taking
11-42]
Again,it
that*, if B{v)"
be shewn
can
0/
I sin-" (^Cm" (cos(/))
providedthat R{v)
so,
and,
fV(-^'+
T" '^".'
Kx
simple proof of
functions
"
\,
"
V2/
2/
0)*"
^'
2^^
4")]
^
cos
first kind,
of the
proof for
direct
"
.,.
^^
^z,
.^
in which
the cylinder
0 and
m
given by Sonine, Math. Ann. xvx. (1880),
the first kind is due to Kluyver, Proc. Section
f, in the specialcase
this formula
functions
are
Another
p. 37,
y'^^'V)
[~22''-J(^
+ m).m!{r(i/)p
-\-m)
{'Iv
generally,
more
/ -,
it
_
2:2-2^^008
.'o (^^+
^,
"
(cos"^)c^0"
"0
and
367
THEOREMS
ADDITION
was
of
functions
indirect proof,
^755. An
xi.
te Amsterdam,
(1909), pp. 749
of ScL, /{. Acad, van
Lxxxv.
is due to Gegenbauer, Wiener Sitzungsherichte,
(2),(1882),
depending on " 12'13(l't,
Wet.
"
pp. 491"502.
An
[Note.
Lxxiv.
(2),(1877),p.
Sitzuiiffsberickte,
of
of (4),which
interestingconsequence
then
integration,
was
noticed
by Gegenbauer,
throughout
the
Wiener
contour
(18)
"
-"-^
,"
(z)"
2" r
"
results of
The
to
method
obtain
the
used
by Gegenbauer,
It consists
transformation.
of
theorem
addition
in
Wiener
"
11"4
proving
" 9*2,are
obtainable by taking 0
theorem.
addition
of the
investigation
O'egenbauer's
1142.
g,/ (coscj,).
(.) (.+ m)
LXX.
Sitzungsberichte,
so
quite
easy
(2),(1875),pp.
is not
that
is
solution
to
of the
justify
as
"
16,
Sonine's
differential
j)artial
equation
d^a.
2i/+l
3q
d2j2
z^
d"p^
2;/cot(^9Q
~
dz^
assuming
and
that
i2 can
dz
be
expanded
z^
'
d(f)
in the form
1 ^,".C,/(cos"/)),
0=
m=0
is independent of 0,
whpre-iJj,!
and
is
C'"/(cos(^)
polynomial of degree m
in cos"/);it
follows that
2.cotc^l}c,/(cos0)
{|,+
*
Gegenbauer,
London
Math.
Soc.
Wiener
Sitzungsberichte,lxx.
cf. also
246.
Soc. (2) xvii.
Math.
(1919), pp. 241
Anabjsi.%" 15-51 and Proc-. London.
(16)has been given in the specialcase i/^O by Heaviside, Electromagnetic Theory,in.
disguised form.
(London, 1912),p. 267, in a somewhat
Modern
t Formula
"
368
is
OF
THEORY
constant
of a'" in the
BESSEL
[CHAP. XI
FUNCTIONS
be taken
"
qua
be the coefficient
to
of 2, satisfies the
function
diflferentialequation
multipleof z""./^^"(2),the
beinganalyticnear the origin.
that
so
i?m is
of
considerations
From
a
symmetry
i2=
Om
"
z^
Z"^ cos'^
A
in
(f)
similar
less
seems
11 '5.
The
process
used
was
e^"""*
by Gegenbauer
in the
case
to
of functions
establish
"
11-41
(3),but
coefficients of
the
analysis
addition
(2/1 1)
(")*^i^
t"
theorem.
g"cos.*
(2)
i^
^"-^"^y^
Cj' (cos"^)
;
-2^"
m=0
result is
In the limit
of
Z, is
formula
obtained
Bauer's
by comparing
form of the
degenerate
The
discovered
who
in the
of
function
5"i, qua
-^
and
convincingthan
(1)
was
and
of
that
VrrCK^O"(p),
"
rr;
"^
m=0
6,"is a function
inferred
Gegenbauer
equation not
that
multipleol Z~'"Jy^yf^{Z\so
where
of this differential
solution
other
t"
"2-1.
nV
cos 1^
gJZCOSC
"
i"-cos" (b
z.
"
__
w=o
*
t" cos"
_
"
"
Journal
t Wiener
Lxxv.
2"'^
w!
(^
2"+'* i^v+
2^') r (z/+
.
(2),(1877),pp. 904"905.
/I
^')
r-j
Lxxiv.
v-it-n-\-'ik\Z)-
(2),(1877),p. 128;
and
11-5]
If
we
repeatedseries by writingn
the
rearrange
fci{m
w=oA-=o
2" r
369
THEOREMS
ADDITION
(v)
Ik, we
"
deduce
that
Zh;)l
"
(^)C',/(cos"/)),
(i^+ "i) t'"-/,+",
m=0
and
this is
Gegenbauer'sresult.
Modified
forms of this
(3)
gzcos*
2" r
(v)
m
(4)
3=
Gegenbauer,are
^
-
"
+ "0
('^
(5)
to
^-^^"1^
Cm" (cos"/"),
+ m)
(i.
0
{v) % (-r
e-~^cos"^ 2" r
due
also
expansion,
m=0
^-^^^^
G^n"(cos "/"),
2m)'^^^"^!^C''^(co
"^
"
2/h +
1)
'J"^^
i'+2m+i
"^
m=0
(7)
2"
:"
+ 2m)
(i^
^?i!
m=o
?:i"^"^|p^i"%i!i
/;."c"*,.."(e"s,)."=.,c/,=
(8)
The
\^)
'
'
(cos0),
,^' C'',",+,
last is
different method
These
which was
of Poisson's integral,
generalisation
when
in " 3'32. It is valid only
R{i')" "^.
formulae
to which
to
are
reference has
be found
pp. 363
on
"
365
of the first of
obtained
by
Gegenbauer'smemoirs
obtained
of sohitions of
Math.
Soc.
of 2i/+ 2
xxv.
(1894),p. 59, by
dimensions, 2i/ +
being
integer.
an
by
(f)
cos
generalset
more
cos
cos
(f)
of formulae
sin
-f sin cf)
"/"'
with respect to
may
be
derived
from
cos
(f)'
multiplyingby
-v/r,
(2) by replacing
grating
inte-
sin^""^^jr,
and
yjr.The integral*
sin'-""^
C'^i"
+ sin "^sin cf)'
cos -yjr)
(cos(^cos "/)'
-"/rfZ-v/r
which
exp
is valid when
Cf.
W.
that
sin^""^-i/r
cos
[iz(cos(^cos ^' + sin ^ sin "/"'
rf\^
-v/r)]
R (i')
" 0, shews
^-''(^^"'^)^"''(c"^^')"
^"rir'i^l'^^'
2--
{r (.)}^2
Gegenbauer, Wiener
B.
F.
^Itr^
'%^
'71^9
Sitzungsbertchte,lxx.
^'"''
^'""'
^"^^^
^"^' '^"
'^'^^
(2),(1874),p. 433;
cii.
(2a),(1893),p.
24
942.
370
THEORY
and
[CHAP. XI
FUNCTIONS
so
,"
12^
{z sin ^
t/"_j
Hill
t/ "_i
{z sin
The
This
v
sin
(D
sin
"f)
Sill
,,
was
given by Bauer,
generalformula is due
the
\;
in the
result
"/"')
ro
0')"
used
integral
result is true
case
BESSEL
OF
Munchener
also Bateman,
192; see
(1899),pp. 189
to
Kapteyn,
Gegenbauer
"
v.
(1875), p.
Sitzungsheriehte,
Gegenbauer,Monatsheftefur
to
xxxiii.
Messenger,
Proc. Section of
Sci.,K. Acad,
(1904),p.
Wet.
van
te
Math,
182
and
the final
in the
263
tmd
Phys. x.
letter from
Amstcrdam,lY. (1902)
pp. 584"588.
of the formula
specialcases
Interesting
(10)
"TTi
z
2"
the expressionon
given by Bauer in the
11 '6. Bateman
shall
to
find that
case
(1) ^0 J"^(2^008
0
V"
symmetric
function
of
and
Z; this formula
also
\.
expansion.
establish the
now
/f27r)
the left is
that
We
we
integrate,
{''
Jv-\(^ sin 0) e'^cos.^sin'^"(^rfc/)
J
so
by taking"/"'
equal to "^or
and,if we
was
obtained
are
cos
generalexpansion
"J")"/^
(2^sin ^
sin
"I")
a)
"^cos*^
CDS'"
^ sin" "^sin" ^
(-)"(/i+
which
o^i{-n,ix-^v +
l\
2'
1) /^+^+27i+i
(^)
2;? +
".F.(-.,^+
n4-l;.
l;sm-c/")
1 ; sin- "l"),
with
the
exceptionof negativeintegral
values.
Some
discovered
solutions
We
of the results of
by
Bateman*
from
consideration
of the
proceedto
Messenger, xxxiii.
generalised
equationof wave
givea proofof the expansionby
(1904),pp.
of this
cases
"11*5 are special
182"188
; Proc.
London
of the
motions
a
Math.
which
expansion^
two
types of
examined
in
normal
" 4'84.
direct transformation.
Soc.
(2)in. (1905),pp.
was
111"123.
^!
~^ro
^-r
*=o
{v
*=*^-.r*"
0
"
r) \(r
(y
l)r {t
r) \{r
1),. (^
(i/ +
r!
00
(-
"), (/^ +
..
(.
.,
v-\-n+\:
cos'^
at
we
^)"_"
(-
1)
cos
4"
cos'^
(/"sin
COS
sm^
"i"
sm"
2^1
which
(-
??,
/A
Bateman's
2^
form
J^
of
sin=
c/,)
2^1
(-
fi-n,v-vn-\-\;
2^1
(-
/I,
(/x
/i
1/
v+l\
t-
sin-
^)
sin-
4)).
$)
'
n!
result
the
obtain
once
\-
1)
x(-r^^^~j|"..i^i(-n,A*4-i/
from
1),,_"
^._^,"
{-Y^~^^^.,F,{-n,fi
J^{z
r)\ (^
^i^,.
Hence
^z
r)\ {u
1),
"
^22
l)r+s-u
S-t)\{u-r)\{^l+
r=o
M=o
\)r+B-^,
^=0
r) ! (/a
s-ty.{u-
XI
."=,"
"
l)r (t
[CHAP.
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
OF
THEORY
372
j;
the
^^
sin^
l;
1;
(.+
sin^
$),
expansion
is
evident.
1)
"^)
'^^
^^"
^
XII
CHAPTER
INTEGRALS
DEFINITE
integrals.
types of definite
Various
12'1.
In this
shall
chapterwe
various
investigate
which
integrals
definite
contain
the
integral
are
integrals
by
sign,and
evaluated ai-e, for the most part,of an obvious character; the onlynovel feature
is regarded
is the fairly
systematicuse of a method by which a double integral
surface integral
a
over
portionof a sphere referred to one or other of
as
a
those
The
most
are
two
integrals
interesting
systems of polarcoordinates.
These
discussed in ""12-2
12-21, which are due to Kapteyn and Bateman.
recondite
to be of a much
for no very obvious reason,
more
seem
integrals,
discussed in this chapter; their real sigcharacter than the other integrals
nifican
in
described
work
from
the
recent
has become
Hardy
by
apparent
in which the upper
and importanttypes of integrals,
" 12-22. The numerous
is infinite,
deferred to Chapter Xlil.
limit of integration
are
either Bessel functions
which
or
functions
of
which
methods
have
similar character
under
the
"
reader
The
and
Sonine
here
may
due to
very importantintegral,
has alreadybeen established in " 11*41,namely
be reminded
Gegenbauer,which
r^^.{V(^^ + .--2Z.coscA)}
of the
..,,,.x,i^..
.^.
+ m)
^7r^(2^/
'^.+,"
(^) /.+,"(^)
Z"
"l^-KmlViy)
12' 11.
is valid when
of
in terms
The
formula
was
i^(/i)and R(v)
integral
involvinga
both
an
stated in
and it may
Schafheitlin:[:,
Math.
Ann.
J Die
Theoria
unaware
of
(1880),p. 36;
xvi.
(1884),p. 979.
t Nieinv Archief
been
'^"^
function
^^
^'
2TC+l)/r^^
/,+.+,(z)
(1)
and
integral.
first
finite
formula
The
which
Sonine's
z"
voor
der
exceed
any Bessel
of lower order.
-1, expresses
Bessel function
see
also
Gegenbauer,
Wiener
Sitzungsberichte,lxxsviii.
("2),
previousresearches
on
what
(Leipzig,1908),p.
he describes
as
new
31.
Schafheitliu
integral.
seems
to have
374
OF
THEORY
grand in
of
powers
[CHAP. XII
FUNCTIONS
thus
term -by-term,
integrating
and
BESSEL
'Jo
2''r(i^+i)
U 2'^+''+-'"mir(/Lt
+ m-M)r
/
00
sin'"*^6
R{v)
"
the factors
the factor,we
as
1 and
"
fi is
+
T(/u,
l) in
ni
should
the denominators.
removed
have
we
unrestricted,
(-)f V^ (2
sin
which
(4)
'^+1
R(v)"
"
(/jl)
"
Hence, when
had taken
z
---^^r(/.)-
H^_j (2).
(1) is
from
ddd
Vfi
we
^^^^^^
d)sin"-^ ^^61
obtained
easily
is
If
I
have
\, we
"
integrand
have
i"^
.^
(3)
formula*
factors
the
particular,
by takingv
"
(2)
In
is obvious.
observed
is to eliminate
/i^ V+''+2ni+i
m!r(yu.-F2/-fwH-2)'
^=0
and
\m
(2/+ 1)
i!-^^(^X
functional
F^ and F^^^
LIX.
i,
(1904),pp.
Some
in
529"552.
specialcases
Istituto Lomhardo
p. 92.
functions to be determined,
equation,obtained from (1)by substituting
by Sonine,Math. A nn.
placeof the Bessel functions,has been examined
of the
formulae
Rendiconti,(2)xiii.
of this
section
have
been
given by Beltrami,
It will be obvious
is the specialcase
integral
of
(1)obtained
by taking/x=-^.
For
papers
"
should
373
consult
(2)
vii.
two
(1907),
pp. 88"90.
The
12" 12.
instructive
If (I,m,
*
n)
are
Due
to
joiningthe
Wiskunde, (2)vii.
centre
(1907),p. 175.
of the
12'12]
sphereto
an
375
INTEGRALS
DEFINITE
element
0, it is evident from
longitudeand co-latitude
of Poisson's integral
that
application
an
^ and
are
"
I"IV^s'""'cos0gin2f^+i^cos2''+
(|2X+''+'
Jo .'o
(1^)"+"+'
11
e^^hn"!^71-"+'d(o
11
{lzY+''+'
e''^"
dco
l'^7)1'"+'
0 (,og2^ ^
gin-'^+2."+2
ji V^cose
(^zy*''+'
Jo
2r(/. +
and
An
Jo
f)
be evaluated
can
by the
is
device*
same
i.
is obvious.
formula
integral
involvingtwo
c^^
sin^-'+i
"/)(/(/"
(9cos^-'+i6 dO,
J,(z sin26) /, (z cos2 6) sin^-'+i
J 0
in which, to
If
convergence,
Riy)
"
I-
"
write
we
w^
and
secure
sin^6^+ cos^^
1 11*41 (16),we
use
see
I 'lA^
^_1M!_^ [*''
2 sin-^ cos^^
that the
cos
"^
=
sin^ 26
cos^(j",
is equalto
integral
"
(Izy
2^"+^ r
so
f'^ri'^
J^{^v/(l-sin2^cos"(f))|
-(l-sm-^^cos-^)^-'^""
2^-^^r(:+i)r(l)JoJo
2--r(.
^,/,
"
o,
7^
7^
i)r(i)jj,^o,.^o
(1-^^)*"
2-^^ro.
."o
^)r(i)j-iJo
(1
n')^"
J, (2 sin 6) sin-'+i^
cos-"
cos-" 0 dd dcj)
(/"
thatfinally,
by |12-11 (1),
(1)
*
I*V,{z sm'0) J, {z
cos'
^cZ^
6 cos-=''+^
6) sin'^''+^
\^^''+^r\v
l)z^
'
method
Wis-
376
THEORY
Some
have
integralswhich
the subjectof
simple example
As
reader
may
researches
of
an
that, when
prove
[CHAP. XII
FUNCTIONS
this,but which
resemble
beeu
BESSEL
OF
much
are
by Bateman, Kapteyu
which
iutegi-al
R{v)"
i,
Rutgers;
be evaluated
may
cos
{x^ t^)h''
-
t
.
/, W(x^
The
second
{z
\y,
sin
6)JaZ
is valid when
A
and
'
t)sm
0) by B6cher, Annals
of Math.
(pau(((ji.
viii.
(1894),p.
136.
finite
integral.
equationby
cos
both
de\dce, the
same
formula
(1)
which
given (with
Sonines
12'13.
evaluate,
12 "2.
2''+ir(v+|)r(i)jo jo
was
the
"
^^=2^?r(l
a)
1^)}
by writingthe integralon
formula
by
see
"
This
difficult to
more
and
d) sin'^+^^
then
of
" 12'11
'^^^^^^^^^^
"
1, is also due
from
it
by
to
Sonine*
dividingboth sides
Z ^0.
making
to
the formula
Z" and
cos-'+^Odd
is to
+ 2m
expand
the
integralin
on
to
powers
of
and
form
+ 22)'"
(-)'-g^Z'-(Z2
'
ml
The
proofby
Wo
the
this method
exceed
"
Ti
^
of
|,
we
unit
7n
sphere. Under
2)
formula
the
see
establish Sonine's
proceedto
surface
+
T(fjL
over
by integrating
portionsof
that
R(fi) and R{v)
hypothesis
of " 12'12, we have
/M(^sin^)/,(^cos^)sin'^+'^cos''+^^(^^
w/iyw
\\ JI e''^""^^'=""*+'^"=""^"=""'''sin2'^+i^cos2''+i^sin=
Jo
^izi+izncos^i
11-"+^sin^" -fdcody^
^y^iH.' OJ .' m"0,
n"0
If
J oJ J n^O.l^O
dwdyjr
e^"'n"(^cos*+zsm"/.cos.A)cos2M^sin2''+i0sin'''+-^sin
J
JO.'O
Qizm+iZlcos^'
"2M [iu+iginS.^
-hw
iT|
II
J.
JJ
n'^0
gisuie(zn+ZD^^2ucos-''6sm-''+-edQ)dd
?)i"0
I/
gisin
(zl+Zm)
0 sm'"'+^ ddw dd
j^2u(josSf^
e"sinesiii.#,ucos^+zsmWcos2''"f)sin"/)Cos=^^sin-''+*
Math.
Ann.
xvi.
12-13]
377
INTEGRALS
DEFINITE
function of
function involved here is a periodic
analytic
the'exponential
the
limits
of
with
and
integration
yjrwith period27r,
so, by Cauchy'stheorem,
respect to yjrmay be taken to be a and 27r + a, where a is defined by the
equations
Now
"ST cos
and
for
+ a
"\/r
z,
-CT
adopt these
becomes
the
integral
-v/r, triple
\/(^'+ ^')- If
OT
we
q\^ Sin
sni
cos
sin
limits of
Z,
and
integration,
Sm
(^COS''' Q
"/)
A" coS""
+"-
Sm^"
then
write
f/^,
f/"/)
c/-v/r
integral
may also be obtained from its precedingform by replacing
On retracing
the steps of the analysis
with these
^
by tsr and Z by zero.
reduce
the
t
o
substitutions we
triple
integral
and
this
iff /'TT f
TT
"f"
sin""l/r
g/-Grsin0cos
sin"^'^+'
^ C0S-''+i^sin-'^"/)
f/0fZx/rc/(9,
J
+ 1)
r(i-'
r(^
i)r(i) p
Jo.'o
r(i;+l)
and
obtain
we
J j "i^i),n^O
Sonine's
formula
by
comparison of
the
initial and
final
expressions.
Sonine's
infinite discontinuous
be
longand
tedious.
The
and
"
formula
i^i^(i/)"
Sonine's
In
be extended
may
"
1, by
the domains
in which
"h'^R(fi)"-l,
multiplyby
by ^/{Z'+ ^-" 2Zl^cos (f"),
from
11-41
follows
It
"
(16) that
integrate.
formula, replace Z
+ ^--2Z^cos0)i^
sin'''(/)/(^-
(2"^
to
continuation.
analytic
and
cos
6(16
"
^^^-r
r /M..^.{v(^^+^--+r-2irrcos(^)}
^
^
+ Z^' + ^"
2Z?cos"^)i"^+''+^'
2''r(v+ ^)r{^j}o (^"^
^'
providedthat
R{^)"-1,
This
section
reader
should
to
Sonine, ibid. p.
consult
Macdonald's
R{v)"-h
45.
In
connexion
memoir, Proc.
with
London
the
formulae
Math.
Soc.
of this
xxxv
378
[CHAP. XII
FUNCTIONS
integral.
finite
Gegenhauer's
12*14.
first of Sonine's
the
resembles
somewhat
integralwhich
An
BESSEL
OF
THEORY
integrals,
namely
'^
cos
{zcos
has been
evaluated
method
usingthe
cos
6 sin
J^_j{zsin
y\r)
0/ (cos6)sm''+i6dd,
-v/r)
sm
It is thus
procedureof
normal
that
seen
r gzzcosflcos^
j^_^(2sin d sin
C/ (cos0) siw+iddd
i/r)
Jo
(-^zsin '\lrY~^C'^ f'^
^
e'' ^*'"' '""
r. /
N -n; 1
**'^"
*+'*"
"'"'*^ C/
"''
iU sin
A
i|r)_"-*
(J^)l(i)
J.
m"0
Qiz(?COS
^)
*+"nsin
(^^v
(^)^j2,.-i^^^
xrTAx
Hy
1
A
(2)
{v)
(^) """(^) J 0
0) cos-"-"
6 sin
d^
^c^"^
+ -f)}cos2"-"^sin(9rf(/)fZ^,
e'^"""^c"*"^C/{sin^cos(0
J 0
penultimateintegrandis
since the
cos
Jo
NrT/ix
T^/
e^^sinecos(*-^) c^..
(gin^
Jo
periodicanalyticfunction
of
"^ with
period27r.
If
find
we
predecessor,
immediate
instead
usingthe last integral
analysis,
is equalto
that the original
integral
retrace
we
(^0smijr)"-"
I ^.^^^^^ (I
(^) i (2)
n'"-'
y\r)
day
""o
11
^^^f^^^}\
sin
yjr-m
COS
of its
sin
wi-"-i dw
yjr)
p;%ucosec^.(cos"/rcos^-sin"|rsin^cos"^)si
^(^^sm^r)"
I
I
"'O-'o
(2)
(^)
Now, by
the addition
6
cos
0/ (cosyjr
,V.
Mo
"
sin
sin
yjr
theorem
^
Vi/^
cos
for
Gegenhauer'sfunction,
(jj)
^
(2v + 2/j
-
"
Sitzungsberichte,lxxv.
Wiener
t This
(1893),p.
was
942.
(2),(1877),p.
221
1) sm^^
sm'^-v^
(cos^|r)
C^*(coSc^).
:;(cos^) C;;:;
and
lxxxv.
Sitzungsberichte,lxx.
(2),(1882),pp. 491"502.
(2),(1874),p. 433; cri. (2 a),
"
380
OF
THEORY
BESSEL
[CHAP. XII
FUNCTIONS
that is to say
r~J^{t)J.{z-t)dt
2 i (-r
(2)
n=(i
importantdeduction
An
[z
(/x)"
0 and
R{v)
"
"
1,
[z
Jo
so
J-^+,+,"+,(4
.'0
J 0
that
'^^^"^.
fMt)JA^-t)^
(3)
Jo
This formula
is due
Bateman*;
to
independently
by Kapteynf, who
It will be observed
that
specialcases had
values of
integral
some
considered
deduce
can
we
/"
(2),combined
from
obtained
been
/x
and
only.
with
that
sin 2,
rj^(t)J.^(2-t)dt
j J^(t)J,_^(z-t)dt
(4)
Jo
"1"R
when
"1"R
and
v
By interchanging
/x with
then
R(v) are both positive,
and
Jot
It
which
(3)
with
"
from
{/x)"
2-
J, (z)-
cos
z,
respectively.
^
"
in
(3),we
vj
\fl
give the
to
unnecessary
Kapteyn deduced
describe the
complicatedinductions
somewhat
the
that,if R (fi)
see
in which
special
on
disquisition
by Rutgers;): the subjectof
case
ix
the formulae
v=\,
ot
by
to
generally.
integrals^.
Kapteyn s trigonometrical
simplerformula
seems
12'21.
Jo
than
those
justconsidered
is
1 cos{z t)Jo{t)dt=zJo{z).
(1)
"
Jo
To
prove this,we
verified that
u,
and
then
it is
easily
d^u
J-
and
therefore
w
where
and
are
constants
Jo C^)+
2"
of
-4
cos
z-\-
B sin z,
integration.
of
Froc. London
Math'. Soc.
are
(2)ra.
examined
"
12-21]
Now, Avhen
and
J-
so
is small,
0, and
381
INTEGRALS
DEFINITE
It follows from
\\\xx{z-t).J,{t)ilt
zJ^{z\
(2)
Jo
and, by
integration,
partial
sin
(3)
zJ^ {z).
Jo
formula
The
sin
(4)
{z
1)^^
-^
is valid when
of the
precedingsection
is
elaborate
more
requiredto
write
(-r J,^,n-,^
{z),
Mw
(/i)" 0, is of
which
We
dt
Jo
it.
prove
Jo(z-t)J^(t)dt,
v=
Jo
and
then
we
have
J
dz-
{J" (z-t)
v=
t)\J^ (t)dt
j; {z)
j;{z)
\^^'^^^JMdt
+
Jo
J, (z
"
j;(z)
fMz-t)'^dt
+
fiJ^(z)/z,
.
by " 12-2.
of variation
the method
By
of parameters
(cf "7'38),we
J
[^
v
Acosz-\-Bsinz
-^
when
^^^
we
obtain
the
(/x)" 0,
=
0.
requiredresult.
{z''+%
_^
A=B
Hence
(t)
dt,
Jo
and, since
"
deduce
f'cos
(Z
"^
t)
dt=-
we
find that
(-)" en J^+,n{z).
that
382
THEORY
12"22.
As
f*" J^
(1)
is valid when
which
method
The
it involves
is
the
"
(fi)
i and
elaborate
more
of infinite
use
XI
of
we
evaluatingfinite integrals*,
shall
(cf." 12'12)
6) J, {zcos2 6) sinV
[CHAP.
FUNCTIONS
powerful method
very
the formula
iz sin2
BESSEL
of evaluatingfiniteintegrals.
of
typicalexample
give a proof of
now
method
Hardy's
OF
^^~^l '^''^r,l\^
V^^^^i^
6 cos^" ^^6d6=
R{v)" -h.
than
other
any
integralscombined
method
described
with
applicationof
an
iu this
chapter,because
Lerch's
theorem
null-functions.
on
fin
Let
sin2 6) J,
J^ {zr"'
from
By changing
v^13'2 (5)we
exp
r2 0
12 '3.
A
Chessin's
the truth
substitute
the formula
in
x"^"
t)J^ {zx^)
^dx
of Lerch's
obtained
been
by Chessin,
I must
express
curious
this
dy
to
American
Journal.,xvi.
of the
ascending
(5),we
obtain
question,namely
2(y + logi2)J"(2)-
thanks
my
publicationof his
many
(-y^t)Jy.{zy^)
yV
+ m
rii-^n
-/
*
exp
0
\'m-''-Kn-m-r)\
in
m=o
the
using
then
Y"(2)
(1)
and
the formula
from
we
(x,y)
(1894),pp. 186"187,
if
f^ (r),
of the formula.
curious
coordinates
Cartesian
to
modification
obvious
an
this establishes
q ^os^" ^^6d6
/ exp(-j-2i;)./2(r)o?j-,
f^(r); and
x^
^{^2^.+
.'LI
'
hence, by
exp
2.' + 3
(r,6)
t"\I{z)\,
c??A (?")
"
Jo
and
coordinates
that, whenever
see
polar
{zr^cos2 6) r^'*+
integrals
;
dt.
\-t
to Professor
developments
owu
and
the reader
Hardy
of it. The
use
may
for
communicating
method
was
it to evaluate
used
the
the
method
by Ramanujan
integrals examined
to
me
before
to evaluate
earlier in
chapter.
t Acta
that,
Mathematica,
if /('")
is
xxvii.
continuous
(1903),pp.
function
of
j
for all
sufficiently
largepositivevalues
839
when
"
The
352.
?" "
0,
form
such
of the
that
bX'p(-rH).f(r)dr^O
of t,
then/(r)
is
zero.
identically
theorem
required here
is
CHAPTER
XIII
INFINITE
which
integrals
the
under
chapter is
this
subjectof
The
integralsign.
they
The
functions
methods
of
of
similar character
evaluating such
part, of the
most
function
functions
or
classes of infinite
various
of
investigation
the
either Bessel
contain
numerous
very
integrals.
types of infinite
Various
13*1.
INTEGEALS
integralsare
followingdevices
of its argument
in powers
not
:
grating
inte-
and
term-by-term.
(II) Replacing the Bessel function
of the
and
integrations,
then
the
function
order
weighty
the
Bessel
function
integralsign, they
the
integralof
order
(VI)
contour
order
of
function
under
spiteof
interest
in many
to
Math.
Wiener
the
as
integral of
the
order
product
single.
of the
orders
but
of the
tegrations
in-
by
Neumann's
argument
same
be
may
replacedby
("5"43), and
formula
the
has
care
the
Ann.
xvi.
the
values
taken
length
(1880),pp.
has
Sitzungsberichtc.
been
Mathematician,
possibleto
to
incompleteness
with
procedure
been
the
not
the
give
chapter
out
the various
selection
by
the most
examples by
chapter,its
on
And
than
more
several
integralsign are
they are of extreme
but
Physics.
will be worked
evaluate
of this
of the
under
functions
of Mathematical
it is not
the
systematic manner.
Pure
the
branches
that
unfavourably
t This
Sonine*
changed.
integralsinvolving Bessel
whose
important integrals,
occur
function
investigatedin
sooiumerous
In
the
carrying out
importance
methods
order
same
replaced by
formula
integrationsis then
only of great
most
then
systematicallyby
out
Bes.sel's
of
generalisations
integralsign,the product
the
under
Bessel
The
Infinite
are
of the
of different
single Bessel
of the
previouslybeen
not
functions
two
the
of the
changed f.
product
one
carried
be
may
by Gegenbauer's
(V) When
as
been
functions
Bessel
two
is then
occur
integrations.
the order
memoir.
(IV) When
under
by
integral,
changing
the
and
integrations,
of the
Poisson's
carrying out
integral,changing
by
length
finite
must
each
types
of
the
suitable
method.
be contrasted
integrals.
33"60.
carried
out
by Gegenbauev
in
number
of
papers
published
in the
384
OF
THEORY
The
It
shewn
root
HankeVs
generalisations.
by Lipschitz*that
(!)"
where
[CHAP. XIII
FUNCTIONS
with
integral
ofLipschitz,
13*2.
was
BESSEL
ly.KU(U)dt
-^^.
=
The
coefficient
"
found
that
roc
TT
./0
cie
IT
the formula
is
consider
Now
ih
"
cos
1/V(a"+ 6"),
and
jQ
proved.
the
generalintegral
more
je-"W,{bt)t''-Ult.
in all its generality
by Hankelf, in a
integralwas first investigated
time as the appearance
memoir
of
publishedposthumouslyat about the same
These
writers proved that,if R(/j,+ v)" 0, to
two
papers by Gegenbauer:[:.
and the previousconditions concerninga
at the origin,
secure
convergence
then .the integral
at infinity,
and b are
to secure
is
satisfied,
convergence
equalto
This
-A
-^
To
that
I6 I" ja |. If
term,
we
expand
the
'
/^+^+^,
'
a'^r(i.4-l)
(I.4-1)
'
l;_^^
"
'
b is further
integrandin powers
of b and
aV
restricted
so
that
integrate
term-by-
find that
we
I e-"'UAbt)t"^-^dt= X A-iir^^-^ rJ
I
m=ow'
Jo
/o
r"i=o
'
Journal
{v +
ncTVlv+
l)Jo
1)
t'^-"'^"-"'-'
e-^' dt
a'^+''+^'"
(1859),pp. 191"192.
(1875),pp. 467"468.
ibid, lxxii.
1 Wiener
(2),(1876),pp. 343"344.
Sitzuvgsherichte,lxx.
(2),(1875),pp. 433"443;
lu thejormer, the special case
ix"v-^\ was
investigatedby tlie integralgiven in "3*32; in the
the generalresult by substituting Poisson's
integral for Jv(bt).
latter, Gegenbauer obtained
t Math.
fur Math.
Ajin.
viii.
lvi.
13-2]
The
385
INTEGRALS
INFINITE
the process
so
of
Hence
is justified*.
integration
term
term-by-
re-^^J.{bt)t^-'dt
(2)
Jo
{fi+ v)
(^b/ayr
(iM+
fi +
6^
The
proved onlywhen
yet, been
result has, as
I6 |" Ia
|;
(a + ih)"
continuation,(2) is true
analytic
for this
Again,by usingtransformations
forms :
written in the following
I"e-"'
/. (ht)V'-'
(3)
R (a
functions
analytic
be
and
ih)" 0,
"
of h ; and
extensive
more
the
by
so,
of
principle
of values of h.
range
functions,(2) may
hypergeometric
of the
dt
Jo
r (^ + ,.)
i^
(Way
ai^Tip + l)
M"i
^^_ /._ir^-^
a-J
'\
(^byVifi + v)
ff^+
"f^^^+"^r{v+l)- '\ 2
~(a'+
l-f^
^,
'
q^
2
_
'
,
'
.
_
'
^^
a-
b^-
i^.
'
-,
,
"
'
'
bV
a' +
by Gegenbauerf in expressingtoroidal
of (2) are
functions as infinite integrals
cases
; special
requiredin various
researches,of which those by Lamb J may be regardedas typical.
physical
Bessel
By combining two
(4)
e-"t
"
cot
vir
cosec
is
obvious
general
XProc.
also
under
W.
2^1
^^^
2'^i
the
V.
B. F.
i ;
v+
'^
"
'
"
"
"
..
,.,
"
a^
"
rs
6V
xxv.
of the
specialcases
interesting
formulae
far discussed
so
may
be
terms
London
that
",
;
2
'\ ~^r~2
("2^.^,-2^i(M-.')r(i-v)'
Soc.
toroidal
functions
and
"
766; Gegeubauer
Bessel
functions,
as
also
expressedseries,
integralswith
Bessel
integralsign.
Math.
Macdonald, Proc.
Phil. Soc.
c.
Sitziaigsberichte,
(2),(1891),pp. 745
t Wiener
functions
to deduce
85.
that
Cf. Bromwich,
whose
it is easy
functions,
J-
VTT
Math.
(London, 1912),p.
It
used
l\(bt)t''-^dt
providedR{ix)"\ Il{v)\and
Proc. London
been
(2) has
formula
"
The
(1886),pp.
Soc.
London
xxxiv.
Math.
See
Camh.
425"4.33.
25
386
THEORY
obtained
by choosingfi and
functions.
OF
that
so
BESSEL
the
hypergeometricfunctions
+ 1
or
obtain
2, we
reduce
to
elementary
the results
j\-a^JAbt)t^dt
^^^^l^i^,
b'-y+i
^tt'
(5)
Jo
(a'+
jo
formulae
Camb.
obtained
also
Other
respectively.
Lxx.
by Gegenbauer, Wierier Sitzungsberichte,
(2),(1875),
and
noticed by Sonine, Math. Ann. xvi.
(1880),p. 45;
Hardy,
xxi.
(1880"1881),
various
"
'
b-^y+^^TT
obtained
were
Phil. Soc.
Torino,xvi.
{a^+
", ^(i')"
"
"
Trans.
di
[CHAP. XIII
FUNCTIONS
^^.
specialformulae
specialformulae
delle Sci.
203, and
has
are
W("^+'''-'"'
f%-.....(60^'
vb"
(7)
W{a'
e-''iJ^{bt)dt
(8)
b^)-a}''
143,
by Pincherle,Bologna Memoric, (4)viii. (1887),pp. 125
from the generalisedform of Bessel's integrals
(" 6'2)by
Laplace'stransformation
(cf." 9"15). This aspect of the subject has been studied by
Proc.
London
Math.
Soc. xxxv.
Macdonald,
443, and Cailler,3le'ni.de la
(1903),pp. 428
iSoc. de Physiquede Geneve.,
368. The dift'erentialequations
xxxiv.
(1902 1905), pp. 295
satisfied by (5) and (6), qua functions of a, have been examined
by Kapteyn, Archives
Merlandaises,(2)vr. (1901),pp. 103"116.]
[Note.
that these
It
observed
was
"
derivable
are
integrals
"
"
"
(1863),p. 46, as
not
to
seem
series for it
be
tdt
Jo (bt)
obtained
was
limit of
series of
capable of
Legendre
being
by using the expansion
evaluated
cosech
7rt
Lxxii.
functions
in finite
fiirHath.
Journal
by Neumann,
Trt
Sinn
(2"+ ^)^t.
n=0
series which
Some
more
converges
of the
integrals
(1873),pp. 92"102;
and
same
more
b is
rapidly(when
large)will
+ ^)
rJAbt)t''dt^{2b)''r{u
I
Jo
which
13*21.
It
e^i-l
Jn
is valid when
The
be obtained
been
in
"
13-51.
fiirMath.
Lxxv.
+
n=i(7i2^2
has
Journal
^,'y+i'
obtained
by Kapteyn, Mem.
de la
as
Legendrefunctions.
Lipschitz-Hankel
expressed
integrals
noticed
in the
littlelater Hobson*
gave
*
Proc.
the formulae
London
Math.
Soc.
in
xxv.
some
detail.
(1893),pp.
49"75.
388
THEORY
BESSEL
OF
[CHAP. XIII
FUNCTIONS
of
function
of coth
The
a.
more
QlZl(cosha)
f"e-^'^o"i^"^/^m^'^-irf^
cos
(6)
sin
'o
In these formulae, R{fji1^
On
replacing?/ by
i/
"
and
v) "^
in
VTT
a*
TT V(2'^)-sinh'^-*
(/i+ i^)
(cosha) "\.
find that
(6),we
P*"^(cosha)
r-
e-t^'''^'^K,{t)t^-'dt=^|{h^'^").T{^JL-v)T{^JL^
,
(7)
* a.
Sinn'*
J
^
we
is valid when
take cosh
result
deduce
0, we
(/x)"\
given by
Heaviside*
case
hence, if v
1.
T'
TT
sin
"
arc
"^^
so, when
\I
sinh
v'Cot^1)
^'"'^ ^"^
-^^^-^"^
va
snih
V(l
"*^)
*rc
cos
_________
=._^^__.
{b)\"l,
r""
"
j^sm{bt).Koit)dt
/n\
(11)
of these is due
former
sinh
find that
replacea by "zb, we
we
VTT
0,
/:
The
"
0.
Jo
and
(cosha.)"
that
in the
[^
,".
If
fi=l, (7)becomes
When
and
and
(i/)\
/JKAt)t--^dt=2'^--rl^^)r('^y
(8)
a
to
/7
r^
sinh 6
arc
-j^^-^.
32.
/
It is
suggestedthat, since
function
potential
it is
e~P' J,,{^t)is
on
function,the integral
potential
the left is a
finite at all
pointsof
equal to 1/p,and so
of the integral
to precludethe possibility
origin.But such an argument does not seem
at
the
being a potentialfunction with a complicatedessential singularity
origin,and so
this reasoningmust
be regardedas suggestiverather than convincing.
2=0
the
ElectromagneticTheory,
t On
in.
(London, 1912),p.
integralis equal to
269.
constant
divided
by \z\.
13-22}
various
For
researches
the reader
Hafen, Math.
consult
may
based on
Ann.
(1910),pp. 517
lxix.
"
of
integrals
For
537.
this section,
ments
develop-
some
potentialfunction
the
(1912),p. 94.]
Bateman, Messenger,sli.
see
potentialtheory with
on
389
INTEGRALS
INFINITE
f
m
Applications
ofthe addition formula to
13"22.
the Lipschitz-Hankel
integrals.
21/)" 0, while
R{}i +
(1)
sr
is written
in
placeof
precedingsections
R(a"ib"ic)
26c
+ c^/(b'
"
^^
,F,r-~^-,'^
^
2
2
"v
"
'
reduces
function
hypergeometric
so
we
to
'
l;-~-]sm'''cf"d"t
a-^
'
elementaryfunction
an
if /x
or
2 ;
("^i|^)
J, m J, (ct)
/;.-.
^
dt
case
'
have
(2)
The
then
cfi),
^^
'\
"7ra"^+"'r{2v+l).^o
and
positive
are
cos
e-"' ./,(bt)
./,(ct)f^-' dt
-V{v-\-h)r{h)]Jo
The
combined
^l
be derived
2 may
Q,.,
from
this
differentiation with
by
respect to
a.
"
"
"
1, v
l in
so
that the
Phys.
v.
(1894),p.
55 ;
and
Macdonald, Proc.
find that
(1),we
/.^-at'-'il^;cu^
"Itt
t-
und
257"260.
;^/("2
+ 2-2cos"/))-a}(l+cos0)(^0,
J
,,
encountered
by Rayleigh,Phil. Mag. (5) xlii.
integralon the left,which was
is
an
as
iv.
expressible
(1904),
elliptic
integral.
[Scientific
Papers,
p. 260],
(1896),p. 195
An
(S^
which
integral
may
be associated
at
I, {bt)K,(ct)dt
(1) is
de
"icos
.'0
.0
+ (b + c)--4"bcsin'd]'
\/{a-
This
no
with
was
discovered
R(c"b"
are
ia)
positive.
*
Journal
fiirMath,
xi.vin.
(1854),p. 364.
390
THEORY
somewhat
OF
BESSEL
[CHAP. XIH
FUNCTIONS
result,namely
similar
I e-"'U^-''J^ibt)J^{ct)dt
(4)
J0
("2+ 2iac
cos
"^
-
c2 cos2
'
+62)^+^
"/,
and
is valid when
It (fi)""h, is due to Gegenbauer, Wie?ier
R{a"ib"ic)"0
Lxxxviii.
(2),(1884), p. 995. It is most
Sitzungsherichte,
easilyproved by substituting
of Poisson's type for the Bessel functions.
In the memoir
cited Gegenbauer has
integrals
also given a list of cases
in which
the integralon the right is expressible
by elementary
which
functions
(cf." 13-23).
13'23.
Gegenbauers
deductions
from
the
and
integrals
ofLipschitz
Hankel.
Gegenbauer,Monatshefte
filrMath, und Phys.iv. (1893),
401, is obtained by combining the results of " 13"2 with the integral
pp. 397
formula of " 5*43 for the productof two Bessel functions;it is thus possible
to
which
involve two Bessel functions by
integrals
express certain exponential
functions *. The generalresult obtained
of trigonometrical
of integrals
means
by Gegenbauer is deduced by takingthe formula
A
formula
due
to
"
2 r*''
J^(bt)
(bt)
=
ft.
cos
(^btcos (f")
{/jL v)(bdeb,
Jy,+v
"
"
ttJ 0
from
it by e'^"-^
f^^" and integrating
multiplying
if R (a)"\I (b)\and R (ti
+ v) "
^,then
0 to
; it is thus found
that,
re-''''^J"(bt)J^(bt)t"'-^''dt=[ j^e-'''^J^^^{2btcos4))t''+
Jo
"^Jo Jo
=
f'"[6--"*/,.+.
{2bt
cos
cos
(/ji-v)(f).
(j")i''+''
dtd(f"
TTJO Jo
The
inversion
of the order
2 r^- (46cos
0^+" Tifi+v
;;-Jo
(4"-
46- cos-
of the
l)
'''
^^
V^
c{"y-^-i
+
integrations
presents
no
'^ '^"^^^-
great theoretical
difficulties; hence
(1)
e-"-^'J^{bt)J,{bt)t"^+Ult
Jo
COS
T{fl-\-V+ \)b^^" fi' COS"^+''(f)
(fl v) "f)
*^"
TT^
Jo (a'+ b'-cos'(f"y+''^i
-
This
particularcases
of
(1) take
/i
0, had
equal to
been
obtained
0 and
to
It is found
1.
'2nbJ{a^-\-b^)'
'
an
earlier note
previouslyby
See also
Torino,xvi.
1 and
matjo c-^'^^JHbt)dt
e-^'''Ji{bt)Jo{bt)tdt
i
Jo
(3)
^ ^
fi
^~^
(2)
in which
delle Sci. di
(2"^+^'^)^-2(a^+6^)i:
^62v'(a2+ 6-^)
by Gegenbauer,
"
380.
that
13-23, 13-24]
correspondingformula
and
f^-^"^A (bt)h
in
similar
of
deducible
results of
the
from
"
result
The
not
"
formula
is of
we
satisfied,
are
to
as
obtained
type than
-at
'"
2T(v
is at
exponentialintegralformulae given
these formulae,for,since the conditions "
J^ (0 dt
f-i^
the formula
for
the
limitingcase of
by " 13"2 (3)
values of
integral
pletely
by Soninef ; and the com-
Weber*
have
''-^^ lim f
whence
by
l)'
generalvalues of v
provedby Schafheitlin :{:.
recondite
more
r(iji)
2''-'^+ir(l/-iyLt+
was
^,
also
was
be established
13'2 ; it may
of convergence
extended
was
generalresult
(3)
by
integralsin (2),(3) and (5) are expressible
formulae
in
detail
the
results
some
give
;
this section were
given by Meissel, Kiel Programing 1890.
der Math. 1890, -^-g.521
522.]
^,_^+i
in which
in
fonnulae
the
did
he
j,(t)dt_
(1)
The
:
'
formula
The
V.
^i5'
"i''!Yy
2Trb{a'-b'^)
integral,
afterSchafheitlin.
infinite
Wehers
13"24.
manner.
that
by Gegeabauer
but
eUipticintegrals,
stated
was
{ht)tdt
is bja. The
1:^of the elliptic
integrals
the modulus
and
be modified
(4)may
means
(2)that
from
deduce
R{a)"\R{b)\,
It
is.bls'{a^
+ b^)- Beltrami's
/"-"-'"^('")*=W{5t-6?-
Replacing b by ib,we
where
is
(4)
(5)
and
K
integrals
complete elliptic
of the
modulus
the
where
391
INTEGRALS
INFINITE
.F.fs,!^:^^';.^!;!
l)"'-^V2'
obtained.
once
direct method
of
Journal
Smith's
fur
Prize
Math.
lxix.
(1868),p.
Math.
Ann.
xvi.
(1880),p. 39.
Math.
Ann.
xxx.
(1887),pp.
" Cf.
230.
Bromwich,
The
specialcase
[Math, and
157"161.
in which
Phys. Papers,
v.
by using contour
If
we
was
(1905),p.
suppose
set
that
by Stokes
347.]
as
"
(fi)
0 and
"^,
R(v)"
then
we
have
(the integrals
convergent)
being absolutely
jy^^'
"- '^'~'
i)r(i)
2t sin /MTT. r
"
'''
Jo ^^^'^^^^^
2-r(.
[CHAP. XIII
FUNCTIONS
(. + i) r (i)J ,.
2-^
(- 0--^
..
BESSEL
or
THEORY
axis taken
The
twice, and
at
we
into the
the contour
deform
" 0, we
(yu)
^^^
(-|yLt)
^" ''^''''^^^'
/a
half
positive
the Weber-Schafheitlin
obtain
once
valid when
and
t- are
of the real
formula.
integral*
(- ty-i^^'
be
may
treated
analysisis
that
exactlythe
same
cos
(tcos 6) has
to
sin
"
be
2i sin
_
"
the
"
{tcos 6),and
factor
so,
by
has to be
|/i7r
cos
fx-rr.T
'
%) and R (/j,)
^ 0.
contour
may
deformed
be
into the
half
positive
of
twice, so that
r(|/.)tan(l/x7r)
tlAt)dt
r
.,,.
providedthat "\"R{ix)^0
take /a
we
0, v=l,
and
see
we
R{ii)" R (v)+ 1.
that
Hi (t)dt_^
(3)
xTT.
f
This
combined
result,
with
ir
"^
used
was
sin
the
tan Ifx-rr
(|/z)
2''-'^-^ir(i/-iyLi+l)
(- 0 dt
r t"+)H.
If
"
in
that
j+x {-ty-"'^^
R
replacedby
the
integrals),
only difference
I/att.
It is thus found
When
the
manner
Euler's formula
replacedby
in
the
asymptotic formula
H.i{2t)dt
(\
cos(2a;-|-i"r)
by Struve,Ann.
der
Physik und
(1882),p. 1014, to
Chemie, (3)xvii.
tabulate
i_ r'A^mdt
for both
small
and
largevalues
of
x.
The
last
integralis
of
importance in
the
Theory
of
Diffraction.
*
the
Generalisations
integrals of
Videnskahernes
this
obtained
section
Selskabs
by replacingBessel
and
in
many
other
Skrifter,
(7)v. (1910), pp.
functions
by Lommel's
integrals are
1
"
37.
discussed
functions
by
("10-7) in
Nielsen, K.
Danske
13-3]
(1) under
[Note. Bj difi'erentiating
(4)
formula
for functions
Weber's
result
J^{t)\ogtdt=-y-\og%;
of the second
und
Phys.
i.
r (hn
jhfi)
P l\{t)dt^ V
(5)
(hfi-v)iT
been
has
i'
magnetic
given by Heaviside, Electro-
0.]
and
integral
firstexponential
Weber's
13'3,
p)cos
its generalisations.
formula
integral
The
Jo {at)
l^i"
(1)
exp
deduced
was
obtain
105"112.
(1890),pp.
The
integralsign we
the
also been
has
this formula
393
INTEGRALS
INFINITE
Weber*
by
tdt
i-if-t')
his
from
It is
exp
double
^^ (-^3)
in
equallyeasy
those
function.
exponential
but
convergence,
will be
earlier in the
considered
variable in the
Hankel'sfmore
to prove
which
integralformula
integraldiffers from
is an
unrestricted
generalformula,
r J,(at)ex^{-p-t^).t'^-'dt
(2)
To
2p^r(.+
by a direct method.
supposedthat:|:
^^-^
^-^^(i^
l'-4p^j
"
secure
l)
the
at
convergence
it
origin,
must
now
be
R{lJi+ v)"0.
To
obtain
[ /],,d
I0
"
Jo
is convergent,it is
Jt,{atyi^powers
*
an
Journal
fiirMath.
lxis.
evaluate
the
givenintegral
by expanding
integrating
term-by-term,
to
permissible^
of t and
observe
the result,we
(1868),p.
227.
Weber
also evaluated
(2)in
the case;U
2, v being
integer.
f Math.
Ann.
viii.
(1875),p.
469.
See 'also
Gegenbauer,
Wiener
Sitzungsherichte,lxxii.
(2),
(1876),p. 346.
% This
restriction
may
be
disregardedif
we
replacethe
definite
integral /
.'
/"|('+)
integral
" Cf. Bromwich,
by the
contour
394
THEORY
It is thus found
BESSEL
OF
that
this is
If
rightin (2),we
{-pH') dt
("4"42) to
the function
the
on
find that
the
so
In
we
particular,
exp
providedthat R{v)"
by Sonine, Math. Ann.
discussed in " 13"47.
In
order
that
finite terms
whenever
yu,
i/
"
is
an
even
have
JV. {at)
(4)
i-pH^)
This
1.
"
the
t^^^dt
^)
("^^^^P ("
integralis the
(1880),pp. 35
xvi.
38;
"
to Kummer's
susceptible
replacevhy 2v, we
second
then
"
investigations
are
applications
basis of several
hypergeometricfunction
if we
transformation
of these
some
the
on
("4"42),we
take fi
be
\] and,
"
find that
|V,.(aOexp(-^^i^).rf"=
^exp
{-^).L
{^),
(5)
result
If
f+i^+^-i exp
first transformation
in
integralis expressible
positive
integer.
"
r J^{at)ex^{-p-f).t^-^dt
(3)
and
'
equivalentto
apply Kummer's
we
^'^
)^\
and
[CHAP. XIII
FUNCTIONS
we
givenby
Weber
replacei/ by
in the
"
j;, it
case
^.
is easy to
that
see
\^Y.,,{at)ex^{-pH'')dt
(6)
.' 0
when
\R(v)\"^; and, if we
r*
make
-*
tan
-r-r
(8)
VTT
=
,
Jo
when
we
positive),
Y,Aat)dt
(7)
0, (a being now
f^
and, in particular,
rY,{t)dt0.
=
find that
396
THEORY
13*32.
GeneraUsations
When
the Bessel
of the
not
The
BESSEL
of Weber's
only method
[CHAP. XHI
FUNCTIONS
second
exponentialintegral.
in
functions
order,it is
same
simpleform.
OF
"^
I ./"(at)J, (ht)exp
is to substitute
the series of
integrateterm-by-term,but
In the special
in which X
case
is equalto
(hay-"
by
An
for the
" 11*6
it
v
.^,/,
case
exceptional
when
occurs
{lx+ v-\-l
^
fi-\-v +
'
\ +
'
It will
This
XXX.
to
result
-n
then have
we
"
a-\
'
1. ^
1./^ +
"
!-"
-p2J'
of this formula
specialcases
R{^
-^
have
v) "0, then
T(,M
2'^+" r
(fL+
obtained
was
by Struve, Jle'm. de
l ;
specialcase /x
=
z/
v)r{^)
V Acad.
the
4/(37r).
In
that, when
^M+v
i')"0.
/x +
iJb+v
2
/'Mt)JAt)^^^
(1)
i^ R(\+
integral
involving
productsof Bessel functions.
be shewn
now
,,
13"7.
"" 12'11,
b-+aHin-0^
-^-r-^-^^
and
"
"^^
fab sin 6\
7-
the results of
on
functions
"
,",/,"
based
Bessel
product of
seems
r^'^
transformation
t^-' (It
(- jft-)
it is first convenient
evaluatingthe integral
to
suppose
3-3
that
(7)
"
that R
and
(/u.)
(2^.-1)
2'^-''-Vr(/x-hi)r(i;-F|)
J^(t)JAt)^.^^(2/x-l)
^+,
c=^
rh-
ch-Q[jx(ts,i'a.d)s,\n(tsv[\d")
^^
^^
^
I
.
.,.,/,
^^
cos-''"-
"
J0
,"
cos-""-
"
"
"^sin
t'
Proc.
t Wiener
London
Math.
Soc.
xxxv.
Sitzungsberichte,lxxxviii.
(1903),p. 440.
(1884),pp. 999"1000.
-a
^
"
sin
"
7/1
dd
jj
;*
dt.
d(p
13-32, 13-33]
smaller
\jt-and
of
exceed
not
cally
numeri-
repeatedintegralconverges
integrations
may be changed.
and
absolutely,
397
INTEGRALS
INFINITE
Since*
sin {tsin
we
i-TTr
^TTI
J
6 cos-''-=="/)
sin^ 6 sin
cos-'*--
-I-
^ cos-"--
COS-''--
(2v-l)
sin 6 s\n^(f)d(f)d6.
(/)
have
['"cos^''-^
sin (^j
(j)
j cos-'*-^ ^
cos-''-^
cos-'^--
sin^
(9sin^ Odd
(9g?^1
dcf)
cos^-'-i
(^
cos^'*-^
Jo
"'0
(f)ddd(f"
we
integration,
partial
{6 ^ (^)
"|i7rsin(/), (^^(^)
^^
is equal to
integral
triple
But, by
i^irsin 6,
Jo
(^sin- "^(/(/"
_V{^i+ v-l)T{^)
"2r(^ +
other
The
""
*)
i/
integralis evaluated
in the
same
and
manner,
v-l)V{%){{2^,-l)
/"-JAt)"L{t)^^_V{^l
whence
It may
be sliewn
in
similar
extension
The
that, when
manner
j
result
This
By using "
'"
also obtained
was
10'45
we
find
by
then
R{fi+ v) is positive,
also
t^"^"
i"
{^v-l)]
r(;x+.)r(A)
r-H^(OH.(0^^_
have
we
over
is obtained
so
by
Struve
that, when
{ihid.
p. 104) in
and
(/x)
the
case
\j.
v=
1.
iy)exceed |,
H^ (0 H. (0 dt
(2^-l)(2v-l)
r*
p'- [h^{l-
cos
{tsin 6)\ {1
"'"'
"'"
~2'"+''-"^7rr(/L(,+|)r(i/
+ ^-)
Now,
if a and
/3are
it appears
positive,
from
cos
cos''^'*-''
6 cos-"--
consideration
of
(1-e"'^)(l-e3'^)
!"
This
result is
{tsin 0)}
^^
-' "^
easilyproved by
dz
contour
integration.
398
OF
THEORY
round
BESSEL
/" (1
(1
(at)}
cos
(301
COS
largesemicircle
f""sin
,
_
Jo
The
R{fi+ v)"
The
be evaluated
way
of values
range
R (v) both
of
fi
in
but
similar manner,
the results
integral
of Weber
of
are
and
for which
R{v)"l
and
great interest*.
no
Schafheitlin.
supposed to be positiveto
limit, was
investigated
by Weber, Journal
80, in several special
cases, namely,
and
(i) x
Soninet, Math.
Ann.
did
Some
o,
(ii) \
\,
xvi.
he
(1880),pp.
lay any
51
stress
the
on
later the
/ti=
convergence
Math. lxxv.
not
at
the
(1873),
0, v="h.
for which
discontinuities
examine
which
it is convergent, by
the
integralin
when
occur
very
and
heitlin
Schaf-
was
his
fur
-\,
"
integral
years
preliminaryanalysisrests to a
differential equations.
equal.
I, but
secure
are
integralwas
great detail,nor
linear
I , then
integral
in which
become
exceed
cit
^^,
r JAai)JAJ"t)
^^^
The
and
/^
/J"^^^^^^^
Jo
"
in
(1).
as
_j^
the
over
upper
pp. 75
tripleintegralevaluated
1.
integrals
The
to the
same
extended
be
this may
equal
and
that, if R (ju)
manner
it,that
t^
in the
rH.wj,w^,^
J
may
in like
will prove
reader
(3)
and
is
the
above
(at)smj^t)
Jo
^^
tripleintegralunder consideration
proving (1),and consequently(2)is established
Hence
[CHAP. XIII
FUNCTIONS
investigated
very thoroughlyby
undue
the theory of
extent
on
somewhat
1890
specialcase
related
Some
[Jahrbuch
in which
integrals have
discussed
was
been
evaluated
der Math.
the
with
in 1895
by Siemou,
1890, p. 341]
researches
of
Progrnmm,
Ltiisenschule.
Berlin,
Gegenbauer,
Wiener
Sitzungsberichte,
(2),(1884),pp. 990"991.
Lxxxviii.
X Math.
Math.
Ann.
" Math.
An)t.
xxx.
Ann.
der BesseVschen
(1887),pp. 161
(1887),pp. 582"583,
xxx.
xlviii.
(1897),pp.
37
"
"
178.
and
48.
The
question of priorityis
by Schafheitlin,Math.
See
also Graf
and
Ann.
xxxi.
discussed
by Sonine,
(1888),p.
Gubler, Einleitung
156.
in die Theorie
13-4]
The
INFINITE
which
first investigation
conditions
The
INTEGRALS
shall
we
399
giveis based
the results of
on
are*
for convergence
[R{,jL+v+l)"R(\)"0,
it
beingsupposed,as alreadystated,that
(a
and
I2a
by
the
v-X
1,
=fjL
I'
supposedthat
It will be
b)
positive.
are
We
a, /3,7 defined
" 13*2.
and
satisfied,
we
by choosing new
equations
l,
i\
/3,
y-a-
'
j^
1.
"
the end
to
of
" 13'41.
that
It is known
c-^+oJ
Jo
Now]^^6-*
dt
^piz-,
mir(y
[n"=o
Jo
m!r(7
",=o
m)
m) Jo
providedthatf
m!r(7
^=0
is
absolutely
convergent;
\z\"c.
Hence, when
12^ |"
m)
and
Jo
it is easy
shew
to
that
this is the
when
case
c,
(ia)"-^r(2a+2m)
J,/
"
,"rom\r(ry+m)
ty-'^-^
r (a
+ c-)'^+'"
(ft-
1)
a"
X
2-Fi(a
m.
"
/3
"
m;
"
/S+1;
ft-
It follows
from
the
asymptoticexpansions of
R{lii+
are
sufficient to
secure
t Cf. Bromwich,
convergence
Theory
when
b,
the Bessel
l)"R
that
the conditions
(\)--0
provided that
functions
^-^z
is
an
odd
integer.
c-
400
THEORY
and the
OF
function
hypergeometric
r(a-/3
i)r(-i)
BESSEL
on
the
R^
the moduli
Now
do
(1
"
in absolute
exceed
not
where
\/x)~'^-'^"\
moduli
of the terms
in the
of the terms
value
rightmay
/^
I,1
the terms
Hence
^M
"
in the
/3
"
f ; a?)
m;
in the
of
expansion
V*-)"^"^"'"VVa;-
expansionof
the
]and 12/3-11;and, similarly,
(1
/Q
_Li
_L
replaced
by*
be
of
expansion
oi^i
(a+
[CHAP.XIII
FUNCTIONS
of the series
{laf-^r(2a + 2m)
i^)Y+2"i-i
(-)""(
Lir(l-/5-m)r(a
l)|
where
+ c-). But
c'^l{a^
c, and
absolutely
convergent when
it represents
function of z in this domain.
an
analytic
theoryof analytic
Hence, by the general
continuation,
that
provided
(-)""
(W+^'"-'' (lay-^r (2" + 2m)
R{z)"0,
Now
take C to be
number
positive
6
and take 0
"
small that
so
V(a-+ C') G,
-
C, so that also
h
"
c.
Cf.
Forsyth,Treatise
"
+ c")
s/(a-
on
Differential
Equations, (1914),
" 127.
c.
yi
13-4]
in the last
Then
done, if we
series has
r(|)(i-.v/X)-^-^-
(_)m (i5)Y+2m-]
Qa)--^ r (2a H- 2m)
401
INTEGRALS
INFINITE
r=o wITT (7 + m)
(a' + C'Y^''-'^
(1
/S
r (a +
III)
\)I
V(h-^-m)T{a
where
.Y=(7V(rt=+
with respect to
c
0 is the
-*
of
when
as
same
therefore
have
We
m)
02).
test
Hence, by the
0.
proved that
00
"Zo m\r{y
and
V {a
a^''+^'^
m)
j3+ 1)
"2
'
therefore
J,.p(at)Jy_i{bt)^^^
(_)m 5v+2m-i
(2a + 2m)
(i)
V
_
r (7 + III)2--^+v+2m-i
",ro'//i!
It has therefore been
^^^
shewn
"^^
Jo
^r-a-^
(^a+^+2m i^ (1
,M) r (a +
/5
A)
that
2v-"-^a"+^r(7)r(l-/3)-- ^V '^'^'aV'
that is to say
bTilfi+h^-h^
f^JAat)JAbt)
^'^-
Jo
and
a
interchange
and
If
we
that,when
"a
"b
and
that the
iv-"-^
b,and also
the
/u, and
F.
i)
v,
find
throughoutthe work, we
is convergent, then
integral
a"^-Pria)
"^~2v-"-^6-^'^-"+U'(7-a)r(a-/3+l)
X
\y. B.
*/.-iz.
Schafheitlin.
"
J.
l)
is convergent.
integral
[-J.-,{at)Jy-r(bt)
...
^'^^
l^(z.+ ])r(i\
2^a-^+^
^^
oi^jfa,
7 +
1 ;
/^+
1 ;
26
^,j
-
402
THEORY
OF
BESSEL
[CHAP.
FUNCTIONS
XHI
j"
Now
it
happens that
so
the
the
analyticcontinuations
in the formula when
discontinuity
this phenomenon in some
detail.
TJte critical case
13*41.
In the
of the
case
to
examine
of the Weher-Schafheitlin
integral.
under
now
integral
when
consideration,
b, we
have,
before,
as
.'o
c^
to
secure
convergence.
consider
Ja-(^
(at)Jy-^(at)
._,,
is
When
complex variable
2a
(z)"
we
with
this
integrateterm-by-term,
the
series is convergent.
resulting
thus get, by
(z)positive.
may
and
We
'^^'
ty-^^
where
t^
Q J a
of
that
using" 5'41,
e-^t(_)m
l*3C
CO
"=0
m\
^2a-Hom-lT (g
/g+ ry + 2m)
(^^),-p+y+2;"-l
^^
T
T
m
-H
+ 1)
(a
yS + 7 -h m)
(a
(7 + m)
V (2a 4- 2in)T (a
yg + 7 -h 2m)
(-)"^(^ay-^^y^-^-'
,"t0 z''^^^^m ! r (a y8-I-m -h 1 ) r(y -h 7/i)T(a /3-F 7 + m)
X
Now
and
the
so
the left is
on
integral
has
of the series
the
on
be
represented
by
the
the
on
rightand
^,a+,s r
(a
/y-F 6- + 1 ) r
its analytic
continuations
integral
r (2a -f 2s) r (a
(^a)"-^+y^-i
"
2lTi]
"
(7 -h s) r
/3-f-7
(a
/3-h
2s)
V(-s)ds;
7 +
s)
and this
It is
ensure
when
integral
representsa function of z which is anal3'tic
arg^^ |" tt.
that the contour
consists of the imaginaryaxis with loopsto
si:pposed
that the polesof V (" s) lie on the rightof the contour, while the poles
of r
When
as
to
\z\"2a
enclose the
*
Proc.
London
we
yS+
evaluate
may
poleson
Math.
7 +
2s) lie on
the
integral
by modifyingthe contour so
the residues
and evaluating
contour
(2)v. (1907),pp.
59"118.
See
also
404
OF
THEORY
and
BESSEL
[CHAP.
FUNCTIONS
XIII
hence
t^
unless
(4)
This
0.
obtained
2r(p
should
be
" 13'4,namely
from
compared
that, when
2"^a''-P-^r{a-p)
T{p
b
"
l\+l)Y\
X, ^
0, the functions
a,
--,
F,(a-l\p+l-^X;
a+p^l;
rightin (4)and (5)do
the
on
not
tend
-^
to
limits
the contour
A, is zero,
becomes
integral
[r (2a + 2s)}-T (- s)
(^ay''+''-'
2^iJ-ooi^'"+-* V{a+p + s+l)r(a-p
+ s)r {2a + s)
/"=-*"
and
formulae
b.
On
general
+ l)T{lX-p)
"2^b'^+p-^+^r(a+p
when
more
JO
Since
"
the
^\)r(^x-2J)'
a,
Jg+p{at)Jg-p-i{bt)
f
,
with
dt
j^
and, when
^\+i)r{a
the residue
at
s=
is (" )^/(2a).
"
*'
It follows that
"-^^' a^)'
a^-PT(.-p).pl^^^['''-i'
'
j^Ja+p(at)J"_^_i(bt)dt
(6)
accordingas
"
a,
a,
"
a.
,F,(a,-2r,a-p;
it is evident
tuhen b"
The
that tJievalue
"
0 and
result of
(7)
taking X
0.
l in
(2) is
^_ypu2a),
Since
l)
(-)PplT(a-p)/V(a),
dt
sin
2
^ {v- ^)
J^{at)J,{ca)'~j
is the
mean
of its
limits
IT
Jo
which
lulienb
of the integral
a+
'
IT
is also
116.
"
13-42]
INFINITE
of the
Specialcases
13*42.
405
INTEGRALS
discontinuous
of interest
integral.
obtained
values
b}^givingspecial
when
To save
to the constants
\, ju.,v in the precedinganalysis.
repetition,
the firstis its value for h " a, the second
three values are given for an integral,
for
third
b"
when
the
values onlyare given,the first is
for h
two
a;
a, and
cases
special
Numerous
are
"
following
"--
J^(at)J^{bt)
(2)
"
^\
r
/
Ju.(at)
sin
^^
for all
correct
are
the
[R if.)" 0]
r/x~'sin{yu,arcsin(6/a)!,
J,
bt
,,
"I
^^^
""
[fji
{b
'
JAat)cosbt,
--^-^7^
values
(3)
the
[i{h/aYlfM,
^^
(1)
and
integrals
convergent.
c
importantspecialases* :
the most
are
for h^a;
make
which
second
the
for h ^ a,
the value
at
/J'
i/^"^
V(6-^ a^),p
si^
"
|"-^cos{;.arcsin(6/a)},
h/JLTT
[R (/x) 0]
[f^{b+ ^(b-' a')]''
a"
cos
"
'
'
sin
arc
Ifi
sin
(b/a)]
v'(a-^ b')
-
I J^ (at)sin bt
(4)
dt
or
[R (f.)"
2]
}2f^7r
aJ"-cos
+ ^(b-'-a')\'^'
y(Jf-a').{b
arc
{/J,
'cos
J^{at)cos
(5)
bt dt
-Ice
sin
(b/a)]
o/^
sin h/xTT
[R(p-)"-l]
0,
b-7
"
,.
^/(b'-a"').[b+^/(b'-a')\'^
of
Specialcases
precedingresults
are
0;
(6)
Jo (at)sin bt.dt=
-j
(7)
-Uo
0.
These
p. 77,
are
two
known
formulae, which
as
WeheYs
determiningthe potentialof
*
The
Numerous
in
integrals
t The
Smith's
former
discontinuous
an
other
was
known
prize examination
to
Stokes
many
question in Feb.
X Cf. Gallop,QuarterlyJournal,
xxi.
years
1853.
earlier,and
Mat.
a
(3)xiv.
230"231.
(1873),
problem
(1908),pp.
82
of
90.
"
h.
was,
in
(188(J),
pp.
lxxv.
the
v.
as
(1905),p. 319.]
406
THEORY
OF
f J^ (at)J,.,(bt)dt
(8)
[CHAP. XHI
FUNCTIONS
is
formula
special
Another
BESSEL
\1/(26),
"
[R ifjC)
0]
(O;
if we
and
put fi=l,
obtain
we
Weber's
Jo
result of
The
other
U-
putting ;li
specialformulae
have
Wins.
been
lxiii.
Young, LeipzigerBerichte,
method
Another
of
ii.
useful
369
in the
theory of
Fourier
series
by
387.
"
and
given by Hopf
be noted.
(1) must
When
f^
""
Sommerfeld, Archiv
der
0, we
"
dt
2
71=0
.' 0
and
the
factor; see
(1),(1916),p. 109.
found
been
discontimious
(1911),pp. 1"16.
of formula
consequence
BirichleVs
as
(1911),pp.
evaluating(5) has
Math,
1/7
,1/6.
(8) is known
J^in
der Math.
Encyclopadie
by Voss,
Some
AV. H.
{ibid.,
p. 80),
rMat)J,{bt)dt
\ll(2b)
(9)
article
result
"
1,
so
(10)
of Hansen's
positive;this is an interesting
generalisation
discovered
Miinchener
Abh.
xv.
by Lommel,
(1886),pp. 548
providedonly that
(" 2 "5)which
The
was
he
reader
may
find it
to
interesting
the Weber-Schafheitlin
Bateman's
*,
integral
theorem.
Gegenbauer's
investigation
of the Weber-Schafheitlin
integral.
13*43.
specialcase in which
Gegenbauerf found that by his
in a simplemanner.
the Bessel
In the
If
deduce
^^'
f^J,{at)[l-J,{bt)]'^=
[log(6/a),
(11)
from
inequality
549.
"
R{'iv+1)"R
method
(X) "R{v
h)
we
functions
Weber's
are
of the
integralcould
order,
same
be evaluated
have
dt
J, {at)J. {bt)
=^
{-lab)"
r{v
(aby
2^ r
*
Messenger,
Messenger,
t Wiener
xlii.
xli.
(J/
{v
1)
(1912),p.
101
I
'
IX + I)
(1)r
;
for
"
'
(iX +
a
i) j 0 (a'+
Sitzimgsberichte,lxxxviii.
(2),(1884),p. 991.
sin-" (f"d(f)
^-^
-
by
2ab
cos
another
(/))''-*^+^
method,
see
Hardy,
13-43]
INFINITE
by " 13'22.
Now
When
the
from
"
rightis
the
on
expression
the
a,
407
INTEGRALS
formulae
recurrence
we
{n +
that
see
l)|'
(n +
(\
z^y-i C^n^,{z)dz
-C
(1
~\{l s")i"+^CV
z"-)"-^^i''+^
-
{n + 2,x-2v
f'
1)
(2)\
dz
dz
(1 -^-""^)''-*a"'^(5)
-1
-^=""""' i{(i
="2':;!t-/!/'
-.')-"'c,
that
so
sin-"(f)d({)
C^l+l(cos(/))
2fi-2v-l)(n
^(n +
{2v +
Hence
7i
sin-"(f)d(f).
G'^n-i
(cos(f))
it follows that
and
2fi-l)
l)
l){n
this agrees
The
with
the result of
,fJv
-
l\ + H
method
extended
more
range
By expandingthe
(1)
finite integral
in powers
./.(at)J. (bt)
^
-,
and
with
The
by
is valid whether
this form
"b
of
"
Gegenbauer's; but
avoid the necessity
of
as
to
over
1.
we
cf),
cos
obtain
the formula
^~
2z/ + 3
(2v+\-X
putting6
or
"
^^,^ ^^^_^,,,^^^^
-
4a-6-
^+l;(a^T6^0'
-,
^"^^^1"4
which
^^Y
" 13-4.
the same
given here is substantially
he used ilightly
in order
more
complicatedanalysis
appealingto the theoryof analyticcontinuation to
the
IX; v+l;
'
b. This
'
result
was
givenby Gegenbauer,
is masked.
discontinuity
to
interesting
examine
the
critical
case
obtained
408
OF
THEORY
Ouhlers
13"44.
The
BESSEL
[CHAP. XIII
FUNCTIONS
of the Weher-Schafheitlin
investigation
integral.
integral
.-00
dt
J^ (at)/, (ht)
Jo
will
now
first to
investigated
by the method due
consider the more
generalintegral
be
(-
t^
be evaluated
cannot
though this integral
It is first supposedthat R{v)"0,
methods.
b are positive,
and a "b.
as usual, a and
even
that the
in
R
simplemanner
by Gubler's
I; and,
(k) "^, R(fM X)"
a
"
"
of Bessel's integral,
generalisation
givenby " 6*2 (2),it is evident
is equal to
integral
the
Mv
27riJo
We
It is convenient
JAo^t)J,{ht)^^
-'0
From
Gubler*.
to
/I
2-"-^
^^
shewn
as
in
expHhtlz-
Fig.29
to
the
meet
-]}-dzdt.
circle
j^ |
1 and
the
FiK. 29.
line
R(z)
only at
" i; and
and
t under
consideration,
R{hbt(z-l/z)]^0;
and
the
since
absolutely,
repeatedintegral
converges
0^
,-v-l
idt
dz\
Jo
is convergent. The
we
order of the
integrations
may
therefore
be
changed,and
have
Jj,(at)J,{bt)
Lrr'r^M,,^i.
dt
0
If
we
t^
27ri j
CO
j0
t''
H'-i)
write
b(z-l/z)
Math.
Ann.
xlviii.
-a(^-l/0,
(1897),pp.
37"48.
y"V"l
dtdz.
13-44]
and suppose
b\^ Kummer's
oi^iU
of z, qua
sin
"
X: /i +
1;
c^^,
j-^-^oj
function
curve
on
different
on
e-'", where
only at
path is the
is irreducible because
curve
taken
^, are
Since
is chosen, the
meets
1, /i +
X +
the
curve
transformation*.
consider
branches
j^j ^ 1, we
"~.
Next
for which
dt
409
INTEGRALS
INFINITE
co.
Now
both
functions of X
Next
are
integral
analytic
\ =0,
we
takef
may
the
write ^=
zr
1; and then
"
have
we
then
and
br
T(bT + a)
"2
=
~
(ar + 6)
'
tiT
'
and
the
in
is that shewn
contour
originclockwise,and
to
returns
have
Fig.30;
from
the contour
where
"b/a;
arg
it starts
b/a,encircles the
the positive
crosses
-
-0.
dz
adr
c,.
bince
2T(6T
",0(l+ n
find
we
I"'/^
(at)J, (bt)dt
J
^r~.
f'"^'
ri'-'-'^-i'
(br+
ZttI J
b"
-1,1
Journal
fur Mat
Ii. xv.
/'"o+'
(1908),pp. 115"119.
t If X:^0, the hypergeometric function
and
the
analysis becomes
dr
(ar + 6)*c+'--i"
a)-i"'+'^+i"
27r?'o''+\'
_i
*
a)'
intractable.
does
b-
(57). See
not
in
also
x-iiv+ft+ii
Barnes, QuarterlyJournal,
general reduce
to
an
xxsix.
elementary- function,
410
THEORY
If
OF
[chap, xni
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
and substitute
expand in ascendingpowers of h-jaEuler-Pochhammer
then Gubler's result
integrals,
we
//x+i^
i^
ii +
V-
A-^^
is manifest.
Fig. 30.
The
modification
of the
13"45.
Weber-
K,(at)J^(ht)^^^
integral
.'0
which
converges
terms
of
unlike
To
ii R{a)"\I
that
it has
integral
evaluate
when
discontinuity
no
order
that
the
result
in
(fi)\ is expressible
"\)"\R
16 j" ja j in
Schafheitlin
integral.
Jo
13"21
of
6" r (A y
b.
of 6, assuming
that
temporarily
term-by-termintegrationmay be a
n=on\l {v +
t"
but
integral,
l)Jo
^x 4- ^At +
^) r (^1/
-
'-"-X,4-;u,-|-l
A-
"
"
'
1\
i/i -I-i)
b-
/i+1
v
\\
a-
and, in particular,
f"("o^(.o..^-^-.e=^^""'"^
(2)
providedthat
Formula
J? (i/+
(1) was
*
1) "
i2
,
(/a)
jand R (a) "
givenby
Heaviside*
when
I(b)\.
fj,=
0 and
A,
is 0 and
"
1.
412
observed
It has been
a,
b, c
of
the
the sides of
are
sin
[CHAP. XIII
FUNCTIONS
that the
Macdonald*
by
in terms
always expressible
derived from the integral
on
When
BESSEL
OF
THEORY
by
triangle,
sin
I "^
=
the substitution
sin 6
^A
have
we
rA
h-
(a-
2 he
c-
sin-" "/"
d(j"
(f"y-''-^
cos
0
A
sin-" (j)d(fi
Jo
rhTT
sin-''-'hA
2-''-'^''-^bcy-''-'
^^6'
(l-sin-|A sin-^)''-Hin-"6'cos-'^--'-i
JO
i'^-'
^A^^'''^f^^^~''\,F,(^
^;sinnA),
vA-i']f^
{bcy-^-'sin''^-'
and
and
therefore,if R (yu,)
we
triangle,
^, and
"
a,
b, c
the
are
sides of
have
t^-^ dt
(4)
If,however,
a^
"
(6 + cf, and
P:,-"^^^ )"
-^^:^^,,,,
write
we
"b'-
a-
we
(v) exceed
(i^+ i)
c-
"
have
I (a--6--c=+
"/))'^-"-isin-"^(Z(/)
26ccos
Jo
S4 +
(26c)'^-''-i
I"(cosh
^V-'-'^;f^-fv-
(260cosh
so
that,when
/-\
(o)
where
^\
j^K
2bc X
/j^N
from
-\-b-+
a-
c-;
and
in
London
Math.
^.^
Q^_^(A ),
--^-j^^-i^-j-^-
this formula
a,
b,
may
R{a
positive
; this
^)
1 ; sech-^
^ 13*45 (2)that
J. (ct)t^" dt
(at)J. (bt)
=
sinh'*-*c^^.i-j^
(6ey~^cos^'7^.
Q ,(cosh^).
7^
^x^i
deduce
we
providedonly that
are
"^
J^{at)J,ibt)JAct)f-''dt=^-^
In like manner,
(6)
have
we
(6 + c)-,
"
a-
(I'M-1)
.,F,
sin-" "/)c7"^
"/))'^-'-i
cos
" lb "
to
Soc.
ic)
Macdonald.
(2)vii.
(1909),pp.
l-i2"
149.
be
complex,
13-46]
apparent discrepancybetween
The
[Note.
donald's
INTEGRALS
INFINITE
is
paper
these
fornnilae
difi'erent definitions
of the
consequence
413
and
the formulae
adopted for
of Mac-
the function
Q^"^;
" 5-71.]
see
Other
formuhx
formulae
" 11"G
2 /p {x cos
and
be obtained
by taking
6)1x'^
integrating-.
It is thus
found
that
dx
/"^
.
(7)
./^(" cos ^
cos
"
"^
Jo
^j
.
cos'^
cos'^ O
cos''
^W-'-Tip
l)[V{v
l)Y
1,
00
X
n
r(^a+|/'4-ip-lX
111+
X2F,(^
v
"
2-^1("
n, fx +
i"
2F^{-n, /j,+
R
0 is not
cos
Some
equal to
(/i+
+
of this
specialcases
of Sci.,K. Acad,
Some
extensions
...
it is easy
(^
cos
of formula
to shew
l;
l;
p +
"
p +
n;
l;
cos-
1: sin- (/")
I; sin- ^)
v+
R (\) "
2) "
/x
"
^~
"
0).
"
been
given by Gegenbauer
Amsterdam.,
(3) have
iv.
in
letter to
(1902),jip. 584
"
Kapte}-n,
588.
been
given recently
by Nicholson*.
arrangedin descendingorder of magnitude
numbers
positive
a,",are
"
Wet. te
can
result have
Proc. Section
If tti,rto,
"
"
when
and
"
1)
that, if
then
dt
(8)
JJaJ)
n
.
71
1
^-
0;
the
of establishing
method
this result is by induction, by substituting
sjjnplest
Gegenbauer'sformula of " 11 "41 [on the assumption that R{i')" h] for
and then changing the order of the integrations.
./^((/"i_ir)
J,.{a,"t),
"
When
a
or
"!, a..,
polygon,the
III
...
""i
are
such
that
be
they can
is intractable unless
integral
the
4.
Quarterhj Joiinud,
in i^13-48;
xlviii.
(1920),pp.
321
"
329.
Some
associated
integralswill be discussed
414
THEORY
When
BESSEL
OF
1 6 A-
IT
("!+
[CHAP. XHI
FUNCTIONS
write
we
quadrilateral,
tts+
Oo
2a,i),
ttj
"
71=1
is the
that A
so
area
be
evaluated
in
0: but
simple form onl}-*when
its value, it is simplestfirst to obtain an expression
for the integral
to deduce
and
deduce
the
value
for
0
when
"
continuation:
the
v
R(v)
|,
by analytic
different forms accordingasf
value of the integral
assumes
integralcan
The
a4 $ a2+
th +
i.e.accordingas
We
write
A- $ aj
ct-
o/
a.;-+
2a2 ^s
"
cio
a^ a^.
^,
cos
tts,
and
replaceJ^,(a.,t)
J^(aJ) by
Gegenbauer'sformula, so that
Jo
Jo^^^^^^^"^ V\^^\)V^,
=
_(a,asr(a^a,r;^
or
aa +
"3
We
when
=ai
a^ and
,^
"
the upper
yi.-*
limit
sin^"A#
by
aj +
a^
this expressionwill
A\\i{a^a.2asa^\
be
"
ot
is the smaller.
whichever
(o,
limit for
We
"57
write
called
+ a4)(fli
",)-
is 1
a-
or
(ao
'
^3 )-
\\k.
continuation (unlessaj + 04=00-^
carry out the process of analytic
the integrals
divergeat the upper limit if t- 0), and we get
now
a;,,
"=i
"
Ts-
so
where
sm-c^^^^
^^
Jf)(ant)tdt
+ "4)'
I[[("i
-
-.
^']{^'
-
(Oi
a,y][zT-^(a, 03)-}
+ fls)'^
{(rt2
t^i]-^t:r(^^
-
TT".'
rlorl/i-
";^.
Hence
1
rx
(9)
Jo ("nO ^C?i
n
n
j^Njaia-iOzCii)
Itt^A
4
=
K
'
.TT^/^^a-.a^asai)\y/(aia20sa^)/
denotes
where
whose
modulus
For
t We
other
the
of
integral
completeelliptic
is less than unityis to be taken.
values
still suppose
of
that
it is
expressibleas
"j^"._,^ 03^04.
hypergeometric function
of three
that
variables.
one
13-47]
INFINITE
415
INTEGRALS
Nicholson
{JAat)Y^,
when
and
R{v)"0
case
special
The
0.
"
of the last,so
1
and
as
simplestprocedureis to regardthe integral
equal to
that it is
1"
in
"
,M
,-,
sin'-''
(16
(j)
hence*
(10)
^13'47.
I^/^ediscontinuous
Gegenhauer.
Several discontinuous
Schafheitlin
type, have
modifications
The
(1)
^
of these
of a more
integrals,
generalcharacter than the Webersome
investigated
by Soninef and Gegenbauer;!:;
of
in
are
integrals
importance physicalproblems.
been
shall take
we
is due
to
Sonine, namely
\'j."fit)^^^'^'t^"dt
(^2 ^-)-"
'^^
Jo
("." 6)
0,
To
and R(v)
convergence, a and b are taken to be positive
b, then we take R (v)" i? (/x+ 1) " 0. The number
2 is an
"R(fx,)"
secure
if a
reduces
complex namber, and the integral
when
is
z
zero.
integral
to
case
that, if 0
1 ;
unrestricted
of the Weber-Schafheitlin
The
"
see
from
0, then
j^Xbt^^^t^'^t^-^dt
t^ + 2'
J^ {bt)f'^'
u-"-'
exp
la { u
"
dudt
(o"
27rm'^+i'
*
An
between
arithmetical
0 and
t Math.
Ami.
X Wiener
" This
error
is obtained
xvi.
in Nicholson's
du.
liu
has
work
been
corrected.
The
result
for values
oi R
(v)
by analyticcontinuation.
(1880),p.
is also
"la
_";
38
et seq.
Sitzungsberichtc,lxsxviii.
formula
u
b'-)
exp
investigated by Cailler,il/e'm.
de
la
Soc.
de
2^hys. de Geneve,
xxxiv.
convergence
is absolute
only when
is to be established
of
not
covered
b}'
416
THEORY
When
OF
indefinitely
great semicircle on the right of
integralalong this is zero; but, when a ^6, we
then
we
"-
be evaluated
may
have
in
similar
cu
% |^')f-'-v^.w("=+6=)!
manner.
We
;^\in4ivaluat
1
f,and that R (/x)"
suppose that a and h are positive
is
convenient
it
to
that
integral
!arg2'!"i7r,
though
suppose
the
an
stated*.
/;J. (^o^i^fy
(2)
the
into
integral
related
[CHAP. XIII
FUNCTIONS
h the contour
a "
BESSEL
"
the
subsequentlyextend
of values
range
of
\a.rgz\"^tt
to
we
may
by analytic
continuation.
From
that the
on
integral
(2) is equalto
the left of
~
t- +z-
ha[u
"
^Jo
dudt
+
u
.0
{a-+")u
'''^"""^P
S^^lo
make
arg
"
z^^
Jo
\^
i7r.-i-''--i' '-
\ir. If
put
we
iy,where
y"0,
find that
we
y J'
bi^ {\/(a-
du
'2u
az'
2a
62\) V-/X-1
[/.-.-.
{yV(a^
l^^^^^^l
"
+ ")}l
6^)i tF._,_,{y^/(a^
-
the
avoids
path of integration
the singularpoint,and that
the expression
when
positive
t"y.
If
we
axis and
In
had
the
above
*
pp.
signof
should
iy,we
i would
have
have
been
had
the indentation
changed throughout(3).
particular
(A\
^^^
where
put
]0
exp{-"\/(^" .V^)];.
T ^^^^
(ht\
^"
For
t With
of
physicalapplications
_
"
'
w^^'
122"
exv\+il|^l{a"^+b^)]
"
"
this
integral,see
accordingas
Lamb,
lil.
certain
limitations,a and
b may
be
7u,^:rb^r~
complex.
Proc.
the
London
indentation
Math.
Sac.
passes
13-47]
INFINITE
last formula
The
Bateman,
If in
der
A7m.
Sommerfeld,
Electrical
"
divide
(1) we
by
6'^and
make
and R{\v
providedthat fOO
established independently
by the
0 and
"
In
R{ix)"
\)"R{iju)"
"
h-^i),we
"
been
method.
same
have
from (2) we
Similarly,
if a
417
INTEGRALS
I.
2 sin 6 and
from
integrate
0 to 6
^tt.It
follows that
Jo
R{v
the
on
integral
TT^^-'-'^-i
V) " R ijx)"
"
sin^+^d*
1.
"
2/-
+ 3, and
2//-
Jo^if-\-z^
we
^.
...-.
powers
then have
^ ^^
f^^^!M^l + fl)}
*
(S^
^^^
.'o
in
rightis easily
expansible
of interest is when
case
^AtL"J:}
|-^^^..-M-:(2^sm^)^^.
r J-''Ml"^^ rwdt=
'{t''+z''-y
n\
'^^
only
i)
H
(^z^
'^^-2z^^7^^'^-''^'
-
that
so
"
I"^ ^Y('^^^^"y-^da
(9)
and
these
valid
are
if R (v) " h
(when y=l) by
different
manner
theorem
luhen
thatij:,
v"^
variations
multiplying
by
the upper
*
the
arc
due
last formula
it we
established
was
deduce
the
in
important
is
integral
Diffraction.
discontinuous
integralare
with respect to
integrating
obtainable
b from
Cf. "
w.
der
beingb
integral
to Professor
Love
for
or
pointing out
a,
to
whichever
me
the
is the smaller.
of emj^hasiziiig
desirability
Phijsikniul Clicmic,(3)xvii.
(1882),pp.
1010"1011.
10-45."
v.. F.
by
0 to b.
ambiguity of sign.
t Ann.
that
My thanks
Struve's
Il^{x) is positive.
x"0,
Theory of
then
l-'^!rPp
H. (2z)
of Sonine's
h'^'^^
and
It is thus found
and
The
27
418
THEORY
If i
put
a, the
"
on
integral
sin 6 and
Jo
to
1) "
replacea by
we
from
deduce
to
[CHAP. XHI
FUNCTIONS
rightseems
intractable,
but, when
b"
a,
we
that
'
z"
providedthat R{v
If
the
BESSEL
j,,,(tt)'^^^^M^t^dt=^^^^^M,
b^+^
{t'-hz"')^"
(10)
^
OF
00
i*
after
"
(/u,)
"
in (1) and
dividingby
1 ; this is
then
of Sonine's
one
take a^b
and
integrals.
with respect
integrate
is restricted to he
positive,
u^"-^
(v^+ b-)"
2"-"-' Jo
)^^m(^";
(11)
"h
providedthat a
positive
may now
and
(12)
see
we
that
(v+ 2) "
may
(lo)
first method
"
(fj,)
1; the
'^^ ^'
restriction
that
is
in the form
and
at-
^^
in two
by
generalised
ways
Neumann's
and
integral
substituting
has
6"a,
of
^^
been
the second
Bessel function.
gives
^
J^(6")
]/^^^^) it'^z^)^^
2^-'r{v)
be written
"^^
(^2_,.^2)j.+i
be removed.
(10),which
Formula
where
thence
^^
+ W
(^2^^2^i(A
^^^ ^cos(X-.)"^#rf^
^ioio^'^(^^^-^^M-T^iM^-
2"^-a^(/A)/^(a^)JA(a^)
6
providedthat
*
"
2a and
Wiener
22 (i/
+ X +
f) "
lxxxviii.
Sitzungsberichte,
i2 (/i)
" 0.
(2),(1884),pp. 1002"1003.
420
anglebetween s^ and
the angle 6,nbetween
Now
let
Pni't^';
ch,
the
from
the distance
cim+i,
and
tt
"
"2"
"m) denote
""")
the
that
probability
starting
pointshall be
and
dPn(r;
problem,all values
of
equallyprobable.
are
tt
lies between
[CHAP. XIII
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
OF
THEORY
that the
so
stretches
)i
probability
Sr is
less than r,
after
...,an)^
a^,ao,
dr
evident
It is then
that
^"_2 assume
^i,^o,
where
...,
only such
assume
| |
all values
values
"
"
"
Id^n-i dOn-o
between
tt
"
and
tt,
dO, dO^,
while
6n-i is
to
make*
as
Sn ^ r,
for each
set
Now
of values of ^i,^o,
...
dn-2-
("13-42)
^';";;^
rrj,(rt)j,{s,,t)dt=\l'
[0,
r)
Jo
and
so,
of values of
range
We
change the
remembering that
be taken
6n-imay
order
of the
S"ii
we
{Sn
ji_2
(n
be (" tt, tt).
the
\)-twple
integral,
^S)i_i ft,jcos
ft'H
Jo {Snt)dt ddn-i
Ji (rt)
'27rr
-TT.'O
t, and,
t/ji_i,
J, (I't)
Jo (s"_i
t)Jq (a"t)dt
.0
We
make
next
S'n"i
^^
the substitution
S",i_2 T
ft'"i_i
cos
"^5)j_2
ftji,"
1
C/ji_2,
Pn (r ; fli
"o
...,an)
this is
this process
\ J, (rt)U
.'0
and
"
get
and
to
in the
"
J^ {a,n
t)dt,
1
Kluyver'sresult.
W^e shall
consider the
corresponding
problem for space of p dimensions.
In this problem it is no longerthe case
that all values of 6"iare equally
likely.
If generalised
is regardedas a co-latitude)
are
polarcoordinates (inwhich d,,,
solid angle contains 6^ onlyby the factor
used, the element of generalised
now
sii\P~^6^1d6m" and
6,nvaries from
polaraxis
us
enables
to
It is to be remembered
0 to
disregardthe
that 5"i is
tt.
The
factor
function
symmetry
dependingon
with
the
6^,
respect
to
the
longitudes.
...
^^-i
"
13-49]
If
P"(9';ai,ao,
less than
deduce,
we
r,
that
probability
the
a^Jj) denotes
...,
421
INTEGRALS
INFINITE
before,that
as
P"(r;a"a.,...,an\jy)
[i {-kp-i)
make
s" "
.'0.'W=]
extends
the values
over
of ^"_i
r.
tactoi- which
discontinuous
The
.'c.'o
v/here the
which
1 W)
we
now
is
introduce
and
infer that
we
F,,(r
"
a,
a,,
a,
...,
|p)
[Ti^Wr^
|J(irtP'^ J,,{rt)U^^i^^^]
'^'-
When
so
the
that
...
("13-3)
P, (7-;
a,
a,...,
(^rt)i'-'
Jip(rt)
(-'-|^')
jT^/J
\j))
approximationhas
This process of
been
Pearson
jj 2, jj 3, while
with the problem.
connected
the
cases
13'49.
The
has
dt
exp
The discontinuous
carried much
further
publishedvarious
by Rayleighin
arithmetical
tables
integrals
of Gallopand Hardy.
integral
^
is convergent if
condition
must
be
(x+ty
{z + tr
are
I; when
b the last
by Gallop,
^ has been investigated
specialcase of the integralin which /x 0,
has been
which
b
and
the
in
232
case
a
234;
Quarterly Journal, XXI. (1886), pp.
The integralis
Math. Soc. (2) vii. (1909), pp. 469.
by Hardy, Froc. London
investigated
and
Schafheitlin.
Weber
o
f
discontinuous
with
the
be
associated
integrals
to
obviously
The
i'
"
La
theorie
recognised
as
disguisedform
(Paris,1812), chapter
of the method
of
in.
steepestdescents.
The
process
may
be
422
OF
THEORY
the
evaluate
To
is
Hardy
that
so
function
all the
t in
Write
evaluated
Poisson's
and
integralmay
which
integrals
let
and
first let
us
substituted
will be used
R{v)"
for
the
by
^,
"
second
vergent.
conabsolutely
the integral
to be
are
^= Z, so that
z"
discovered
take
t"
(16)"
[-J,{a{Z t)]
1 .C
~izv^'^^'
f"
r (. + 1) r (i) 1
2.(16)"
^^^
[^ ^
r(i;+ i)r(i)Jo
'''^''^
{bt
cos
i2aY
case
special
^''
/o
(,W^TV^)
" 13
of
"4
"^^''''''^^^^^
'''
cos
(bZ cos (f")sm''^(f"d(l,dt
(ji)
cos
t"^
.0
'' ^"^
at
be
a^b,
method
the
generalcase,
and
placeoi t+^,
[CHAP. XIII
FUNCTIONS
becomes
{Z + ty
by
the
that
effective;
suppose
R{/jl)"^,
Bessel
integralin
BESSEL
(2).
in a simple manner
is expressible
only when /i=:|,a
integral
when
considered by Gallop,
6, the case considered by Hardy.
or
a
This
case
results
two
easilyobtain Gallop's
We
f ^^^"^^^^
Mbt)dt
(1)
"00
sina(2^+ 0
f"
'7TUbz),
{b%a)
-T
/7.^
.du
f^cosuz
7.
,,
Hardy'sformula
and
r (;^+ .) r
...
^^^
r(/.+ i)r(^
(i)
+ i)
^aj
The
reader
will find it
obtain
to
interesting
"
(z
^y+^'-h
(1)by integrating
gai{z+ t)
/'
Jo i^i)dt
z-k-t
round
the contour
has to be
The
formed
supposed that
by
there is
indentation
an
indefinitely
great
an
at
"2
when
semicircle
above
is real.
integi'al
J_3o
considered
+ t
by Gallop.To
*
evaluate
'
1z
z+t'
it,we
observe
that
it ; it
13-5]
and
INFINITE
the
so
be written
integral
may
in the form
ro
/""
423
INTEGRALS
sin
Jo
00
sin"("_M)
J
J"
.'-00
^^^
Jo
r CO
cos
fZ^+
(6^)
ra
.'
cos
if
dtdu
{z+ t)jQ (bt)
sin
"2;
00
/"CO
2z\
"
Jo
^^
^^^^
raj
r a
sin ai Jq
az
sin"(^+i)j
"
u(z + t)Jo(bt)dtdu
cos
.'o .0
ra
Too
cos
Jo
Hence, when
^
t)
^^
"
-^
sin ut Jq (6^)
cZ^cZm.
a"b,
\t\sma(z
r*
("i)
C'^
j I
J J
sin a^ Jo (6^)
dt + 2z
a^
2
,
J.
Jo{bt)dt=
^
^
cos
V{a2
/""
az
Y-
b-)
cos
22
"
""^
--"
it^
j^dit
"
V(w'
rare
az
sin
-
cosh "/6
_
but, when
^,
,^
sm(^6cosh^)rf^,
V(^^6-^)-^-"Jo
b,
"
["^ \t\sma(z
j~^^
"
/-\
(o)
t)
,;,.,,
0.
'-Jo(bt)dt
j^
13-5.
b)
evaluated by
integrals
Definite
largenumber
of the forms
integrals
of definite
contour
can
integrals
integration.
be
evaluated
by considering
^.j0 (z)H^^'^iaz)
dz, ^.U(z)
'^^(bz)JZ,")(az)dz,
taken
round
suitable
function,and that
is
it is
contours;
an
algebraic
positive.
of two
contours
are
appropriate
types. We take the first type when
the contour
is
0 {z)has no singularities
except polesin the upper half-plane;
taken to be a largesemicircle above the real axis with its centre at the origin,
which joins
togetherwith that part of the real axis (indentedat the origin)
The
pointsin the upper halfis derived from the first type by inserting
loopsstarting
plane;the contour
from and ending at the indentation, one looppassinground each branch point,
inside the contour.
has no singularity
so that the integrand
We
more
with
integrals
type when
powerful method
one
of the
branch
which
is effective in
evaluating
Bessel function
^ {z) has
the
424
THEORY
BESSEL
OF
[CHAP. XIII
FUNCTIONS
integrations
; since the integrandin "6'o(7) is 0 (x"'^),
qua function of ^,
small positive
the
double
where 8 is an arbitrarily
number,
integralusually
when
the
does
and
the
original
integral
interchange
so,
converges absolutely
theoretical
difficulties.
no
produces
the
HankeVs
13*51.
Bessel
one
integrals
involving
function.
the more
abstruse integrals
which
will be
investigated
he
evaluated
class
discussed in ChajDter
of
definite
a
large
xiv,
integrals*
by
considering
Before
Hankel
described
in
round
is
is
\R(v)\"R{p)"
2m
the convergence
tends to zero; and (as a
first inequality
secures
The
of the indentation
tends to
that
inequality
second
the
ensures
as
zero
the
of the
when
integral
the radius
of Jordan's
consequence
integralround
the
lemma)
largesemicircle
infinity.
to
of the integrandinside
onlysingularity
The
the contour
is the
pointr.
It
follows that
1
(ax)
{ir,"^'
scP-'
J^iJQ
(2)
^~2'KiJ
0.
can
Hankel's
be
(x^
(^'
expressedin
It is thus found
BesseVschen
"fThe
was
form
neater
sin
2h + 2,
integralwith v
n, p
Functionen
(Leipzig,1867),p. 58.
evaluation of integralsof this character
by writingr
ik, so
that
l(p-v)77. F, (ax)]
t^^^^.^^
publishedposthumously, Math.
the
?-2)w+i
thatf
[cosl(p-v)-7T../,(ax)+
work
r'.yn+r~
xc~^dx
F, (ax)]
i{l- e(p-'')-0
of
investigation
functions
(^f.
result
(k)"
/'""+'
^"-^.g,"'((i^)c^^
["[(1
+ gCp-")-')
J, (ax)+
J
This
if,"''
(axe^')}
(^2_r2)'"+i
It follows from
(1)
ep"'
"
Ann.
m=2n
which
A partial
401.
(1875),pp. 458
Theoric
der
given by Neumann,
viri.
was
contain
"
only
one
of the
two
Bessel
13-51]
(3)
{cos
VTT
J, (ax)
VTT.K {a:c)}
sui
f"^ x^
The
For
an
of
The
+ F)'"
(."2
2)n
(4) to the
,"
^.^^
'
,"
{ah)
is net
an
integer,see
"
13-6
1"
"
(i^)
2m
-^
.
(2).
specialformula
been
xJ^{ax)dx_
II.
specialformula
another
Ko{ah)
/'"Yo{ax)dx
jo
transformation
complicated
of
_
~
^'
:^ + i^
repeatedintegrals.
though it is most
Thus.
xviii.
19; while
(Cambridge,1889),p.
^^)
Some
dynamics.,
(1881), p. 194, and Basset, Hydro(1911),
Nicholson, QuarterlyJournal, slii.
3/ath. Ann.
bj Mehler,
pointed out
K^
"'
when
r-
by
"
2'"
/i
f"
case
TN
has
k"
is valid when
former
a'"
",
J0
extension
^Jy (ax)dx
^^."_^j^,yn^i^^
^'^"
of this formula
followingspecialcases
notice the
should
reader
The
425
INTEGRALS
INFINITE
convenient
them
prove
observed
has
Nicholson
to
using Cauchy's
without
cos
(ax cos 6)
f"^f^-""
2
_
+ IC-
X-
established
here,
theorem.
that
Jn{ax)dx
0
be
may
TT
^' +
Jo
T^
,^^
U.l/1//^
1^'
a^
.' 0
'^-j^[I,{ak)-lMo{p.k)\,
that
by " 10'4 (11),provided
(^^^^^
(7)
More
if R (v) "
generally,
/. (ak)
and
and
since,by
of
and
providedthat R{y)"'2
/.(a^)-L.(aA-)
=
.t"
cc
so
positive;
that
^{Io(ak)-I.,(ak)].
have
(2),
is
both
sin- ddd,
f'^-"^--^
j.,^^2itra^
(k) are
|,we
"
L. {ak)
form
special
A;
/i'""
it follows
positive,
that
j_."^1^^
-j.^^^^^^,^j^
^^'^^
j
_
r^
I'"v
TT
cc
^'"
kdx
426
and
so
have
we
ft
formula
the
CC
f4
B,
a"0,
0 and
(k)"
Jo
ii R(v)"
k
choose
we
0.
(a)"
have, by
(k) " 0, we
xu.dudx
_r(v ^) p p (2a)''
f x''K^{ax)dx
'^^+k' ~~r(i7 JoJo (x"- k^{u'
+
cos
Jo0
Jo
-~2krJl)
TT
4
use
we
(9)
^
^
and
j0
been
has
R(v)
(when
Jo
^,
"
^^
-j,_ ^^^
'
I'TT
|,
0)
due
are
Nicholson, and
to
the
also
last has
Heaviside.
f"=^"!^
k^
Jo
^ and that
"
"
cos
x^ +
x"
investigated
by Gegenbauer*.
been
and
integral
^
R(v)"
I/TT
when
+ ^^-
i^ (v)"
formulae
given by
The
[II.^,(ak)-Y_,{ak)],
cos
therefore,when
These
(w^+a-^r+i
^r^^-^
^-^.(a^Oc/a;
^'
a'y+'-
ZjgV-1
(jM- i) r""(2aye-''^du
TT
_
when
of the
order
'
k'
x' +
and
"
that R
so
in the
(ax)dx
r"^x^Ky
If
change
is
integral
similar
Avhich converges
^^
theoretical difficulties.
integrations
presentsno great
somewhat
[I^(ak) L^ {ak)\,
"
^.,
The
R(v)"2.
-^"
^__
where
/yt
(8)
[CHAP. XHI
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
OF
THEORY
x' +
k^
and
x"
T(v
r(v
(k) are
both
To
evaluate
we
positive;
^)r(l)Jo '("
x-
it,we
then
suppose
have
that
k'
i ) n'' ./ 0
^)r(^)kj,
so
"
f '^f^
(11)
*
he
Wiener
omitted
formula
p.
11.
are
The
pp. 422"424.
the term
also incorrect.
correct
result
{/,(ak) L, (ay^OI-
-^
Sitzungshericlite,
lxxii.
to insert
similar
was
error
was
made
given by Gubler,
Phil.
Soc.
xlvii.
Vierteljahrsschrift,
because
from
vi.
his
(1889),
(1902),
428
OF
THEORY
Hence, when
we
BESSEL
and
vir
of
7j-gi(p-"'-2fi)ir?
sin
[chap. XIII
FUNCTIONS
V(h_p+iv
(^a)"kP+''-^'^-'-S
+ 1)
(/J,
w!r(y
=0
1) r
??i
find that
z, we
m).(laky
(^p+ ^1/ /A + 7?i)
-
therefore
xP~'^dx
r^'
(1) I [cos(^p
2siny7r.
fx)it. Y^ (ax)]
,j,2\^+i
r(//.+1)
+ ^v-fMy
lr(v+i)r(ip
'
a^k-
"
2
T{i-v)r(^p-^v-fiy'^'{
Fig. 31.
It is natural
to
enquirewhether
method
by
Hankel*
instead of
of
only effective
is
that
singleBessel function,have
by applyingCauchy'stheorem
a'^h "0,
the
will be
" 13'51,except
to
the
ir;i"{az)dz
if
in which
which
that
seems
contains
Integrals
resemblingthose
of Bessel functions
integralof
be evaluated; it
13'53.
the
with
7' is a
positiveinteger,
complex number
positive
imaginarypart,^^ denotes any cylinderfunction of order fi, and
m
\R{v)\+ \R{fi)\"R{p)"2ni
*
Math.
Ann.
viir.
(1875),pp.
461"467.
4".
13-53]
i" a
[When (^^/n
inequahty.]
429
INTEGRALS
INFINITE
be
in
replticed
by "It{fj.)
this
When
h,the presence
of the
in order
inequality
above
to make
The
contour
to
of that
manner
of
shews
integrand
be taken
is that of
" 13"52
; and
if
proceedin
we
section,
we
^^^
"
-^.I
rf~'
^^'" (a^-e'^Ol
{hx)jy,'"(cix) e^-i9^^(""e-0
['2^
27riJo
^^i^^2_^.2yn+i
(1)
'
'^^
'
limit
non-zero
as
{az)
-g?^
=
(2) 2^.
The
^^,-
that, when
1)6 pointedout
It must
semicircle tends to
'
of this result
cases
special
Numerous
we
of
(1)in which
2,n
take fM
as
according
the
large
0 and
is a
'"'^
Bessel function
; it is
mention
special
ccclor
and
and
R{/j,)"\H (v)j
/7
-1
we
see
that
{i7riJ,(br)HJ'"(ar),
^^f^^'
^
in the
existence of the disconti niity
Hankel.
modifyformula (3) we
[^
Y^ (ax)]
"
2.
R(p)"
^ (/j, v)tt
sm
^ 6.
pointedout by
(^)
["
we
"
"
providedthat a^b-"0
If
ronnd
6, tlie integral
ii
and,
infinity;
{hx)[cosl(fx-v)'7r.J^
(ax\+
Jy.
The
(az),
c, ff^i'-)
{az)^
r "^
we
"
Hankel.
givenby
are
2?H + 3 and
^J'^ (axe-i)]
[%\ {ax')H,i^){ax)+ "W {axe-^)
(^^23^2)^+1
case
particular
(3)
,-.
formula
new
If
the
find that
that,if a
see
^ 6 " 0 and
{k)" 0, then
"
^o
7i
sin |(^
"
y) tt
=
Since
H^'-')
{a~2(az)H^"'^i
~
c-
"
^'^ ''""''when
dx
F^ {ax)]
r^{bk)K, {uk).
j" |i large.
430
OF
THEORY
More
BESSEL
generally,
takingequation(1) with
(^)
[CHAP. XIII
FUNCTIONS
0 and
-I^{hh)K,{ak)kf"-\
multiplyby
0 to tt;
(7)
replacephy
sin-"^/(a^
+ c^
find from
we
AC'^)
m( V
^
X-
p -\- v,a
"
2ac
"
Jo
be
process may
a"b-"r 2c, then
c"
"
b,
0 from
to
j-^^g
i(p + fj,)TrJ^
(ax) + sin ^ (p + /i)tt Y,.(ax)]dx
fC
=
This
+ s\u\ip-{\GO"\{p-^
fJL-v)Tr.J^{ax)
ij,-v)Tr.Y^{ax)]dx
"
^TTT'^
In this result
have
Wfj, J^, we
repeatedas
often
as
jj j^ (^^^^^-^
f "^"^"'^'mC^^)
h^\p
|-^Qg
J
please;
we
we
find that, if
"
(8)
pi-"{N-l)v]7r.J, {ax)
+ k-
"
sm^{p
+ p, +
{X
"
1 ) 2^i
TT
Y^ (ax)]dx
"
k''--.
Again,by considering
2^-f,^"[n^'^(^^)]^''''("^)
round
factors of the
(^"
used, where
previously
the contour
^{p
providedthat a"^[R{b)
lip + 1/ii
"
i^
of the firstkind
of the first kind
for
necessity
is
{p-h
generalresult
Y^ (ax)]dx
-[U
K^ {ak)k"'I^ (bk)]
"
(a*))
R(v)r
on
th^'integral
integer,
th^eftinvolves functions
of productsof functions
the integrals
only;a result involving"
of this type was
who overlooked the
given by Gegenbauer,
even
an
this restriction
extension
of Hankel's
(cf "13"51).
results is obtained
by considering
H,'^{az)
f.o-i-^.l^x/(^^+r-)]
round
IT
'Sfi- }.")
and
/x
^/j.-p)7r.J,{ax)
sin
b and
more
slightly
-l^osi^ip
J,-r^,U^^"^(^^''-)]
4-
An
the
obtain
product,we
both
^ ft"
0, m
is
and
integer,
positive
+ R{M').
\R(v)\"R(p)"2m-i-^/i
It follows that
1
2m+i."it
\^.(Ij
13-54]
431
INTEGRALS
INFINITE
and, in particular,
result obtained
(1880),pp.
XVI.
in
much
of Nicholsons
interesting
consequence
Nicholson*, namely that, when
method
by
Math.
Ann.
and
are
which
Jo
integral.
of Mehler's
An
The
by Sonine,
manner
56"60.
Generalisations
13*54.
elaborate
more
p~
is
follows
as
due
to
-"r h'
-r [^-r^
k~
J
TT
Jo [a\/(r+ ^'
cos
-P^''
"/")}
^dp.
J 0 P' +
repeatedinteg)-al
convergent double
may be regardedas an absolutely
make
since the integrandis 0 (p~-)when
a change
integral,
p is large.Now
of originof the polarcoordinates by writing
This
and
we
(fi k
cos
1
zz/
and
cos
0,
p sin
sin
6,
have
7^
r/
/N
[^ J,{ar)rdr
JAar)rdddr
the
generalise
result consider
-z^-'H,^'^(az)dz
(^ + 4kY^'
taken
round
the contour
shewn
in
Fig.32.
Fig. 32.
It is
supposedthat
is
and, to ensure
positive,
convergence,
\R{v)\"R(p)"iR{fi) + \K
Quarterly Journal,
xlii.
(lUll),p.
224.
432
THEORY
OF
BESSEL
[CHAP. XIII
FUNCTIONS
It is also
the
the
loopsin
the contour
surround
points
By analysis
resemblingthat
(2)
J,^
ft
of
reader
+ Bm{lp-^v-^,Ji)7^.Y,{ax)^]
[cos{\p-h^v-2^l)7^.J,{ax)
,
,,
_,,,
^,
,"",
."",,^
._,.
_^,,.
..,,_,_,
^^_^^^^^^^^
I
(^ ^2)"-^-
TT
'-
".
^i
_r:^
cQs
+ l)r(^/j+^z;-/i+i??i)
l) [",=o"i!r(y+7?i
2sinz^7r.r(yu,+
00
'^
;"=ow!r(-y+m
If the series
on
if /3
or
if p
"
"
The
""
cos
TT
l)r(^|0-^i/-;i + i??i)
the
"
'2
1/
"
"
which
corresponding
integral
in " 13'6.
contains
singleBessel
function will be
considered
Sonine's
13* 55.
of definite
number
Sonine, Math.
Ann.
xvi.
of
integrals,
(1880),pp.
most
specialforms
66, can
"
"liriJ
a
to
integral
generalcontour
be evaluated
were
by
given by
the method
contour
be taken
is
pi u+k)
round
63
which
integration.
of contour
The
integrals.
(z + ky
of
consisting
\z\ 8, \z\ E,
=
lines arg
of these cu'cular arcs*.
terminated
by the
(" ^)
and
extremities
It is
The
jointhe
^-
R(p)"
By Cauchy'stheorem
we
+f.
have
27rij
*
Cf. Modern
or
13-55]
and
thus
433
INTEGRALS
INFINITE
have
we
"
7^ 1
0
2i cos
+
^^^^ip + v)'n^^'^'^^
In
particular,
takingm
(2) ki'-^H/^(k)
0, we
consider the
we
2i
z^tt cos
cos
sin (p
t'F^(,r)
ott]
z/)tt]c/^'.
"
integral
find that
we
(k)
(3) kfl-'H,^-^
[/,{w){sin(/J+ ;')TT
"
-^
If
take p
we
1, t-
0, we
r"sin("+A;)
The
F" (A;)
=
last two
More
results
to
w.
B.
F.
See
"^
and
-l"R{v)"h,
we
get
k^[JAl-)"iY,.{k)],
r^
1
_
--^
v-tt
j^
.
""
J (,,
+
,x
,ft,
i.)
from
-^ r
Jo
'^k dx+X
1^^
sin (k
TT
f^
cos
(5) that
6) d0,
.'0
^0 (^)f^^ +
On (a;+ /t)
und
r^"'
sin(A'cos^ |?i7r)cos7i^rf^
"
"
''^ .' 0
""3-56(2),9-11 (2),
2
(8) Yn(k)
-_-^^
from
tt]dx.
z/)
Sonine*.
to
F" {h)
hence
ott!
f cos(^^-)^^_
cos
IT
and
"
cos
Sonine.
(7)
^
-
cos(a;+ A-)
-J.-
By wr.t,"g
ptt
IC
-T
a;
.le
.'0
"^^J^^a^)dx=:^^
2i
+
TT
and
due
are
takingp
generally,
(6)
n,\
TT
(5)
cos
get
2
{A\
2i
sin (p
il"^(a;)
"
"
."
get
If
p7r}
cos
vtt
("^
+ A;)"'+^
j0
Phys.
i.
(1890),pp. 105"112.
28
434
A
13*6.
We
function,under
order of
the
reversing
As
for the
integi-als
by substituting
the integral
sign,the definite integralof " 6'5, and
the integrations.
evaluate
sliall now
Bessel
integrals.
of evaluatingdefinite
method*
7iew
definite
various
of
integral
af~'^ J^
R{v)"(),
is
real
R(2fi + 2)"R(p
number,
(positive)
v)"0:
x^^-^^axy-^^
r(-g)
[" p''
integral
may
this is evaluated
When
the
poleson
22^+3-pr(^+
hypergeometricfunctions
"~-'^'[2
the
on
By
the
or
'^^"
^'
'
4/-
Bessel functions
to
+
+ 2, the latter
2/ji
of analytic
continuation
priuciple
particular,
taking p
/"
obtained
formula
enclose the
I..
""
to
^"''
reducible
right are
if p
'
-R{p)"R(p)"2R(p,)
In
as
(ax) dx
^^^^
2+iv-^p)-^^'V^^-^-
so
find that
we
+ l)r(v+l)
2''^'r(fx
(ah- 1)
the contour
the contour)
rightof
xp''- J^
if p
converge.
Tj-g)
r'
-~
The
type
is equal tof
integral
The
1
(ax)
Hankel's
it is at first supposedthat
in which
and
[CHAP. XIII
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
OF
THEORY
by
+ ^
A-^
2, we
find that
a'^k"-!^
j; {ax) dx
method
another
by Sonine,
Math.
Ann.
xvi.
(1880), p. 50;
it is
valid when
-l"R{v)"2R{ix)
*
This
Math.
method
is due
(1896),p. 233];
to
he shewed
no
other
t The
use
change
has
been
of the
made
order
%.
23
[Jahrhiich iiher
die
Fortschritte
that
^..
but
sr(s + i)
of the method.
of the
integrations may
be
justifiedwithout
difficulty.
der
436
OF
THEORY
as
Finally,
BESSEL
[CHAP. XITI
FUNCTIONS
an
shall consider
ai'~^ J^,(ax)doc
(x + ky+'
in which
0 and
"
|arg k\"
It is first to be
tt.
R(v)"0,
supposedthat
R(fi + l)"E(p
v)"0.
is equal to
integral
The
1
xp-'(iaxy+^
r(-s)
pp
dsdx
j27riJo
(- .) r (p +
-l^r
2.) r (^
^^,p-M-l
sin
(p +
I'
p.)TT
"
r (/u,
+ ?n
(^a^O'^+^-P+'"
! r (1 /x + i
ip + i m
wi
I'
firstseries reduces
The
Lommel's
by
expressible
['^"'
x"
,_.
2.)
^^"..^^_._. ^^
(-)"^daXO"^"" r (p + i; + 2m)
m^o wz! r(j^+ m + 1) r(p + 1/- p, + 2m)
(/i+ 1)
"
4- 1
Jt,(ak) when
to
/x
1 )sin
^ (p +
i
+ f) r ( /A
i^
J.
At
1
-
J^{aa)dx
irk"
r_,
p +
^m
f)
we
(cf." 10"7).In particular
functions
:?n)
tt
"
,.
have
txt
providedthat "^"R{v)"^.
reader will find that
The
be evaluated
chaptermay
largenumber
of the
discussed
integrals
in this
this method.
by
Integrals
involving
productsof Bessel functions.
13*61.
If
r(-g)r(/x +
27rij_oe,r(/x
+ 5+i)r(i.
\_ p"
in which
r(/x+
i/
the
+
2s+
by usingthe
The
reader
1) are
method
may
of
+
s
2g +
+
i)(^^-)^+-+^-
i)r(/x +
i/
.s'+
i)
^'
the
on
find it
on
t/
" 6'5.
obtain-ing
to
interesting
evaluate
3(^~^Jft.
{ax) Jy {ax) dx
/:
by
these
methods.
final element
in each
The
result is
function
combination
is a^k^.
of two
functions
of the type
^F^
and
,
the^
13-61]
INFINITE
integralformula,obtainable
Aaother
r"
437
INTEGRALS
by replacingJ^ {bjx)by
is
integral,
an
p-i
(1) /
dx
J^ {ax) Jt,{blx)
Jo
+
-H"^^'~2"
"2-^''-''+^r(v+i)r(i^+iv-ip
+ i)-"
^'^ "2"
^'
-16-
16
This
is valid when
and
generalformula
had
137; specialcases
The
positiveand
are
Rao, Messenger,
given by Hanumanta
XLVii.
given previouslyby Cailler,Mem. de la Soc.
was
been
XXXIV.
Hardy,
and
An
the
of functions
case
example of
interesting
I
lim
discussed
who
contains
^)-iri2-vy^
4^!^l,)^^^^^'si8-i^(^^
+
may
""xfT-/Nr
1 dx
^icsinI'TT
/x
It (2)
Jv(l^)
f (" + 1)
f (2
sin
-g^i^;
exp {
logipl.
yTrl dx
r'
/"
,.
T^
,
_
/-i+cc*
r(-s)r(25
s{s+l)V{v
^-rrij^-^i
1
=
"ri w. (n + 1) ! r(y
this series is
To
obtain
small and
at 0 and
an
]argp
"
1, and
"
r, /"
"'^"^
,
i,\
rfs
2)
s+\)V{-l-v
s} (2^;)--'
(27i+ l)!(2p)-2"
^
"S
")
easilyproved that
r="
and
productis
"^
It is
xxr.
(1912),pp. 185, 186;
(see
|,
" 6'23).
"
"
r""
"
exp
which
134
Phys.de Geneve,
Phil. Soc.
of orders
integral*which
an
(1918),pp.
de
an
function
integral
1) r(2
of
1/
n)
'
Ij}).
valid when
of the integral,
jja iis
asymptoticrepresentation
j" jtt, we observe that the last integrandhas double poles
2, |, 3,
simplepolesat
f,
"
"
"
"
to
a
my
notice
circular
by Mr
C.
G.
cylinder of liquid.
Dar.vin, who
encountered
it in
438
THEORY
Hence
OF
[chap. XIII
FUNCTIONS
find
we
f^+--'-' T(-s)T(2s
J_
BESSEL
S-jriJi^^i s(s +
sin
l)r{v
2)
l)r(2-v^s)
ds_
(:2py'
VTT
+ l)-ir(2-j,)-2\0g2p][l
^^^^^^^^--^^{ir(2)-f(p
(1
2v)sin
VTT
,
^' ^
27ri'(l-z;)
and
2v(l-v)p^]
(-Y(273Yr(hi)
^
"r3 2n (n
2)r (v +
-^n)
{2-v-
n) (n
2) !
so
(2) lim
exp
J, (x)./i_^
(-2f-x-)
(a;)
"
'^"
sm
VTT
4"7n"{l
v)
"
sini^TT,
1
--^;^
In the
0, we
VTT
I.)
"
+
f^^-^
find that
Jo (*")
Ji (*")
f-af)
-;;^
exp (-
X-
6^0
s -^
Zo 7r= {2m
lf+
13'7.
27/)sin
"
(_)n(2^)"r(l"l)
case
special
(3) lim
"
27rWl
(1
{ir{2)-^{r(v+l)-ylr{2-p)-2\og2p]f--^
[r(m
+
f)l3(2/9)=""+3
1 )2(27W+ 3) (2m + 1 )!
+
"
Integralreprenentations
ofproductsof Bessel functions.
result is obtainable
Gegenbauer'sformula of " 11-41 (16) an interesting
the
cylinderfunction to be of the first kind and substituting
by taking
result of " 6'2 (8) for the function under the integral
sign.
From
the
This
proceduregives
2^r(. +
and
if we
(1)
i)r(i)':^^'^^
change the
J,{Z)J,{z)^^^.\
R {v) "
"
of the symmetry
in
by making \z'\-^\Z\.
and
and
be replacedhy R{v)"
obviously
account
limit
exp-ji^
V
27rlJnC"Xl
we
integrations,
order of the
Z.
"
find that
i^r~\-^''\J)J2t
"
restriction
to
permissible
be
removed
proceedto
on
the
13-7, 13-71]
By usingthe
results of
providedthat R(p)
formula
The
{)p. 152
"
"
l and
"
(1) was
obtained
the
theoryof
155, from
439
INTEGRALS
INFINITE
find in the
same
further
by Macdonald,
Froc. London
Soc.
Math.
change
For
(2) XIV.
the
remove
these
physicalapplicationsof
Macdonald,
see
integrals,
I'he
of K^ {Z)K^,{z)as
expression
obtain
shall next
productK^{Z) Ky{z) as
K^, namely
formula, due
to
(2) and
form
in
given by Sonine,
London
Math.
Soc.
to
integral.
Macdonald*, which
represents the
it when
prove
Z,
of the
type
when
an
integralinvolvinga singlefunction
an
This formula
but
Proc.
formulae
modified
(1915),pp. 410"427.
13'71.
We
on
integrals
being to
(1900),
Gegenbauer's
xxxii.
equations,and he deduced
linear differential
of the
modification
objectof the
that
|^ |" |Z |.
the
way
have
positivevalues X,
x,
and
to
extend
it
the
by
By "6-22(7)we
have
y-^{,(X)K,
(x)
\j^ r
'i J
00
e-('+")-
A-cosh
^-..co^hu
^nci^^
GO
"
U)
Q-2i'T-Xcosh(T+U)-xcosh{T-
dJJdT.
2j-c.
_.
If
be taken
(A'e^+ .re~^)e^'
I
*
Proc.
as
variable v, in the
new
Q~Xco9MT+U)-xcosh(T-U)
London
Math.
Sor.
xxx.
integral
^JJ
(1899),pp. 1G9-*171.
440
OF
THEORY
1 f
it becomes
and
so
exp
Macdonald's
13"72.
We
obtain
once
positive.
are
at
we
been
developedby Nicholson*,
functions
and
the
easilyproved are
K^ {z)K, (^)
(1)
T,
to
of Bessel
representations
integral
of
5"43.
Neumann's
integral "
most
are
series of
associated with
formulae
which
two
discuss
to be
are
||^^'l ^dT,
ofproducts.
representations
integral
Nicholsons
now
and
the variables X
when
theorem
shall
The
'
with respect
performingthe integration
on
dv
e-2.r-(x./oco.h22'
^I"J"
exp
which
^j^H
"
have
we
K, (Z) /C {x)
and,
[CHAP. XIII
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
Jo
+ v)t dt,
ir^_"(22 cosh t)cosh {/j,
Jo
when
To
obtain
/x and
these formulae
K^ (z)K, (^)
=
"
00
unrestricted.
are
use
we
^""^^ t+coshu)
e-~
shews
that
cosh fitcosh
vu
dtdu.
CO
is absolutely
repeatedintegral
convergent, and it may be regardedas
double integral.
the transformation
In the double integral
make
The
t+u
and
2T,
t-u
2U,
it is apparent that
K^(z)K,{z)
But
^j
2 cosh
fi(T+U)
cosh
U)coshv(Te-2^'^"^h^"""i"^cosh/i(r+
cosh
ifi+ v)T
sinh
v{T-U)
cosh
{/x+ v)T
U)dTdU.
(/Li v) U+
"
sinh
(//, v) U
-
cosh
+ v) U
(yu, i/)jT cosh {fu,
-
+ sinh
The
K^ {z)7C {z)
=
If
\\ \
e-^' """i^ T
cosh
with respect to U
integrate
w
ith
integrate
respect to T we obtain
we
*"QuarterUjJournal,
we
cosh {fi+
obtain
cosh
(,m-v)U
the firstform of
the second
xlii.
T
/')
(1911),pp.
form
220"
of (1).
223,
dT d U.
(1),and
if we
13-72, 13-73]
The
441
INTEGRALS
INFINITE
formula
'f
I^ {z)/, {z)
(2)
TT
which
R(fx,+ v) exceeds
is valid when
is at
"1,
once
deducible
mann's
Neu-
from
formula.
If
Ioiz)K,{z)
(3)
More
m)
"
'
"
rCiz+ i) r^- r
2
,
"
providedthat
72 (z^)" 1 ; and
|"
"
in
I,{z)K,{z)
(5)
then
replace/n
and
and
by m
"
i',
6) COS (m
v)0 cW.
combine
0) cos vdcW.
we
cos
1, then
If
and
"
find that
we
v,
i'^K,(2z
^^^-^
/",{Z)K, {Z)
(4)
take fi
if we
generally,
we
0 and
take fjb
we
find that
(4zY
cos
,.
particular
Ja(u)du
result of which
generalform
more
Nicholsons
13'73.
.'o \/(u-^
+ 42^)'
has been
integral*
for J^-{z)+ IV {z).
The
integral,
correspondingto
Take
the formula
ZT^d)
ix)
the
e-^sinh
resulting
integralconverges
continuous
function
of X.
i/^(i)
(x)
^yj^
'
-co
the
w-utv
in which
manner
+77?"
,' OC
"
-TTl
From
those
Hencef
lim
"
exp
|- \w-]e-^sinhw-w"^l^^,^
t
pp.
"
xxi.
(1912),
is commutative
442
OF
THEORY
the
By Cauchy's theorem,
so
(w) ^ir,
long as \ has
we
[CHAP. XIII
FUNCTIONS
contour
be
may
deformed
value ;
assignedpositive
an
into
writingt +
the
line
^Trifor w,
get
^4^
lim
if^(i)
(x)
In like
Hardy'snotation.
f
J
TTi
K-^+O
in
BESSEL
{-\(t
exp
manner
Avni
/-co
TTt
with
factor
impliedexponential
an
Since
{" X, (u
exp
conditions
requisite
convergence
productof the two integrals
.'
"
(in
-x^
the
regardthe
which
CO
ei{t)and
(^
e'-i-cosh^-.^
^Trif]
-OD
are
fulfilledwhen
"0,
we
may
"CO
for the
e.^iu)stand
^iri)-].
"
as
exponentialfactors)
double
integral
J
We
-co
"
with
the
the substitution
t+
[- X (t + Itti)- \ (u
-
2T,
"
.'
with
an
"X
impliedexponentialfactor
exp
Make
"X
"
2U
.'
lirif].
and
then
"
factor
impliedexponential
exp
In view
{-
2XT-'
(U
2\
liriy].
of the absolute
it may be replaced
of the integral,
by
convergence
the repeatedintegral
in which the integration
with respect to U is performed
that
first,
so
\_J0
"
r r
.' 0 J
with
an
impliedexponentialfactor
exp
in each
{- 2\T- -2X{U
e-2'-xsmhrsinhC^+2.-r^^(^2T
X
case
equalto
i-rriy}.
444
OF
THEORY
BESSEL
[CHAP. XIII
FUNCTIONS
.
(1^,
K^ {2x sinh T)\
T is small,and
when
since the
we
so
proceedat
may
is convergent
integral
^
T)\
{2x sinh
the limit
by making
B -^0,
e"
^-^
clT
Jm=o
are
to
once
[Oh--
sinh Ty},
[(log
\~ K^
A,
0 is
-*
/iTo
(2^ sinh T) (e"2"^'
dT.
e^"'^)
J0
It is therefore
A 1^Ko
J,'(x)+ 17 (x)
If
we
of 2,
replacex by ^, both
providedthat R (z)"
have
we
cosh 2vTdT.
sides of this
equationbecome analyticfunctions
Hence, by the theoryof analytic
continuation,
0.
JJ"(2)+ 17 (2)
=
providedthat
Another
{z)"
"
0.
formula
integral
^i^
J, {z)
To prove
we
(2^'sinh T)
the result
(1)
(2)
"0,
which
=-^r
F, {z)^-^h^
this formula,we
replaceby x),and
be established
can
first suppose
by the
K,{2z sinh 0
that
is
method*
same
-'"'
is
dt.
variable (which
positive
then
/.(-)^^-F.(..)^4^
OV
OV
2ir''
^^^
j I ("
~.G
27r-i
-^l^r r
"
For
202.
"T^
00
"
dv
,'
f(
"
^^
dv
e'^ fcosh"-cosh")
tri)
^''"''
(2^^ + "^Oe^'"'"''"''
g-K'+")
.
(o/^^u)
e-^" ^-
g2.T ^^f/'^J
(f^^^t^)
00
e-2'*sinh
(2 f^ + TTl)
analysis, see
Watson,
Proc.
Tsinh
Royal
Soc.
xciv.
a,
13*73]
INI'INITE
INTEGRALS
445
have
we
Now, T beingpositive,
Tniuh
e2'"8i"i"
irif]
(2 C/ + iri)exp [-2\{U+l
"? '
^ijj
e--i^sinh
rcosb^-^y
{v+ iri)
exp [- 2\ (v+ -rri)-]
f^j^ function
.^^
of v, it may
be
proved that
the
of T such
that
is
integral
27ri
where
the constant
its integral
with
impliedin
e-2^sinh Tcosh
V(ly_^Q
symbol 0 (A.)is
the
respect to T from
0 to
(^x),
function
is convergent.
xi
In like manner,
{2U
e-2"
irif]
2 V exp
iri)
exp {- 2X ( f7 +
./
Hence
^i"'^ rsinh
^m
0.
CO
it follows that
/"
ifo(2"sinh^)e-2''^c^r.
TT.'o
The
extension
complex with
the
to
in which
case
real part
positive
It should be mentioned
of
reader
may
find it
is made
that formula
of
descriptive
properties
The
the argument
as
to
interesting
functions is
(1).
(2) is of importancein
of Bessel
zeros
in
of the Bessel
the discussion
functions.
that
prove
CV
"(22-^2) J"(^)^^-n(.)^
(^) dv
Cv
and
hence
that
^LlJ""
(3) j; (z)
_.
^-^
r,' (z)
Cv
Other
(4)
formulae
JL
=
Ov
which
nz-
be established
may
"
/"(^2cosh
2T-
J (,
by
the methods
of this section
are
j^{z)j,{z)+r^{z)rAz).
\ / A'^_^(2ssinh0.{e^''+"^'cos(^-r)7r
+ t'-('^'')'}c/",
+
{^)
J^{z)i\{z)-J,{z)Y^{z):
sin
{ii
"
i^K
J
these
are
valid
when
published.
previously
R(z)"0
and
{2ziimht)e^''-^"^^dt]
\R (ijl-v)\"1; they
do
not
appear
to
have
been
446
OF
THEORY
Deductions
13"74.
-^o(f)is
Since
Nicholsons
from
XIII
integrals.
decreasing*function
[CHAP.
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
of
^, it is clear from
Jj'{x)^-Y,^{x)
is
decreasingfunction
this function
Since
shall
of
for
is
of v, when
when
approximatelyequal to 1l{Trx),
is
positive.
is
large,we
investigate
[JJ'{x) + 17 {x)]
and
any
it is
that
prove
increasingfunction
oi
decreasingfunction
when
v"\.
of
v"\,
when
and
that it is
an
It is clear that
^\J^{x)YHm
+
f"[K,
{2x sinh
-"
T)
2a;sinh TK^'
2vT
TT^
integratingthe
on
-J
dT,
cosh2z^r-^{tanhrcosh2
K,{2xsmhT)
second
in the
term
Hence
integralby parts.
^Jx{J.^{x)+Y.^(x)]]
r
Now
--,
integrandis
establishes
Next
2vT
increasingfunction of X
negative or positiveaccordingas
XT
\ tanh
an
{tanhT-2v
when
2y "
X
1
or
tanh
"
2vT] dT.
0, and
"
2i^ "
so
the
1 ; and
last
this
the result.
we
prove
that, when
x'^v'^0,
{x^--p^)^[J,^{w)+Yj^{x)]
is
increasingfunction
an
If
omit
we
under
the
of
x.
positivefactor
consideration
we
(x^
"
from
v^)~^Itt^
the derivate
of the
pression
ex-
get
sinh
[xK, {2x sinh t)+2 {x"- v"")
-
t
.
Jo
to establish
and
is
the theorem
positive.
*
This
is obvious
from
the
formula
stated
it is sufficient
to
prove
that this
integral
13-74]
last
twice
We
447
INTEGRALS
INFINITE
the
portionof
second
in the
term
thus
integral
("^-xsinh t)cosh
sinh t /C
1v'
Ivt dt
-VI
d
=
Jo
z=
"
"
-Iitdt
f^^
-y-
sinh 0} "inh
[sinhtlu (2a.'
"
Jo
2vtdt
2x sinh t cosh
cosh 2vt
sinh ^ cosh tK^^{2x sinh i()
0
.^"
;^
sinh
:[^ cosh 2f 7^0(2a;
{2x sinh
^)]cosh
2vt dt
"^
Jo
the second
after
simplification
equation
the
The
2x sinh- 1 K^
[-
consequentlyreduces
discussion
under
integral
0.
{2x sinh t)
2./.sinlrtKo
"
to
2i^tdt
cosh
{2x sinhi)]
J 0
a-sinlr^
"
,x
Zvt
sinh t)
A'o(2a;
a;
1
rr
Ao(2a' snih t) cosh
,r.
"
cos)sh
"
Jo
X
==
and
this is
positivebecause
v:
dt
2f^ +
'
"
^,
cosh 2vt
"
dt
(cosh i
; hence
integrandis positive
2vt]dt,
the differential
coefficient of
(x)+ Y,'(x)]
(x^- v^)i{J^^
-
is positive,
and
the functions
(x)+
{x)\, {x' v^)i{J,'
(x)+ F,-^
{.7,^
a;
are
it follows
2/7r,
from
i'
|,
"
deduced
a;
(.^O}
n^.-^"^^H-)+lV(.^)"^.
{X- 1^2)1
(1)
An
}V
was
elementary proof of the last inequality(with various related inequalities)
formula
the
from
v.
(1906), \). 8(5,
by Schafheitlin,Berliner Sitzungsberichte,
(cf." 5-14)
'
where
%-^+
+
{x) aJ^ (,v)
'g'^
=
62)
-
.r
)\ {x).
+ 2
448
The
next
which
consequence
is that, when
is
shall deduce
we
d \\ (v)
written
:j
*-("')
"
dv
0-
"
"
dv
observe
this result,we
in the
of " 13*73
integrals
dJ^jv)
"
"
obtain
the
from
XIII
positive,
^"'(^)
To
[chap.
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
OF
THEORY
that
the
expressionon
the
be
left may
form
dv
dv
-Y^{x)
J.{^)
dJ" (x)
dx
dx
TT
T)e-"'^dT
k\(2vsmh
TTV
e-'KJ'Ivsinh^^dt
1TTV
But,
for each
1-1
is
decreasingfunction
of
e-' Ko
and
v,
v\J^{v)
r
^
v,
that
^\dt
sinh
therefore
l^{v)
,-
dv
dv
.dJ.{v)['
dY^jv)
lim
(2v
of
"
4
=
lim
0,
lOoTry-
; and
stated.
The
13*75.
of J^ {")+ F/ {z).
asymptoticexpansion
the asymptoticexpansion of
It is easy to deduce
Nicholson's formula obtained in " 13"73, namely
/^^{z)-vYy^iz)
for
w^e
"
Y^'^z) from
t/^-(^)4
2vt dt
.,-"
cosh2^
,nApm)
^^ ^.^^,",^
coshf
COS
where
and, when
\R^\"
i --i^
i
^
I'TT
o
cos
is real and p is
It
so
(2m)!
,"=o
m-
{vrr)
^^i^^^^^^^^2^sinh=n^
^'"^
^'
(2^)!
largethat
p +
^"
v,
Up
lies between
^^^^^2^i'sinh^^^
0 and
13-75, 13-8]
We
at
asymptoticexpansion
the
deduce
once
JJ^{z)+ 17 (z)
~
du,
-1)1*1^^;
3. ..(2m
be
provedwhen
Iarg z\ Kir]
U--
Jo
{,-^ni)i
m=0
2 11.
r,'(.)~^
+
J.^(z)
is of the
after p terms
[ K, (2zu)
2-
that is to say,
this is
"
i m^^
;^,
^
(1)
449
INTEGRALS
INFINITE
the wider
over
and j) exceeds
is positive,
signas,
same
extended
"
\,the
range
remainder
and
term.
13 '8.
Ramanujans integrals.
which
is valid if i^ (^ +
where
"
i^)
The
1.
shews
application
formula,it is seen
In
of
then
applyingthis
fJ-^'-^e^'^i^
\t{ofe-i"fei")\l
"^-+'
[^!2
U.-t^+ylia)"'""
'''"""'"
t"
TT
cos
is zero.
integral
particular
(2)
In vi6w
of the
"
J^+^{x)J,_^{x)d^ J,^,{2x).
=
'"
researches
of
March, Aim.
(1912),
Chemie, (4) xxxvil.
C/iemie,(4) XLi. (1913),pp. 191"208, it
Phi/sikund
der
50 and
Ann. der Physik ^md
Rybczynski,
character
quitelikely
that,in spiteof the erroneous
these integrals
evahiated by Ramanujan may prove to be
theoryof the transmission of Electric Waves.
pp. 29"
seems
QuarterlyJournal, xlviii.
Cf. Modern
B. F.
(1920),pp.
of the
of the
294"310.
W.
y, and
and
that
ii "7r"
{\t\"'ir),
0,
By expanding in ascendingpowers
(1)
that
ccxv.
a,
(1915),pp. 123"124.
29
CHAPTER
XIV
MULTIPLE
connected
Problems
14" 1.
INTEGRALS
with
multipleintegrals.
The
the
between
of Fourier's
integral
subsequent problems,which are generalisations
restrictions
has to satisfy
even
more
formula, the arbitraryelement
general
such as having an
absolutelyconvergent integral,and having limited total
In
fluctuation.
infiniteintegrals.
Weber's
14" 2.
integralswhich
The
incidentally;but
because
be considered
now
formulae
of
in fact,discovered
were,
involve
Bessel
functions
only
somewhat
investigatethem
fully
Chapter Xiii may easilybe derived from
of the results of
as
by Weber
specialcases
desirable
seems
of the
many
them, and
it
will
to
this section.
researches*
Weber's
effect that
of the
solution
based
are
upon
result discovered
equation of Conduction
d^u
d-u
2X^/t,y+2Y^%z
d-u
du
by Fourierf to
the
of Heat
is
u
\r
^{a:
where
"l" is
Weber
an
arbitraryfunction
first
proved that, if
of its three
exp
2Z^/t)
{- (X-^+
Z')]clXdYdZ,
variables.
{x,y, z) is restricted
Y' +
to
be
solution
of the
equation
5'^
a-"i"
d-"^
,,.
Journal
t La
one
vm.
term
filr Math.
Theorie
on
(1809^
the
pp.
lxix.
Analytique
right had
235"244.
(1868),pp.
de
222
la Chaleur
previously been
"
237.
(Paris,1822), "
solved
372.
The
by Laplace, Journal
simpler equation
de
I'Ecole
with
only
iwlytechnique,
452
we
(f),
to
OF
THEORY
[CHAP. XIV
FUNCTIONS
that its
see
function
valued
BESSEL
of
be
one-
T-S
1
0
sni
clef),
^^77
ou
this
and
small
small by takingS sufficiently
arbitrarily
be made
can
since
o"l"/(sin^a^)
is continuous
therefore bounded.
and
f "rft3"(r)^
^l(-'-"^V^-"
d
be made
can
is
therefore
it
zero.
Consequently
*i^
(3)
that
so
A sin kr + B
(r)
CT
i=,-"W
cos
0.
kr
and
where
all values of r, A
of
; since
constants
are
and
r^-O,
we
have
must
bt
the
constant
same
are
continuous
for
r.
If
make
we
that
see
0,
4"'Tr^{x,y,z)/k.
Hence*
2k
and
(1) of the
rdr
't"{x,y, z),
(" k'-t)
exp
result.
of /', then
00
(4)
jsin A;r
"
similar
function
"
j0
^/{'Trt')
of
exp (
)
00
Too
Too
.'
"
a"
"
ci"(Z,
F, Z)fy[{X
xf
(F- yy
(Z
dXdYdZ
zy]-\
CO
\ f (r)sm
kr
.
dr.
.0
The
reader
will have
concerningabsoluteness
*
This
integralis
most
respect
to
k.
of
easilyevaluated
I
with
in enunciatingsufficient conditions
difficulty
the various changes in the
to make
convergence
no
exp
17
the well-known
by differentiating
cos
kr
dr
J{irt)
exp ( K^t)
-
formula
14'3]
MULTIPLE
permissible.One
integrations
bounded
f{r)
where
A
such
as
conditions
of
set
and
infinity,
0{r-v), (r^O);
453
INTEGRALS
f{r)
0{r-%
should
be
that
(r
-*
),
jtx 3, q"\.
is that ^
somewhat
6) is a function
(/",
l^u
time
Weber*
by
continuous
value
at
is
first and
the
that,
second
origin is u^,
d^u
,"
then
y
when
0 ^
(1)
fF
J0
givenby
(R, 4") is
integral.
{R,^) J,[usl{R'+
Neumann
an
in his treatise f
with
respect to
(2)
cob{^
publishedin
the formula
reduces
of
F{r),
to
integral
J than (1).
Fourier's
F(r),
Jo
by Hankel". In
modified
when
.'o
Jo
In this formula,
to
(3)
though a
value^^^f;
1862.
extension
effected
(^y^^Rid^dR)
the
udu
Jo
The
-^Rr
tegratio
arbitraryfunction of the two variables {R, 4"),and the inthe planeof the polarcoordinates (R, ^) is a double integration.
in which
case
special
by
replacethe double integral
result which
r'
-77
In the
was
of Neumanns
discussion
[^udu r
over
formula
Jo
was
(r,6)dd
General
14'3.
The
The
a.
u
77
"
form
of the
theorem
(""14'5
a
"\, (3) is actually
v=
that v^
case
"
\,
"
of Fourier's formula.
much
more
(2) and (3) are, naturally,
easy to prove than (1);
the proof of (3) is of precisely
the same
character as that of (2),the
The
and
"
formulae
Math.
Ann.
i.
(1869),pp.
t Allgemeine Lostvig
Korpers,welcher
151.
Cf.
von
zwei
Cf. Modern
iibcr
den
stationdren
einea
Tcmperatnrzustand
Kugelfldchenbegrenzt wird
Sitzungsberichte,xcv.
(2),(1887),pp. 409
"
410.
Analysis, "9"7.
vm.
(1875),pp.
476"
homogencn
nichtconcottrischen
Gegenbauer, Wiener
8"11.
de.i Problentes
483.
.
"
454
OF
THEORY
[CHAP. XIV
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
introducing
any
additional
complications.
(2) and (3) as
FollowingHankel, many writers* describe the integrals
"Fourier-Bessel
"Fourier integrals"
or
integi-als."
On
proving(1);
and
this
at
of the various
researches
As
of its greater
account
stated, Hankel
alreadybeen
has
transformed
generalformula (3). He
CRF{R)dR
lim
Jo
k ^.co
the
was
first
into
integral
the
J,{uR)J,{ur)udu
RF(R)[RJ,+,{\R)J,{\r)-rJ,+,{Xr)J,{\R)
K-
lim
A
then
shall
.0
and
we
simplicity,
.'0
oo
-*
"
appliedthe
second
theorem
value
,2
the
integrandjust as
the same
in the evaluation of Dirichlet's integrals.
Substantially
proofwas
laid
the
who
fact
that
the value
stress
on
important
given by Sheppardj
of the integral
which
depends only on that part of the i^-rangeof integration
is in the immediate
neighbourhoodof r, so that the value of the integralis
when R is not nearlyequalto r.
independentof the values which F(R) assumes
A
after
to
different mode
has been
mean-
of
multiplication
by
from
(R) RclR,
0 to
so
"
r-'+i
.'0
RdRclu
Jo
to
as
get
fR''+^F(R)dR;
Jo
and
once
proofof a more
directly
physicalcharacter has been given by Basset ||,
but, accordingto Gray and Mathews, it is open to various objections.
A
the
proofdependingon
by WeyllT.
The
*
extension
t A statement
Math.
dated
+
Ann.
vi.
Hankel's
QuarterlyJournal,
IIProc. Camb.
Functions
H Math.
of
memoir
xxiii.
Phil. Soc.
deducing (3)from
but
v.
this
lxvi.
is effected
is dated
(1886),pp.
(1909),p.
324.
(1) when
is
was
(1889), pp.
been
constructed
by replacingthe
mode
(1873),p. 149,
1872, while
of Hankel
equationshas
theoryof integral
an
integer was
Hankel's
made
by Weber,
researches, since it is
1869.
223"
42-3
"
'244.
133.
" JIath.
See
Gray
and
Ann.
(1880),p.
x\i.
Mathews,
Treatise
47.
on
Bessel
14-3]
455
INTEGRALS
MULTIPLE
obtained
Bessel functions
cylinderfunctions,was
by arbitrary
in
discussed
""14' 5 14"52.
it will be
and
by Weber*,
"
An
made
criticism
The
his results are
correct.
same
say to what extent
appliesto the discussion of Weber's problem in Nielsen's treatise. It will be
difficult to
the
on
expressions
that, if
stated
be
l[F{r-0)
same
the
F{r
0)\,
in Fourier's theorem.
justas
the
For
Ueber
two
of F{R),
point of discontiimity
(3) must be replacedby:!:
be
cylinderfunctions under
is
type, the repeatedintegral
the
shewn
die
researches
recent
more
the reader
by Neumann,
should
consult
his treatise
Entwickelmigen
Kreis-, Kugel- unci Cylinder
-functionen
fortschreitenden
nach
1881).
(Leipzig,
Neumann's
formula
formula
involvingLegendre
objectin
that he
view
obtained
(1) was
functions ; in fact,it
obtained
the formula
lim
it does
but
by Mehler" as
of
was
of
limitingcase
apparentlywith
a
this
" 5"7l,
a
rigorousproof on these lines
easy to construct
direct method
of proof is given in a difficult memoir
not
seem
(cf.
by
" 14-64).A more
Fourier's
the generaltheoryof integrals
Du Bois Reymond|| on
resembling
which
shall
The
we
(""14'6 et seq.)is based
givesubsequently
proof
integral.
these researches.
on
SubsequentlyErmakoffH
from a result obtained by Du
two
J_
=
Ermakoff
"
[" p j
deduced
for
formula
is also derivable
variable,namely
one
by changing to polarcoordinates by
the formula
to
of
means
the substitution
a
and
cos
(3
0),
with respect to
the integration
effecting
Math.
Proc.
J The
Ann.
vi.
Cailler,Archives
of
xxvii.
the iutegral at
des
" Math.
Ann.
v.
IIMath.
Ann.
iv.
co,
co.
(1873),pp. 146"161.
sin
Sci.
a,
(1909j,pp.
point
of
205"2-18.
{Soc.Helvetiqne), (4)xiv.
(1872),pp.
(1871),pp.
been
discontinuity has
(1902), pp.
examined
with
some
care
350.
B47"
135"137.
3G2"
390.
H Math.
Ann.
v.
(1872),pp. 639"
G40.
by
456
OF
THEORY
BESSEL
[CHAP. XIV
FUNCTIONS
the
be
since it
difficulties,
without
is not
to be
seems
infinite
taken over
an
repeatedintegral
taken over
replacedby a repeatedintegral
by no means
in
rectangle
the
of
area
that
easy to prove
indefinitely
great
an
circle.
which
value
of
If the
This
F(R, 4") on
what
givenin ""146
he knows
formula
of the
which
is
"
Fourier
theoryof
more
reader
The
14"63.
recondite
centre
than
this
might anticipate
has been
examined
HankeVs
14'4.
The
Hankel
stated
by Bateman,
8^0.
the
proof
result from
series.
(3),namely
F{R)dudR
J.iu-r)-^^^^^
I \IJ^^
(4)
when
(r,cf))
at
in effect,
provedby Neumann
was,
will be
8 with
circle of radius
Proc. London
Math.
F{r\
cf.
"
12'2.
repeatedintegral.
of Neumann's
generalisation
effected
be
follows
as
Let F
(R)
the
case
of
by
formally
be
an
functionof
arbitrary
subjectto
the
condition that
rF{R)s/R.dR
Jo
is
absolutely
convergent; and
less than
|. Then
eocistsand
be not*
of the
0) + F(r-0)},
Bessel
functions
"
TOO
rx
\ F(R)J,(uR)J,{u7-)RdR
udu
(1)
J0
l{F(r
.'0
providedthat
the
number
positive
lies inside
an
interval in which
F{R)
has
more
It
seems
extended
not
unlikelythat
range
of values
it is sufficient for
of
i"
would
be
more
to be
greater than
difficult.
1 ; but
the
proof for
the
14-4, 14-41]
MULTIPLE
The
14*41.
A result,
which
of Fourier
theorem
resembles
follows
as
the lemma
which
series,and
is
of
is
Let-fI F(R)\/R.dR
absolutely
convergent ;
exist,and
and
let v^
(ifit
is
\. Then,
"
that
divide the
to
F(R)\/R
let
improper integral)
an
A. -^
"s
it he
cc
,
(1/^/X).
457
INTEGRALS
part
is also removed.
tegratio
(I) Let the upper bound of \F{R)\/R\ be K. Divide the range of in(o, b) into n equal intervals by the pointscc^, Wo,
Xn-i {^o= ^,
...
Xn
b),and choose
7i
largethat
so
111
where
and
is
small
arbitrarily
an
lower bounds
Write
of
F{R) sJR
number
positive
F(R,"_^)\/R"i-i+
and
17,^and L^
are
the upper
interval.
(R),so that,when
Wm
v^-h,
"
both
of the functions
of a;,
rx
x^J^{x),
tiJ,(t)dt,
.'o
bounded
are
Let A
when
B be the upper
and
is not convergent
though the integral
0, even
bounds
of the moduli
of these functions.
as
-*
oo
.
It is then
clear that
F{R)J,{\R)RdR\
2
m
F(R,,_,)s/R,,_,
l
/, (XR) ^R
,"
2BnK
Cf. Modern
t The
R
preserves
upper
the
'"
oy,,,{R)J,{XR)sJR.dR
.'Xm-l
Ae
'*
A-
2B
dR
.
Xm-l
\'A.
Ae
Analysis," 9-41.
limit of the
analogy
with
integral may
" 1-1-3 (3).
be infinite
and
"^0.
The
apparentlyirrelevant
factor
458
THEORY
OF
BESSEL
[chap. XIV
FUNCTIONS
If the upper
(II)
has been
the
chosen) the
original
integral
that
so
^\F(R)\^/R.clR"6,
J
and
inequality
the
use
F(R)J,{\R)RdR
then, proceedingas in
F(R)J,(\R)RdR'
"
(I),we
case
choice of
The
mode
A_
F{R)\^R.dR;
get
2BhJl
F{R)J,(\R)RdR
I J
2Ae
depends on
now
of subdivision
of the range
stillindependentof \, and so we
of
can
is stillo{l/\/\).
infinite)
(Ill)
If
F{R) \/R
in
unbounded
is unbounded*,
may
8
intervals
of
such
p
number
enclose the
we
pointsat
which
it is
that
t\ \F{R)\s/R.dR"e.
s
Js
By applyingthe arguments
of
intervals,we
the
(I)and (II)to
these
get
RdR
1'f(R)J.(XR)
3^,^
I 25-^(4"iM
I
+
"
A,*
Ja
K
where
is
now
choices of both
that
we
can
14'42.
We
The
inversion
shall next
(R) \\/R
e,
but
outside
still independentof X,
are
that, when
repeatedintegral.
v^
\, and
"
F{R)\'R.dR
exists and
Jo
is
absolutely
convergent,then
ndu\ F{R)J,{uR)J,(ur)RdR
0
Jo
k-^aa
providedthat
the limit
on
F(R)]
lim
the
*
so
is o (l/VX).
integral
of Hankel's
prove
VA,
J 0
")uduy RdR,
J,{iiR)J,{ur)
[Jo
rightexists.
Cf. Modern
Aiudysis, "9-41.
460
OF
THEORY
BESSEL
To
( F{R)
f udu
./0
the limits
the
on
IF(R)
udu
is not
the
point of
J, (uR) J, (ur)RdR
0.
JO
that, if
prove
(a,h),then
interval*
We
[chap. XIV
FUNCTIONS
we
find that, if
rightexist,
J, {uR) /. (ur)RdR
\l\j,.
(uR)
I^F{R)
lini
K^:r.
udiilRdR
,/,(la-)
(,.'o
"
.1
"b
X.RdR
lim
Km
-ti-
Jn
the
r'
r-
"
C
XrJ^^,(X7')
lim
both
R^
f'~^^-^J,+, (XR) dR
A./,(Xr)
x^x
Since
rJ,+,(Xr)J, (XR)]
^J;f^^^JAXR)
integrals
r^
Ri
F(R)
F(U)
R'-
Ja
f^ F(R)R
dR,
r^
dR
R'-r'
a-
Riemannabsolutely
exhypothesi
convergent, it follows from the generalised
Lebesgue lemma (" 14'41) that the last two limits are zero; and so
are
du
.' 0
providedthat
The
14"44.
is not such
that
be shewn
now
uf I
boundedness
It will
that, as
h
^b.
J^(uR) J^(a7^)uR^dudR.
J 0
\^~
the
cc
repeatedintegral
TA
Jt,(u R) Jt,(ur)uR
remains
is
to
bounded, providedthat
permissible
for a
r
as
Let
of the
\.
and
b have any
values.
(bounded)positive
of which
functionsofX
one
firstconsider the
dominant
terms
rA
(uR
cos
"
hi'TT iir)cos
(ur
"
^vir
"
du dR
4-7r)
"
TT'^rJaJo
1
TT
f''[s\nX(R"r)
\/rj
1
cos
[X(R
R-r
\/'r
AC'-)-) sin
X{a-r)
r)
"
R +
A(Hr)
cos
dx
TT
It
tend
(or both)may
integralobtained by takingthe
asymptoticexpansions,
namel}'
us
rb
00
b to be
and
dudR
J 0
Kia
It is
r)
permissiblefor
(X
vtt]
"
cos
TTT
dR
vtt)
dx +
^'
li to be infinite.
cos
vir
b+
log
a
14-44]
461
INTEGRALS
MULTIPLE
sin
is bounded
first integral
The
a?
because
dx is convergent ; and
the
\^
is bounded
integral
second
Cos
because
\'(jC
dx
under
now
integral
convergent;
\%
and
so
the
VIT)
"
is bounded, and
consideration
its limit,as
-*
is
x
,
the limit of
_1
dx
providedthat
But
h
we
+ cos
log
VK
A(f(-)-)
may
,-A
J 0
TT
('00
[WuJAnR)-h{in-)^!{Rr)
'\/rJ
a
{uR
cos
"
"
\v7r jTr)]dudR
"
"
""
(uR) J, (wr)^J(Rr)
ll-rruJ,
Now,
R
of
an
T-
"
COS
of R and r, and
of
when
is
it is
so
and
positive
has
integral
third
("r
"
"
^vrr jtt)]dudR
"
"
i/TT" jtt)c?uc?ii.
"
the right,
the
on
integrals
(with respect to it)which
integral
function
The
"
first is the
of the
of values
domain
\/r J " J
TT
(uR
cos
"
been
converges
continuous
with respect to
integi-al
uniformlyin any positive
bounded.
shewn
be bounded, and
to
it converges
to
limit whenever
"Hb-r)
sin
da
X
\{a-r)
does
so.
The
second
4"v-
integralmay
-
be written
'' 00
sin
y^TT \/r
in the form
uR
{uR
"
-\
"
4z;2-l
[''
"
where
to zero
-^
^vir \it)"{"0{llu-)
"
dudR
functions
00
of X and
"
"
\v7r ^ir)
lcfy,{\)
cP,{X) dR,
^cf,^{X)
+
47r \/r J
"
"
7^ which
tend
uniformly
462
OF
THEORY
rb
[CHAP. XIV
FUNCTIONS
values
positive
Hence,
BESSEL
of a,
r\
h, r, the integral
A.
as
it converges
; and
oo
^-
J0
r\{b-r)
to
sin
limit whenever
a;
ax
^
J k(a-r)
does
so.
Proof of HanleV
14"45.
Since F
(R)
point,so
also has
F{R) \/R
where
(-^)^^^
%2
Xi
small that
so
; and
been
proved,the
monotonic
(-^)^^^
interval of which
an
therefore
number
choosinga positive
After
have
actual
proof
is
theorem
of Hankel's
theorem.
integral
lemmas
preliminary^
quitesimple.
Now
we
is
internal
an
write
may
functions.
(positive)
increasing
choose
we
arbitrarily,
F(R)
number
positive
in the interval (r
B,r
"
8)
also
and
(r+ 8)
%i
%i
(r + 0) "
X2{r+8)-X2{r
If
second
apply the
we
e-|
0)"e]'
xi
;^, (r
mean-value
/i
0)
0)
theorem,
number
0'
0 and
8) " e]
^.C/'- 8) " ef
%i
(r
'
we
S such
that
dudR
\ J^ ("^) J^ ("0
(^'+ ^")\
Xi
[Xii^'+ S)
%i (^*+
0)}r
J r+f
t"
Since
Jo
as
X,
-^
00
sin
of the
of the modulus
as
-*
exceed
go
I J. (uR) J, (ur)
\/R dudR.
dx
-^
^-tt,
while
from
" 14'44
8 remains
fixed.
Ce in absolute value,where
And
the second
C is the upper
(cf." 14-44),
repeatedintegral
Hence, if
J^(uR)J^(ur)uR^dudR C\/^r,
Km
it follows that
lim
A. -".
exists and
is
00
r
.'r
remainingfixed,it follows
righttends to a limit
the rightdoes not
on
dudR
^R
cc
"
1 x^(R)JAi(R)J.(ur)uR'^dudR
Jo
on
the
term
bound
14-45]
We
MULTIPLE
x^i-^)^'^^
treat
lim
then
exists and
is
I J^{uR)
./,(ur)uR^ duclR
C.,/\/7;
F{R) J,{aR)J^{ur)uRdudR
equalto
C,F{r
We
also
infer that, if
we
"
lim
and
similar manner,
463
INTEGRALS
have
now
Ci and
evaluate
to
0) + C,F{r-0).
C.,.
the
By
theory of generalised
have
we
integrals*,
ri
rr+S
rcc
JAyR)Ju{iir)nR^dRdu
Jo Jr
\/r
fr+S
=
lim
lim
dRdu
Jy(uR)J^,(ur)uR'-^
I
exp (" |)-it^)
rr+S
/'x
p^O
dudR
.' 0
by "13-31(1).
of
^^'\
as
j9
^!l
i?r)
v/(7r
2psJ{Rr)
6'i lim
=
"
"
r*^"'
exp
^^'
0/)]exp(|
\2if)
/.V2M
^^
.-...,.
^^
-t-
'
"r-
exp
-^ "
X-) dx
"
,"
;H^}"dR
\,
similarly
1
Co
lim
exists and
lim
therefore shewn
We^iave
is
/""
Co,
see
dx
^"^)
^.
that
fV
./,(ur)uRdudR
(i?)./,(ui^)
equalto
and
exp ("
"f"
^\F(r+0)
C,
4"p' J
Km
+,
0.
Hence
and
n
'
V2/V
j,
integration,
"14-52.
xxxv.
(1901),pp.
F(r-0)}.
2-2
"
66.
For
difiereut method
of
calculating
464
THEORY
OF
BESSEL
udu
Jo
is
[CHAP. XIV
FUNCTIONS
" 14"42,
JO
it ; and
equal to
so
have
we
proved Hankel's
theorem,
as
" 14"4.
to be due
seems
generalisedintegralsin the proof of the theorem
to
of such methods
Sommerfeld, in his Kouigsberg Dissertation,1891. For some
applications
with the generalresults of this chapter to the proUente des moments
combined
of Stieltjes,
81
recent
88.
XLVii.
(1918),
Hardy,
a
by
see
Messenger,
paper
pp.
The
of
use
"
Note
14'46.
proofof his
HankeVs
on
of his formula
The
lim
which
he
theorem.
to
seems
discuss
two
points somewhat
of
discussion
/ F{R)J^{uR)J^{ur)uI{dudR,
replacesby
\^x,
li--r-
this
approximate to
to
without
functions
integration.
is of
point,which
second
The
by
pi'oving
and
is
if ^
this does
not
the method
0, he takes
shall
discuss
now
the order
The
number.
lower
since it is convenient
definiteness
For
The
and
of
are
theorem
of
integrals
du
this is
must
be
zero
if
^ tends
bounded
if
to
^-"-0 as
positivelimit
X-^x
to
any
and
cylinder
functions.
the type
F{R)^,(
of the unrestricted
limits of the
givethem
to
we-
is any real*
cylinderfunction '^^,(2')
will be specified
integrals
subsequently,
values which depend on the value of v.
shall suppose
=
cr
justexplained that
for granted that it
^,.(z)
where
I J^ (uR) Jy (ur)uRdudR
J r+f
of HankeVs
in which
prima facieobvious.
seem
14*5. Extensions
We
it
similar
lim
A^*
after
that
+ s\n(i.Y^ (z)],
{coscc.J^,(z)
constants.
subsequent discussion
is
simplifiedand
no
generalityis
lost
by assuming
that
v^O.
14-46-14-51]
The
analogueof
the
465
INTEGRALS
MULTIPLE
("14-41),namely that
lemma
Riemann-Lebesgue
[ F(R)^R.dR
providedthat
Ja
the
be provedby precisely
absolutely
conver^gent,
may obviously
of " 14-41,providedthat a ": 6 " oo
and
exists and
methods
is
^a ^
\a"0
The
theorem
theorem
is that the
1,
if v"h
in
slightly
has to be modified
" 14-44
of
if 0 ^
form.
modified
The
repeatedintegral
"b
r^
(uR)'^,{ur)u^/R,dudR
a
is bounded
while
X-^cc
as
functions of \ which
finite limits
have
for
though it is permissible
Also the
it to be
and
repeatedintegral
X,
as
[Note.
both
or
If the two
is
positive,
O^t-^^,
oscillate as A,
qo
in the
cylinderfunctions
the integral
repeated integralwere
not
of the
same
considered
type, i.e.if we
'
f -^^(uR) ^^ (wr)
?t
it would
dx
converge
number
integral
J \(a-r)
both
The
oc
-^
when
zero
the
be
remains
be found
s/R
du
.
dR,
of this
integralnecessitates
the convergence
of the
integral
fK(h-r)
-cos.r
dx;
/
and
so, if X
(a
14-51.
"
r)-^-0as
X-^
The extension
the
Retaining
the
,
is divergent*.]
repeatedintegral
theorem
of Hankel's
notation of
""14-4
"
when
14-5,we
0 "^v
shall
%^.
now
prove the
following
theorem.
Let^j F(R)
letO^v^l.
l^
(1)
This
du
point
B. F.
be
and
convergent integral,
absolutely
an
'J^hen
was
overlooked
(Leipzig,
1904),p. 365,
w.
exist and
\/R .dR
in his
by Nielsen, Handbuch
expositionof Hankel's
der
Tlworie
der
Cylinder
Junhtionen
theorem.
30
466
THEORY
OF
BESSEL
number
providedthat the positive
limited total jiuctuation.
As
in
I
Jo0
" 14"42, we
shew
may
lies inside
interval in which
an
F(R)
has
that
udu
du
u
[chap. XIV
FUNCTIONS
dR
Jo
the limit
providedthat
But
now
we
observe
-""
the
on
uR
\^F{R)\^'i^,
(uR) "W,iiir)
i
lim
JO
du dR,
rightexists.
that
'^,{uR)''^,{ur)udu
1
uR
R'
'^^,+1
{uR) "W,(m-)
ur
r'
%\+, (ur)"W,(uR)
2a" sin
TT
Hence
sin (a +
sin
r^"
R''r''(R^ -r')'
vir
we
R^"
vtt)
pointof
the interval
{a,h),then
(R)
f '^^(uR) "",{iir)uRdudR
sin
TT
as
00
-^
Now
that F
; and
choose
(R) has
the last
so
has
repeatedintegral
arbitrary
positivenumber
an
F{R)
take
divide the
{R)
the second
e,
limit when
and
(r
if r"R^
0) I"
if r-8^R"r.
X.
oo
.
choose
B, r
"
-^
small
so
8)and
so
that
8,
^ 'i^,{uR)'^,{ur)ududR,
F{R)
Jo
8),(r
then
0)\"e
into
i?-pathof integration
(0, r
Apply
F{r
Jo
and
F(R) -F{r
Now
J" R''r''(R^-r^)
y-TT
four parts,namely
8, r), (/",
r +
8),(r + S, x ).
mean-value
theorem
in
as
" 14'45,and
find that
we
IK (iiR)"^^(wr)uRdudR
2cr2 gjj^Qj gjjj^Qj
_^ j^^^ fJ'*'"'*
TTSm
i'o
1^73-
r+S
i^(r+ 0)Vr.
F(r
0) Vr
v,
R""
r'
I
F(R)dR
]r+slR''-'r''(R^-7-)
"v
r\
'"',{uR)%{ur)uR^dudR
J r-sJ
+
"^,(uR) ^, (ur)uRhladR
468
OF
THEORY
these
and
BESSEL
[chap. XIV
FUNCTIONS
all
Weber's
evaluated
be
absolutely
convergent. They may
of " 13"4, and hence
discontinuous
integral
are
as
cases
of
find that
we
'
'
^*
V^^
'^.+z(uh)
{6"+^
o--?-" sin
.^,{v^\-
62P
a-r
sin
iFiil-p,
]f.v+2p
limit of this
when
expression,
(r-r"
sin
vtt)
TT
algebra;
simply\a-r^.
some
In like
and
so
have
we
du
^TTcot
and
the
be shewn
vr
"
"
last
when
expression,
-*-/"
0, is
proved that
F(R)^,(uR)^,(ur)RdR
a
TT
providedthat
14*52.
sin
generaltheorem
VTT
iv
F{R)dR,
R''-'r''{R^-r'-)
sin ccY^(z)]
;
stated at the
beginningof
the section.
]Vehe7-'sintegral
theorem.
It is evident
from
1
J
convergent, where
lim
R'"
vtt)
[cosaJ^ (z)+
a-
this is the
sin (a +
and
":^,F {B.)\%subjectto the conditions stated in " 14-4',
0 ^v
*^"{z)
(1)
to
that
la^-{F(r+ 0) + F{r-0)]
and
limit of the
2a- sin
=
it may
manner
1)
log(l-2)
h-J 21og^-:^,i^(l,-.:l
V
t'TT
after
^J
0, is reducible
-^
sin
l-v;
p\
-V-
The
i)r(2p)-
"
"
sin (a
r(.
i.^V,.
p.,
"
fluctuation and
r^,^,(Xr)"^,(Xi^)]
+ 0) + i^(r-0)},
|(7={i^(r
lies inside
F{R)
absolutely
^^,
is
0, then
provided that
exists and
F(R) 'JRdR
interval
an
is defined
to
"
be
m.
zero
and
\.
which
when
$i^
a,
total
14-52]
We
shall
469
INTEGRALS
MULTIPLE
now
cylinderfunctions
for
of
unrestricted order.
It is
Let
^.{R,r; \)-"P,_,(R,
by
and so,
["[$, (R,
lim
(2)
\)
r;
analogueof
the
the
from
easy deduction
an
formulae
recurrence
"j"^
(^^ ,.
^y
that
''S',.,(X7-)%M\R)],
j^S'^f.-dXR)%M\7^)
+
the
^A^
(" 14-41),we
Riemann-Lebesgue lemma
X)
"P,_,(R, r
dR
X)]RF(R)
have
0.
of this result,
Hence, by adding up repetitions
where
hm
(3)
7i
lim
A-".oo
that
so
of the
one
X)
^,^n{R,r;
lim
K^^x
This result is
indicated in
To
dR
X)]RF(R)
0,
v "
integers
liesbetween
RF{R)dR
|,and
la' {F{r + 0) +
(r
0)],
(4)
(R,
"t","n
integer.
positive
is any
Choose
{R,r; X)
["I",
deduce
v, we
from
X)RF{R)dR
^,{R,r;
(3) that
la^{F{r + 0) + F(r-0)\.
due
practically
to
Weber*, and it
obtained
was
by
the method
" 14'46.
obtain
form, let
^"'^
Then
_
'W,(uR)
XI
"7
-^^(ur)-^^
and
u
the
(R'
W, (uR) u du,
?"-) W, (U7-)
du
au
on
expression
equalto
J. (R) F,+i(iiR)]
[F, (r)J,(ur)
J, (r)F,^,(ur)][F, (R) ./,(uR)
J, (r)F, (ur)]
J^ (R) F..(uR)]
rJ,+,(ur)J, (uR)\
"
rY,+,(ur)F, (uR)],
nJ, (R) J, (r)[RY,+,(uR) YAkv)
p. (.) J. (.)+ F. (.),
-
where
\DAz)
*
Math.
Ann.
vi.
470
OF
THEORY
Now
suppose
BESSEL
[CHAP. XIV
FUNCTIONS
that
'^
f(R)BdR
is
exists and
consider
; and
absolutely
convergent
\iml'^f{R)\
'^,(ur)%\(uR)uRcludR.
with respect to
integration
the
Carry out
by the sum
replacethe integrated
part
above, divided by R^
r^.
written
u, and
"
J,{R)Y,(r)-J^(r)l\(R)
^.,
si-
is hounded
r, and
near
containing
r,
tend
terms
of
limited
to
use
we-
\-^y:
as
zero
total
(1),we
of terms
get
we
which
pairof integrals
are
r f {R) [^
'^^(ur)^, (uR) uR
lim
r-
it followsthat
Correspondingto
happen to cancel.
When
has
"
du dR
.
0)},
that is to say
(6)
udu \"
l'^
f{R)%\{ur)%\{uR)RdR
=
in which
in which
of functions
14"6.
lies inside
Apart from
case
Formal
of
an
by Weber
0)1,
interval
in the
order.
integral
of Neumanns
statement
theorem.
integral
the theorem
which will be the subjectof
precisely
It is convenient to enunciate
discussion in the sections immediatelyfollowing.
obtained by replacing
with Du Bois Reymond's* generalisation,
the theorem
which
satisfies
function
certain
function
the Bessel
by any
generalconditions.
is as follows :
theorem
The generalised
We
shall
(I)
Let
now
state
'^{X, Y)
vaj'iables {X,
Y), which
he
hounded
arhitrary
functionof
integral
exists and
*
2Iath.
is
Ann.
the
pair of real
"
(dXdY)
ahsolutely
convergent.
iv.
g{t)=Jo{t),and the
published in 1881.
(1871),pp.
conditions
383
"
390.
Neumann's
(I)"(III)are
formula
those
substantially
given in Neumann's
by writing
treatise
14-6, 14-81]
471
INTEGRALS
MULTIPLE
and
let tJiisfluctuation
); and
also F (+ 0, "I")
be
integrable
functionsof^.
in the interval
of F (R, "I")
(III) If Q{R, ^) denote the total fluctuation
with resjjectto "l" as R^^O,
unifoj'm.hj
{" 0, R), let fl (R, 'i')tend to zero
with the exception*
the whole of the interval (" tt, tt),
of values of "P
throughout
in a number
of tuhose angles may be assumed arbitrarily
of sectors the sum
small.
this condition necessitates that
^n(R, "t"),
{+ 0, (i")\
sectors.
F (R; ^")^- F (+ 0, "I")
uniformlyexcept in the exceptioncd
Since
\F(R, ^)
variable R, such
(IV) Let g{R) be a continuous functionof the positive
and ivhen R
cc
that g {R) \/R is bounded both ivhen R-^0
-^
f-K
=
.'o
dt
f"
q{t)tdt G{R),
Let
and
G{t)" he convergent.
let
-'o
'
I" ["["
^^
udu
Then
is convergent,and
is
(Z, F)
\u^(X'^+ F'^)}(dXdY)
.
equalto
.'0
'Where
means^
{+ 0, "!")
^F
^
Ztt
Before
justas
proving the
in the
14*61.
i-
case
main
Fi+o,^)d^.
-"
theorem,
of Hankel's
we
shall prove
number
of Lemmas,
integral.
The
the theorem
which
the
that
if T
originis
not
is
an
(dRd^)
o(l).
'j^FiR,ct")GiXR)^-^^
=
The
is of considerable
or
more
boundary
t The
of
F(R,
die nach
of the
region.
value
expressioninvolvingthe mean
Ueber
made
Neumann,
was
by
a point
F(B, 4")
Entivickelungen (Leipzig,1881),
Cylinder-functionenforUchreitenden
the
origin is
of
an
of
discontinuity
pp. 130"131.
X For
origin.
instance
might
be the whole
of the
plane outsile
circle of radius
5 with
centre
at the
472
observed
It will be
is
this
that
BESSEL
OF
THEORY
theorem
[CHAP. XIV
FUNCTIONS
of
much
weaker
theorem
of
To
prove
of "t",
F{R,
than
the
reason
to make
arguments of the
functions
tonic
character
the
in
F(R, "l")
If Rn and
whose
"l"),
%2 {R, *^).
interval (0,R).
(R,
'x^i
R^
are
the second
follows from
values of R
the extreme
value theorem
mean-
is the
sum
total fluctuation
of
Ro and R^,
j^X^ (R,^)
(XR)
("^R)^
"^)j^G
(i^o,
X,
{R.
(XR) ^^
^)j^G
Git)"^.
t
"^E,
dt
[^
choose
Xx
+ xAR.,"^)
G(t)^
X^{R"c^)\
J
J
KE,
Since
X, so
is
(t)
"
convergent,if
is
arbitrar}^
positivenumber,
an
we
can
largethat
rG{t)^
"e,
less than
not
I^ (Xi{R, ^)
Ixi {R" "E")
+ IIF(^ 0, ^) I
IF(+ 0, "!")}
^Xi{^,^)-hF{+0,^)
and
l\F(+0,^)\,
similarly
whence
it follows that
F(R,^)G(XR)^^^^
R
2e
r [x,{co,^) + x-^('^^^)+F
J
"TT
"71
some
This
is the
limit when
=
be made
independentof
the outer
case
of the conditions
t Cf. Modern
when
it is
can
(+ 0, ^) I}d^^
small by taking
arbitrarily
the outer boundary of T. Hence
boundary tends to infinity.
(R)=EJi (R). It
superfluous.
is
bj uo
means
impossiblethat
'
14-62]
infer that, if T has
We
made
be
can
MULTIPLE
theorem
to
shall next
We
are
Cudur
J
r
J
-r.
providedthat
a
number
where
repeatedintegral.
of the integral
^V{X,Y).g[usJ{X''-+Y')].{dXdY)
f" r ^(X,Y)rg{uW(X"~+Y-'}]udu{dXd
the limit
on
the
rightexists.
of X and
of e, there exists
value
arbitrary
positive
any
(3 such that
is the upper
We
this is the
that
given value
any
of Neumanns
and
-X
lim
For
of
conditions
sufficient
Jo
modulus
TJie inversion
14'62.
boundary,the
outer
no
473
INTEGRALS
then
bound
of jg {u) jf^u.
have
\^F{R,
^)g{uR)
udu
-f
J
r-jT
r
J
-n
roo
(dRd^)
(J
r
J
-TT
F{R,^)g{uR)R{dRd^)udu
rx
f"f F(R,
udu
^)g{uR)
(dRd^)
J 13 Jo
"^^
F(R,(p)g{uR)R(dRd(^)udu
J
-n
rr:F(R,^)\u'^duR^dRd^)
^aT
J -ttJ
a[ j^ r
Jo
^^
"
r-rr
-TT
for
small
arbitrarily
R
lim
r
J
on
integral
exist.
values of
e, we
infer that
(dRd^)
udu
J 0
the
\F{R,"P)\Ri(dRd"l^)uidu
fi
C'-i-
F{R, ^)g(uR)
0
-IT
".
the left
-TT
"
f Jor F{R,
J
^)g{uR)
udu
R
.
(dRd^^),
existingbecause
the limit
on
the
rightis
assumed
to
474
THEORY
Hence
-ir
lim
A-".30
14'63.
The
We
now
are
proofof Neumamn's
in
choose
uniform, in such
choose
stated in
then
the sectors
a
bounds
be B and
(dRd^)
r F{R,^)G(XR)
J0
-rr
theorem.
integral
the theorem
due to
difficulty
prove without
firsttake an arbitrarily
small positive
number
in which
We
to
position
" 14'6. We
small that II
so
to
rightexists,then
and
the
on
F(R,^)g{uR)R(dRd^)
udu
.'0
Neumann
[CHAP. XIV
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
OF
the convergence
of H (R, "I")
is
to zero
of their anglesexceeds 27r
We then
e.
sum
{R, "!")"
"
in these sectors
Avhenever
8;
and
we
of
(R, ^)
\F{R,^)\
f"(?(w)
and
"
C.
then
apply the
r^
second
mean-value
theorem.
have
We
dR
jj,{R,^)G(XR)'^
G (XR) ^
X^ (+ 0, ^) /^
r^
dR
where
0 ^
^^
C^
(x.{8,"!")
X.
rlTl
j^G(xRf-
(+ 0, "I")1
8.
"^
Now
AS
dR
G(\R)
^j,
"2G.
G{u)
Hence
"*
dR
F(R,^)G(\R)~
and
less
\r]\is
is less than
Hence
F{+0,^)
-tt
where
f"^
=
than
2BG
2eC
in the
dii
G{ii)-
v,
in which
is uniform,
convergence
sectors.
exceptional
it follows that
"itJ 0
"27r.2eC+".2BG
=
Hence,
for
G (XR)
F(R, "!")
"n
J 0
2eC{27r+ "}.
largevalues of \
^^^^1^^
0, "^) f'(?
27ri"li?'(+
(u)
-
Ji
"
Jq
"2eC(27r
B)
o(l),
that is to say
lim
A
-*"
du
I
j^j^F(R,^)G(\R)^^^^^-27rmF(+0,^
00
2eC
{27r+ B).
476
limiting
The
"
OF
THEORY
5'71
R,
defined
are
radius
the
used
process
of
the
R,
that
indefinitelylarge, and
and
"t"),
by F(R,
XIV
result
of
variables
new
equations
kS,
kO,
function
coordinates
the
suggested by
substantially cylindricalcoordinates
are
is that
is made
so
[CHAP.
FUNCTIONS
Mehler
by
sphere
the
by
BESSEL
becomes
P,i(cos7)
the
of
points
position /(", ^)
of
approximately
equal
with
polar
is then
to
noted
de-
Jo (117:7
/k),
where
OT-
We
led
thus
are
to
now
1/k
write
we
differential
the
as
F(r,6)
But
this
Thus,
are
so
potential
surfece
necessitates
sphere
/c
00
the
with
the
by
method
he
stated
abgeleitet habe,
the
method
"Die
ist nicht
cause
rigorous proof, be-
k), which
that
we
surface
transition
of
from
value
put
may
of the
convergence
the
the
assumes
series
the
on
sphere
to
series
to
an
the
f(6, "/")on
in
the
series
of the
surface
plane, by making
integral,iff one
difficulty.
discovered
that
"
theorem
from
theoretical
Neumann
which
corresponding
possible that
of
require j ustification.
/(e, ^)P"
of the
transition
It is
the
discussion
basis
the
that
(when
sphere,
and
integration (taking
an
F{R,^)Jo(u^)RdRd^,
made
be
steps which
know
we
function
of considerable
(pY^"irr
the
of
by
get
we
hardly
can
many
although
X
is
summation
result.
procedure
there
"^).
K'
the
[" udur
(^
cos
J-TT
replace
element),
is Neumann's
which
and
u,
2Rr
.'0
"*7'"
M=0
'h/k
"{- r-
equation
the
K-^'X
If
R-
which
his
has
integral
Methode,
durch
just
been
described
formula
in
welche
ich
voUstandig strenge."
1862.
diese
is the
method
Concerning
Formel
so
his
eben
XV
CHAPTER
ZEROS
THE
will be
functions,which
quitegeneraltheorems
of zeros,andwith
have an infinity
functions.
Next,
shall examine
we
of Bessel functions.
zeros
classes of
various
are
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
connected tvitlithe
15 '1. Problems
There
OF
the
of
reality
the
zeros
of different
of Bessel functions
zeros
Except
in
""15'4
15"o4, it is
"
supposed that
the order
v,
of the f mictions
is real.
under consideration,
The
of functions whose
zeros
themselves
to
discussion
the
particular
of
zeros
more
^
"
order
is half
readilythan
-^^
dx
"
the
have
an
odd
of other
zeros
been
integerobviouslylend
functions.
investigated
by
In
Schwerd
and
of
the zeros
by Rayleigh*;and more
recentlyHermitei* has examined
Jn+\{x).The zeros of this function have also been the subjectof papers by
used the methods
who
of Sturm; but it has been pointedout by
Rudskiij:
Porter and by Schafheitlin"
of Rudski's results are not correct, and,
that some
in particular,
his theorem
of Jn^^(^) lies
smallest
that the
positivezero
between
Such a theorem is incompatible
\{n + 1) and \ (n + 2) is untrue.
with the inequality
given in "15"3 (5) and the formrdae of ""15'81,15"83.
tt
Schwerd,
Die
tt
Beugungserscheinungen
(Mannheim,
Math.
rjujsique, (Paris,18G9),p. 260; Kayleigh,
i.
t Archiv der Math,
und
20"21.
PInjs.(3) (1901),pp.
X Mem. de la Soc. R. des Sci. de Lie/ie,(2)xviir. (1895),no. 3.
Fizyczne,iii. (1892),pp. 69"81.
[Jahrbnch ilber die Fortschritte
Froc.
I.
(1900),p. 304.
Joiirwil
of Math.
xx.
London
Sac.
See
iv.
Lemons cVOptiquc
(1873),pp. 95"103.
also Prace
der Math.
Matonatijczno-
fiirMath,
cxxii.
478
THEORY
The Bessel-Lommel
15"2.
BESSEL
OF
theorem
the
on
Bernoulli*
of J^,(z).
zeros
and
by Daniel
[CHAP. XV
FUNCTIONS
stated
Wcas
i'
"
and
;/;
lies between
J^(x) is
mir
number
odd
an
function
continuous
i;
"
(0,2, 4, ...),and
of m,
has
Bessel-Lommel
The
of
of
each
in
zeros
when
it is obvious
x^O,
intervals
of the
that
J"(x)
27r),
(|7r,
tt),(|7r,
(Itt/Stt),
....
Some
preciseresults
more
To prove
of
similar character
theorem, let
Lommel's
transformations of Poisson's
obvious
integral,
r2m+9
^)r{i).(2m
r2m+9
and
sgn J. (x)
sgn
so
the last
Now
j^
{(2m +
15"36.
0 ^ ^ ^ 1 ;
then, by
^ttu
''"'
ey
1^-]^-"
-
l,jj.y^
cQg
^"-
be written
integral
may
cos
dy]o
"
have
we
r{v
2{l7ry
^''^""^
will be
in the form
7)1
If
cos
(-)-.,. \
where
write
we
now
{(2m + ey
2r
(2/-
1 +
1 "
"
TTlf
du,
^^^_^^^-___
^^_^
uy}"-^
[{2m + ey
(2r
uy]''-^
=f,.( U),
it is clear that
ff-iU)
sin ^TrU.dU,
v,=
.'o
"[ function of
and, since IIv ^^,fr{U) is a positive
increasing
*
Acad.
Comm.
t La
Theovie
Berliner
" Studicn
IIThis
convergence
% The
then
Sci.
Imp. Petwp.
Anah/tique
Abk., 1824,
de
point at
of the
reader
la Chaleur
(Paris,1822),"803.
p. 39.
is the
vi.
r.
which
Functioiwti
the copdition
(Leipzig,1868),pp.
v
65
"
67.
"
-^
ensures
the
integral.
will prove
this without
(6^)with respect to
differentiating/^
any
r.
by regarding;" as
difficulty
continuous
variable and
15-2-15-22]
OF
ZEROS
BESSEL
479
FUNCTIONS
It follows that
and
so
+ (v,"_" v,"_3)
[(-)^ [vj + (i',"v,,,^,)
+ ...]]
+ I^tt) sgn
sgn J^ (i/iTT
=
sgn(-l)'^,
since v"/ is
obviouslynot negative.
is to say, when
That
|"
"
z^
|,
+,
and
from
The
zeros
well
method.
Bessel-Lommel
more
slightly
It
.
zero
The
the
that
C. N. Moore, Annals
of Math.
Trans.
by Whewell,
between
2 and
15'21.
The
Camh.
Phil.
non-repetition
of zeros
function
function
Soc.
is
positivewhen x
negative when x lies in
gated
Ji{x) has also been investi-
it is
noted
was
Baehr's
(0, tt),(f7r,
Stt),(fir,
5tt),...,
by
alreadystated.
manner
"
....
results
The
of
351
(i^Tr,
-Irr),
(-V-TT,
67r),
-irv),
{l-rr,
in this way
0, 2, 4, ...)
those
as
JVeerlandaises,
vii. (1872),pp.
follows in the
theorem
(m
156
162.
"
ix.
H(, (2)has
15*35).
lias a
(1856),p. 156, that /q {'*"')
real
some
zeros.
of cylinder
functions.
"
^^ (z)and WJ
and then, by
(z),
The
15'22.
It will
now
be
shewn
that
prove
of
if ".
first of
between
the result
use
we
This
these
the
zeros
positive
of Jy
(x)
formulae
recurrence
a"-^/,+l{x\
that
shews
each consecutive
is
"
[x-^J,{x)]
oi x"^'^Jyix); and
*
the
J^ (if),
those of J^^i(x).
there is at least
./^(,7)
OP""
of
"""
expressedby sayingthat
the
of
zero.
identically
zeros
jv,-!, are the positive
1,
magnitude,then, if "
1,
be
of Bessel functions.
interlacing
of zeros
arrangedin ascendingorder
are
theorem,^;, (z)would
Taylor's
0,
one
pairof
the result is
specialcase
of
between
zero
theorem
now
of
zeros
/,+! {x)]
\x^^^
=
a;""
each
A-+"
consecutive
and
1/^+1
(a;),
./,(.c)
;
pair of
the second
shews
of a'""^^
t/^+j
ix) there is at least
of
zeros
one
that
zero
obvious.
proved by Sturm,
Journal
de Math.
1.
(1S3G),p.
109.
480
OF
THEORY
If i^^"
1, the
the smallest
nearer
The
result
This
but
^^ (x)and
fundamental
the
and
smallest
the
zero
of Jv i{x) is
+
of Jt,{x).
zero
cylinderfunction*
[CHAP. XV
FUNCTIONS
obviouslystill interlaced
are
zeros
BESSEL
contiguousfunction
simpleproperty
is
obviously true
for any
real
"^^ ^ (^'),
of Bessel
functions
appears
century agof, when
never
four
proved until about a quarter of a
which
mathematicians
the proof
has
publishedproofsalmost simultaneously;
which
is
due
t
he
other
been
to
Gegenbauer;):
just
given
proofs,
and,Porter|;
elaborate
of
a
character,
are
were
given by Hobson|| and
slightlymore
been
have
to
Vleckir.
van
It has been
that, since
Porter
pointedout by
2
r
7-/\
(^+1)7-
/\
J^+1 {x),
any
of
zeros
J^+o{x) are
15 "23. Dixon
A
result of
interlaced
theorem
with
the
on
those of J^,(x).
interlacing
of zeros.
more
slightly
generalcharacter than the theorem of " 15"22
\, and A, B, G, D are
namely that, when v"
constants
such that AD=f^ BC, then the positive
of AJ^.{x)+ BxJJ{x) are
zeros
interlaced with those of CJ^ {x)+ DxJJ (x),
and that no function of this type
have a repeatedzero
other than x
0.
can
is due
C. Dixon**,
A.
to
"
The
deducible
from
is an
immediate
of the formula,
consequence
j J,-(t)tdt -^x
d{J,ix)]
.1
xJJ (x)
d
\xJJ {x)]
dx
'
dx
i
for the
would
*
is
integral
vanish
real
at
is
when
positive
repeated
of
zero
cylinder function
is
an
and the
positive
AJt,{x)+ BxJJ
expressionof
on
expression
the
right
(x).
the form
aJ,(.T)+^Y^(x}
in which
a,
j3and
are
real,and
Mathews,
is
positive.
Treatise
on
Bessel
Functions
(London, 1895), p.
Monatsheftefilr Math,
" Bulletin
American
Math.
-50.
uiid
Soc.
"
**
PhiLSoc.vi.
(1889),pp.
248
"
264.
15-23,15-24]
ZEROS
BESSEL
OF
'^^''^~
0'{x)
^
'
^
(x)
GJJ^)+^JJ
AJAx)-\-BxJ:{x)'
0 {x) is monotonia.
so
with the
"
^)o
rw
and
'
\ii'^,
f J^'(0 tdt,
\
D
=
"
The
therefore interlaced
are
(a;)
of ^
zeros
positive
from
and
positive
poles,
that,if
observe
we
then
481
FUNCTIONS
is obvious.
If the function
is replaced
J^,{x)
by a
real
function a./^,
(x)-\-j3Y^,{x)
cylinder
have
we
x'W^ ix)
j'gf,{x),
%V (0 tdt
!*" d;^(x)
I dx
'2vj3
(a sin
[x^i^J
{x)] +
'
/3cos vtt)
vtv
IT Sm
VTT
dx
1 "
and
" 1 ; and so the theorems
non-repetition
concerning
providedthat
for A9^^{x)+ Bx'WJ (x)and C'(ff^{x)
true
of zeros
+ Dx^ifJ {x)
are
interlacing
providedthat /3(a sin vtt + /3cos vir)is positive.
y
"
Again,since
%^.{x\
d^'S.ix)dlx'^Jix)]
ix
'
.dx
or
l,B
0,G
15-24.
for
The
" 15"22
v,I)
zeros
'gf;{x)+ 0^9^J-"
{x)],
[{x- v'')
-
exceeding+ \/v-,whether
lies between
"
'^.{x)
of Dixon's
specialcase
of order
of cylinder
functions
in which
v.
functions of the
{x)be any distinct cylinder
zeros
positive
are
same
order ;
interlaced*.
%\ {x)
then
theorem
-l.
is the
of zeros
interlacing
not.
result of
The
1
=
dx
is true
the theorem
and 1
x^J(x)
J",(x)+ h \\ {x),
2(aS-/37)
TTX
of ^^ (x),
^J (x)has opposite
zeros
that,at consecutive positive
and therefore,
from the last equation,
signs;that is
'"y{x) has opposite
signs,
it is known
Now
to
say
'^(")has
zeros
positive
an
odd
inimber
of
zeros
each
between
of '^^{x);
each consecutive
consecutive
of
the
zeros
zeros
pairof
between
must
be
"
interlaced.
If
take
we
deduce
we
*
one
Nova
Olbricht,
Acta
B.
F.
functions to
cylinder
functions have
cylinder
of the
be
an
of positive
zeros.
infinity
1888, pp.43
{Halle),
Caes.-Leop.-Acad.
"
some
instructive
iS, has
giveu an
elaborate
diagrams.
31
cussion
dis-
482
LommeVs
15'25.
extension
An
which
zeros
theorem
of
of Jv{z).
zeros
to
exceeds
1, then the
"
functionJv{z)
has
luhich
zeros
no
no
theorem
real.
not
are
reality
of the
not
are
due
theorem
the
on
[CHAP. XV
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
OF
THEORY
To
that a is a zero
of J^{z)
theorem, suppose, if possible,
from
series
for
is
the
not
real. It follows
a
J^,{z) that a
pure
Lommel's
prove
is not
which
then
imaginary,because
(-)'"(ia)^
",^Qm\T {v-\-m + 1)
would
be
series of
Op be
Let
i/
complex number
the
J^,{z)is
J^ {z),because
Since
terms.
positive
"
conjugateto
real function
tJ^(at)JAaot)dt=
so, since
and
a-
that
so
olq is also
zero
of
z.
dJ^(a^w)
J-
"
dJ^{ax)'
a,
1, it follows from
"
of
"o
"
a,,-,
''1
tJ,{at)J,{a^t)dt0.
=
Jo0
The
the left is
integrandon
Hence
the number
Similar
function
be
AJv{z)-\-BzJJ{z)has
These
{AjB) +
exist,and
cannot
arguments | may
when
zeros
a.
and
positive,
used
to
all its
so
obtained
have
we
is
the theorem
shew
that,if
and
contradiction.
proved.
are
zeros
real and
two
"
1, the
purely imaginary
v"0.
-^
j^ (2)}combined
[z-^IB
with
the formula
that
^^^^q\
1:tJ^{^t)J^{Mdt
which
is satisfied if /3and
15'26.
^0
are
any
0,
zeros
analogue of Lommel's
The
theorem
(2)such
forfunctionsof the
second kind.
It is not
the real
*
La
zeros.
Theorie
Analytique de
la Chaleur
(Paris,1822)," 308;
see
also
Stearn,QuarterlyJournal,
(1880),p. 93.
XVII.
arg
vanish
Proc.
London
Archiv
the
(Leipzig,1868),p. 69.
(1903),p. 7.
generally,"^^(2).
more
iiWhen
cannot
Functionen
xxxii.
"
Math.
der
complex
is half
Soc.
Math,
zeros
1^ (2) e"^""^
l\ (
tt,
unless
nnd
of
xxx.
of
an
odd
(1899),pp.
165"
179.
similar
treatment.
In this paper
Schafheithn
jects
also sub-
484
BESSEL
OF
THEORY
^raihv)
curve
one
"
(|,v) is
"^,"+i
negativewhen
so
zero
or
Hence
as
m-^00
and
the ^-plane,
for which
those
(i.e.
[CHAP. XV
FUNCTIONS
the
plane,and
^",+i(^,'"?) 0 lies
curve
which
2?n is positive),
the
compose
is
"f)m{^,v)
inside
wholly
^",(^,77)
curve
0.
regionsof
the
domain
of the ^-plane,
small in any bounded
by taking
arbitrarily
of
number
that
the
it
follows
from
m
Lagrange'sexpansion*
sufficiently
large,
zeros
of/^(^) in any small area is at least equalto the number of zeros of g^m^^i^)
when m is sufficiently
in that area
large; and so /I (^) has 25 complex zeros.
be made
can
None
of these
pointof
double
two
zero
is real,for if
zeros
of them
one
conjugatecomplex zeros
of/^(^);and/^(^) has no
real it would
were
be
it would
so
count
as
(2s+ 1)
for/^(^)it is seen that,when v liesbetween
have
than
and
it
for
has
cannot
and
more
one
negativezero,
(2s+ 2), then/^(^)
than once
could be made
to change signmore
one
negativezero, then gom,y{^)
be made
to differ from /"(t)by
00
can
as
^ varied from 0 to
[since
g."m,v{K)
small number],and this is impossible.
an
arbitrarily
Again,from
the series
limit
"
"
For similar
have
cannot
jfy(^)
reasons
than
more
2s
complex zeros.
we
For
based
Ges.
discussion
a
on
(1911),pp.
XI.
of
ideas,the
in
brief
15*28.
Bourget's
hypothesis.
It has
been
consult
that
paper,
with
zeros
of
polynomials
Hurwitz
extended
has
Hamburger
than
all
the
It
in association
should
his results to
Mittheilungen,11. (1890)^
31.
"
(zeroincluded),the
the
reader
be mentioned
It may
functions
generalisedBessel
pp. 25
5.
"
of Bessel functions
zeros
rather different
seems
for
origin,
The
values
positive
integral
simplecases
Jt,{z),
-/"+,",
(2^)have
1, m
has
been
never
of
is
no
common
Cf. Modern
A7in.
A7ialysis," 7-32.
norm.
sup.
iii.
other
2.
Sci. de VEcole
zeros,
m.
formula
Jv+m (^)
integer
positive
(1866),pp.55
"
95.
15-28, 15-3]
OF
BESSEL
485
FUNCTIONS
shews
oi
ZEROS
no
common
zeros,
the
common
zeros
the equation
must
satisfy
Jv{z)and J"^4.,"(2^)
The
numbers.
algebraic
be
i.e.they must
truth of
therefore
Bourget'shypothesiscan
numbers
algebraic
be
When
have
common
no
that
no
is half of
an
zeros
so
when
can
is
an
far failed.
odd
;
number
algebraic
'
cot(^--|^7r-i7r)
since the
have
if it
be established
is
right-handside
in
algebraic
-p
when
is half of
odd
an
integer.
Elementaryproperties
of the
15"3.
It is possible
to
smallest
the
formulae
recurrence
of the
zeros^
of J, {x).
information
interesting
of J^ {x)and related functions,when v is positive,
zeros
differential equationsatisfied by J^ {x) togetherwith
acquirea
concerningthe
by a discussion
theorems
considerable
shall
; we
such
"concerning
of
amount
establish the
now
truth
of
selection of
zeros.
The
papers
der
"
"
pp. 83"85.
will be
the smallest positive
of /^ (x),J J {x),J J'(x),
zeros
brevity,
called j^,jj,jj',
The smallest positive
of Y^{x), YJ {x),YJ' (oj),
zeros
will similarly
be called y^, yj,yj',
For
...
....
We
(1)
first prove
/^
jV "
It is obvious
*
I consider
succeeded
that
in
that
theorem
is
V,
jj
"
V.
true
{x)and
it is
an
JJ
{x)that
abstruse
these functions
theorem,
and
I have
not
proving it.
Journal
noticed by Porter, American
of 2["itli. xx. (1S9S),p. 203.
was
Hobson, Squaring the Circle (Cambridge, 1913),pp. 44, 51"53.
Sac. (2)xvi.
Math.
related results are due to Watson, Froc. London
(1U17),pp.
" Some
t This
X
171.
Cf.
165
"
486
THEORY
OF
BESSEL
small positive
for sufficiently
values
positive
equation
are
doc
[CHAP. XV
FUNCTIONS
of
dJ^,{x)
\={v^-a?)J,{x\
dx
it is evident
is positive
and
that,so long as ^ " y and J^,{x) is positive,
xJ^ (a-)
and so J^,(x) increases with x.
increasing,
Therefore,so longas
functions
that
so
Again,from
"
and jj
j^,
a; "
v,
cannot
the differential
be less than
equation
vj;'(v)
-j;(v)"0,
and
//'(x)has
so
become
Hence, when
zero.
positive
increasing
v.
negativebefore
has increased
to
the value
from
I v"l,
jj'"r.
(2)
Next, since
Therefore
j;"^[v{v
(8)
Now,
from
2)}.
it follows that
" 15*22
Jv
"
Jv+\
"
Jv+2"
so
that
both
If
positive.
now
we
formula
/,+,{x)
it is obvious
"
Similarly,
by puttingx =j^
(v + 3) /, (x)+
deduce
and
"
J, {x)
^1
J, {x\
-^
that
(4)
we
^^
|1
+ 2)
(i.
"
V{2. {v + 1)}.
in the formula
j^,^^
(^) (^ 1) J^^^(^.)
|lil^i"^0:"?)|
-
that
therefore
(5)
*
Cf. Eieinann,
t When
0";v"l,
(Brunswick,1876), p. 269.
Differentialgleichungen
small values of .r.
J/' {x)is negativefor sufficiently
Partielle
0,
15-3]
ZEROS
In like manner,
and
we
OF
BESSEL
deduce
can
from
-vW-
J\^,{x)
FUNCTIONS
487
the formulae
"^1J, {cc)-{v+l)
J J'{x)
that
(6)
"^\v{v-\)]"jj'"^{ir'-l).
Some
rather better
formulae
complicated
"
Schafheitlin*
("*')
=
p+ti
deduced
"
(*'}-^5,
v+\ (j^)
"
v+l
obtainable
by takingmore
\^) ^i,v+i('^7;
that
-R5..+i(j.)"0,
i.e.
3"^ -lQ{v
Since
less
jj^is certainly
be less than
must
3^'
than
the smaller
-\Q{v+
16
+ 4) (z/
+ 5) "
(i/+ 1) (z;+ 2) (i;
0.
of the
root
positive
2){v + 4) X'
16
equation
+ 5)
(z/+ 1) (j^+ 2) (1/+ 4) (i/
0,
hence, a fortiori,
and
"
2) {v + 4)j,-+
""V[|(^
(7)
from
Similarly,
the
l)(^ + 5)}.
equation
J^ {x)[R,^{x)+ i^3,
^+, {x)
{x)
4J"'^+4
Rs
-
Schafheitlin deduced
and, when
"
4,
i;"V[z.(.
(9)
inequalities
being derived from
roots of the equation
positive
these
x'-S(u
The
that
(8)
the
i?,^
,+o (x)]
2// (.c)
i?^"^i (")},
[i?o
^^.1 (ic)
(x)
-
discussion
2y
x""+
2v{v
3)i,
the consideration
that
+ 4)
1) {v + 3)(i^
of y^, requiresslightly
more
abstruse
j^'lies between
0.
reasoning.We
use
JJ^(x) + IV (a-)
is a
j;"i/,"j,.
(10)
This
with
(withyVreplaced
by i^ -f h) was
inequality
the aid of rather elaborate analysis.
*
Berliner
t Journal
established
in.
(1904),p. 83.
Sitzungsberlchte,
cxxii.
(1900),pp. 317"321.
fur Math,
by Schafheitlinf
488
[CHAP. XV
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
OF
THEORY
values of cylinder
functions*
Stationary
15*31.
function J"^{x)cos a
Y^ (x)sin a,
cylinder
infinite
of positive
an
^t,{x),has an infinite number
or
zeros, and so there are
Such values of x
number
values of x for which it is stationary.
of positive
where
will be called /u,i,/Uo, /u.3,
which exceed the order v (supposedpositive)
It has
alreadybeen
that the
seen
"
yU.2"
yLti"
shall
We
"g^.W, -^.W,
The
which
firsttheorem
"
"
"^.W,
the sequence
....
we
To prove
"
of
simplerproperties
of the
study some
now
"
Ms
..,
{x) defined
as
x'^^J-'ix)
7)^
v"
TX-"
has the
negativederivate
-2x'^;'(x)/(x^--v'y,
and
" A(/u,3)"
" A (/Xo)
A(/u.j)
so
Since
....
is
is
result
interesting
more
suggestedby
evident.
now
Hankel's
asymptoticformula
("7-21)
%% (x)
when
fin
It
can
is
(^y
{x + a-^v7r-l7r)+0
cos
[^^
.
consistent
of provinginequalities
possibility
with
large.
in fact be shewn
that
by xi\^t,(x)\when
whose
decreasing
sequence
members
providedthat
(i) v"^ V3,
(ii)yu,""
V-
[^v-+
+ 13)}/(4i/='
V(48i.-^
3).
4 +
A
"'
(x),B
(x)
{x),C
{A'(x)
-
chosen.
suitably
We
(x),
have
'^:~{x)
(x'- V-)B {x)lx^]
-
^, (x)-^Z (x)
[B'{x)+ A(x)-B (x)/x (x' v')G (x)/x'}
[C (x)+ 2B (x) 2C(x)/x}^:^ {x)
2
+
+
=
(x) are
be
to
i){xYW:-'{x\
where
D{x)
*
Cf. Proc.
London
G'
{x)+ 25 {x)-2G
Math.
Soc.
(2)xvi.
{x)lx,
(1917),pp.
170"171.
15-31, 15-32]
defined
by
(cc)is
providedthat
the
{x)
1, 2,
x"- [B'(x)+
(x)
-
{x)lx]j{x^v").
-
v'-f
{x){x"
+
(3a,^
Of
function
increasing
of
\4"x-v'+
which
0(ic)
^v')" 0,
2/7r.
that when
we
^V (/"")
see
{ixn) {i^n' v'-)^
then the numbers
v^)^
|'^^(fin)
| form
(/u.,;"
less than
then
(x) are
7i
"
(x)l(x- v'),
lim
Since
(x) and
{x) is an
so
that B
{x- v-)Kthen
2D
and
and
arbitrarily
x-A'
(x)
0{x)
If A
chosen
489
FUNCTIONS
equations
2B
(I)
BESSEL
OF
ZEROS
the values
assumes
increasing
sequence
an
v'(2/7r).
If A (x)
(II)
2D
then
X,
{x)("- v-y
{(4z.-3) X'
X'
8j/- (v-+
1) x'
v' {^v~
-
1)}
"0,
providedthat
4y-
3 and
"
Sv-
{^v- 3) ic"
In this
to
case
those used
exceeds
{v-+l) X'- +
(4z/- 1)
-
equation
0.
of the
investigation
Schafheitlins
15-32.
v'
of the
zeros
similar
ofJo(x).
By
of the
means
{niTT+ ^TT,rnir
where
f-rr),
shall first
We
and
modifications,
of the
give
then
0, 1, 2,
shall prove
type
J,,(x)cos
(where
lies between
Schafheitlin's
From
an
"
h and
of the
insjDection
that, when
rnv
sgn
"
F" (x)sin
"
sm
"
vnr
6 vcos
Journal
the values 0
sgn ("
1)'",
sgn Jo (x)
sgn ("
1)"'.
no
zeros
JiirMath.
in the intervals
cxiv.
by Schafheitlin.
and ^ir of a.
f tt,
to
(sin(x + ^0)}
so
Jq (x) has
Consequently
used
of
methods
the
confined
formula
it is obvious
|), by
were
investigations
77
and
Schafheitlin's
w^e
"
(nnr,imr
f tt).
490
To prove
no
{m
T.
"
"
"^
last
^ vcos
sm
write
tt),
"
"
,,
d6.
is negativeor positive
accordingas
integi-and
0
"
j0
0,
"
TT
Since
1) TT
4-
{mir+ ^vr,imr
2(-)'"+M-^-sin(A^-(f))
^jS
^ ^
J,{x)^ -^"^
then
The
[CHAP. XV
FUNCTIONS
in the intervals
zeros
X
and
BESSEL
OF
THEORY
2(^
"
2"f""e" l-rr.
or
longer;and
"
"
g"
2a; cot
the function
sin 6 Vcos 0
is
Hence
positive
sign,and
has the
of values of 6 than
We
shall
a "
tt
and
0, 1, 2,
"
^ i^TT
Of, 1MT
"
zeros
onlypositive
TT
once
mir
a"
"
"
"
irnr
f tt
,", ,
" 6"12,
vd -\-\6)'\ sgn
(x) is
the
obtain the
Consequentlythe onlyzeros
zero.
exceptionof
possible
result
precise
more
(" !)'"",
"
not
(mTT+ f TT
logarithmicderivate
^vTT" a,
niTT
are
odd
an
the firstif a
that the
1 TT
cosee-^
+ itan
"
number
of
f tt
^vir.
zeros
onlypositive
5 i/TT
is
"
Its
of
|i/7r a,
intervals,and there
{x) lie in the specified
in each interval,with
^" {x)
-'^
[sin{x +
sgn
we
of
a)
"
f cos-^^sinCr+g-r^+i^)
Next
of the type
have
of ^y
for,when
so,
^^.
the crude
^"^^ ^^
and
^ "v
"
that
c^ (^^
we
{mir + f TT
shew
"
| " v^\.
"
which
ofSchafheitlins
type, when
We
where
value, but
|7r).
??i7r
0 ^
The
numerical
same
so
^^ (x)
where
"^)has the
"
extend
now
(|^
Theorems
15'33.
sin
angle.
acute
0 and
and
positive,
consequently
+ ^TT,mir+Tr).
(niTr
intervals (^mr + f tt,
"f7r and 6 is an
of d between
each value
to
between
set
of 6 when
function*
increasing
an
6.
"
a)
zeros
of ^^ {x)
492
have
we
Next
obtain the
we
l 6)]
(-1)*",
sgn
stated is obvious.
the theorem
whence
a-v6
[sin{x +
sgn
[CHAP. XV
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
OF
THEORY
result
precise
more
that the
of9^^(x)
zeros
onlypositive
{miT "^TT
where
(it
a,
"
l7r+ \v7r
We
the
use
ayinir
"
except that, if
...,
in the interval
zero
0, 1, 2,
{vir
-V
(0,IvTr
^ir
"
"
is
^TT^-^vir oi),
"
"
near
sufficiently
there may be
in the interval
to it,
be
one
a).
"
and
notation
same
in
reasoningas
" 1533
only now,
if
6 =/(^),
g-2xcotecog.-i 6'/sin-''+i
of 6 ; but it is
function
an
increasing
f(6) is not necessarily
0"ylr"2ct),then
that,when
observe
result,
this
obtain
To
that
2.^'{cosec2
^ ^og-^Jr~^,
+ cosec^
+ x/,)
{2(j"
(2c^ yjr)}
"
to prove
sufficiejit
n\\r
Tl'zfh
Air)
"/(2(^-x/r)
dy}r
"
"
sin
increasingfunction
because
when
40
is
acute
an
angle;
ij/)
cos
"^)'\
(20 + ^)
exceeds
and
so
log'-.
(20
cos
the former
is
"
y-
by
-y/r)
increasingfunction
an
ahvayspositiveif
it is
positive
i|/'0, i.e.if
=
Ax "
and
(20-+
of
an
"1
^/r)sin(20-V')J'
+ cosec2 (20
(20 + \//)
[cosec2
is
sin
"
But
an
(2(^ \^)
(20 + ^//-)cos
_cos
is
2^ +
40
this is the
case
Hence, when
when
{{v i) tan2 20
+
!"'
.v"
| " v"^,
the
+ 1)}sin 40,
(2i/
"".
of ^^
only zeros
(x),which
exceed
f i; + 1, lie in
the intervals
(mTT
The
method
which
"
a,
nnr
"
for largervalues
inapplicable
seems
character
oscillatory
method
^TT + \v7r
"
of
sin{a;+
"
v6 +
hO)
largervalues will
s investigations
Schafheitlin
of the
largeorder.
unrestrictedly
We
shall
now
that, if i^
prove
"
J^ {x)cos
which
exceed
|, those
a
"
assumes
be
values.
integer
"
^tt;
explained.
0
to
of cylinderfunctionsof
from
of the cylinder
function
zeros
Y^ {x)sin
+ \'ir,
{niTT a-\-\v'Tr
nnr
ivhere
zeros
now
of the
account
on
6 increases
as
15"35.
of
+ f tt)
|i'7r
15-35]
ZEROS
considered
his
used
method
The
the
is
case
lengthyand
obscure
mean-value
by
the
theorem
use
order
integral
he
only,and
of arguments
when
the
sin
Y^ (./")
a,
equivalent
of that
use
explicit
write
precedinganalysis,
J
9ov(^)
(^)COS
"
that
so
Now
9
cot'-''+^
6 increases from
with
that 62 is
tan
arc
0 to
j-.
nearlyequal to ^irwhen
is
largecompared
V.
Now
that
suppose
^iTr
and
^o
\'^^'
cos-'-^i
e
6 increases from
as
62 to ^tt,where
It will be observed
dd
e-2-"cot8ill
creases
as
^^
(. + f) r (i)J0
"
then
choose
"
"c
lies between
It is easy to
h)
hTT {v
"
and
7H7r
"
"
-f-a
(f + I) ^1
"
?/i7r.
verifythat
"2v
-I
2v
TT
TT
2vTS'2'^ '^2^7^that 61 is
positive
angleless
arc
suppose
2'
0..,
providedthat
than
tan
"
"
4i/ + 6
We
h) + f tt,
^tt{v
d^ so that
a;
so
Schafheitlin*;but
to
obviouslydesirable.
in the
As
493
FUNCTIONS
of the second
use
theorem
obtain
to
reasoningis made
to the
BESSEL
OF
that
now
+ 3)/7r,
a;"(2i'+ l)(2j^
so
that ^1 is
less
certainly
^such
than
value
mean-
theorem,there
a-z^^
"^'
=
fcot-+"^
e-=xcot.,]
i^)
number
^0,between
^^^^^,,
A |cosj^rJ^a-^^^-^[
^0
{cos(m7r
cos"-^^
+
exists
that
cos-^^sin(^' +
i".
6.2.
e,
{cot-+^
^
*
6-cotM
Journal
cosjx
a-ve,-
filr Math,
cos''+^(^o
6'i
cxxir.
(1900),pp.
299"321.
494
OF
THEORY
Now
{a:+ a-v6
cos
stationarywhen
fraction is equalto
s,m{x
is
-\-a
6
|^)/cos''+^
\6)=^0, and for
-
v6 +
"
such
values
0 the
of
6.
l/cos""^
cos("
Hence
a-i^6?o- 2^o)
-tt-?,
the greatestvalue
numerically
exceed
cannot
[CHAP. XV
FUNCTIONS
of 6,
function
qua
BESSEL
of
6 in
l/cos""*
the interval
(0,^i),
therefore
and
cos{x a-ve-W\
(cos(m^+^0
008"+*
+
"
COS-'+^^o
^1
v9 -\-\6)
is the signof (" 1)'"when
6
Therefore, since the signof sin {x + a"
lies between
6^ and ^tt,we see that, for the values of x under consideration,
sgn W^,(a;) sgn (- 1)'".
=
Hence, when
exceeds
has
{2v + 1) {2v + S)/7r,'^"(a;)
no
in intervals of
zeros
the type
(lUTT
"
and
the
so
^TT,mir
"
(x)which
of ^^
onlyzeros
^rTT
^v7r+ ^tt),
"a
exceed
lie in intervals
+ 3)/7r
(2v + 1) (2i/
of the type
(niTT
"
and
this reduces
hi'ir+
Schafheitlin's
to
The
the smaller
of
zeros
are
^"(^) when
Backer's
result of
discovered
by
from
obtained
zeros
consideration
and
consecutive
zeros
0 and
givesno
is
integer.
an
information
it will be apparent in
ofW^ix).
character
theorem
To
be
f vr),
concerning
" 15"8 that
than {2v + 1) {2v + d)/7r,
and that
concerningthem by using Debye's
large;
less
zeros
different
slightly
Bocher
in
is
hvir
result* when
tJteoremfon the
The
smallest
of
15"36.
"
largenumber
information
can
intei-esting
integrals.
there
|7r,mir
from
those
of Jq {x)-
j^
f'^#0(tir)
d"^
=
0, z=2o
in
TT-^^o
{Z) J, (jo)
=
then
0.
.'0
Hence
be
ot
"
or
Schafheitlin
lie in the
t Bulletin
X Cf.
the lower
limit of
specifiedintervals.
Modern
American
Math.
Soe.
v.
(1899),pp.
385"388.
the values
of
for which
the
zeros
15-36, 15-4]
[Note. By
ZEROS
of Green's
form
OF
BESSEL
theorem,
dv
""
w,
solutions
two
are
By taking
the
at
angle
subtending an
Hence
circle.
the
exceed
j^
distance
second
differential
from
/u^ Weber*
n6 satisfies the
(r)cos
is drawn
with
centre
origin,/In (?')must
such
the
normal.
deduced
that
y^.
Wn
j^
the
along the
that
the
the
on
vanish
consecutive
originof
conditions
requisite
axis of
somewhere
zeros
smallest
at
are
on
a
of them
and
the
distance
does
not
^|
-fcosec
results
the
be .t-+^-
to
curve
(?"(?")
are
of
positive
|l
These
at
tt/?*
zeros
2/n, and
continuous
differentiation
indicates
l^l'hv
circle of radius
less than
with
")
circle of radius
any
as,
;r~
cv
dy'-
origin,if
s, and
curve
on
"^-\-^-\-u
of
and the
J^{s]{x^-\-y'^)\
inferred from
Bochor
except
at least twice
vanish
must
as
dv
ox''
du
i u^^
J
where
495
FUNCTIONS
are
of interest
on
account
of the extreme
of
simplicity
the
methods
used
them.]
to prove
15*4.
On
the nuniber
of zeros
of J^{z) in
an
We
Let
C be the
whose
contour
rectangular
"iB
" iB + 1 7ri7 (z'),
where
i? is
We
Sinde
unr
^ i^TT
are
^ tt,
number.
positive
(large)
shall shew
of z""
zeros
vertices
inside
J^,(z)
7/^
is
number
function
integral
J^ (z) is an
z~^
sufficiently
largeintegerthe
is precisely
equalf to ni.
that when
of z, the number
of its
zeros
of
inside
C'is
1
J_^^^^
I dr\og{w-''JAw)}^^^_lf
dw
ZTrlJc
*
Math.
t When
of
zeros
pairof
on
zeros
Ann.
t'
i.
is
the
(18(59),
p.
real
ZTTlJcJ^iW)
10.
negative number
ima^^inary axis
is to be reckoned
;
as
(and
for certain
in sueVi circumstances
a
single zero.
complex
the contour
values
of
v) there
may
be
pairs
each
496
We
consider
now
BESSEL
It is first to be observed
(")%'"^-i--J-)
(1+
yirwj
iT," (w)
?7i_
^
{w) "and
since the
Now,
that
C,
If^i)(w)
where
[CHAP. XV
FUNCTIONS
the
on
OF
THEORY
772,
v
^1
.
.
(w)},
N
/J
{1+^,_^(^y)},
(''-^Ye-'-('"'-i--^-)
(w) are
(1/w)when
integrandis an
odd
jw |is large.
function*, we
have,
as
-^
x
,
^iB+lTriI(v)
^
Next
take the
integral
along the
27r j iB
"
";".
27ri j iB+mn+iun+^n
upper
idiu
horizontal
^il{v).
side of G\
this is
equalto
dlU
J^v{w)
{1
imI{v)
V2,u{w)
[1 +
div
(e^"0]
1
m.r
27r
Ki^(.)
+0(l/i?)
^"^"^.^-^^^/
ivr+-^log
as
B^'oo
so
Lastlywe
this
we
have
consider
to
lower
side tends
three sides
the
to
the
same
considered
now
integralalongthe
value, and
is m-^
^v + l.
fourth side,and
to do
the difference
first investigate
^"-tan("-i..-i.),
which, when
is equalto
\iu\is large,
2ot
rtB+mn+^vn+iTr
riB+mn+^vn+iiT
Now
tan
(w" ^VTT
"
I it)diu
0,
J "iB+mn+\viT-{-\iT
and
so
_1_ n^_
27riJ-11
]^
riB-\-mit-\-iv7,-\-\n
(2v + 1
/'I
r^'^"-^"
dn,
\^"l+0(1)1
27rij_i
+ l)+0(l/m).
i-(2i.
Hence
*
Allowance
is made
for the
round
integral
the whole
in
indentations,
justspecified,
is m-\- 0(l/m).
rectangle
the first step of the
followinganalysis.
15-41]
ZEROS
OF
497
FUNCTIONS
which
that the expression
we
can
ensure
sufHciently
large,
round
the
less than 1 ; and since the integral
rectangle
(l/m)is numerically
it is equalto m.
be an integer,
If
is 0
must
take
we
of
is
BESSEL
of
zeros
2""/^ (z)between
the
imaginaryaxis
exactlym.
Note.
that the
inside
The
approximate
bounded
formulae
have
largezeros
stripwhose sides are
when
j |is bounded.
cannot
i'
15 "41.
is
It
The
of Jy,{z)as
expression
infinite
product.
cm
a
product of
express J^ {z) as
type, each factor vanishingat one of the
possibleto
Weierstrassian
'
simple factors
of
zeros
'
of
Jv{z). In
order
to
Leffler'stheorem*.
taken
be "jy,i,
to
are
z~''J^(z)
"ji._2"
"jf,3, wheref
the
values
of j.^,yV^o,
R (j"',n)
" 0 and
\^\R
{jv,2)
I
\^\R
(As)
^
R(j",i)
1
j;,3, being all unequal ("15"21).We draw a (large)rectangleD, whose
and we suppose that "ju,"i
vertices are " A " iB, where A and B are positive,
inside
which
the
rank
the zeros
of highest
are
are
rectangle.
The
of
zeros
"""
"""
...
We
consider
now
27riJ J)
Avhere
not
pointinside
negativeinteger.
z
The
"Jv,
is any
the
{w
"
Jv{w)
z)
other
rectangle,
integrandinside
the
than
zero
onlypolesof
the
residue at
are
rectangle
of
z,
and
Ji,(w),
"jv,i,
tjy,2,
""",
III-
The
[Z + Jv,n
since -//{z)
=
J^^^(z)when
"
z=
"
"j^,
"
are
Jv,n)
It follows that
Jv{z)
n=l[z"Jv,n
.^^A^^hw,
27ri}J)
*
Acta
Soc. Scient.
t If iv ( "j^ ,J
W.
B.
F.
Fennicae,
0 for any
xi.
value
(1880),pp.
of u,
we
273"293.
choose
j^ ^^
Cf. Modern
to have
its
is
498
OF
THEORY
We
take A
We
also to be
largethat
so
be
" 15"4, to
Mir -\-R{\v +
to be at least
take M
function
odd
an
largethat
so
take
can
we
| or greater than
these limits,I
(lu)is
in absolute
is
value.
Ji'ir"
Jn-)I
and
the
when
is not
does not
expression
a
near
zero
arbitrarily
lie within
of
J^ (w) ;
is bounded
asymptoticexpansionoi ^1'2l,J^+i{iu)IJy(w)
within
this
strip.
rectangle
the
whenever
2 ; and
bounded
the
that,from
so
it is sufficient to consider
w,
D.
the
jg2l(W"
is* less than
on
where
\)'ir,
Z^+i{iv)/J^
(w) is bounded
Then
of
of values which
bounded
of D.
right-handhalf
we
is
this function
Since
suitable sequences
be taken
to be
limit, Jy+i(w)/J^(w)can
without
increase
and
that,by givingA
shew
next
[CHAP. XV
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
is to say
D as
the rectangle
That
J^,+i
(w) is bounded
(tu)/J^
B and
tend
the whole
on
of the
on
perimeterof
infinity.
to
Hence
J"+i{w)
2iri]
]dw(w-z)
z) JJy{w)
Aw)
i)w{w
1
"
therefore t
and
"fV-^/
When
('Ju+.it),]
Jv,n)
{.^"^ Jv,n
Jv,n)
find that
we
integrate,
we
("^ Jv,n
[/
"
\_^f
\] ^
if,
7-
and
hence
z
This
is the
The
formula
This
when
j/
The
of J^ {z)in
expression
formula
may
was
the
also be written
assumed
form.
specified
in the modified
by Euler,Acta
Acad.
Petrop.v.
form
pars 1,
0, aud subsequently
by various writers for other values of
analysisof
this section
is due
(1781)[1784],
p. 170,
r;
cf.
"" 15-5,15-51.
in substance
Theorie
der
Bessel'schen
"
'
Because
t If
on
the
we
take the
rightconverge
^
"
1 +
rectangleto
have
separately.
its vertices
2at
A"iB,
-A'^iB,
we
see
that
the two
series
500
THEORY
OF
[CHAP.XV
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
is
at_y^,,j
J^ (j,,n
X) 7, (j\n)Jv (jv,n
x)/[J,'
(",")(^'-j\n)]
^"^''v (",n^)'Jv
"
'o
ijv,x) \y
n
\T^
"
^v~\Jv,n)\2
"
{"'^
v\Jv,n)
'
T
^
\_
\Jv,n)
"
V( i
\V'(i
v\Jv,7i} -t u \Jv,nJ)
J'v,n)
'
J.'^(j.,
'Jrj,,
n)(2^ j\ n)
-
and
summing
on
the residues
84
"
functions
as
well
expansion.
this
93 ; Carslaw
Legendre functions
at once
(w) by
expansion,obtained by replacingJy {xiv)jJy
Math. Soc. (2)xvi.
see
Carslaw, Proc. London
integral,
For a generalisation
of
"^i,
(w) in the contour
(.rw)/^^
(1917),pp.
we
also constructed
has
to certain
appropriate
some
Bessel functions,and
as
II. (1899),
(2)XIII. (1880),p. 336; and Lorenz, Oetivres Scientifiqties,
p.
Elders
15* 5.
investigation
ofthe zeros
Green's
Rendiconti,
506.
ofJ^{2\/z).
the smallest
method
of calculating
ingenious
devised by Euler*,and applied
by him to determine
An
of
contain
zeros
of
function
was
zeros
Jo (2^z).
If the
then
zeros
"""
"
by "15-41,
j"(2V^)=n
11=1
(i-f).
"n/
this formula
been stated ("15"41),
already
then
is differentiated logarithmically,
As has
n=l
CC
Oj ; and
by Euler; if it
="
S
-;i-logJ'o(2V^)=
dz
"
assumed
was
an
yVd
00
absolutely
convergent.
00
Put
l/a,i"*+^
a-,"+i and changethe
=
; then
d
az
on
ReplaceJq{2\Jz)
,"
each side
z'^
Math.
Acta
Acad.
XXXIII.
t From
Petrop.v.
by
X2+]^2
22
*
12.2^3-'^'"''
(1846),pp. 363
paper
"
zeros
are
and unequal.
positive
by Stern,Journal fiiv
15-5]
OF
ZEROS
of
501
FUNCTIONS
the
multiplyout
powers
BESSEL
in
o"3
j2
"1
CTi ,
o"5
2580
~
HS'Toci
^4 +
^s
"
i 0-2
0-3 +
0-1,
"
i^n,
o"2 +
"
-rii:^4
0-0
"
jo-a
0-5+
"
aV^i
+ sfoo-i.
aVo"2
1_
0"4
tO-."
5T0
3 0
1 4 4 0 U
"
'
whence
1, o-o
0-1 =
Since
and
"
"
Oi
"
Wo
|,0-3
ii
the
from
By extrapolating
"!
473
i%*#,
that
Table
following
1 "445795, whence
2Vai
value
2-404824.
writing
for Aj,
S
and
cr",/o-,"+i
"
!/"! 0-691661,
By adoptingthis
yVij, 0-6
o-"r^"""
so
_UL
^
=
cTg
^i,
it is evident
"
Oo
4, cr,
l/a,i"'o-";,
=
usingthe inequalities
then
" o-'in/oi;,
" o-',",cr',n+i
l/ao'"
Euler
deduced
be
results should
These
a:;=18'63,by carryingthe
that
hence
7-6658, and
ci!o=
stage further.
process
that
ai
7-6178, 03=18-72,
02
American
Peirce,Btdletm
and
of Willsou
Tables
derived froEuihe
1-445796,
the values
with
compared
Math.
Soo.
in.
(1898),
pp. 153"155.
The
of
value
accordingto
quartic obtained
magnitude
*
This
given by
is
system
is
t Mem.
de VAcad.
Camb.
obvious
an
R.
Phil.
Analytiquede
Poissou+
this result
I
by equating to
X Proc.
Theorie
is
oj
Freeman
des
Soc.
la
Sci.
iii.
zero
the
quite sutficient
extension
xii.
(misprintedas 1-46796491);
by Largeteau for Poisson by solvingthe
1-446796491
as
calculated
was
to account
of Newton's
system
of the
for the
for
an
series for
J^ (2 Jz)
the
error.
algebi'aicequation.
(1883j,p. 330.
(1880),pp.
Chaleur, p. 310,
375
"
377.
footuote.
Of, Freeman's
translation
of Fourier's
La
502
THEORY
justdescribed
zero
positive
method
the smallest
Taking the
used
was
of
[CHAP. XV
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
RayleigKsextension of Euler
15*51.
The
OF
fomnula.
independently
by Ray leigh*
late
to calcu-
t/"{z).
("15'41)
formula
and
writing
M
"
J'
o-^**"',
-r^^^
v,n
find,after Rayleigh,that
we
"'^
=
.(1)
=
fl-..(2)
=
-.
5r +
t"'
o-
29
smallest
and
3-831706.
a
as
"
4- 5)
(i;+ 3) (y + 4)(i/
(i;+ ly {v + 2)-'
positivezeros
Immediately
ll
'""'=
o-
The
afterwards
of J^ (z)and
Cayley f
consists
in
the
of the
squares
equalitywith
of its
roots
it
J,but which
Encke
to
be
to
is more
2-404826
rapidlywhen r is
usuallyknown
_^
when
calculatingo-^*'')
deduced
Jj (z) are
be calculated
that o-^(''"
can
noticed
of 2
The
"=" =
O-
-.
is
power
of 2
by startingwith
of
sequence
the
its roots
ratio of
llj'^''y^i.
Cayleythus
found
to be
o-..'^)
It
observed
was
by Graf
and
Gubler||that
the value
of o-^t'')
can
easilybe
checked
by the
formula
22'-ii?,/(2;-)!,
,.j('-)
=
where
number
this formula
is
an
evident
consequence
of the
equation
Extensions
have
been
The
of
made
by
Froc. London
by Lamb,
smallest
tabulated
some
of
zero
for various
"/;,(s),
Airey,Phil.
zeros
Math.
of zJi,'
{z)+ hJ^ (z),where
8oc.
values
of
(1884),p. 273.
xv.
h is a constant,
between
0 and
with
1, has recentlybeen
Kayleigh-
Cayley formulae.
*
London
Math.
Soc.
t Proc. London
Proc.
Math.
Soc.
Journal
:;:
" Die
fur
Math.
Auflosung
IIEinleitung
in
xxii.
der
hoheren
die
Theorie
(187i),pp. 119"1-24.
(1874),pp. 123"124.
(1841),pp. 193"248.
v.
v.
numerischen
der
Gleichungen (Zurich,1837).
BesseVschen
Funktionen,
i.
(Bern,1898),pp.
130
"
131.
15-52]
15-51,
ZEROS
OF
BESSEL
503
FUNCTIONS
The
15*52.
of Jq{x).
largezeros
effective method
most
Stokes' method
whose
with
the
illustrated by
sufficiently
equation
will be
notation
"
of
7"3.
It will be
examplej Jo(rf'),
own
Q{x, 0)
^,
remembered
that
the
asymptotic
are
1.9
",
his
of the
the roots
are
zeros
of
1.9.25.49
25
""
3 !{%xf
Wbx
Q (x,0) is negative
sufficiently
largevalues of x, P (x,0) is positive,
function of x.
the quotientQ(x, 0)/P(x,0) is a negativeincreasing!
and
function
The
cot(^ ^tt) is a decreasingfunction which vanishes when
and so it is obvious from a graph of cot(*' |^7r)
that there
x=n7r
^'7r,
exists a positive
one
zero
integeriV such that when n " N, Jo(x) has precisely
For
"
"
"
in each
of the intervals
the left-hand
from
end
(mr
^vr,mr
"
the
^ir),and
to
as
zero
of P
(r + l)th terms
7^
oo
-^
{x,0)
and
of the
zero
Q(x, 0) we
may
write
m-l
6 and
where
*
references
two
Phil.
m~l
du,"
^^. +
certain functions
0^ are
these
owe
t Camb.
(x,0)
Trans,
ix.
to Professor
(1856),pp.
of
Q (x,0)
and
which
V, +
d,v"^,
lie between
0 and
1.
Whittaker.
182"184.
(1883),pp. 350"
353.]
f Stokes
positionof
" The
also considered
the dark
reader
may
bands
for
Airy'sintegral("6-4)and Jj (.f),
seen
the purpose
of
the
investigating
in artificial rainbows.
verify,
by " 3-63, that
its derivate
is
|l_p2_Q2}/p2,
where
P, Q stand
positive.
for
P{x,0), Q(x,0);
and,
by
the
asymptotic expansions,this
is
ultimately
504
THEORY
the
consider
Now
OF
BESSEL
[CHAP. XV
FUNCTIONS
equation
m-l
2
cot (os
Itt)
"
1
r
values,are
lie between
which
numbers
any
0Um
Uy +
it is temporarily
supposedthat 6 and
in which
d^V.n
V,. +
^^^
0 and
1.
"
"
Biirmann's
By
in which
descendingpowers
readilyperceivedthat
independentof 6 and
Now
the
0 and
as
$1
given their
are
the
That
to
WTT
"
independentof
the
the
first
r
"
equationin
of the
iii, we
but
dejDendon
proved that
may
the
cc
.
the
bound
Hence, when
zero
one
zero
where
yjr^0
as
then
,
1
,
tan
33
3417
vr
i-^
"
"
Cf. Modern
sideration,
con-
(nearlyequal
is
Q(x,0)
under
0^
of the
is still 0(n~'^'"~^).
there exists
zero
actually
function of 6 and
panded
ex-
6 and 6^;
are
be written
expansionof
asymjitotic
to calculate
be
write
It remains
inside
the form
coefficients
n-*
as
questionis 0(?i~-"*~^)
actual values which
they have at
Hence
of the
the root
in
of the terms
sum
root
can
0 and
function
of the
one
this root
"
of the terms
sum
have
^tt.
that, when
6^,so
6^ vary between
modulus
and
nir
"
expansionfor
an
equationwould
mr
^tt,and
surrounds
of
it is
and
the modified
which
contour
thus obtain
We
theorem
I-
15-53]
ZEROS
1073
25
therefore the
and
be solved
equationto
the form
assumes
1073
25
1
,
505
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
OF
^"-^"^-^^^^8^--384^+5120.^^--The
result of
the
reverting
series is
1
,
The
15"53.
from
and
not
are
consideration
seems
F" (z)sin
"
a)
(with large
though the
the
convergent, because
Q (z,v) were
method
r7j7
r {z, V)
the
by Stokes'
to
unnecessary
positivereal parts)or
iTT +
"
",
be calculated
real,may
necessarily
of the equation
cot(^ -^VTT
It
1.
n=
cylinderfunction,
of any
largezeros
Jy (z)cos
v
zeros
of cylinder
functions.
that the
see
the
largezeros
It is easy to
where
all
adequatefor calculating
|7r)s
384
S{mr-lTr)
This series is
3779
31
the
tedious details.
for
expression
of work
the
i/
the
Annals
" two
il/
-*
and
i/r
^-
of Math.
ix.
F^ {z)sin
(1895),pp.
23"2.5
[ j Jf
"
; see
also
cos
" Cf.
as
-^
by the
i/r,
of Math.
nnd
xi.
"
^vit
"
-\-a
\'jr
"
Math,
f Zeitschriftfiir
Annals
and
-Q{z, v),
{z
225"232.
of ^, called M
functions
clear that
J^,{z)cos
*
cos
define
we
understandingthat
It is then
in the calculation.
FollowingMarshall
equations
on
of
largezeros
y^).
pp.
219"22-1,
506
THEORY
OF
BESSEL
[CHAP. XV
FUNCTIONS
Again
and, when
j^^ ^Y
tan
arc
differentiate this
we
^tt
^vtt
"
and
equation,
dy^
i/r,
"
"
| 3*63 (3),we
use
find that
2/(7rg)
_
so
dyjr
'-dz
TO
When
the
rightis expanded
far
as
the term
as
involving
find that
we
l/z^,
the
expressionon
2m^2?n
+ 1073)
(;a-l)(^''-114yL6
(M-l)(At-25)
^-1
dz
2^z^
2V
2""z''
215^
in this
equationfi
in
written
has been
placeof
Aiv^for
on
brevity.It follows,
that
integration,
375733)
+ 54703/^
{^l 1){bij? 1535yLt^
-
"^"""'
7.2""2^
and
so
the
equationto
be solved is*
z-mr-lv'Tr
+ ly
(/i,
If /3
a,
"
....
is
^l-l
^~/3
1)TT
(y^-l)(/^-25)
g-^f^g
At-1
l'7r-\-a^--^^
3779)
"
2^/3
15
2'y8^
(/i 1)(694V
2i"/S'
6277237)
153855/^2+ 1585743/z
-
105.215/3^
Therefore
the
large zeros
asymptoticexpansion
of /^
4i."
(?i+ 1^
This
1797, but
Lvii.
"
^)77
"
(2)cos
"
Fj,(^)sin
+ li/
{(/I
(1902),p. 19.]
the
given by
are
(4i/--l)(28i^--31)
"
1) TT
a}
384
no
[{n+ ^v
his notebook
he
obtained
\'rr) a]'
-
with
it.
the date
Oct.
[Cf. Math.
16,
Ann.
508
OF
THEORY
Since
J^(j) 0, it
(15),when
"5'11
hence, from
dj
(2)
This formula
as
shews
2i/
^^no?.
from
B. des Sci. de
We
"
'"'
it
stated without
established
was
extend
alreadyobtained
the results
{z)sin
is an
The
extended
Any
'positivezero, c, of ^^
is
theorem
crease
of J^ ix)in-
the positive
zeros
positive,
is
in
Liege,(3)ii. (1900),no.
proceedto
where
is increased.
jJ\+,{j)Jo
that tuhen
is not
so
J^+i(j)t^O,
long as j
"
(v)" 0,
dv
[chap. XV
FUNCTIONS
zero, and
BESSEL
follows
of
zeros
positive
a,
(i.e.
independentof v).
is constant
as
(z)is definable
continuous
function
increasing
v.
this theorem
prove
as
to the
the
Soc.
observe
w-e
that
is
function
of
such
that
tan
arc
J Ac)
is constant,
so
that
dc
dv
^
dz
-^j- '\
\J^{z))_
tan
arc
and
arc
s-
tan
0,
cv
z=c
therefoj-e
TTC
Hence, by
dv
a/,.(^)'
J,.{z)^^-Y^{z)
0.
dv
we
"13-73(2),
have
dc
(3)
-r
2c
dv
Since
the
function
A
j0
this
integrandis positive,
of
formula
shews
that
is
an
increasing
v.
less
from
the definition of Y^
The
reader
vitiated by his
t Berliner
(jimg,
XVI.
use
should
note
of Eudski's
that
the
erroneous
272"
279.
tends
to
zero
only
equation
0.
Sitzungsberichte,v. (1906),pp. 82
(1907),pp.
satisfies the
vtt)
"
(z) that
"
is
("15-1).
93 ; Jahresbericht
der Deutschen
Math.
Vereini-
15-6]
ZEROS
509
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
OF
is taken to be
complex
real part,then c is an
number
and c is a (complex)
number, with a jiosifive
of '^^(z)vary continuously,
the zems
function of v ; and so, as v varies,
analytic
into
theycan onlycome
i.e.
when
function
of
v,
analytic
existence
and
when
disappear
or
fails to be
an
0.
of 9^^(2)are
zeros
positive
'^^(z)
zero
by process of continuous variation as v varies,except that one positive
whenever v passes throughone of the specified
values.
disappears
negative
a
If
to
we
choose
now
variation of
v,
and
^VTT
when
has varied
the formula
firstkind of order
"
r-
-J
the
zeros
positive
so
are
...
as arranged
regarded
that it
"
to
appliedby
exceeding 1
(1898),
xxix.
zeros
draw
we
branches
formula
"
584 ; it was
"
varies from
k is a
jjp..575
zeros
see
lies between
finally
(o/tt)A; and
k
have
and so
zeros
positive
integer,
disappeared,
zero.
justquotedgivesthe (n k)th.
positive
v
positive
zero,
magnitude.
If,however,
If
iir
"
nth
in order of
of
case
is available,
the
("15"58)
7177
This
in the
so
that, as
|
disappear
duringthe process of
which are so largethat the formula
we
zeros
"
of Stokes' type
givesthe
that* O^ccKtt,
so
1, no
(ck/tt)
exceeding
value
any
the
upwards towards
consists of
^t^x
iy) 0, it evidently
curve
from
starting
the
points
both
right,
on
the
x
number
without
increasing
limit
of
moving
each
on
branch.
If
we
coordinates
take any pointwith positive
line
downwards
terminated
and
a
right
line to the
that the
"^-j
(y)
curve
meets
same
number
of
ofVJ'^(y,^),
qua function of v, which
of
the
number
of ?J?^^
exceed i\t is equalto
zeros
positive
(y)qua function of y
which are less than y^,.This is a generalisation
of a theorem due to Macdonald f,
function to be a function of the firstkind.
who took Vn
0 and the cylinder
of
zeros
Fig.33
illustratesthe
generalshapeof
the
curves
0 is of
'Wxiy)
=
the
t See
lead to any
letter from
Macdonald
real loss of
to
tl
generality.
Math.
Soc.
(2)xiii.
p.
(1914),
239.
510
THEORY
OF
below the
portionsof the curves
isolated pointson the lines on which
axis of
the
1x
[chap. XV
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
is
an
consist
odd
merely of
integer.
number
of
L\i_\L\L_V_
Fig.33.
of
[Note. The
then
"gV (z),
will find it
reader
("
-.
and
The
by
The
examined
transverse
membrane
Phil.
(6)XXXII.
The
mode
is
2"
Jo
real and
are
der Deutschen
Schafheitlin
15*61.
-,
Jahresbericht
used
cosh
(c'2
"
c^-v
to
interesting
Math.
c'"
deduce
^
..2)
from
/2c'sinh t)e
| |" 0, then
v
'
2'"
c' increases
zero
dt,
with
v.
discussed
(by more
elementarymethods) by Schafheitlin,
xvi.
279; but the analysis
(1907),pp. 272
Ve?'einigung,
"
extremely complicated.]
membrane.
problem of the vibrating
of increase
of the
by Rayleigh*with
vibrations of
is bounded
Mag. (6) xxi.
(1916),pp.
by
membrane
54fi
in the form
the lines ^
544"
of J^,(x) when
zeros
0 and
is increased
circular sector.
ir/v(where v
[Scientific
Papers,
vi.
has been
of
dependingon properties
of
(1920),pp. 444"446].
"
If the
^), and by
Cf. Phil.
Mag.
15-61, 15-7]
the circle
and
a,
pUicementin
OF
ZEROS
straiglit
edges of the membrane
vibration is proportional
to
if the
normal
sin vd
J^ (rp/c)
where
of the
the
of propagation
of
velocity
membrane
is fixed,the values
boundary is free to
If the circular
vibrations.
of
ap/c are
transversely
they are
move
fixed,the dis-
are
(pt+ e),
cos
is the
511
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
the
zeros
the
zeros
of
boundary
J^ (x),while if
of JJ
(x).
eff'ectof
v.
say, the
of -/,,
(x) and
zeros
By using arguments
number
JJ
v.
given proofsof a
chapterby analj'tical
which
of theorems
proved elsewhere
are
in this
methods.
The
15-7.
The
of the function
zeros
and z
included),
qualitatively
by
From
of K,.(z).
zeros
K^ (z),where
domain
lies in the
Macdonald
i^
is
number
givenpositive
)arg^ |" |7r,have been
in which
(zero
studied
*.
the
of Bessel's integral,
generalisation
given in " 6"22,it is obvious
that K^ (z)has no positive
and it has been shewn further by Macdonald
zeros;
that Ky(z) has no zeros
for which
|arg2^ |^^tt. This may be proved at once
from a consideration of the integral
such
were
given in " 13'7l ; for,if z 7'e^'^
re~^"-would
be another zero ; but the
a
zero
(r " 0, ^tt" a " ^tt),then z
shews that
integral
=
"
I
jr
,"
rr
,"
f^
2a]
?'-COS
dv
/ ?'- \
K. (r.'^)
/C (r.-'^)
"
"0,
which
If
and
so
is contrary to
is
equalto
K^(z)
Next
has
It may
even
the number
no
^tt,we
^tt and
be shewn
zeros
tt
or
for which
between
the phase of
(z)is negative,
R
"
|7rand
integerfnearest
is
have
purelyimaginaryzeros.
study the
we
eitheHbetween
is the
hypothesis.
to
"
^,
zeros
"
lying
tt.
"
of
unless
in this
\\s,an
pairof quadrants
in which case
integer,
^.
"
Proc.
+ This
London
is not
are
no
zeros
Math.
Hoc.
the number
on
xxx.
165"179.
given by Macdonald.
"
tt,
unless
"
512
is
OF
THEORY
BESSEL
[chap. XV
FUNCTIONS
an
real and
the
cos
VTT
the Wronskian
Since
vtt
K^ (r) +
/^ (?") 0.
=
vr
of the
(7r/7-)cos
Z'TT, they cannot
left of the
cosi'7r
equationsis
0.
consider
Now
sin
K^ (r) 0,
the
of arcs of
consisting
with
the
together
(Cf Fig.15 of "7 -4.)
it is evident
consideration
of
zeros
of
z"
change in phase of
the
l/(27r)times
of
zeros
is
this is equalto
and
of
their
7,
z^
K^ {z)as
traverses
the contour.
Now
the
change in phase is
arg
[z"A% {z)]
[z^K^ {z)]
arg
S exp
S-^0, the
and
R^cc
Rexf)(-Tri)
+
[z''I{,(z)]
arg
Eexpiri
As
-rri
s.vg[z-K,{z)]
first two
6exp(-7ri)
tend
terms*
27r{u
to
l)
"
and
because
respectively,
z"
-"
respectively
f.
last two
The
become
terms
cos
TT
lim
vir
K^ (r)+
TT
sin
VTT
K^ (?")is a positive
decreasingfunction of
increasingfunction, and so the last denominator
Now
and
nf^gative,
no
If therefore
when
is
"-X)
1"
if sin
zero
we
take
arc
tan
less
being numerically
signof cos VTT.
the
(coti/tt),
has
/^ (r) is
one
vanish
to
-rr
positive
if sin
zero
when
value
ofK^{z)in
zeros
vtt
is
the
its limit
?--"-0,
inverse
function
signas
same
the
in which
pairof quadrants
:]:
is
-k +
"
while
assignedto the
rightanglesand having the
two
of
7^ (?")_
positive.
Hence
is
vtt
than
I^,(r)
tan
arc
tan
arc
"
(cotvtt),
TT
Iarg
This
z
I^
is evident
from
the consideration
that the
TT.
t The
second
X The
two
zeros
of these
of A'o
approximate
{z)are
not
formulae
very
requires modificatiou
far from
the
points
when
l-29=fc0-44;(.
0.
is valid when
15-8]
OF
ZEROS
that
verify
and
which
is nearest
When
to
^ is
"
function with
(z)"0
consider the
If
write
we
portionof
K^ (z)
and
is
"
the
planefor
which
"
vr
arg^ ^ 27r.
have
we
^e^"*,
"
integer
even
polynomialin z multiplied
by a
and so the number
of
in the finite part of the plane,
is exactly
v
^.
Ky(z)
integer,
an
Next
is the
this number
^.
"
zeros
no
for which
zeros
513
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
[F, (0
^7re-i-'
+ ^"(1 +
2^2-) J, (^)],
of zeros
the negativepart of the
lyingnear
sequence
which belong to this sequence
of largemodulus
The zeros
K^ (z) has
so
imaginaryaxis.
are
by
givenapproximately
tan
(f
the roots
hvTT
of the
equation
Itt) -{(1+
=
262""')
;
accordingas
differs from
exist when
does not
sequence
There
is a
15*8.
Zeros
the nearest
integerby
e'^'"'^= 1, i.e.when
"
of
corresponding
sequence
zeros
more
or
less than
is half of
odd
an
near
J. The
"
integer.
f tt.
of unrestrictedly
largeor^der.
of Bessel functions
The
with
We
adopt the
shall
notation of
gvi(tan/S"/3) /" 00
""
H,
where
the
"
sinh
"
complex variable
*
F.
lu
w
+ i tan
shall
use
the
ifi
e
/3(cosh'W
is chosen
+ ni"
t We
W.B.
{v sec /3)
so
Sue.
xciv.
symbols x
and
1),and the
"
that
a,
v
lyU"
dw,
in the
contour
is positive
on
(1918),pp.
sec
"^
planeof
it.
206.
when
/3indifferently
"
v.
33
514
OF
THEORY
If
iv,where
so
and
BESSEL
du,
e-'^
both
both
increase
as
steadily
that
/;
are
real,u and
are
[CHAP. XV
FUNCTIONS
e'"^
dv
-e
positive.
regard/3 as variable,and define
Hence, if we
"'"''
arg
J
dw
?"
j3
with /3,it
positiveacute angle when /8 0, and to vary continuously
acute
will remain a positive
anglefor all values of y8 between 0 and ^tt; and,
by " 8"32,it cannot exceed J tt, since dwjdu ^ \/3.
moreover,
to be
anglewill
This
the
acute
positive
equation
-^
It is then
evident
be
called ;t^,and
i;(tan/S-yS) +
then
will be defined
by
^TT.
that
^,w(i,sec/3) ilWe^*,
=
is
J"l
where
(not zero);and
positive
J-^(a;)iHilcos^,
r,(") ittsin^.
it is clear that
the
which
values of ^
we
Jy (x)cos
^y {x)
If
V^
tan
arc
ot
equalto
of ^
as
an
a,
derived
v, are
number
x, when
of
the
rightangles.
remains
For
constant.
^^
"
t,/
from
t/,/
%
JJ"(x)
+ Yj"(x)
dx
increases
increases,^
-j-
J^ (x)
Hence,
odd
increases with
that ^
It is easy to shew
have
^
Yy (x)sin
a-
of ^^ (x),greater than
onlyzeros
make
and
steadily,
so, to
each
of the values
for which
^
cme
corresponds
and
(m
I)
zero
onlyone positive
77-
a,
of ^^
(x).
theorem
This is a
shall prove that % is also an increasing
function of x.
of a much
deeper character,since the result of " 18'74 is required
to prove
it ;
Next
we
we
have
thence
d
dx_(^_
(tan/3
-
2/(7rA-)
J^ (x)+ Fy-(x)
/3)
_
^/jx" v')
-
dx
From
lim X
and A
Hankel's
=
lini
asymptoticexpansionit is clear
[x
"
hvTr
arc
so
in which
dx
dx
the
on
expression
^/{x- v~)+ v
lTT
"
"
tan
1
( "^"'(^)
"
arc
"
"
"
the left is
"
"
'
X
.
that
cos
+ | tt
(vjx)
xtt,
acute
positive
angle.
(1/^)]
516
THEORY
smallest
The
15"81.
OF
BESSEL
[CHAP. XV
FUNCTIONS
zeros
notation
the smallest
at
As
yS increases
1 +
f TT,
occurs
solve the
the value of
is 0
(tan/3-^)
{v~^). The
In like manner,
value
of J^
of Y^
zero
formula
of
"
for
of
is
vix
is
root
values
the
zero
with
2"383447, and
approximately
1-855757
an
error
hence
the
find that
the
0(1).
-Q(f,i)/P(^, a
smallest
7.4X 0-931577
zero
Airey's formula
193.
such
^y tan^'ySat
approximatelyf
has
value
x-v
For
-Q(^,J)/P(^,i),
0'847719,
we
(x)is
for the
(1917),p.
8-42
(v-i).
by solvingthe equation
smallest
the
^v tan^ ^+0
(x) is
z;
XXXIV.
PGi^tan^^,!)-
is the value of
tan(|-i7r)
The
equation
smallest
^tt, the
to
obtained
so
zero
positive
of which
{l/\/v)\
that
so
if we
smallest
tan(^-f7r)
which
angle.
"
Hence,
that,with the
from
while
(1/^v),
smallest root
shew
J^,(x),
\v(tan/3-/8)-|7r
tan
negativeacute
of
zero
were
tangent denotes
the inverse
Hence,
and
which
asymptoticformulae
of "15'8,
The
where
seen
of the
of
Jy(x)
such
=
variables,it has
has
derived
was
0(1).
been
that
0{vi)^o{v^).
not
been
of t7"(x)
of the smallest zero
terms
gives the two dominant
of
is
smallest
for
the
not the
zero
result which
//
(x)
Airey gives
results
is
that
method
correct
The reason
J^ {v+ ^)
why Airey's
gives
of ( so long as f is o{v\ and in this expansion it is permissibleto
although Airey'smethod
and
the
correctly,
numerical
same
is
formula
between
for
zero
the smallest
of
zero
J^^ix)
of
was
may
he anywhere
15-81, 15-82]
It does not
section.
We
ZEROS
be
to
seem
shall
make
now
been
applied to Bessel's
which leads
investigation
proved to
section,were
for the
smallest
become
when
negligible
zeros
be
0(1) are
of
J^ (x) and
which
Fy(.f)in
the
errors
obtained
0{v~^),i.e. the
are
errors
large.
is
that approximationsare
reality0 {v~^),so
in
from
I'
zero
elementary result
An
[Note.
if ^
517
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
OF
15'82.
Applications
of Sturm's
Various
writers have
'methods.
discussed
Bessel functions
of
properties
of
by means
of any linear
investigation
the
givena
theorem
which
differential
equationof
the second
in question
is that,
investigations
form
d"u
^
in which
the invariant
/ is
an
example
{ibid.pp. 174
v^
of
175) and
"
and
1-be positive
which
is nest
This
an
be
follows
is annihilated
"^'"^('("*')
does
at
once
by
the
that, when
"^
exceed
not
from
the
"
x^-c,
more
slioiitly
pp. 196"198,
in
abstruse
to the
efiect
has
"
~''
^^ "
"
Other
theorems
facts
that
the
function
result is due
that, if
i/-
"
American
Poi-ter,
to
?
"
and
if the
of like nature
due
are
to
(1901),pp. 333"340;
of
zeros
then
...
vii.
the
6-2
(1897),pp. 205"213;
of
x'^
ascending oi-der
This
j-,
"
X'
"
,,
consideration
dxand
more
greater than
result
e^
Journal
^^
i-Cn
of Math.
(1898),
s^{v--^),
xx.
{x),greater than
decreases
as
American
Math.
increases.
method.
Bocher, Bulletin
and
to
Gasser, Bern
Soc. in.
1904,
Mittheilungen,
pp. 92"135.
*
Journal
de
Math.
equations by Sturm's
i.
(1836),pp.
methods
(Cambridge,1912),pp. 163"195.
is
106
"
given in
ISO;
a
an
account
lecture
of recent
by Bocher, Proc.
researches
Int.
on
differential
Congress of Math.
i.
518
OF
THEORY
of Sturm's
Applications
15*83.
proceedto establish a
largeorder which are based
We
of
Let Wj
(x) and
such that,when
U2
{x) he
U2
let Ii and
(x) be
solutions
functions
of largeorder.
to
of results
the
on
(a)
U2
concerningcylinderfunctions
theorem
of Sturm's type :
following
of the equations
in the
(a), u( (a)
u^ (a),
In be continuous
continuous
methods
number
[CHAP. XV
FUNCTIONS
a,
Ui
and
BESSEL
and
also let u/
(x) and
interval.
same
lies between
the interval is
ofui(x)in
IUt^{x)
Iin
the interval is
zero
leftof the first
the
on
the
same
the
on
ofuoix).
moreover
iWi {x)i"
max
To
prove
the theorem
1^2(^)1-
max
both
positive,
d'Uo
and
so, when
U-i
du2
the
rv
integrate,
we
Since
jr
.J
dui
""^
dx
dx
consideration
under
now
expression
vanishes
at
have
we
du2
dui
Hence
we
have
ax
therefore
and
U2
that is to say,
(2)
'^
Ui
*
To
(x)
u^
(a)
simplifythe presentationof the proof of the theorem, it is convenient to change the signs
immediately on the rightof j: a; the
if necessary, so that Wi (x)is positive
(.r),
(/._"
signsindicatingmoduli
t The
theorem
is
may
then
be omitted
due
practically
to
Sturm, Journal
de Math.
i.
(1836),pp.
12-5"
127, 145"147.
15-83]
ZEROS
It follows
519
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
that
and
positive,
value
OF
first time
the
has
increased
is therefore
is positive
ihat ii2 (fJ-i)
and
the firstmaximum
u.^{x) must
Therefore
max
the theorem
When
{x)
Ml
We
is
that
shall
Uo
construct
ve^ ;
which
values
positive
\ '^W
"
is
of Q
the
u
and
The
results
(1917),pp.
are
in
ing
concern-
is 0
(v^).Our procedurewill
less and
respectively
slightly
question.
i;
equationto
its normal
form
by writing
9r%{ye')
=
^,
'^^(ye^)for
0,
of
(4) is
cylinderfunction have to
coefficient are
equalto "^^(ve^)and
this
be
adjustedso
its differential
0.
for the
Zj and I2 are
t These
XVI.
Bessel's
"
results f
6'^Q.
its differential
reason
ic
obtain
less oscillatory
than
obviouslyslightly
is obtainable by solving
the equation
implied in
constants
coefficient at ^
which
when
generalsolution
The
largeand
postulated
than
oscillatory*
manner
7nore
(x).
justproved to
m^-^'''
since e~^
that
is
Ui(x) is
have
(*)
and
to
"l"^^-^-^
function
small
reduce
(3)
A
(0,/Hj).
rightof /^i.
i^),
k,,
related in the
(x),are
then
we
u^
theorem
apply the
maximum
interval
the
on
completelyproved.
Y^ (x) when
more
slightly
must
u,2,{x)
say that
than Uj
(x) is less oscillatory
now
J^ {x) and
to
be
have
the
in
positive
(/ii)
^ Uo (/ij)
^ u.2{fx-,)max
Ui
two
(x) and
be
point/lo of
be
the
have
Finallywe
Wj
from
proved.
is positive,
well as Ui (a),then Ui(x)must
as
Again,if Ui'{a)
have from (1)
before it vanishes,and at this point,
/Xj, we
and
still
a.
The
so
Uii^) is
use
of these
terms
is obvious
from
consideration
positiveconstants.
obtained by Watson,
supersede the inequalities
166"169.
Proc.
of the
London
specialcase
Math.
Soc.
in
(2)
520
It follows that
when
which
function
BESSEL
OF
THEORY
is
[CHAP. XV
FUNCTIONS
than ^v{x),
less oscillatory
(slightly)
x'^v,'\'"
'
(2e)i
We
(f)a-)* ^. (v)J-,
endeavour
now
to construct
functions which
are
from
(6) is
o/r
more
(slightly)
^^ (x) trapped between
have
may
should
we
of 6 to
function
we
construct
with
function
be determined.
" 8'43
is
function, combined
oscillatory
less
where
function which
latory
osciltwo
than ^^ (x).
easilyinvestigated
more
for the
formula
"^; (^)/j
a) (i.)3
than
The
(^")
It
be
might
tan^
the
of the
be
result
type*
anticipated
/3,where
sec
/3
e^ ;
we
The
invariant o/ the
is known
to
information
not
are
be
equationdetermined
thereby.
by
("4'31)
WW)\
"
tT^T
\^Td-)\i^
+
36
'
and it is requisite
that this should
natural
to test
the value of
"
When
we
replacee* by
(6)
""|r'
tan
have
test
and
hence
we
to
^'''
J-0
is
negativewhen
of
tan^/S.
The
4
sec
(d)]
{yjr'
^,
multipleof
equation in
its normal
the
(6),
t/t
"^
/3" \/24
"
cf. "4'31
36
''"
(^/r{0)\
(17).
/3,
inequality
sin^yS
cos2/3V(H-itan'/3)
sin^/3
cos2/SV(l+ itan-yS)_
3, and
cylinderfunction
form;
0,
^Ir
{6)=,tan/3
13,
3(tan/3-yS)-
tan-
find that
we
3(tan;8-/3)^
(5)
(6)
i/r'
'
,|r'(^)=V(e^"-l),ir{0)
by determiningwhether,
^^^J
is taken
it is
so
that
positivefor greater
the
product satisfies
values
differential
15-83]
ZEROS
certain
angle
when
/3
between
521
FUNCTIONS
0, it is
when
true
and
\/{\/24 3}
tan
arc
in the former
Proceedingas
V{3 (1
"
ySo,where
0^/3^
The
Itt.
^p
sexagesimal
We
can
obtain
which
^^^,(w)
of
which
than
oscillatory
now
we
case,
cot
more
slightly
zero
BESSEL
measure
is
true
OF
/3)]]
^^^/Sq.
extremelyimportantresult concerningthe
an
is
/^(i/sec/3),so
long as*
greaterthan
v;
for let
smallest
of
makes
vanish.
Then
give
Since, by Sturm's
this form, we
is
^\/v-^+
theorem, the
see
(v~-^).
zero
of the zero
of
expressions
two
of 'Wv(^)which
in the form
expressible
When
the smallest
so
zero
of
v
In like manner,
The
first maximum
f
The
J^,(x),when
+
of
the two
of Y^
zero
0(z^-i).
0
(v-i).
in
similar
i.e. small
t The
X This
entiating
differ-
approximations.
as
value of
which
makes
^fi^'fi+Oiv-i),
maximum
is
on
v^x
of the function
the
-
right of
qo
to 0
as
0-808618
V^,(x) cannot
increases
from
.r
(i^-i).
be treated
this follows
at
in this
from
once
of the maximum
value of Jy{.v)qua function
investigation
a paper
by Meissel,A sir. Nacli. cxxviii.
(1891),cols. 435
"
of
we
have
because
manner
" 15"3,because
to consider
values
of
^ for which
of
the
reader
438.
v^"^is
bounded
/3.
permissibiHtyof
the second
its
consult
This
by
manner,
r(f)(ir.)ij.(^)j-j(f)-r(i)(i^)s/;(i.)j-_3(l)
the first maximum
of J^,(x)is at the point
of Bessel
point
first maximum
For
Table
(x) is
constructed
expressions
The^rst
is
large,
be obtained
J^(x) may
verifyfrom
(i/-S),
v'^X 0-9S1577
i.e.at the
is
then
vanish;]:,
should
v'^x 1-855757
the smallest
V
1-926529
to
part of Sturm's
theorem
just fj;iven.
CHAPTEH
NEUMANN
SERIES
The
16*1.
The
this
general terms
These
expansions are
analogous
to
is called
the
to
series
been
We
shall
finallywe
a
reader
-00
2Zz
cos
be discussed
in
expansions
of
are
Chapters
much
and
xviii
xix.
integer;
the
types discussed
in
an
considered*
only
investigationof the
the
more
mann
" 16'14, the description 'Neu-
in
expansions of
Chapter
Ann.
functions
It will be
v.
LV.
(1902), p. 493.
Neumann
as
sufficient
to
quote
"/".
of expanding
possibility
the
defined
by
the
general discussion
consult
may
real variable
J,.,n{t)Jm{z),
S
m=
shall discuss
very
of
The
series ; then
analyticfunction
function
expansions
known
Laurent.
n\
first discuss
Neumann
functions.
s"'-^^""T'"^"^j""..(^).
J,(z + t)=
the
in series
related
or
the well
Taylor and
of
that various
followingformulae
Z"" -{-z-
functions
discussed
alreadybeen
-sr^=
is
the
from
has
'
n=o
For
investigationof
Gegenbauerf.
first kind
(^.).,
into
VARIABLES
is the
xvii
analogous to
they will
will remember
reader
Bessel
more
theorems
of the
series have
where
Chapter
distinguish these
The
here
TWO
type
series
or
extent
the
character, and
Neumann
specialtype
To
of
expansion of
series of the
Any
one
some
by
Fourier's
to
recondite
more
OF
series.
and
chapter
contain
analyticfunction
an
FUNCTIONS
whose
of
LOMMEL'S
AND
definition
of Neumann
object of
various
XYI
memoirs
Theorie
Wiener
der
we
a
investigatethe
shall
series
Neumann
expansions of
of
various
generalisationsof
by Nielsen, Journal
(1909), pp.
33"61.
BesseVschen
Functionen
Sitzungsberichte,
lxxiv.
with
of
singularities
given
the
coefficients ; and
particularfunctions.
of series of Bessel
all kinds
fur
arbitraryfunction
an
Math,
(Leipzig,1867), pp.
(2),(1877), pp.
125"127.
functions,
(1907), pp.
cxxxii.
33
"
35.
'
138
"
524
THEORY
[CHAP. XVI
FUNCTIONS
analogueof Laurent's
Neumanns*
16* 12.
BESSEL
OF
theor 6771.
Let
and
f{z) be a function of z which is analytic
defined
the
shaped region
inequalities
by
Let
C and
be the contours
formed
by
\z\ R,
both contours
between
^^
beingtaken
the
counter-clockwise
'
then, if ^ be
pointof
the
region
27riJe
t-z
z-t
f(t)On{t)dt+X ~On(z)tf{t)Jn{t)dt.
^Jn{z)l
ring-
have
we
circles,
27riJc
in the
the circles
\z\=r,
one-valued
Consequently
f{z) is expansiblein
the form
00
00
(1)
f(2)=
anJn(z)+
an'0n{2),
where
(2)
an
f f(t)On (t)dt,
9"
a,/
expansionoff{z) in
If the Laurent
=^ ffit)Jn (t)dt.
the annulus
00
f(z)^
bnZn+
is
'
00
I-
^,
have, as in "16'11,
we
C "'f'2"-'.""''-'",-'"'
(""1),
(")
(" ),m
"
m=
Gegenhauer's
generalisation
of Neumann
16*13.
,,
If
and
the circle
on
expansion.
"9"2,Gegenbauerf
in
\2\ R,
=
and
if G denotes
has
the
have
z''f(t)dt
^'^^""^ (0}/(0
Jo^"^"
2^Jc{
dt,
so
00
Z^f{z)= 2 anJ^+n{z),
(1)
Theorie
Wiener
der BesseVschen
"
316
for
some
(Leipzig,1867),pp. 36 39.
See Wiener
130.
(1877),
(2),
pp. 124
the
of
cases
expansion.
special
Functionen
lxxiv.
Sitzungsberichte,
(1884),pp. 293
"
"
Denkschriften, xlviii.
16-12-16-14]
525
SERIES
NEUMANN
where
(2)
an
providedonly that
is not
negativeinteger.
Maclaurin
the
"16"11,
If,as in
-^.\j{t)AnAt)dt,
expansionoif{z)is
f{z)== t hnZ^\
then
(3)
,,.
,o1"2"
(" +
"nid:4^)t
^n"zm
Neumann's
16'14.
or
squares
From
Neumann-Gegenbauer expansionof
products.
is valid when
then
1^1^?',
when
similar
manner.
/mictionas
series
of
which
in
generalised
be
TJie
the
"
m\
';"=0
"
n=0
\z\"\t\, we
the expansion
at
can
once
analytic
00
% anJ^+in(2)J,+Uz)
Z"-+''f(z)=
(1)
is valid when
the coefficients
\z\"r, and
are
givenby
the formula
an=^^.j^f(t)Bn.,,,.{t)dt
(2)
formed
by the circle \z\ r. This expansionis due
being the contour
with this,
connected
namely that
Gegenbauer*; an expansionclosely
C
to
f(z)= i a,:J,Hz),
(3)
where
a,:=-^^.^f{t)nn{t)dt,
(4)
Q.n{t)is Neumann's
and
is
even
an
is y-Alidprovidedthat f(z)
polynomial("9"4),
f
function; this expansionwas obtained by Neumann
analytic
.
formula
Gegenbauei''s
has
Matkr(A)II. (1902),pp.
A
derived
second
been
investigatedmore
different from
type of series slightly
from
of
"5'22(7)in
2^ r
(1. + 1) s
the formula
^-' =
recentlyby Nielsen,Nouv.
Aim.
de
407"410.
Wiener
t Math.
III.
(1871),p.
previouslyconsidered
the form
^^^
Sitzungsberichte,lxxv.
A7171.
those
599.
/i.+,(4
(2),(1"77),pp.
218"222.
is
526
THEORY
which
shews
OF
BESSEL
[CHAP. XVI
FUNCTIONS
that
(5)
ftn^"-^'^i
(''+'^"
(iz)i
Jh.+u)(^X
a"
n=0
w=0
where
Expansionsof
been
the
topicof
detailed
investigation
by
Nielsen *.
Pincherles
16'2.
Let
anJv^n{z) be
The
theorem
its
its generalisations.
any Neumann
continuations
analytic
be called
/(^).
also
function
defined
and
by f{z)y and
series off(z).
lim
analyticcontinuations
throughoutthe
series converges
Neumann
its
domain
will be called
in which
^i{anJ'"+"(^)1|"1,
n-"-"x"
and
this domain
is identical with
Km
Jl-*-00
by
Horn's
the domain
aniljr^
"/
V
T{p
Neumann
series has
of
prove
to
this theorem,
we
Neumann
Pincherlef;but
has
provedthat/ (2^)
off(z)x^.
singularities
power series is due
and, in fact,it can be
a
To
"1,
n+l)
formula ("8-1).
asymptotic
It follows that
The
in Avhich
series resembles
it is
possibleto go much
which are
singularities
no
that of
further,
not
also
write
ctna^Y"^'
t Bologna Memorie,
pp. 493"496.
"
180;
see
also
Nielsen, Math.
Ann.
lv.
(1902),
16-2, 16-3]
and
f{z)
the
From
cos
theorem
be written
due
Hadamard
to
F,(Z)^
T(v
""^
-^^^--^^
(z)may
definingcf)
^^
and
(zt^)
t^] (/"
continuation
it follows that,if (f)
(z)is analytic
theoryof analytic
is suitably
of 2',so also is f(z),
providedthat the path of integration
of (f"
so all the singularities
(z).
oif{z)must be singularities
the series
Now
*,
of convergence
j^^{^(1
527
SERIES
NEUMANN
l)r{v
b"Z"\ F,(Z)=
n+l)
|-)
'
that, if
states
"=0
in the form
F,(Z)= i bnCnZ\
CnZ'\
"=0
M=0
some
Since
the
of
only finite singularity
the
where
/3 is
hypergeometricfunction
of 0 (z)are singularities
1, it follows that all the singularities
point^
of f{z) are singularities
off(z)y; and therefore all the singularities
off(z)x;
and this is the theorem
which was
to be proved.
is at the
reader
The
should
connected
theorems:!:
in this
have
with
and provingsimilar
in enunciating
difficulty
which
dealt with
are
expansions
no
chapter.
The
specialNeumann
Various
16*3.
of Neumann
number
forms, whose
series.
series,in which
coefficients
the
of
simple
is
importantanalytical
properties
of some
such series which are of
giveinvestigations
are
sums
large; we shall
interest.
special
not
now
By usingthe expansion
(^-2f-
cos
2^ +
1)-*=
n
to
It is assumed
be truncated
argument
t
Acta
X For
p. 230
et
that
by
the
R{v
omission
r-^"--P"(cos 2^),
terms
for which
several
(v +
series under
A)
is
discussion
negative, but
the
have
general
is unaffected.
Miith.
such
seq.
XXII.
theorems
(1899),pp. 55"64;
Hadamard, La Serie
concerning the expansion of " 16-14, see
de
Nielsen, Math.
Ann.
lit.
(1899),
528
OF
THEORY
Pincherle*
has observed
If
closed
(large)
curve
^TTl J
obtain
^-^
^^.j
w-plane is
e^'^dw
V{K+l)0^Hsin2^)}'
the formula
/"(0+)
e-^'"'''du
1
=
-:-
^"^
the modulus
where
in the
nv
/"(
(0+)
J,,+,(^)P,(cos2^)
{Z)Pn (cos26)
(1) S J.,n+i
M
1.
"
^^^
we
COS
.n+.v/
so
2t-
"
00
and
'IfV
l^it,
f""';,!?
\/{P
2^+1)
lies whollyoutside
write
we
now
(cos 2^)
the contour
where
[CHAP. XVI
FUNCTIONS
that
i 7.,. (.)P"
n
BESSEL
of the
r{iK-+)
1
=
e-f^sinesnw^j^^
-r-
^TT j
function
elliptic
is sin 6.
expansion
interesting
The
interest
Neumann's
By
and, if we
formula
i+\-^^'s
T
J,.
{z v")
find
we
on
("5 "43)we
cosec
l)r(2i; + m+l)
;^r(2.
X
2^1 (-
2{2v
i)
TO, 2i; +
7?i
1 ; 2v +
\; t)J2,.+mt+i
i^),
that
integration
the series
2m
(2i^+
-^^^^
have|
2m+l)
(1887),pp.
J.
125
"
143.
Pincherle
used
functions
elliptic
of modulus
0 in his result.
obtained
16-31]
NEUMANN
529
SERIES
where
T(2u
TT
by
-L
t''-Hl-trK,F,(-m,2v
"n
l; 2j. + 1 ; t)(U
{-Zi' 1) Jo
n
/i
n
l)
4+
7"7
m
-^7o^A
I
+
integrations.
partial
expansionof
1
^2. (^
TT
in
^+
/,^(1
t)]-^dt
1.
It
we
^)}-^-i
{1
of
ascendingpowers
IA I"
]^t.
(1
write
we
"
"
-^
-,
hu
"
find that
aji'^
ff-i
{1-h(l-
I ^i-'-i
(1
evident
0 and
that ftoji+i
=
1.3
1
"-
m)-*(1
dt
t)-i(1 + /?e)-i
du.
h-u)-^
Jo
TT
It is now
OJ-"-^(1
that
...(2/i-l)fi
Jo
^"
2.4...(2n)
,,
^'
''
"
^"
''^~'
i)r(^)
~7r'
and
this formula
16'31.
The
at
(2n)
2.4...
r(z/+
givesJolliffe'sform
once
The Neumann
series summed
of the
l)
'
expansion.
hy Lommel.
series by means
of recurrence
transformingNeumann
been studied systematically
ceeded
by Lommel*; and he has sucthe sums
in obtaining
of various series of the^tyjje
means
effects of
formulae
have
this
by
in which
a^
is
polynomialin
?i.
M,,,n{z)
"
+
(z.
-In
{V +
1)/:,,
2n +
1) ./,+",,^j
{z),
where
/(
is a function to be determined
/^,i,(t')
*
\v. B. F.
Studien
presently.
(Leipzig,1868),pp. 46
"
49.
,34
530
THEORY
the
By
formula
recurrence
(1)
BESSEL
OF
[CHAP. XVI
FUNCTIONS
have
we
""
{Z)
64y,,n
2m +
{v +
f2y,
{Z)+ J^+2n+2(2)}
1) {J'.+s^
{z\
=f-2m{V + 1)J",(^)+ IM.^yn
"provided that
/;"(v +
the equation
of mixed
/^(v) satisfies
2n +
solution of this
adopt this
We
3) +f,,n(v +2n
l)=2(v
differences*
(v +
2)/,,^^^,
2n +
2n +
2).
equationis
value
of/w(i')and
then
it is found
by
the
method
same
that
{v)J^+i(z)+ 2S4u,m-i
'v,m
{Z) -f-2m-i
(z).
(2)
it follows that
Hence
,n-l
and
a,,rn(z)
z^^
so
S
71
(v + l) ./.{z)
{i^^-^/;,
0
+
^.+1(Z)]
l^^-^'7;"-i
('')
Z^^+^- a., -^
(Z).
Therefore, since
1 f^
00
(z)
S^u.-l
=
(^)
J"+2n+i
^Jo
M=0
have
we
from
similarly,
and
(4)
_
due
(0 dt,
/ "^"'
Recent
to
1^(. +
the
2" +
r,.Tav+n
2)
of
applications
Bateman,
Proc.
Int.
for My^m(z),
expression
+
^)
^."" (.)
r(^^^".,"^^^
Neumann
Congress
of Math.
i.
of
equationsof
(Cambridge,1912),pp. 291
mixed
"
294.
differences
are
532
Therefore,on
integration,
I
C is
where
Hence
"e-"^
""-^'
Ce-'"" +
^
2.0
independentof
we
IJo {v)
-
By takinga
a.
0, we
dv,
(v)/t}
that
see
C=lft.
have
\z t^^+H'^l
%yA^)Jn{a)=^^.j
+
of
majorit}^
I exp U
(^
^ r [J,(2
having a
the terms
v)
(^
-
residue
zero
U [tJ,
dv
{v) J"i{v)\
dt
v) + J,(2
\l{z-a)
\t--^)\
exp
",
the
[CHAP. XVI
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
OF
THEORY
at
v)]Jo(v)dv,
0.
Consequently
S
.s
"=i
"
"
-"
-'o(v)dv,
"
"
i- V
that is to say
^ f JA'^A
"
(1)
If
this
7iJ"(^)/" (a)
we
we
equation,
and
each side of
on
find that
is
one
of
Kapteyn'sformulae
Z-V
and
r" (Ji
4Jo I
z
=
"\-V
jAz-v)\
'^^^
\-^
J,{z + v)]
{z -v)
z-v
f" (Jo{z+v)
4.J0 (
z-\-v
'^
'\J,{a-v)dv,
J.
z-v
integrate
by parts.
we
Hence
it follows that
i 2n/,"(^)/,,(a)
(3)
which
^) dv.
even
^}q
when
i (2n+l)J,n+,('^)J2n+Aa)
(2)
which
j^ ("
is the other of
ni^^L"J^ +'Ili'JZl)\j^^t-v
^ \\lt
4JoJo(-S'
Kapteyn'sresults.
'V
"V
16-4]
reader should
The
when
have
533
SERIES
NEUMANN
in provingby
difficulty
no
similar
methods
that,
(v)" 0,
l(v+
(4)
"
^"^-^I"'^^"^ J^ ("
(")
n)J^^n {z)-/.+"
"^
z"
.'0
^0dv
dv.
2 Jo
The
16*4.
"
been
studied
series.
the
from
The
result
on
which
the
theoryis based
dt
'Jzm+i
yt)^
{t)
211+1
that,if an
so
odd
is that
function
f{x) admits
of
("13'42)
(0
{m^n),
]-i i/A^,
o\
(l/(4w+ 2)
an
expansionof
(m
n),
the type
00
J yX)
",
and
'J271+1 \^)}
"^2tH-l
if term-by-termintegration
is
we
permissible,
df
CLt
r^"
have
C^2)i4-l
\j\t)J.n+i{t)^
=
"
4/1 -h 2
We
are
f{x)
(1)
the
we
shall
conditions
establish
I"-^V(0
the
truth
of
this
expansion under
rf(t)
dt
Jo
exists and
is
absolutely
convergent.
*
dt ;
.'0
H=0
and
that
possibility
Messenger,
xxxiii.
t Messenger,
xxxv.
X Messenger,
xxxvi.
(1904),p.
(1906),pp.
(1907),pp.
55.
122
"
125.
31"37.
the
following
534
THEORY
BESSEL
OF
[CHAP. XVI
FUNCTIONS
for
differential
coefficient
continuous
do not exceed
all
x.
the equation
(III) The functionf (t)satisfies
'^ {f{v
2/'it)=r
(2)
now
proceedto
1)]dv
the series
sum
7"
(""
oc
JO
(f\
^^^^^fit)dt,
(4/1+ 2) J,n+^(^)I
71
we
x.
8=1.
and
t)+ f{v
Jo
firstinterchange
the order of summation
and
It is evident
integration.
that
00
JfM+l\^) ['Jin
\i)+
"
2rH-2
(01
n=0
we
convergent integral,
absolutely
effect the
may
and then,
interchange,
by " 16-32,
{2
S=r
fit)
Jo
=2.
(4n + 2) J,,^,ix)J^,
fVoix
IJ'^{fitV)+fit
t^)
v)
Jo
now
rfiv 1)'^
-
V)}dtdv
dtdv.
Jo
the last
transform
^"^"-'^"^
^^'\Li"^^"7+7^f
IfVo (^
+
We
it)]
^
U=o
integral
by using" 12"2,and
then
n''j,ix-v)fiv-t)'^dtdv
Jo.
r IVo iu
J oJ
t)fix u)
-
'^^dtdu
t
\ t/iiu)fix
"
u) du
Jo
jQiu)f'(x u)du.
=fix)"
"
Jo
*
The
first transformation
is effected
by writing
v=x
+ t-u.
we
have*
16-4]
535
SERIES
NEUMANN
Hence
''
(3)
v)+f{t-v)\dt
f{x)-\y,{!n-v)W'{v)-\f^^'^
+
Now
so
\ "^^/lOdt
write
that
^(w) is
Ji{t)/thas
of v, since
function
continuous
an
absolutely-
convergent integral.
If then
as
(0,X),
we
to
are
when
S=f{x)
value in such
has any
an
interval
have
must
we
have
rj,{x-v)F{v)dv
0,
=
Jo
throughoutthis
interval ; and,
with respect to
differentiating
x,
F{x)=\J^{x-v)F{v)dv.
Jo
Since
jJj {x
induction
"
this
from
since
equation,
\F(x)\^^j')F(v)\dv,
A.
that
x""
\F{x)\'i^j^^,
A
where
bound
is the upper
of
the
jF{x) \ in
interval and
is any
positive
integer.
If
we
make
n^-
it is clear that
-^
F{x)
0, and
so
of equation
necessity
the
(2) is established.
of equation(2) for
sufficiency
The
from
expansion*is evident
(3).
cosec
a) is
pointedout by Kapteyn that the function sin (i*?
has consequently
and Bateman
for which
one
equation(2) is not satisfied;
which
determine
criteria
functions
for
endeavoured
to
equation
satisfy
general
discovered.
criteria
been
have, as yet,
(2); but IjO simple
It has been
[Note.
If /(a-)is
not
an
odd
function,we
expand
odd
the two
functions
i{/(-^-)-/'(--0}, 4-*-{/(.^)+/(-.^)}
separately
; and
then
it is easy
by rearrangingthe
to prove,
f{x)=2
f^
where
"o
?i
/W
"^i(I"*' I)^-^j
dv
I
J
providedthat
*
The
the
"
'A (-^Orri
("'")
./"
I*^
"
appropriateintegralequationsare
(but not
sufficiency
the
expansion,that
ClnJni-O-),
f ""
""
second
of
necessity)
the
(" " 0)
"
I
satisfied.]
equation was
proved by Kapteyn.
536
THEORY
Cailler's
16' 41.
OF
BESSEL
[CHAP. XVI
FUNCTIONS
series which
has just been expounded
Webb-Kapteyn theoryof Neumann
with a theorydue to Cailler*. This
has several pointsof contact
connectinga pairof functions. Thus, if
theoryis based on Borel's integral
The
CO
"
the function
then
/(2^)^defined
the series
by
00
f{z)R=
"
supposedconvergent
by the integral
If the Neumann
series which
\z\,may
be
represented
termed
y (2")^maybe
of
values
r e-^f(tz)
dt.
function
Cn.n\z'\
0
small
sufficiently
for
f{z)j,
The
the reduced
function{lareduite)
o{f(z).
representsf{z) is
30
f(z)=
anJn{z),
n=0
then
we
have, formally.
r
00
f{z)R
n=0
an\
J
e-f .In{tz)dt
v(n-^^)"ro
Now
"
put
K
and
we
see
that
1 +
^- ./ 2^
function of 2
anJn (z),then
the
generating
a,i^"is
w=0
providedthat
More
this function
is
generally,
iff{z)has
near
analytic
a
the
origin.
near
branch-point
the
originof
such
nature
that
00
/(^)= 2 anJ^+n(2),
(1)
then
="
Mem.
de la Soc. de
1 +
c-
Phys. de Gemve,
xxxiv.
zr
"^
LOMMEL's
16-41, 16-5]
537
functions
if
In like manner,
f{z)=
(3)
)j
a"^''+"J,+"(^),
then
^^
.to2''+r (i.
+
[Note.
1)
rn
If
"""^
v(i
e"^sin"3=
^ ^
v(i
n^
"
a"y" (0),
2
n=l
result,wbich
This
Diffractionand which
been
,"
of considerable
are
defined
are
Circular
The
exhaustively
by Lommel*
Aperture and Diffraction
functions
defined
Vn (w,z),are
UA^U,Z)=
(1)
Vn (^^,
^)
(2)
It is easy to
see
at
from
(-)-
The
n
by
equationmay
is no
(")'"
\Z
00
"
unrestricted
j_for
fW
be derived
from
the
nir
mr\
Z'
+
(^2^
"^n
Jn+U^)
27.-T
"
F_"+, (w, z)
values of
UAw.z)=
Abh.
der
664.
The
in it differs from
math.
in
pp. 607"608.
phys. Classe
first memoir
that
by J. Walker,
functions
and
z-
^^H2
"2-J
precedingequationby replacing
deals
der
with
we
(-r
different
k. b. Akad.
functions
non-integral
"
J".+...(4
the
328,
xv.
(1886),pp. 229
(Miinchen),
integralorder ; and the definition of V,^(w,z)
work is reprofactor ( 1)". Much
of Lommel's
duced
der Wiss.
"
of
physicalproblem
of
\Z/
adopted subsequently by
The
define functions
write
m=0
529
symbols Un{w,z)
(^
2
=
in extending(1) to
difficulty
(5)
*
Diffraction
on
1.
There
order
Tr
Un+^ (w, z)
last
type, have
/_"-,,"{Z).
'
theory of
Jn^2m(z),
Iw
rr
problem
/AS
the
Neumann's
of
the
by
"i
(4)
\ZJ
Un{w,z)-V,n^,(w,z)=
(3)
as
StraightEdge.
(-)'MQ
set
integralorder n, denoted
by the equations
of
theory,was
importance in
by simple series
discussed
Cailler's
from
variables.
functionsof two
functions,which
Two
,T"^,,,
"
immediately deducible
Tripos,1896.]
LommeV
16'5.
""i"=-"
is
in the Mathematical
at
26^(1+^2)
^
tbeu
has
been
noticed
occurrence
by Pockliugton, Nature,
of Lommel's
lxxi.
(1905),
538
The
factor
the
expressionon
is
removed)
an
BESSEL
OF
THEORY
[CHAP.
FUNCTIONS
right is an integralfunction
integralfunction of w.
of (2) gives a
correspondinggeneralisation
is an
v
integer.And
consequentlyit
only when
of the
V" {w, z) for unrestricted values of v by means
of
(when the
z, and
series which
The
XVI
converges
is convenient
to
define
of
generalisation
natural
(3),namely
F, (w, z)
(6)
It is evident
(^^^
+
cos
"^
f/_,+,{lu,z).
that
(7)
J,{z),
U^{w,z)+U,^,{w,z)={^)^
(8)
F, {w,z) + n+,3{w, z)
As
specialformulae,
deduce
we
from
U, (z,z)
(10)
U,{z,z) -V,{z,z)
and
V, {z,z)
l [J^{z)+
U,n+,{z,z)
providedthat
?i
^ 1 in
(11),and
are
Proc.
closelyassociated
Section
of
Sci.,K.
16*51.
The
It is evident
z-^'t (-)'"
jsin
e^",^,
of
generalisation
J"j (s),
sin (m +
formulae,
^) 6 J^j^I ("^))
.
with
Akad.
van
functions, have
Lommel's
Wet.
te
Amsterdam,
(1918), pp.
191
"
vii.
LommeV
studied
(1905), pp.
375
"
functionsof tiuo
(1) that
hence
z-
been
by Kapteyn,
376, and by
199, respectively.
^UA'w,z) --U,+,{w,z),
consequently
these
{-YUn{z'jiu,z).
" 16
by differentiating
9"
;
/^m+i(^)l
(12).
for
equations
differential
(1)
and
TO=0
and
^ 0 in
cos
j"
l {-T
that, as
md
2
OT=o
which
/"
Vn{w,z)
(13)
functions
S'{-T"^",J^rn{z)\,
l(-)4cOS^-
F^+i {z,z)
It is also to be observed
The
z]
l^xnz;
(1 2)
cos
(8),
U^^{Z,Z)= F"(^,^)
(11)
that
" 2*22
(9)
(^y/_. (z).
vanables.
540
of
integrals
the
case
particular
"^
in which
^r
''''
^"-^^^^"^
0 is of
by
the
have
we
=or(y
l)'
-2m +
of Lommel's
terms
functions
equations
U.{w,0)J^''^'^^^^^^^
(9)
'
r(v-i)
F_^+2(iv,
0)
(10)
Of these results,(1)
The
when
formulae, valid
following
be noticed
cos
U^+,(w,0)
(12)
memoir.
Lommel's
is
integer(zeroincluded).
positive
V',n{w,0) (-r
(11)
given in
(8) were
"
should
'^''"'^''
^^^"
interest ;
some
in
U^ (tu,
0) and F_^+2('^.0) are expressible
variable
particular
U,{w,0)=
so
one
^
(^ c)"
(8)
of
V_v+2{cz,
similarly
z),are
equation
a)
and
[CHAP. XVI
FUNCTIONS
Hence
The
BESSEL
OF
THEORY
(-r
|w
'"-i(-)"'(Jw)^'
S
^=o"~(2""")!^.
"
(2m+l)!
^=0
?7_"(w,0)
(13)
cos(|w + ^W7r).
it follows that
Hence
Fo(^^,0) l, Vn+^(w,0)
(14)
F_^_, (i^,
0)
16*53.
i-y^ilwYsm+1
{-r t
^0
(2m
of Lommel's
Integralrepresentations
1)!
functions.
formulae
'^
w"
U^ (w,z)
(1)
J^,_i
(^)
-^^
C^.+i
(w,^)
(2)
^;zi
"3
the
0,
F_.(.,o)=(-)nj;-M^,
(16)
which
(15)
The
are
valid when
integrandsin powers
cos
{|w; (1
^0}
"
^''dt,
f")]^''(;^,
.
/n
{v)" 0, may
of
and
be
then
verified
immediatelyby expanding
using the
result of
lommel's
16-53]
For
performingterm-by-termintegrations.
replacedby the equations
U. {w, z)
(3)
^.4.,
{w,z)
(4)
v,
be
they may
'^"'^
^~ '^^ ''''^ ^^"^^^
J,_,(-^0-sin{li^(l-^01-(-0''^""
"
"
increases from
tt
"
to
tt
as
R {v) " 0,
[^
w"
i U,+,(w, 2)
-^1
' ft
.' 0
By modifyingthis formula
values of
valid for positive
W
we
and
obtain
can
Let
z.
of F^(w, z)
integral
representations
us
consider
^'^^^~ ^^^^^'
'
U, (w,z) "
of
(5)
values
other
phase of
the
in which
541
functions
r-)]t" dt.
the
at
upper
the last
evaluate
To
expand the
we
new
in ascendingpowers
integral
of z,
in
as
" 13"3,
find that
["^
t-)}t" dt
./,_i(zt)exp {"^iw{l-
Jo
2"
"
2"
,^0
^l
w)
'
that is to say
^ [V._,{zt)exp
(6)
When
we
combine
.t''dt
t-)]
( f ^^ "f-')
in this formula, we
see
Z-
J /._: (^0
"
"
exp
that,if
then
(7)
{" liiv(1
cos
.t^dt
[lw(l- f-)]
cos
I'TT
(^-2^y
+
(8)
.t^dt=
t?)]
sin
(^^-"^^
+
"
iv
"
0,
542
THEORY
It follows at
V,_, (w,z)
(9)
-'^\
F,_, (iv,
z)
at the
convergence
continuation enables us to
n (w,z)
(12)
n_, {w,z)
remove
now
I J,_. {zt)
[Iw (1
COS
providedthat
"m;
and
-l^^_/,_. {zt)sin
"
t"--'
{1..(1
-^^
t^)]
and R(v)" |.
positive
2^ are
formulae
special
following
The
analytic
^^)}
z"-^
=
dt,
that
see
t"
the theory of
unnecessary,
the restriction It (v)" 0.
(11)
.'1
the notation,we
Changing
f)}
^.^
originis
Since
with
.'1
(10)
[CHAP. XVI
FUNCTIONS
from
once
BESSEL
OF
are
worth
mention
'
Ujn^^jJ^^_^(^^)
(13)
{|0(1
COS
t^)}f^- dt
.
^^)|t'""-'dt,
.'6
Um+iiz^
(14)
J^
^
/^iwf-\
(+^j
"2)}t^" dt.
that
see
r=^
./.-,
(.0 exp
(15)
\ J,n-i(zt)sin {^z(1
Again,from (6),we
cZ^
"2)}r-^'^^^
^"-1
,
exp
"
iz-
,,
."-*
_v'iri\
("j^ ^)
+
and, in particular,
r=^
.
'
Soc.
./0
last results should
The
The
be
cos
/w"2x
sin
V 2 /
1 sin / ^^ \
,,
compared
with
" 13'3;
cos
see
\2w/
also
Hardy,
Trans.
Camb.
Phil.
XXI.
found
formulae
in
one
16' 54.
or
of this section
of Lommel's
other
Lommel's
the contour
are
integrals)
all to be
memoirs.
formulae.
reciprocation
It is evident
from
"16'5(13) that
connected
closely
integer.
with
functions
functions
of the
z)
type U^(z^/w,
is
are
an
16-54, 16-55]
LOMMEL
relations observe
of such
the significance
appreciate
To
d
(Iwt-) U^ [
cos
2t]+
"
dt
sin
543
FUNCTIONS
(Iwt-) U^+^ (^
.
that
zt
,
sin
(|w^")
;z'
U^ {", zt\
wt
"
U^^2 [-
wt
"
zt
,
iU
On
find that
we
integration
./,(zt)sin (Iwr-)t'-" dt
(1)
to
(I
cos
"
"^
-kw
2
U^
i".f/."(|,.)
f,',g.O
sm
and, similarly,
(2)
J, {zt)cos {lwt')t'-''dt
-^
w"
sin
Hence
("
|w. f/'^+i
zj "cos
f
zj+ U^^^
"
it follows that
"iv
(3)
|w. UJ"
,-1
-^^
z"
t')]t" dt
Uo^^ f
^j
sin
"
f
|w C7'i_^
j+
|w ?72_^("
cos
and
n
(4)
f/i_^(
-2
"
\'W
and
COS
The
paper
by
will find
some
Schafheitlin,Berliner
16*55.
Pseudo-addition
the
"
) +sin
Itv
.
""
\w
"
differ from
integrals
only in the signof the
reader
f/'i_p(
iw.
'"
these
section
.fdt
t')\
Uo^^ I
"
'
\iu
of
correspondingintegrals
the
0 |
preceding
additional
formulae
concerning
viii.
Sitzungsberichte,
Lommel's
(1909),pp. 62
functions
in
67.
"
formtdaeforfunctionsof orders ^
and
".
Some
variable is
we
zero,
write
providedthat
is
f/'i
{w,z) i ill?,
(w, z)
equalto ^
or
|.
get
I exp
(^^Y
V-^TT/
{+ i {Iw
(^j I
{+ i {Iw
zt
dt
^wt-)]
Jo
exp
-\-zt-
Iwf^)]dt.
544
Now
BESSEL
OF
THEORY
[CHAP. XVI
FUNCTIONS
write
(w
zy
4-
("^
and
find that
we
U^ (w,z) "
i t^3 {w,z)
[
j^^y
gT'z
f-Vf
e"^'^
w
V
Hence
we
/""
to he
V(2?/;)'
{w,z)
{w,z)" iU^_
p)}d^
p)}rff
by the conventions*
interpreted
z
"
V(2iy)'
0)}
(u^ (2a,0) + iU^ (2(7,
igT^^
^e^'^{U,{28,0)"iU^{26A))}
-e'^^'l-] I
exp
{+ 0-1(1-^OWf
+ e"^'M
exp
I"
\7r/
and S^-as
o-|'
take
we
(1
have
When
,^
V^
\'
o-i
{" hi (1
exp
'//o
{"
exp
in the
these
zf
are
integrals
seen
Jo
8i (1
to cancel ; and
so
we
have
d^
f-)}
respectively,
integrals
new
the
two
results combined
in the formula
(1)
and,
as
^e^^-{Ui{28,0)"iU,{2h,0)],
16"56.
Fresnel's
It is easy to
see
(iue to Lommel,
are
reproduced by Walker,
The
Miinchener
Ahh.
xv.
401
they are
"
402.
integrals.
R
from
L\^,(w, 0)
so
corollary,
(2)
These
0)}
le^i'[U, (2(7,0) + iU, (2(7,
j^
2^;=^^
t^"-' sin
{^w (1
{v)" 0,
dt,
t^)\
that
f^
^1 )
i'"''
o.-i-p/
"^
(Iwt-)dt
U^{w, 0) coslw
^in
(lwi^)dt
U, {w, Q) sin |w
not
the
/""'"
w"
(2)
COS
X
{^) Jo
*""'
^i^;z:^r7-^
These
are
same
as
the conventions
used
U,+i(w, 0) sin | w,
f7,+i
(w, 0) cos ^w.
by Lommel,
lommel's
16-56]
If
take
we
545
functions
we
^iru'-,
that
see
JJ
(3)
/_i (t)
^j~^
(;^J^ ^j'
dt
(^TTf-)
cos
tdt
cos
[^^i
(2^,0) sin ^
dt
0) cos 2]/V2,
F| {'2z,
and
JJ
sin
(4)
We
thus
dt
(ITTt')
obtain
^I"
(^J'
sin tdt
J^ (t)
^j''
dt
[T^j
(2^,0) cos z-V.^ (2z,0) sin z]{^/2.
ascendingseries
asymptoticexpansionsfor
and
Fresnel's
integrals*
ru
ru
I
I cos(^7rt')dt,
Jo
The
dt.
{^7rt-)
ascendingseries,originally
given by Knockenhauer, Ann. der Physikund
are
readilyderived from the f-series,
namely
(2) XLi.
Chemie,
(1837),p. 104,
\7rJ {
while the
are
sin
{)
1
.
"
5
.
5
.
7
.
xv.
(1842),pp. 5.')4,
573,
derived
Tables
of Fresnel's
constructed
integralswere
R. des Sci. de
52, and
Lommel
which
of Fresnel's integrals
by
givenvarious representations
of
formulae
the
c
ases
special
f
are
\~JAt)dt
J
,L+,n+,{z)
00
Jv+iiyZ)
(v + l){i'+ -^}...{v+
n=o
f JAtXU^
(10)
J
*
Mem.
t It
I
"
is
de
VAcud.
des
series
B. F.
memoir.
has
(9)^
w.
de I'Acad.
by Gilbert,Mem. coihronnees
Ann. der Physik und Chemie,
Lindstedt,
xxxi.
(1863),pp. 1
Bruxelles,
(18S2),p. 720; and by Lomiuel in his second
(3)XVII.
"
2n
1)
'
("l+l"iii^gI"-(-'^^"-l)^,,
Z
Sci.
v,
(1818),p.
7?
(c)"
3.S9.
[Oeuvres, i. (186G),
p. 176.]
1.
3,-,
546
THEORY
These
readilyverified by
are
Lommel
[chap. XVI
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
OF
Other
differentiation.
also due
formulae
to
are
(11)
r J^{t)dt=2icosl.
Jo
(-rJn+idz)
0
25sin iz
2
M
(12)
2^ sin
Ji{t)dt
=
ti-yjn^iilz)
^z
Jo
2^
"
t i-y-Jn+iiiz)
^z
cos
LM
These
also be verified
may
16" 57.
differentiation.
Hardy's integrals
for Lommel'
The
by
(-)"^.+i(i^)
0
functions.
integrals
[^
h\
dt
h\
"
tdt
Jo'"n"'-^'r"^'io''""r-viit^
^
in terms
expressible
suggestedto Hardy f the
elementaryfunctions* when a
consideration of the integrals
of
are
r="
h\
dt
and
are
positive
^\ id*
Jo'''r^ijiTt- Jo^^"r-'^"Jr"i^
"
functions of two
in terms
of Lommel's
expressible
is important
variables of orders zero
This discovery
and unityrespectively.
such functions contain Bessel
because the majority
of the integrals
representing
functions under the integral
sign.
and
he found
If
l/tbe
(1 ,
,",
(2)
and
them
be
to
written
in
placeof
^,
IJ [at^)
+
COS
i''
t, it is
"
h\ tdt
that
seen
I' [U ^)jf^,
+
cos
['
b\dt
1^sm(a"+^)j^="j^("(-)--(^
.
"
sm
/,
a\
tdt
sm
i^sin
TT
.
it is sufficient to confine
We
now
that
+
our
(at
V
j)^ Jo {2^{ab)},
=
I /
attention
^/ib/a),x=2
to
the
case
^/(ab), (9
the
in which
"a.
write
c
374.
When
|(1
the lower
c')/c,
sign is taken
it is
supposed
548
The
U,{w,x)
providedthat
"w
obvious
substitute
When
the
V2^
2"Jrr72'
functions.
of
I^ I ^ Ity I
=
We
thus get
2^"")'""'/!!'
"!."-)""
('S)A.
-p
is
the contour
,
and
^'"^
is
L\(w, z) and F"(?^',
z) by integrals
representing
of " 6*2 for each Bessel function in
Bessel-Schlafli integral
method
^- ("-^)
which
-~Pj^
"x.
series.
appropriate
the
V,{w,x)
in the form
Integrals
of Gilbert's type for LommeVs
16*58.
An
[CHAP. XVI
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
be written
results may
last two
(8)
to
OF
THEORY
we
chosen
so
the
change
may
order
of summation
"
the circle
and
on
integration
get
U.{w,z)
(1)
Now
".^_^
integrandat
iw
and
^-^^^_^exp(^--)-.
+
\iw
iz-
are
vTri]
so
Making
slightchange in
the notation,we
deduce
^^(^'^)=2^-j_
r+-F/"7^^"P(2-2^)T'
(2)
to modify the
generalit is impossible
integrandat the
the essential
contour.
in
contour
twice,in consequence
exceptionoccurs
and
singularity
disappears,
when
f^^+Ht/wye^*
2^-/.
27rij_"
+t-lw-
of
singularity
0, because
then
dt
'^'(".0)
of the essential
origin.The
(3)
and
that
'
hence
(4)
V,(w,0)
=
,
TT
providedthat R{v)"0
and
a.
is
an
acute
.
I -i-U
such
or
negative)
angle(positive
that
)" +
,-du,
LOMMEL's
16-58, 16-59]
If
is
equal to ^
Formula
or
the
by
(4)was obtained
integrals.
the
integralon
549
FUNCTIONS
Lonimelt
from
the formula
of
Gilbert's
integral*.
tion
transforma-
of infinite
From
is
numericallyless
and
positive,
V^{w,0) has
are
"
Sni
VTT
The
w
reader
is
and
signas,
same
1
,,",
r{i-u).{hwy
inequalitywas
when
"_l
jo
TT
the
than
that
obtained
by
Vv{i(',
0)/sinvn
is
Lommel.
a
positivedecreasingfunction
of
lo
positive.
16"59.
From
Asymptoticexpansionsof LommeVs
variahles.
functionsof two
it is easy to deduce
asymptoticexpansionsof
integrals
U^(io,0) for large values of \w\; thus, from " 16'5 (8), we
Gilbert's
F^(w;,0) and
have
where
and
p is any
then, by
choose p to be
positive
integer.We
-"
y-"
I
rx
exp
'\
ta
0(w-''-'P),
of " 7 '2,|arg
analysis
in the similar
2p) "
have
{-y F,+,^{w, 0)
when
largethat R{v
so
|"
tt.
Hence
and
u+2p
is
under
and
the
are
(Iwy^'-^
-2m).
(" )^F^+2^(w,
0) has
positive,
both
be
^""
the
same
sign
(-)P
Jo
r(l-v-2p).{lwy+-'P'
remainder
numericallyless than
It may
consideration.
f^
VTT
TT
that
tv
ZoT{l-
numericallyless than
sin
so
(-r
VAw,0)
(1)
after p
the
proved in
(p
like
same
sign as,
and
is
l)th term.
manner
F, [w, z)^
(2)
in
terms
from
J"_,_.,^
(3)
(-)- {z/ivy+"--
when
\io\is largewhile
which
expression
*
3Iem.
and
z are
Ahh.
de
xv.
VAcad.
easy to obtain
signof the remainder.
couronnees
t MUnchener
(1886),pp.
582"585.
xxxi.
(18(53),
pp.
"
52.
simple
550
It is evident
BESSEL
OF
THEORY
from
[OHAP.
FUNCTIONS
the
corresponding formulae
for
XVI
U^{w, z)
are
(_)m
t^,(w;,0)-'cos(iw-ii'7r)+
(3)
=0
Uy (w, z)
(4)
These
results
The
is
but
2m) (iw)^-''+'"
J,.o.o,"(z).
(-)"^ {z/iuy-"'-''+'
he
did
+
I i/tt)
given by Lommel*,
were
asymptotic expansion
large and
The
positive,has
dominant
readilyderived
Vy {ex,
in
investigate them
not
t increases
from
(12) which
functions
1
to
1 and
or
is fixed, while
shews
of
greater
+ ^vir
^ca;(l ^^)+ (a?i
"
it may
hence
than
"
is
that
cos
and
oc
is 0
investigatedby Mayallf.
x)^--^^j("^
the
i/
| 16'53
from
(ex,x), when
of Vy
been
for
term
if c"l,
Now,
as
^z^/w
'
detail.
any
{\w
cos
(i'
"
^'Tr)vary monotonically
"
verified
be
f^}
tions
by partialintegra-
that
c^"""
"
"
virxj
the
next
in the
term
If, however,
has
maximum
it follows
then
^cx (1
{x~^).
t"^)
+ (xt "\- ^ptt
^ it),
"
e"l,
"
function
lir), qua
1/c; and
at
(a;+ ^ r;7r
cos
\^
Vy {ex, a;)
(5)
of
t,
(" S'2),
that
Vy (ex,x)
(6)
Finally,when
integration,and
c=l,
the
so
-^
\-^x(c
+ -]
cos
-1^^
maximum-point
the
the
expression on
is at
right
in
^vir[
end
one
(6)
must
of
be
the
of
range
halved.
We
consequently have
(7)
This
that
v"
equation,like (5)
"
by using
^; the
the
three
and
(6),has
equations
formula
recurrence
MUnchener
t Proc.
Camb.
"
Abh.
Phil.
be
may
16'5
(8).
^v'7r).
established
been
now
xv.
proved
ix.
the
hypothesis
on
of
CHAPTER
XVII
KAPTEYN
17*1.
SEKIES
Definition
of Kcipteyn series.
series of the
Any
type
CO
11
in which
and
Such
series
the
investigated,
qua
important
such
into
of
possibility
recondite
of
the
character
of
half
square
in the
hands
of
of
much
it
manner,
Schott||they
occupied by
series
17*2.
The
in order
to
advisable
seems
with
their
first made
discovered
in
The
pp.
series
series
related
in the
appearance
by Lagrange^
proved
be of
to
general
of
are
covered
redis-
and
in the
frequent occurrence
with
begin
descriptionof
which
and
will
a
allied
be used
problems
discussed
by
a,
X Hist,
de VAcad.
de
h, and
most
VEcole
t Ann.
R.
The
e.
action
the
sup.
ScL
de
of
that
is
xxv.
" Berliner
Abh.
1816"7
il Electromagnetic
simple
which
[1819],
Radiation
pp.
49"55.
(Cambridge, 1912).
discussion
of force
centre
square
law, is as
eccentricity of the
taken
as
of
the
at
the
follows
ellipse
coordinate
zero,
91
"
120.
(1769) [1770],
113"138.]
ellipseare
of the
(3) x. (1893),pp.
Berlin,
the
axis, and
axes
jjart,be assumed
norm.
des
series
Bessel.
by
in the
section
in this
particleunder
denoted
the
motion.
elliptic
ellipseof
an
series in
It
more
series,yet Kapteyn
Neumann
Bessel";and
have
to
Kepler'sproblem
notation
motion
series
series.
Neumann
general,of
in
are,
such
real,
are
problems, in which all the variables concerned
character than the problems investigated
simpleanalytical
more
and
in connexion
are
into
under
motion
the inverse
problems concerning elliptic
Kepler'sproblem may be taken as typical.More recently,
astronomical
by Kapteyn;
occur
theory of
an
the
The
are
examined
class of
law, of which
modern
propertiesof
century later by
in
occurrence
then
practicalimportance; they
Kepler's problem which was
more
solution
than
in
by Kapteyn f
Kapteyn
put the
to
propertiesof Kapteyn
systematically
arbitraryanalyticfunction
an
endeavoured
was
first
z,
In this memoir
1898.
which
that
to
variable
complex
series.
Kapteyn
they were
fact that
expanding
generallyhe
positionsimilar
Although
are
published in
series,and
the
of the
is called
constants,
cin are
to
name
functions
memoir
of the
question
coefficients
their
owe
pp.
204"233.
[Oeuvres,
iii.
(18(;9),
552
OF
THEORY
BESSEL
[CHAP. XVII
FUNCTIONS
to the
ellipse
of force is taken as originof polarcoordinates,
of force. The centre
centre
the radius vector
to the particle
being r, and the true anomaly,namely the
anglebetween the radius vector and the axis of x, being w. The eccentric
is denoted
the ellipse,
on
anomaly, namely the eccentric angleof the particle
at
was
by E. The time which has elapsedfrom an instant when the particle
the positive
end of the major axis is called t.
axes,
The
anomaly M
mean
would
vector
is defined
performcompleterevolutions
completerevolutions.
as
way
The
(1)
'
the
(2)
iw
(1
"
"
A),
'
e cos
ecosw
/JU^J
\/%l
^
-
smw
*
ellipse
supplythe equations
equations
tan
(3)
^
"
1 +
which
from
the
of
properties
geometrical
in
to
of the
the centre
the
as
t if the radius
in time
turn
being from
"
6^)
tan^E,
E
sm
e cos
Vd-e^sinw
"
,sinA=
"
i=i
"
1 +
e cos
zu
deducible
are
; and
lytical
(theana-
an
(4)
E-"smE.
solution
of the
problem which
approximatecharacter,because
expansionsof E and r.
he
effected
was
calculated
by Lagrange was
only the
series,qua
in Fourier
The
Dynamics
construction
of
Particle.
t Kepler himself
was
of
functions
these
See,
e.g.
concerned
(4)
effect of
such
functions of E
found
in
are
expansible
of M.
equations will be
Plummer,
with
the
an
in the
fact that
more
of
the
Dynamical
any
text-book
on
Astronomy
Astronomy (Cambridge,1918),Ch.
expression of
in terms
of M.
iii.
or
17-2]
In
values
KAPTEYN
553
SERIES
function of M,
is an odd periodic
e sin E
particular
of E, it is expansible
into the Fourier sine-series
sin ^
where
An
An sin nM,
esin ^sin
J
iiMdM
2esin"'cos"i"'
2
+
1177
nM
cos
'-
"
,,,
dM
,,..
dm
dM
"
TTT
dM
J"
mr
nM
cos
'
nir
..dUsmE)
-^
f'^
"
,^dE-dM
"
nM.dE
cos
.'o
n-TT
TT
and
./,,
(ne).
Hence
it follows that
E
(5)
i. ^Jr,{ne)8mnM,
M+
solution of Kepler's
cerning
givesthe completeanalytical
problem conthe eccentric anomaly.The series on the rightis aKapteyn series which
when e" 1,and it is stillconvergent when e
1 ; cf ""8*4,8'42.
converges rapidly
and
this result
The
radius vector
is
similarly
expansibleas
-
^0
(^
l^{l-"cosE)dM
Bo=~
where
^"icos nM,
71
(1
TT
while, when
cosine series,thus
e cos
Ef
dE
^ 0,
Bn
{l-"CosE)
-\
dM
nM
COS
C^(6C0S^),"
2(l-ecos^)sin?iil/
Sin
mr
nir
sin
E)
niU
2e
sin E sin
(nE
ne
"
dE
nir
2e
so
that
2e
""
(6)
=1
4^2-
T
S
"-i
Jn {ne)cos nM.
"
TTT
dM
dM
554
The
tu
OF
THEORY
BESSEL
[CHAP. XVII
FUNCTIONS
from
the consideration
that
is
"
% Gn sin nM,
where
C.n,=-
{w
M)s,mnMdM
"
J0
TT
2 (lu
M)
nAri''
COS
2
+
"
,^
nM.
cos
^\
hxr
\dl\i
J Q
,,,
d^^
,"
-,-r,dE
dE
J0
nir
nir
( dw
^j
nil/
cos
dw
f""
"
f"
"
Jo
niT
V(l
sin
ne
E)
JQ
mr
This
and
expressionis
Bn.
used
the
The
such
not
simpletranscendent
of evaluatingit
effective method
most
cos
"
the coefficients A^
is due
to
Bessel*, who
expansion
V(l-e-)
^ ^
"
.^^^ ^ ^ 2/2
^
-^
cos
where
2^
cos
/'=
On
as
making
17*21.
-^
the substitution,we
Gn
cos3E+...,
'2f-^
2 r
"^
-\ Jn {ne)+
find at
that
once
/'"[Jn-m(ne)+ Jn-r-m{ne)]
Expansionsassociated
with the
expansions.
Kepler-Bessel
First,we
have
a(l-e-)r
cos
iv
ae
"
so
that
'-^-^^^
(1)
and
"
next
rsiniu
/-.x
(2)
a
*
Berliner
Abh.
t Astr. Nach.
delta R.Accad.
see
delle
^^
sm
\/{l-e-) ^
=
"
1824
cvii.
n=i
^
Jn
(we)sm
,-.
nM,
[1826], p. 42.
(1884),col. 17
"
28.
Various
expansionshad
pp.249"
Sci.diTorbio,(2) x. (1849),
Cauchy, CoviptesRendus,
xviii.
(1844),pp.
625"643.
332.
also been
In connexion
\_Oeuvres,(1)vni.
(1893),pp. 168"188.]
556
THEORY
More
OF
find
we
generally
\-ecosE
d'""
(5)
M=0
nine),
n=l
dM"^
n^"^ J
dM-'^
[CHAP. XVH
FUNCTIONS
by differentiating
" 17'21 (6) that
d'
(4)
BESSEL
cos
M=ir
(-)"-iw-'"j:"(?ie).
n=l
d
Since
-TYf
Again,if
and
the left in
on
expressions
value
positive
integral
regard e
we
the
te^.
E^
the
as
of m,
with
sufficient labour.
independent variables,it
is
easily
that
seen
_^f
{sin
^ (1
de
"*
cos
BE
_
~
cos
E)]
sin^ ^
(1
a^
cos
f
i
"
rTri
"
Etv"
E{1
sin
AE. +
cos
"
Sin
r^9^
A^)2[
cos
""
^r-
Be
esinA"
(1 -ecosjE')^
1
A
dlM 1
so
that,by
de
[sm E (1-
therefore,if we
and
-.
with
integrate
we
cos
as
"
^,
smM
^)
differentiate with
"
cos
(1
last two
expansionsdo
Expressionsresemblingthose
of
on
Radiation
Schott, Electromagnetic
Thus,
(8)
The
as
cases
of
not
appear
to
Ef
cos
The
/" (nx)(Zic.
Jo
"*"
su^M
Ef
r*
find that
we
ilf
cos
~
(1
sin ?iil/
n=i
respect to M,
A"
cos
sin^ a;
(1 -6
_.
^ ^
^
"=i
1
-. "
=-
irj^
""
E)]
e cos
"
sin
If
A"
cos
(6)
^
n^
nM
cos
have
j Jn{nx)dx.
.'0
publishedpreviously.
been
the
occurred
in the researches
J^
.'.^," (2ne)
In^
^. (2..-)
^^^^,
^iL"^,
J^
be obtained
d.=
by taking M equal to
0 and
iz
in
(7).
17-23]
MeisseVs
17'23.
series,
namely
extremelyinteresting
Two
n^+r
n=i
557
SERIES
KAPTEYN
1^+r
(r^+r)(:i^+r)
-^
{M
"=i
If
1^
"*"
(1-^
+ f) (3^+ a
^!l^
have
who deduced
by Meissel
supposedat present f that 0 " e
*
stated
been
it is to be
simplestmethod
The
0 to
0 ^ if ^
It is thus found
TT.
them
these
establishing
pansions
ex-
2f^F7r^
n' +
from
series]:
~
in
cosh (7r-2ilf)f
2'"if_7r
cos
Z\
various consequences
^ 1, and ^ is real.
procedureto adopt
of
M
tt),replace
hy E
2p
"
"
'
sin E, and
from
integrate
that
+ 26sin"')^
^ X^(2ne)^1 r (7rcosh(7r-2"'
-^ui
^.rl '^"^+r
^sinh7^^
f i-
[ttcosh (2^ +
2e
^i)^
COS
^7^
j^.
_
_
TT
-ST
(ttcosh 2^0
fi'^
is an
expression
in the form"
expansible
the last
"
-;
m-
formula
due
f^
of
e,
and
it is
hence
ad
"
r(l+rBr(l-t|)
Z,r{7n + i + i^)r(m +
Cauchy||;and
to
smhTTf
.'o
^1
by
0)
cosh
function
integral
even
^-j
C-^w)!
m=i
^"-
TT^
(2e^ cos
I sinh 7r|
TT.'o [
Now
sinh
i-i^y^
is
evident.
The
second
formula
"
follows in like
cos
(2n
from
manner
1) i"_
TT
sinh
the Fourier
series
(Itt M)^
-
"
4|coshl7rr^
"
"=;
*
A)"tr. Nach.
t The
See
"
It is easy
IIMem.
cxxx.
extension
to
(2/i-ir+p
(1892),col. .863"368.
complex variables is made
siir
in
" 17'31.
(Paris,1817), p. 166.
to see
that the term
independent of e vanishes.
les integralesdejinies(Paris,
1825), p. 40. Cf. Modem
Legendre, Exercices
de C'ulc. Int.
ii.
Aiialy.iis,
p. 263.
now
558
THEORY
BESSEL
OF
^^
to
respect
^,
we
the latter is
The
for
the values
values
\, 2, 3
bounded
and
domain
then
make
even
and
1.
"
given by
'
'
polynomial for
of the latter
also gave
any
of times
Meissel
in the
cases
l,2,3, 4, 5;
are
the values
that
Conversely,it is evident
in the form
expressible
l, 2, 3
2~
of the latter
'*'72*
32
??i.=
2~18'
2'
Meissel
an
polynomial were
The
number
polynomialof degree 2m
of the former
values
is
the former
e;
odd
an
diiferentiate any
may
polynomials*in
are
(1) and
that
thus deduce
We
from
uniformlyconvergent throughout
are
of real values of
[CHAP. XVII
FUNCTIONS
are
"^450"
81
polynomial for
4.,5.
is
polynomial of degree 2m
even
every
oc
71
and
that every
in the form
1, is expressible
of degree 2m"
polynomial,
odd
00
2
n
where
and
""
6"
hnJ2n-i{{2n-\)e],
l
even
are
of
1/(2/? 1) respectively,
"
degree2m.
It
series with
Simple Kapteyn
17*3.
stated
was
recondite
in
character
in
Neumann
than
complex variables.
general,Kapteyn
series,and
case
rearrange
the
in the form
double
resulting
is that of the
It is to be noted
zero
thev
of
as
we
e-""-i in the
r-'
'
1.
more
explainone
now
series whose
are
( y-' ^.
(in!)"-
of
of
types of series.
power
series.
Neumann
original
are
power
series
shall
to expand each
possible
general,
series it is,in
of Neumann
the two
series
3^
.
(2m
I):'
domain
then
of
respectivepolynomialsare
of
to
vergence
con-
not
17-3]
559
SERIES
KAPTEYN
is
corresponding
property of Kapteyn series
Kapteyn series
+ n)z]
'^anJu+n{(v
The
is convergent and
for the
representsan
\/(l "2-)
exp
lim
"
"^'i/ar,
V(l-^')
series obtained
in which
domain
of
quitedifferent
in powers
"
and
the
the
first domain
is the
points" i
the circle
than
the former
interior of the
the longestdiameter
which
the
is smaller
latter domain
0'6627434
thus, when
shewn
curve
in
" 8'7, in
shortest joins
of
Fig. 24
while
domain*
the limit is 1,
is
the
only the
interior of
0-G627434.
\z\
=
we
are
providedthat
This
domain
occurs
Fig.24
Formula
of
as
give
\/(l z")
"1.
^(l-z"-)
the domain
the
following
analysisthat
K;
it is
curve
venient
con-
shewn
" 8-7.
(1) is,of
suggestedby
course,
To
shall
employed,we
in which
in
frequently
so
to describe it
exp
l +
to be
i J,,(nz),
domain
'
"
have
that
-^^1
(1)
in
which
an
formula
write
we
expansion,
1 + 2
J"{7iz) S(z),
=
and
then it has to be
J,,(nz)
,^"
1/(1 z).
-
/"(0+)'exip{^z{t-l/t)\
/
Since
Ztti J
*
For
an
of the magnitude
investigation
(1849),pp. 33"39,
+ Nieiiw
X.
(1893),pp.
t
of
this
domain,
see
Puiseux, Journal
de Math.
xiv.
242"246.
Archief
96"102.
voor
Wiskunde,
xx.
(1893),pp.
123
"
126;
Ann.
sci. de VKcole
norm.
sup.
(3)
560
THEORY
that, if we
see
we
that
[CHAP. XVII
FUNCTIONS
the
at
originof
such
radius
inequality
it the
on
find
can
BESSEL
OF
exp"'^
(2)
{1^(^-1/0}
^'
"1
is true, then
^(z\
^ '
(^\
^^
To
p, u, a,
'
sin- a)
of ^ if
all values
when
and
(p and
1/^} t
[^z(t
exp
recall the
all real
are
1
r'
./,r+)
27ri
(2),we
investigate
where
l+^~^exp 1^^(^-1/01 dt
J^ i
is chosen
v^sinh-u
that
so
the last
"" "
"
0 ;
the
expressionon
left has
its least
(|8'7)
z
.v/(l z^)
exp
"
14-V-^')
'"8|
is
which
domain
negativewhen
K,
satisfied when
|i |
write
\jtin placeof
^^
where
When
of
\t\
combine
in
1-^
27rzJ(^+)
is the circle
we
value
positive
K.
Hence, when
such
that
the
lies in the
inequality
(2) is
e".
Again,if we
^^
find
can
we
find that
(3) we
exp
{-1^(^-1/0}
'
e~".
9"^(,\-l^{
find that
*+
exp
{1^(^-1/0} dt
t
^''^'^-27ri\r+,y-)t-eK^{lz{t-l/t)}
'
and
2S{z) is the
so
of
hounded
sum
the residues
by
V and
that there is
next
prove
proved this,we notice that this
For
the number
[
2'iri
of
of
the
integrandat
7.
having
1.
polesis equal to
log[1
t-^
J (^r+.y-)
I/O]]
c^log[1
J_
^
{\z{t
exp
dt
^^
r^
exp
27ri J (r+)
{i^(^- 1/01]
^^
dt
^_l_i
dt
dt
27rl J ir-i-\
{r+)
^log[l-r^expli^(f-l/0}]^^
-m
_L
(r+)
27ri J
The
as
the
dt
"
c?log[-" exp
(r+)
{-1^(^-1/0}]^^^
dt
not
seem
to be
quiteso convincing
17-31]
Now
vanishes
integrals
t"'
then
I?7|"
V, and
on
for,if
write
we
{^ {t l/t)] U,
exp
consideration
under
expression
the
so
561
SERIES
KAPTEYN
be written
may
in the form
71"^
and
the
of
integral
each
i"
{n=0o
J (V+)
of the
term
dt
series involved
uniformlyconvergent
is
zero.
Hence
the
of
number
zeros
of 1
{^z(t
exp
l/t)}in
the annulus
is
equalto
1
Iiri J
It follows that
r+
1 ; and
this residue is
[\z{t ijt)]
domain
calculated
easily
shewn
of
{1^(^-1/0}
exp
^-exp
=
clt=l.
^+^
i-2
at i
that
to
be
2/(1 z).
"
open
in which
domain
the series
S(z) is convergent.
defining
[Note. It
of
is
K, except at
possibleto
s=
prove
1,but the
that S
to the
{z)converges
proofrequires
an
appeal
to
1/(1 2) on
sum
"
be made
to theorems
the
boundary
of
Abelian
an
to the case
17'31. Tlie extension of MeisseVs expansions
We
shall
^^
Zi
now
shew
how
to
obtain the
expansions
p+r''^(p+n(2^+n
n''+^'
ofcomplexvariables.
(i'+r'^)(^'+r)(3--^+r"
+
^^
"Z, (2/1-1)2+r^
which
are
valid when
12+^2
(p+^2^3.+
and
...,
^.)
^ is
complex variable
which
of Meissel's formulae
of
"17-23.
B. F.
36
562
In
order
BESSEL
OF
THEORY
establish these
to
[chap. XVII
FUNCTIONS
to
effect the
of the
to complex variables of the expansionof the reciprocal
generalisation
radius vector givenby " 17'21 (6). That is to say, we take the expansion
00
1 + 2 S
n
which
that
arc
sec
is real* if
of these values of (/"
None
which
can
any
Q\n
'^
"^,are
isj{z^1 )"
"
"
is
and,
as
creases
^ in-
from
over
"
function of
of i/r,
singularities
qua
The
il^,
denote
we
method
Jn {nz)cos
\
to
GO
write
we
brevity,
t^
nexp{i^("-l/0},
then
^"^^'^P^
the notation
with
of
so
shall
the methods
By
of
sum
the residues
hounded
hy
then
havingproved this,we
notice
dt
of the integrandat
T and
of
polesis equalto
dt
dt
'(r+,v-)
c^log(l-2"rcos"^+ JJ')
dt
dt
J (r+)
liri
{r+)
(^log[^^exp{-^(^-1/011
dt
dt
dU
00
f7" COS
+ !)"/)
(??.
n.=0
so
It is easy
that
to shew
1e"^ I" 1.
"
dt + 2
dt
9
that such
vahies
those
of
y.
dlog(l-2t/cos(^+ ?70
"^TTt
have
the number
By Cauchy'stheorem,
in
we
that tJiereare
shew
now
of that section
l-^''
^^-_L/"
is equalto the
2S(z, (/")
which
its jjoles
We
'
" 17"3.
9cr
and
U' t
27rtj(r+)l-2(/cos(^+
the
of (p satisfy
equation
564
and
BESSEL
OF
THEORY
[CHAP. XVII
FUNCTIONS
that
fin
cosh td
roc
e-^* sin2'"-i'Jrdylr=
Jo
"
p-j
"
cos^'"-!
Odd
cosh|7r^Jo
r{r+ii{?'+3^}...{^^+(2m-i)^r
By
substitution
in
at
once
infer the
The expansion
17'32.
With
of z^
aid of Meissel's
the
into
power
any integral
consider
to
even
powers
In the
of
of
case
even
an
series.
it is easy to obtain the
of a Kapteyn series. It is
generalisedformula
expansionof
convenient
Kapteyn
in the form
and
power, z^^,we
odd
separately.
powers
take the
in the form
+ l-i^)
f2r{n + l+iOr(n
2'7ri
J r^"-ir{l+iOT{l-iO
...
^ ^
27riJ ",t
r (m + 1 +
1
the contour
of
is
integration
when
uniformlyon the circle,
are
integrations
permissible.
the value
now
^^
^^
l-^"o
1
|^\
io
^.
^,"_,,_,^.
^'
^
Since
both
series
K, term-by-term
(p+n(2^+n...0i^4-n
"
n,
there
t'or (m
of
j^f
When
the circle
converge
Consider
m'
,"=i
J- f i ^(.-n+^"D^(.
where
J.mi^mz)
no
are
(m
n) I
"~?/i'^"+'.(m-"-l)!"
The
the left of
on
expression
/9,"^\
m=i
Next
we
V
"i=ji+i
(m
n)\.L,J27n2)
nv"^^^
.
{m
"
n"l)\
evaluate
1
27rt
^(/^ + l+^"O^0^
il^nH
r{m
l+
i^)r
d^
l-^"O
iO ^^'-'"'+'
(m -h 1
17-32]
When
^ n, the
to be
contour
an
But, when
565
SERIES
KAPTEYN
n, there
"
polesinside
no
are
the circle
{^\
\, and
"
the
is zero.
expression
Hence
If
have
we
replacen by
we
1 and
subtract
the
result
obtained
so
from
(2),we
find that
"
and
(m
W'"--.
vi=n
n)!
m=n+i'^n-''+\
(m
1)!
'
so
If
1, equation(3) is at
deducible
once
from
equation(2),without
the
intervening
analysis.
When
givenby
(4)
have
we
" 17"31
to
deal
with
odd
an
power,
the
equation
27ri
rrZi r
^2m"
00
""
and
take
we
z^^~'^,
deduce
we
(o)
in
similar
1 yam"
(2m-l)^
2m"
Ji {p+?^H3^+n--K2^-iy+n
J,",_,\{2m -l)z\
'^^'
that
manner
^-.^
"^^
"
,,^-^^
(m-ir.(m-^-l)!
=
2^ +
-t-^-'^-^
Hence
The
formulae
which
is
be combined
obviouslyvalid throughoutthe
values 1, 2, 3,
This
into the
domain
singleformula
when
has
any
of the
"
formula
was
discovered
Ann.
sci. de
by Kapteyn*;
artificial,
seems
I'Ecole
norm.
suj).
the
proof
of it which
(3)x. (1893),p.
103.
has
Kapteyn's
seHes
of the Kapteyn
investigation
The
17-33.
[CHAP.XVII
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
OF
THEORY
566
for
z'
the method
ii
of
induction.
of z^
shall
as
abstruse
1 + 2
which
now
-^
(1)
"
,"
The
the
1 + 2
-t
",
" 17*22
supposedthat, if
(-)"
and
for
is real,then
(^^)'
"
variables
c"jiplex
1
^^ "
1, and, if
in
is
K.
the domain
which
of
t4-.
J-^{mz),
real variables in
provedfor
were
the expansion
investigaiig
advantage of usig no result more
method*
givean alternative
a
Kapteyn series,which has
than the equations
We
will be used
the fact
depends on
"
it
when
the sum,
00
the
f(z),of
Kapteyn series
series 1
"
"
^can be
"
is known,
UmJmi'niz)
S
m
then
ii
F(z)
sum
of the
obtained
by
two
quadratures,the
former
series
w^
m=i
uniformly.To
converges
tha
by
term-
by-term
differentiations.
z^
az
az'
,"=i
F{z)
(z^y
that
so
it follows at
that
once
F{z)
SO,
if
J^" (2,nz)
=
Fiz)= X
111=^1
of
z)
by quadratures.
-1^^($)
.
'^'"^/^mz)^
4"i^
(^^)V(^)
^^,
dzl
then
Therefore,in
where
in terms
have
i
and
(l- z')f{z)
;
be determined
can
a,"J,n{mz),
(1-;-)
and
the domain
K,
of
constants
are
If
integration.
A=B
we
mat
0.
Consequently
(2)
2-
i '^""*(^^"-^)
m=i
Watson, Messenger,xlvi.
m"
(1',)17),
pp.
1.50"157
--*0,
we
see
that
17-33]
KAPTEYN
In like manner,
deace
we
SERIES
from
567
(1) that
-i^^,
:.4"^.,K2m+ i)^}
that
and hence
^ ^
mto
"^
expansionsof
The
Now
z*^
nen
is 1
that, foisome
assume
"
(2m
or
1)^
therefore constructed.
are
value
particular
of ?i, z'^ is
in
expansible
the
form
z^
n''
K.^n'J'mi'mz),
1
function^
(z)defined by
(zh (n -f 2)" S
"l"
m
By
^^
the
equation
J,n(mz).
6,","
^"
alreadyused,we
have
z'
az
az-
,re=i
-.')."
j:-("+2)Mi
=("+2)={.'*
+4^}
(n +
On
we
integration
z''+\
2)-^
dedu-; that
'
{z) z''+-+ ^
(ji
=
It is obvious
the
near
that A'
'
=
0 from
log^
B'.
consideration
of the behaviour
of
"f){z)
origin.
Hence
the
expansioof
is
z'^'^^
30
m=l
6m,n+2
where
follows at
once
b induction
"
That
,_
^^^
^"
lt
ti-
that
"
1)
*"""
'2^'V{m + n)J^{2mz)
*
"Zi {2m)^-'
.nf- r
(m
-n
1)
is to say
and this is
same
.,
''"
b^,
"
"":,
,7^i;^=rr
(|m
'n,m
^^^
way
reader.
2-"-'
this
is obtained
case
in the
is left to the
568
We
therefore obtain
/.^
/I
which
the
sn_
r (w + m)
~"''"m=o
(n + 2m)"+i.m!
is the
expansionobtained by other
is valid throughoutthe domain
K.
Since
[CHAP. XVII
FUNCTIONS
expansion
..
^2^^
BESSEL
OF
THEORY
methods
in
"17'32; and
the
pansion
ex-
the series
(?i+ 2mf+i.m!
^=
the expansion(4)
absolutely
convergent (beingcomparablewith S 1/wi^),
The
fore
expansionis therethroughoutK and its boundary.
converges uniformly
in
valid (from considerations of continuity)
the
of
and
K,
on
boundary
K.
at the points2^
+ 1, as well as throughoutthe domain
particular
is
The
17"34.
expansionof l/{t z) in
From
the
deduce,
after
lies outside
and
Kapteyn series.
"
certain domain
whose
extent
will be defined
later in
this section.
Assuming
|^ |" j^^ |
have
we
_1
Now,
that
^ ^
2"w2
"
gexpV(l
if
z'')\
^y
1+^(1-22)
the
repeatedseries
the double
is
as
expressible
'''
absolutely
convergent
an
double
series if
series
2'*?i-r
"
{n
m) F"+2^"i
"ti"r-o(" + 2m)"+^m!|"|"+i
is convergent. But
double
the
in this series
terms
are
less than
the
terms
of the
series
X
2FexpF2'"F''+=''^_
m!|"r^
\t\{\t\-2V)
"
'
"
providedthat
Ii
["
i m-o
2 F.
Hence, when
^"exp
t\"2
1 +
\/(l z^)
V(1-^-^) ;'
"
and, when
rearrangement of the repeatedseries for l/(^ z) is permissible,
obtain the formula
we
arrange it as a Kapteyn series,
"
r^
(1)
Ann.
"
0" (0
sci. de I'Ecole
norm.
sup.
(3)x. (1893),pp.
113
"
120.
we
17-34, 17-35]
where
KAPTEYN
(2)
"Bo{t)=llt,
v" ('^ 2m)^(n-m-l):
1
(o^
era
From
by Kapteyn ;
/A
we
deduce
may
theorem
very remarkable
"4"(M-2m)-.(??.- w-1)!
discovered
have
we
dV-
"4"(^n-vi-l)l
and
569
SERIES
so
(4)
when
^" {t)
=
?i
1, 2, 3,
(1
+ " cos'^\mr
^2)0" (/^O+ sin^ \n'rr
....
in terms
Kapteyn s polynomial^". (^)i" tJierefofe
expressible
polynomial0^ (nt).
It is
to
possible
now
extend
with
the domain
lie in domains
such
(5)
of
validity
the
of
analyticfunctions
of
of Neumann's
of
expansion(1);
the rightof
on
and
that
n(z)"n(t),
n(z)"n{i),
n(z)^\ l^^^jMlzA^)|
where
The
of the
[Note.
This
in which
domains
extensive domain
of values
more
gives a somewhat
he
the
tlicorem proved in " 9-17,and
contemplated by Kapteyn ;
ignored
(sincethe coefficients in the series for (""(0 are positive)
wiien |^ |^ 1,
result
I""(0|"""(1^|)=$""(1)
by (4);
so
that
Kapteyn proved
that
17 "35. Alternative
Now
that
"
explicit
expressionshave
been
l~Z
the reader
will find it
an
Cf.
Kapteyn, Nicuw
observed
was
that
1,
2{\-f^)^
Archie/
voor
z) into
Kapteyn
series.
expansion
ways.
f^
than
various
interesting
analysisto
7 4-
obtained
"
|i:|:$:l.]
of
both
0(2)"fl(l),
it is
when
cos^
^rm-,
0^ {nt)J" {m\
Wiskunde,
xx.
(1893),p.
122.
570
THEORY
substitute
reduce
suitable
the result to
Or
OF
integralsfor the
1/(^ 2) after the
"
differentiate the
again,if we
222
BESSEL
Bessel
[CHAP. XVH
FUNCTIONS
coeflBcients and
polynomials,and
Neumann
" 9'14.
of
manner
expansion twice
with
respect to
we
find that
=(1
2')J^
^nn^"n it)Jn {m),
(^^^2}
\{t-zf\ {t-zf
and
then,dividingby
whence
and
of
use
"
17 "3
find that
(1),we
{t^-\){t-zf
if -\f {t-zf
the differential
hence
{f'-\f{t-zf
it follows that
"n{t)
where
A^ and B^
17'4.
"
nil -f)On{nt)
The
independent of
are
in the form
not
easy to prove
seem
that
functioninto
arbitraryanalytic
expansionof an
An
Bn=().
Kapteyn
series.
"1
We
shall
now
Let
f{z)
he
{z)^
a,
prove
luhere
Then, at
the
:
expansion-theorem
following
functionivhich
^ 1.
analyticthroughoutthe regionin
is
ivhich
region,
-A
(1)
f{z)
i:
Oo +
aJn {nz\
xvhere
^=^.\(Bn{t)f{f)dt,
(2)
and
the
is tliecurve
path ofintegration
This
result
is obvious
when
on
ivhich il (t)
substitute
we
a.
the
uniformlyconvergent
expansion
n
for
l/(t z) in
"
the
equation
J^'^-^iri]
t-z
since
D,{t)
=
on
theorem
is due
to
Kapteyn.
both
'
D,{z)"l
and
Q,(z)"Cl (t)when
572
THEORY
OF
BESSEL
It is not
that
easily
prove
[CHAP. XVII
FUNCTIONS
of
Gegenbauer'spolynomial
if/(^)satisfiesthe
conditions
specified
" 17-4,then
S
z^f{z)
(4)
a",
/,+,,
{(v+ 71)z]
,
where
in which
the contour
of
surrounds
integration
(v +
_1 "^''
(6)
2m)- r(v
n-
the
+
origin
;
n-
m)
an-
and
hence
-2m
".
where
cio,a^,
are
...
[Note. Jacobi
in
one
Math.
Astr. Nach.
series
for/(2^).
(1849),col. 257
xxviii.
270["'es.
"
17'6.
Series of the
second kind.
type
+")
").}
J-.^IC^^
2/3../^.{(^"'
.}
+
have
been
studied in
detail
by
Nielsen
the domain
K,
\l
^^"'"''
="? (p.p)(2'4...(..'+r)-^
that
so
^^
and
while
manner
Zi
hence
deduce
we
the
2 P-f
^that
of series of
sum
from
n' +
the
Cf.
Ann.
Cf.
^""^2.4'(l+ ^2)(22
+
is a polynomialin z'S,Jn-{nz)ln-'"'
the type 'Zn^^Jn^(nz)may be found
of
in
expansion'2n^^"'J.2n{2nz).
corresponding
Nielsen, Ann.
sci. de VEcole
sci. de VEcole
norm.
sup.
norm.
(3)xviii.
sup.
(3)xviii.
(1901),p. 60.
(1901), pp. 39
"
75.
viii.
degreem;
a
similar
17-6, 17-7]
Thus
SERIES
KAPTEYN
Schott*
has shewn
that
(2)
J^'{nz)
^
'
generaltheory resemblingthat
which
is
seems
in
easilyderived
from
"
17 "5
(1) and
in the unlikely
event
constructing,
Kcipteynseries
17'7.
Im
have
that
seen
function
throughout the
it resembles
a
As
an
Fourier
series
example,let
should
have
but
pansion
ex-
it
difficulty
no
K.
domain
%anJn{^^z)represents
series
K.
But
since,when
real
not
are
analytic
an
is real,\Jn{nx)\"1,
axis,althoughwhen
\z\" 1,
on
be summed
up^f*
by saying
domain
from
to
to
(1/^')
tt.
and
that
it
sembles
re-
on
consider
us
throughout K\
the
|v/"n| l,
Kapteyn
of such
from
requiringthem.
behaviour
The
is valid
converge
that
the
is deducible
the reader
of his
wJiich converge
If
we
" 1 6'14
of
unnecessary
z^)
7i'JJ{nz)=^
2'
2^/(1-22)
2v/(l-22)
zH4
(3)
[Tfy
"
n=i
573
the series
^ Jn jnx)
then
that,if (^ -v/^^ sin -v/r,
It is evident
"
-^Jo
series is
Now, when
then
increases to
such
ir
as
n-
uniformlyconvergent.
decreases
"1, cf)
"
yjrincreases
value
of
yjrincreases
as
from
arc
cos
lies between
(f"
"
and
arccos(l/a-)
If vi be the integer
and
2m7r
"
{m
to the values
the values of -\^corresponding
0,
of
be
"/)
7o, 7i,
27r, -47r,
"liHTr,-2??i7r,
...,
27r, 0
jm,
...
...,
...
TT
(,. 0 J7r
=
"'7m
()
J S,.+l
-Soin-l
M"
Electromagnetic Radiation
t The
Hardy.
1) tt,
let
574
OF
THEORY
Now
when
BESSEL
[CHAP. XVII
FUNCTIONS
8r+i)the
yjrlies in the intervals (jr,7r+i)and (S,.,
of the
sum
the integral
signis
series under
+
Ittc^
i"f"'--
Itt^ +
(r + 1) tt^ + (r + 1) ircf),
and, since
l(-^
"
sin
{(yfrX
"
it may
sin t/t)
+ a;
fZ-v|r
^-\/r-
yjr,
cos
be shewn
"
without
much
"
that
difficulty
m
+ \x
:^x'
{I(8,- 7,^)+
(cos8^
7,)}+
cos
'2'ir^
The
reader
will
that
see
{h, 7,).
-
j-=i
,.=0
largeclass
of
series may
Kapteyn
be summed
by
this method*.
17*8.
The convergence
series
of Kapteyn
on
the
boundaryof the
domain
K.
the
is reducible
to
On
^
"
Vn
that of two
and
The
similar
points +
by
'
interest,because
more
of
for ijn.
the
ordinaryasymptotic
the lacuna
theorem
following
The convergence
\/(l-z'))
1 +
written
seriesfwith \/'^^V'*''
present
fail. But
expansions
the
series
Abelian
an
v,
type:
of
lajn^
converges
and
In
this connexion
2"aJ^n^
of the
the
should
researches
by Nielsen, Oversigt K.
the
zero
and
a
series cannot
so, if
we
remainder
J Due
allowance
has
to be made
for the
converge
replaceeach
Videnskabernes
Bessel
; and
if it does
function
convergent.
" Bromwich,
Danske
Selskabs,
be consulted.
originif
19.
v"0.
by
tend
terms
is
to
zero
terms
absolutely
17-8]
n)x]
J.^^\iv
+
since
Again,
of
function
is
in
the
interval
does
it
O^ic^l,
*
of
which
increase
not
follows
from
Sa"/^+"
uniformly
^
a-
this
and
sufficient
and
of
theorem
Bromwich,
This
(1917),
pp.
was
reasoning,
2a,i/n^,
does
so
for
its
Abel's
of
type
all
for
of
values
uniformity
the
that
so
[{v
n)x\
interval
the
throughout
continuous)
theorem
it
may
the
to
be
shewn
of
convergence
be
true;
that
the
if
^a^Jv+niv
^dnju-^
theorem
is
is
both
therefore
n)
verges,
con-
necessary
the
best
kindf.
Theory
pointed
171"174.
test
for
increases,
theorem.
the
proves
the
reversing
By
the
therefore
(and
convergent
as
that
convergence
is
575
SERIES
KAPTEYN
of
out
Infinite
by
Series,
Professor
" 44.
Hardy.
Cf.
Watson,
Proc.
London
Math.
Sac.
(2)
xvi.
XVIII
CHAPTER
OF
SERIES
Fourier
18* 1.
consider
to
in the
the
AND
formal expansion of an
his researches
In
FOURIER-BESSEL
the
on
of
expansion
arbitraryfunction.
Conduction
of
Theory
of
arbitraryfunction
an
DINI
Heat, Fourier*
/(ic)of
led
was
real variable
of
,r
form
00
the
denote
ji,j^yjs,
where
of
of Jo
in
(2')arranged
ascending
magnitude.
necessityof expanding
The
Bernoulli's
also in Daniel
Euler's
a,nJo(jm'^),
positivezeros
...
order
/(")=
(1)
problem
of
problem
of
vibrations
of the
arbitrary function
an
chain
this
membrane
arises
manner
under
oscillating
circular
in
and
gi-avity
with
in
initial arbitrary
an
In
to
determine
sides of
both
"
from
It follows
coefficients
the
a,"
the
limits
plied
multi0 and
1.
that
5"11
l^^i'
inferred
Fourier
hence
expansion,Fourier
and
in the
\Jm)"
"
ti,
that
'
(2)
a,,
j-^^ \
If
magnitude,
of
the
...
function
of the
positivezeros
the
denote
f{t)Jo ijmt)dt.
of
significance
the
change
now
we
' 0
fflKJm)
then
00
/(";)= 2
(8)
a,nJ,(jmOo),
m=l
where
("i)
^, .l\f(t)JAjmt)dt.
am=
This
been
indicated
the
coefficients
exists and
*
La
f The
is
to
are
stated
specialcase
validityof
determined
be
the
expansion; it merely
the
on
hypothesis that
indicates
the
how
expansion
uniformly convergent.
omission
X Studien
the
Jm)
was
in the
establish
Thiorie
considerabh'
nor
v+i
general result
more
general case
in the
"
J,
tf
Analijtique de
of the
improves
iiber
die
the
suffix
la
appearance
BesseVsclien
(Paris,1822), ""316"319.
Chaleiir
v,
associated
with
ji J2, js,
,
of
the
Functionen
should
cause
,..,
formulae.
69
"
73.
no
confusion, and
it
18-1]
577
SERIES
FOURIER-BESSEL
for the
of the procedureis somewhat
deceptive;
simplicity
reader might anticipate
that,if the function /(a;)is subjectedto appropriate
the expansionwould be valid for all values of v for which the
restrictions,
integral
In
fact the
I tJAjmt)JAint)dt
Jo
is convergent, i.e.when
v^
1.
"
the
of his researches on
pointedout by Dini in the course
the
that
establish
it
to
seems
hypothesis
impracticable
except on
while
and
various
i'^
^;
provingtheorems on
subsequentwriters,
although
the hypothesisv^
^ have stated that the extension of the analysisto
values of v between
1 is merelya matter
of detail,their statements
| and
appear to be open to question.
But,
as
was
it
expansion,
"
"
"
"
fir.stattempt at
The
the
and Schlafli,
generalexpansion
more
CO
f{^)=
(5)
where
"""
denote
the
KJA^ni^X
l
(in ascendingorder
zeros
positive
of
magnitude)
of the function
when
v^
"
coefficients in the
The
expansionare givenby
JJ^(X" ) +
{(X"r v-")
(6)
by Dini",
investigated
was
X"r J;^
(X^)}6^
the formula
2\^'
\ tf(t)J. (X,"i)dt.
Jo
The
known
'
as
of the
of determination
mode
\n
boundary condition,'namely
mixed
vanish at
formally
numbers
a?
subjects/(*")to what is
/'{x)+ Hf {x) should
that
1.
491.
In the
(1875),pp. 471
of
case
as
a limiting
integralformula
"
(3).
t Math. Ann. x. (1876),
pp. 137"142.
% Leipziger Bcrichte,xxxix.
(1887),pp. 191"214;
" Serie di Fourier (Pisa,1880),pp. 190"277.
Math.
Ann.
viii.
of
w.
B. F.
"
coarse
of this paper,
Hankel
obtained
14-4
3Iath.
Ann.
xxxv.
(1889),pp.
41"62.
37
the
578
It
pointedout
was
the insejxion of
contams
which
which
have
Hobson^:,who
have
integral
equationsas
On
aesthetic
because
it
theorems
On
are
give rise
The
use
of
set
plex
com-
possible,
by Kneserf
the
expansionby using
theory of
the
is
far
so
great deal
unnatural
as
to
use
to
complex variables
procedure,
proving
in
theorems
essentially
liable to
on
depend ultimately
basis.
grounds there
seems
described
abandoned,
constructed
somewhat
which
been
Cauchy'stheoryof residues.
now
provedby
are
[CHAP. XVni
FUNCTIONS
that the
this
error,
name
BESSEL
when
rather than
researches
of lemmas
Dini
initial term
an
associate Dini's
The
by
numerical
OF
THEORY
to
uneasy
mathematician.
orthodox
more
complete by the
theory has recentlybeen made distinctly
of W. H. Young|, who
has thrown
new
lighton many
importantmemoir
of
the
modern
the
of
subjectby using
knowledge
theoryof functions of
parts
An earlier paper
real variables in conjunction
with the calculus of residues.
less synthetic
which makes
some
by Filonjl
appreciably
parts of the analysis
The
also be mentioned
must
here.
The
of term-by-termdifferentiation of the
questionof the permissibility
expansionwhich represents a function as a series of Bessel functions has been
discussed
by Fordii, who has obtained importantresults with the help of
(cf " 18"4).
quitesimpleanalysis
More
recondite
Details
of necessary
also noticed
was
Archill
Proc.
London
Ibid.
modifications
Kirchboff, Berliner
when
will be
^0
American
X.
Math.
Soc.
(1909),pp. 391"435;
iv.
"
The
modification
524.
Cf.
"" 19-21"
(1903), pp.
xii.
undPhys. (3)vn.(1908),
pp. 123"133;
Math.
Soc. (2)vii. (1909),pp. 359"388.
(1920),pp. 163"200.
IT Trans.
**
by
the
derMath.
why
reason
Math.Ann.i.xiu.
(1907),pp.
19-24.
178"184.
(1911),pp. 181"206;
xxi.
(1920),pp. 107"156.
477"524-
580
THEORY
and
0^
I f (t)cos mtdt, b^
"
TT
[CHAP. XVIII
FTr"''CTIO"'S
the coefficients
series in which
Fourier
BESSEL
OF
"
.'
IT
-s-
expressedas integrals,
are
r\t)sin
mtdt.
J ^^-^
It is necessaiy to make
between
the types of series
a similar distinction*
which will be dealt with in this chapter:any series of the t\-pe
X
in which
the coefficients a^
be called
series
If,however,
of Bessel
merely form
functions.
the
Oi-m
(0,1),the
expressible
by
are
the interval
of constants,
will
the formula"
j\f{t)J,{j^t)dt,
"
given sequence
the
to
for any
the Fourier-Bessel
f(x)
sum
as
f{x).
pointx of
expansion
offix).
In like manner,
the series
"=1
where
the
are
...
series
zeros
positive
of
of Bessel functions.
determined
by
the
formula^
tf{t)J, (X" 0 dt
JO
series associated
with
f (x).
And
writers
have
merely a specialcase
there
view
certain
are
somewhat
18 12.
There
a
assume
One
been
of Dini
distinctions
-*
Specialcases
are
inclined
very few
of Fourier-Bessel
Dini
expansions.
expansionsof simplefunctions
in which
the coefficients
simpleform.
function
whose
and
18-35 ).
The
greater part of the terminology is dae
1920), pp. 167"168.
It is
It is
supposed that
as
to
Young,
for all
Proe.
has
London,
alreadybeen
Math.
positiveintegralvalues of
fl
t-
^ 0.
Soc.
m.
(2) svm.
18-12, 18-2]
in " 15"42.
investigated
"r
"_
the formal
expansions
2J,{jmCC)
oc
(I)
givesrise to
is x", which
Another
581
SERIES
FOURIER-BESSEL
\JmJ
\Jm)
v+\
^"=2
(2)
m-
It will be
0 ^
.r
1, if iT
s:
The
seen
reduction
z^
when
0 ^^
1, and
"
(2)when
formula
.'""
"'
is any
in this
/:
0
In order
to
is
an
McMahon*
integer,
has
proposed to
tabulate
the
fuiiction
'
/"*
which
is
specialform
of
+ J-,
,/i(.r)
(.^")
+ Jr,{.v)
4-
of Lommel's
one
of Hankel
The methods
18-2.
{t)dt
and
functions
variables
of two
(""16-5,16-56).
Schldfli.
which were
described in " 18-1 are based on the
investigations
in
his
researches
series of
on
by Dirichletf
trigonometrical
of proceedingis obviouslysuggestedby the
Fourier's type; this method
series are
fact that the trigonometrical
specialcases of the Fourier-Bessel
obtained by givingv the values " \.
expansion,
earlier
The
analysisused
In the
case
that
00
cos
/(*") 1*^0+ ^ (a,rt
=
where
","
6,"sin "i.r),
f(t)sin mtdt,
6,,,,
=
that
"
{^+
cos
{x
t)-h cos
"
2{oc t)+
"
...
cos
{cc t)\J(t)dt,
"
2^./,.
sW^'Iq f(t)dt
/W=, .'!!",
.....that
Pioc.
1 f""
f (if) lim
7*?,^
f (t)cos mtdt,
it is sufficient to prove
^-^
American
in
" 10-74(3)
t Journal
Assoc.
conjuuetion
far Math.
1900, pp.
with
iv.
Table
I.
(1829),pp.
42
"
43.
The
(pp. 666"697)
157"169.
tabulation
;
see
is most
Table VIII.
582
OF
THEORY
the
In
i^^^%^!\f(t)JAj,J)dt,
lim
it is necessary
so
the corresponding
expansion,
is
limit to be evaluated
and
[CHAP. XVLQ
FUNCTIONS
generalFourier-Bessel
of the
case
BESSEL
behaviour
the
investigate
to
of the
sum
I 2J^{j,"a;)J^(jmt)
m
when
is
In
the
that
investigation
the
use
of the calculus of
desirable.
of Dini's
case
examination
An
than
more
\.lm)
'v+i
"
it is in this
large;and
residues is
expansion,the correspondingsum
which
needs
is
of
application
shews
in
""18'3
"
cussion,
amenable
to disreadily
and so we
are
spared the necessityof repeatingthe whole of the
analysisof the Fourier-Bessel expansionwith the modifications appropriate
to the more
generalcase of the Dini expansion.
18"33
The
18*21.
We
that
will be described
the
is
sums
integral.
contour
Hankel-Schldfli
shall now
/J.
^\
0"a;^l,
and
O^^^l,
j:^
\
method
which
will be
many
function
The
Bessel
"
the order
v
The
"
\Jmt)
J-nV'yX)"
where
v\.1m^)
-""
rn
\^)
used
Tl~\
v+\
l^O.
is due
Hankel*
and
Schlaflif,
though
memoir.
recent
suggestedby Young's;):
are
analysis
to
Tn (t,a;)is obviously
as fundamental
expansionsas
'
\Jm)
in the
theoryof
Fourier-
is the function
sin
(n 4- ^) {a: t)
sin ^ (iJO"t)
"
'
in the
In
special
theoryof
Fourier
order
the
to
obtain
series.
formulae
connected
with
requiredit
Tn (t,
x)
which
as
has
the
at ji,jo,jo,...jn.When
ipoles
*
Math.
t Ibid.
Tn (t,x) which
Proc.
Ann.
X.
win.
(1875),pp.
this has
terra
complex
been
471"494.
(1876),pp. 137"142.
London
Math.
Sac.
(2)xviii.
(1920),pp.
of the
163"200.
done,
are
sequently
sub-
sum
variable
we
for
w,
express
18-21]
FOURIER-BESSEL
583
SERIES
Tn (t,x)
the
as
There
are
(2)
which
three integrands
shall
we
study,namely
(3)
irw
(4)
TTiu
Y^ (w)}J^ (xw)/J^(w).
{J^(w) Y^ (tw) Jy (ttv)
The
first of these
and
of Kneser
(4) when
which
x=^t and
0 "x
other
described
was
two
in
"
are
15'42.
2; (3)when*
t "
0 -^ ^"^"
1 ;
^x"t"l.
proceedto verifythat
We
Carslaw
asymptoticvalues of these
study of the
the
integrandstudied by Schlafli;
the
was
the work
suggestedby
"
the
the
all have
integrands
same
residue,namely
^Ju (jmX)JAjmt)/J\+i(jm),
In the
w=jm-
at
case
of
define the
(2),we
functionfg(w) by
the formula
2w
(5)
and
then, if lu
(w)
+ 6, where
;"",
6 is small, we
have
+
J. (tv) dJ,( jm) + iO'J," (j,")
=
WJ,' (W)
+ d'JJ (j,n)
e"-j^JJ^
[jmJu" (jm)+
(j",)
It is easy to verify,
by
the rightvanishes; and
of 6-' on
at
...,
that
so
hence
JJ
(jm)]+
"
"
""
the residue oi g
(w)l[wJj^(iu)]
j,nis
f)'{Jni)l\jmJJ'-(jm)\,
and
this is
easilyreduced
to
by usingrecurrence
In the
case
of
residue at
(3),the
j^
is
[J"'
T^i-n
(jm) Y^ (j,nX) J, (jmX) Y" (j^)]J^ (jmt)IJJ(jm)
(jm)
-jrjmJv.
(jmX)Jv (jmt)Yv (j"n)IJJ
2 J^ (jniX)
Jv (j,nt)IJJ'
(jm),
-
by 1 3"63, and
in the
*
same
This
this is the
required;
expression
integrand(4) is dealt
with
way.
is most
easilyseen
by writingthe integrandin
Hv^) [xw]
{HyC")
(ic)
l-rriw
"\The
the
results obtainable
Hut})
if^(2)(it;)
J.,T^(tw)IJv(iv).
(xi(7)
the form
discussed
Funktionen,
i.
in great detail
(Bern,1898), pp.
by Graf
131
"
139.
and
584
THEORY
We
take
next
the
at
of
contour
[CHAP. XVIII
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
OF
to
integration
will be made
tend
to
be
with
rectangle
to
and
qo
An is chosen
it is desired
jn
When
"
to
shall take it to be
n
Now
and
so
so
assign
An"jn+iwhich
lies between
+
to(n
^v+
^)7r,
equal
is sufficiently
large("15'53).
that
vertices
j" and
we
jn+iwhen
odd functions of w,
that the three integrands
it is easy to verify
are
vanish *.
the three integrals
alongthe left sides of the rectangles
and either
Again, if io= u -\-iv,it may be verified that when v is large,
while u ^ 0, then the three integrands
are
or negative,
respectively
positive
0
and
0 (e-""-^)l"i),
{e~i^-^-t'\% 0 (e-*^-*'!"!),
sides of the
values which
We
thus obtain
(6)
r"(",.)-
i"-"-'?(''i*"
rAn+'^i
ri
Jo
~27ri.'^"_aoi
J"-=(w)
{"d"x-\-t"
(7)
Tn (t,x)
^.
[J.{w) n {xw)
2; xi^t)
''^)-7
^"^
J, {xiu)F, {w)]
(0"t"x"l)
Tn (t,X)
(8)
^.f^"^"u{J.M
'^-'^^
{0"X"t"\)
equation(6) it is easy to obtain an upper bound for jTn{t,x) !; for
is posiit is evident from the asymptoticexpansionof " 7"21 that, when
;^ + -|tive
exist
c
onstants
(or zero) and bounded, there
positive
d and Cg such that
From
'
J (tw) I"
^JAtw)\^
(^"i
(y)
when
exceeds
is
a
on
the line
value
which
g^expli7(^^)1}
^^l^^^i
joiningAn
depends on
"
oc
v.
c,_exp[J/(w)||
u.wi^
to
An
^,^j
cci and
f^O, providedthat
Hence
\it'-^')Tn{t,x)\^^J'j^^^^j\x
so
that
4r
This
*
tends
inequality
givesthe
It is necessary
to
zero
with
to make
the radius
an
upper
bound
indentation
at
of the indentation.
in
the
question.
origin,but
the
integralround
the indentation
18-22]
It is also easy
f r+i
to
585
SERIES
FOURIER-BESSEL
that
see
dt
T, (t,x) (t- .^"-)
-
Jo
.r
J^+i{xw)]
J,+i{tiu)
hence
obtained
Theorems
written
\
valid
when
of the
TTCo
This
O^t^l.
O^.r^l,
involvingfunctions
is not
extension
kind
second
have
Jin [Z
been
so
X"
"
I)
integrals
easilyeffected when
the simplestinequality
because
used
correspondingto (9) is
! Y^ (tw)I" c'l'
{1tw !"" logIiw I+ 1tic \-i}exp {[7 (tw)\},
and
it is
(8)from
tedious
somewhat
matter
to
obtain
simple
bound
upper
inequality.]
this
Equation ("j)was
used
by
Schlafli to prove
sin-4"(^
that, when
sin
by
{t
"
sin i tt
"
of the
then
large,
is
sin -rl,j(^
+ ^)
^)
^"^''^"^'^2;^)
x)
^TT
which
integrandin
to the
(i+ x)j
in this
error
'
is not
approximation
integrals
involvingTn {t,x) by
the unknown
error
of
means
be evaded.
may
'
18"22.
The
Tn{t,x).
Integrals
involving
two
fundamental
formulae
'
'
which
shall
we
obtain
now
(1)
lim
[t^+' T,,{t,x) dt
(2)
lim
I't''+'Ta{t,x)dt ^x''.
From
these it is obvious
In the
of
course
'
(0 "
a-",
-^
z)
when
[f^'
Tn (t,x) dt
^x".
is any
1)
(0"x"l)
be apparent that
! t''+'T"(t,x)dt-^x''+i
lies in the interval
0 ^^'^
w^here A
"
(0".r"l)
"
"'"'
"
Jo
uniformlyas
'
proving(1) it wall
xi
follows
that
lim
(3)
as
are
number.
positive
A,
"
,
.,
586
OF
THEORY
We
shall also
BESSEL
boundedness
the
investigate
[CHAP. XVIII
FUNCTIONS
of
I
Jo 0
though
new,
^1.
given by Young,
results,(1) was
these
"
0 "t
it is contained
It is evident
will
Proc.
be
now
Hobson's
in
implicitly
of
manner
the
former
indentation
Since
reduces
on
the
to
Formula
given,is his.
(2) xviir.
(1920),
(2) seems
to
be
memoir.
r=^^
the
two
rightof
rightinto
equalto
odd function
the
C^n-^^^i2J
2711 J
An-
be
to
avoided
by
an
integrandat
/,
the
1'-^'^+'^'
dw
"2J^{a;w)
after
integral
contour
the originhas
integrals,
the imaginaryaxis.
integrandis an
iri times
2J^(a;w)dw
of these
^lA^cc)
the
on
sum
find that it is
1 18'21, we
1
In
the
transform
we
Soc.
Math.
that
f^"'+1
T^ (t,
x)dt=
When
London
so
origin,
that
(xw)diu
WJ^{W)
^i
Now
^n+^i
2J" (xw) dw I
r"*
2c
2ci
"^^-r
exp
{" {\
x)\v\} dv
"
4ci
CiAn (1
x) \Jx'
"
x^lt--^^Tn{t,x)dt-x^-^
Jo
tends
uniformlyto
zero
It will be observed
as
-^
that the
x\
was
formallyobtained
Formula
details of the
be
(2) can
proofare
in
kind.
A.
more
^y
\
^\'
\Jm)
Jm**
(0^^"1)
v+i
" 18'12,is an
proved in
rather
"
m=l
which
0 ^^."r^ 1
importantexpansion
x^-^i
(4
longas
so
somewhat
immediate
similar
elaborate)
by usingan
It is easy to
see
consequence
of
(1).
(though the
integrandinvolving
manner
that
S ^''''^''^''Uf'"f':+^(J^-00)
rt''+'Tn(t,x)dt=
Jo
Jm"
w=l
B^x
^^
A"-Bi
f+iiJm)
Jv{W)
588
THEORY
BESSEL
OF
Moreover, if we
we
[ V^'
["v"^^
Tn {t,w) dt,
bounded
as
when
oo
??. -^
the
on
that 0
rightso
XVIII
"
a;
1,
Tn {t,
a:)dt
Jo
Jo
are
[CHAP.
FUNCTIONS
"
$ 1.
;"
shall consider
Lastlywe
t''+'Tn(t,x)dt,
0
we
co
-^
"x
It is easy to shew
+ t'^l, i.e.when
by
^ ^ 1 and
"
0 "
is a. bounded
1, this integral
^'
the methods
which
have
used
just been
that, when
then
t^x,
t''+'Tn{t,x)dt
i
Jin" v+iKjm)
lim
-^
^*
J5-*oo
A"-Bi
lim
b^^
V""^
"/l\
hm
\AJ
B^^^TTIXfv+h
hm
^r"r-,
lirix'!
s^ao
These
are
integrals
section ; and
and
1"
"
To
so
1+^
prove
"
'.
"
"-
J An-Bi
(jQs
lyj ^tW
^
"
Bi
that the
"
r-^
"
il/TT
^
"
,
dw
{tt)
Itt)
.""-'dw.
,
cos{w
"
hi"'rr
"
\7r)
in the Lemma
originalintegralis
ic^l, i.e.when
XW
"
^tt)
"
-,
i^lV \vTr
COS
-.
the
w"lvrr
^"
"
rAn+Bi
J A"-
tw
,..,^^^
{iu-lv'Tr-\ir)
COS
Bi
f-^n+BiCOS (xw
^
,.
-
-r-
TTi*'^
J
Iit)
"------
'-^. I
,.
\AJ
Jv (W)
/1\
14-]-
bounded
given earlier
when
"
1"j"
in this
^"
1^1
0"t^x^\.
is bounded
integral
when
0 "
r"
^ ^^
1, we
firstshew
that
rt
I t''+'Tn{t,x)dt
*"'"
=
lim
B-*"x"
and
i"'"^^''
' ^
^-^
-^
^*
J.{xw)dw
^
^
^-^^
Y^
J^+i(tw)
{w)] "y
'
^-^
F^+i(tw)
{J^{w) ^^
-^p-
Jv{W)
An-Bi
then
been provedthat,ifA
therefore
be
an
arbitrary
number, then
positive
ft
^"+1
Tn {t,x) dt
"u,
J 0
where
U is
independent
of n,
and
t luhen
the
A^o;^!,
A^t^l.
18-23]
results constitute
These
Tn it,x),and
the
in
now
theorems
concerning
necessary preliminary
discuss
to
position
integrals,
involvingTn (t,x),
in the
occur
an
Fourier-Bessel
the
of
investigation
function /'(a?).
arbitrary
which
with
are
we
589
SERIES
FOURIER-BESSEL
expansionassociated
18*23.
The
We
shall
such that
and
now
of
"b
tif(t)dt
that,as
to ensure
sufficient
are
^cc
,
\'tf{t)Tn{t,x)dt=0{l),
J
0".r
'where-f
^\.
that this theorem
The
asserts
in
path of integration
f tf{t)Tn (t,x) dt
Jo
is of any
which
the
as
n
significance,
oo
-^
vicinity
of
point x.
It is convenient
to
t^f{t)is bounded
that
the second
stage
remove
we
(I)
stage
remove
we
the restriction
in the
third
concerningthe origin.
t~''f(t) F(t){f'-x%
Let
...
number
positive
e,
take p to be
so
largethat
S
m
( U""
L",){t,n t,n^^)
"
-
lower bounds
and
where
e,
of
F(t) in (Y",,_i,
1^)-
"
F{t)
Let
so
+ co,,{t),
F{t,,^,)
Lm, in (^,"_i,
tni)-
"
It,is'thenevident that
("!'
J
[tin
f+'
(^,,_,
)
i:
m
Cf. Modern
t If
x=
I'f-m
Tn {t,X)(f' of)dt
J t-m-i
t''+'Tn{t,x)(f'-x^)ay,n{t)dt,
J tm-i
Anuli/sin," 9-41.
1, it is,of
course,
supposed
that b"l.
590
OF
THEORY
BESSEL
[CHAP. XVIII
FUNCTIONS
and
Sci'Kp
\\f{t)Tn{t,x)dt
7rC2^^"(2
"
h)six
"
dt.
+
TTCo
that is to say
2Kp
7rc.^(2-x-b)^xlA,
4ci-
tf(t)Tn(t,x)dt\^
the choice of
Now
at
are
fixes p
An
choose
to
liberty
when
;
so
may
been
has
p)
chosen, we
"
b)\lx
is 0 (1) as A^
the integral
small. Consequently
arbitrarily
to be proved.
is the theorem
(II)
choose
F(t)
When
throughout(a, b),let
bounded
is not
F(t) is
that
bounded
'
is
which
such
therefore
"
TTci (2
this
(and
outside
it be
these
-^
and
00
,
possibleto
intervals and
that
f F(t)\dt"".
"^
fl
When
t lies in
one
IX
the
use
inequality
^''
X) I"
If^^ {t^ X^)Tn (t,
--
is the upper
hence, if K
and
intervals /x, by
bound
applying(I)to
each
TTCa^{2
"
b) ^/x
of ii^(^)
]in the parts of {a,b) outside the
of these
parts,we
have
'(r+ \)Kp
Sci"
tf{t)Tn (t,x) dt
"
irci (2
"
b) \/x
"
we
take
"b
dt
t^-f{t)
(III) If
so
exists and
is
absolutely
convergent, we
can
Jo
small that
V
dt
"
e,
and
then, since
we
have
4ci^
rtf{t)Tn{t,x)dt
"
Jo
TTC^
{2
"
"
b)i^x
dt
t--x^
choose
77
18-24]
591
SERIES
FOURIER-BESSEL
(II)that
it follows from
(r + l)Kp
3e
+
"
2'
A,,
K
where
is the
bound
upper
6) when
\F(t)\ in (77,
of
the
intervals
/j, are
omitted.
it follows that the
the left
expressionon
small by takingn sufficiently
large,and
is completelyproved.
Lebesgue Lemma
Hence
TIte Fourier-Bessel
18"24.
shall
We
f{t) he
made
analogue of
arbitrarily
the
Riemann-
expansion.
of
followingtheorem*, by means
expansionassociated with a givenfunction
of the Fourier-Bessel
Let
so
be
can
the
prove
now
the
in. the
functiondefinedarbitrarily
which
the
sum
is determined
let
letit he absolutely
t~f{t)dt exist and (ifit is an improperintegral)
convergent.
2
Let
am
Yo
[^
tf(t)J^( j,n
t)dt,
7^-^
'J'v+\ \Jm) J
where
^^0.
the series
Then
is convergentand
We
is
its sum
a"
h "1
and
a"iJw{jm^^
l
h,[/(^+ 0) +f{x
0)}.
"
firstobserve
2
m
a,nJAjm^)
tf(t)Tn(t,x)dt,
Jo
i{f(x- 0) +f(x
lim
0)}
x-\f(x
0)
[%''+^
T,,(t,
x) dt
0)
ft"^'
[t-^fit) X-^fix
O)}Tn{t,x)dt,
lim
x-'fix
Hence, if
1%"+^
[t-^f{t) X~^f{x
8n {X)
0))r" {t,
X) dt
Jo
+
it is sufficient to prove
of
convergence
that
Sn {x)
-*
as
-*
00
in order to
"x"
(^m "
"^
m
to
the
sum
| {f(x+ 0) +f(x
*
Hobson,
Proc.
London
\ Jm, X)
0)}.
Math.
Sac.
(2)vii. (1909),pp.
387"388.
establish the
592
OF
THEORY
We
BESSEL
discuss
now
I\^^'U-'fit)
X--f{x
in detail,and
reader
the
the
Sn (x) in precisely
function
The
and
so
we
same
f{t)
t'"
such
(0
0)}Tn (t,
X) dt
the
investigate
other
involved
integral
in
manner.
x~''f(x+ 0) has
"
limited
total fluctuation in
(x,h),
write*
may
X\
then
can
where
[CHAP. XVIII
FUNCTIONS
^^^1
of t in
{x,b),
that
%i(^+0)
Hence, when
whenever
S not
^t
then
We
arbitrarypositivenumber
exceedingb x, such that
an
number
positive
chosen, there
exists
"
have
!\^+'
[t-\f(t) X-\f{x +
0)]Tn (t,X) dt
is
8.
^x
x.(^ + 0)=0.
-X-^
[t-'fit)
r+"
f{x
Tn {t,
())}
X) dt
J x+S
+
We
now
Next,
between
'
i"-^'%i
be made
the second
0 and
8 such
the three
t"^'x^
(t)T" (t,
X) dt.
the
on
integrals
right.
less
mean-value
theorem
that
''"'
"^V^'
["'
X) dt
X^ (0 Tn {t,
J
r^
the
analogue of
the
(0 Tn (t,
x) dt
satisfied by
inequalities
obtain
It follows from
modulus
X.
0^ + 8)
""+' Tn
(t,
X) dt,
J x+$
of the third
between
sufficient!}^
large,
we
of this does
does not
integral
in
2U6.
similar manner,
make
can
exceed
not
exceed
we
2Ue;
and
the
similarly
By treatingthe integral
deduce that,by takingn
araJAjmSc)and
|{/(a;+0)+/(a;-0)}
and
this is
small.
arbitrarily
infinite series,we
an
have
proved that, in
00
circumstances
2 CbmJvijm^)is convergent
postulated,
M/(^
and
to
be
*
0)+/(^-0)};
proved.
Cf, Modern
Analysis," 3'64.
and
its
sum
is
the
18-25]
FOURIER-BESSEL
The
18*25.
of the
uniformity
convergence
conditions
enunciated
the
Let/(^)satisfy
having limited
continuous {m addition to
593
SERIES
of the
Fourier-Bessel
expansion.
be
"18'24, and also let/(^)
in the interval (a,h).
total fluctuation)
in
to
associated withf(t)
expansion
converges uniformly
number.
the interval {a + A, i
the sumf(x) throughout
A) where A is any positive
"
This theorem
is
of Fourier
convergence
the usual
analogousto
of the Fourier-Bessel
expansionnear ^
in the firstplacebecause
careful consideration,
more
when
x=
1, and in the second placebecause
rather
untrue
examine
to
of
concerninguniformity
of the conthe uniformity
vergence
0 requires,
1 and near
x=
theorem
the bounds
1 18'22 (1)is
formula
practicable
it is not
of
"f
t''+'Tn(t,x)dt,
'
when
and
the second
for
usingapproximations
Bessel functions
of
kind.
(cf.
"
18*26); but
of
originare
"18-55.
to
small,without
difficultiesin the
The
the
are
of the
case
the
neighbourhoodof
difficulties in the
character ; and
graver
of the
case
are
to
easy
come
over-
neighbourhoodof
is deferred
"'
We
"
choice
(a
A, 6-
Next
involves uniformity
of continuityfthe
continuity
made
in " 18'25 is independent
of x when x lies in
was
A).
we
discuss such
an
as
integral
"'
{t,x) dt
J x+S
Since
B is
Lebesguelemma
.,
"
"
independentof
("18-23)that
x,
it follows from
this
tends
integral
the
to
providedthat
r t''^'^{t-''f{t)-x-''f{x)]dt
is
bounded
function of
x.
^
Now
f
J
%C\t'^f{t)\dt+\x--f(x)\
t^-^^t'^f{t)-x--f{x)]dt
:xr^
this is bounded
and
bounded
*
the
Cf. Modern
(a -f-A, 6
"
and
therefore
5,
w.
in
Jo
in this interval.
t Cf. Modern
on
'Jo'
B. F.
be less than
convenient
additional (trivial)
restriction
to place an
A, in order that the interval {x- 5, x + d) may lie inside
now
38
594
other
the
Similarly
and
BESSEL
OF
THEORY
[CHAP. XVIII
FUNCTIONS
in
introduced
integrals
tend to
" 18'24
zero
uniformly,
so
n
tends to
The
18'26.
near
a;
uniformlyas
zero
the
and
the theorem
this proves
uniformityof
the convergence
of
stated.
the Fourier-Bessel
expansion
1.
It is evident
is
?i
pointa;
the
1, so that,at that point,
expansionvanish at
of the expansion
terms
of the Fourier-Bessel
of the
sum
zero.
Since
of a
of convergence
uniformity
of the sum, it is evident
continuity
the
/(l-0)
is necessary
in order that
associated with
We
the
Fourier-Bessel
of the
x
expansion
l.
now
for the
suffi,cient
convergence
is almost
analysis
The
convergence
be uniform near
f{t) may
functions involves
in
prove that the conditions that f(a;)is to be continuous
is
combined
with
the
conditions
that /(I)
stated* in " 18"24,
zero,
shall
(a,1) and
are
series of continuous
to
be uniform
precedingsection
take
; we
\t-''f(t)-w-''f{x)]
Tn{t,cc)dt,
I\''+'
J
just as before,and we then divide the interval (0,1) either into three parts
S, or into two parts (0,x
B),(x B, x+ B),{x+ B, 1), if a; ^ 1
(0,X
B),
B. And we then prove that the three integrals
(x" B, 1),if x"^!
(orthe two
as the case
integrals,
may be) tend uniformlyto zero.
"
"
"
"
"
Again,when /(I)
when
Then
0, we
can
choose
Bi so that
Bi^x ^1.
"
the
expression
f{x)-x-''f{x)(\''+^Tn{t,x)
dt
Jo
tends
lies in
any
(a + A,
value
of
1"
8i),and
when
lies in
(1-Si,l).
*
The
interval
t Because
the
be
to
the
596
THEORY
This theorem
the
same
manner
as
H.
W.
to
the
BESSEL
theorem
[CHAP. XVIII
FUNCTIONS
Young*, and
of " 18'23.
when
and
is due
OF
the
when
proof,
Divide
(a, b) into
so
the
equalparts by
points^i t.^,
,
tp^^{to
=
...,
a,
tp
struct
con-
b),
that
numerous
m=l
where
Next
and
let
the upper
and
lower bounds
of
t^f{t)in (^,"_i,
t^n)-
,_,)""co,n{t),
{t,
then
i ['"'
"irl|r"t^-J,{\t)dtW
\'tf{t)J,{\t)dt
\tU,{\t)"Om{t)\dt
where
bound
in
\t^J^(t)\
of
reasoningresemblingthat used
and
theorems
(O^a?^ 1) in
to
(0,oo ). Hence, by
the left is o (X~-^),
on
integral
be
can
made
to
cover
the
closed interval
the forms
This is evident
tends to
"
the interval
18*23, the
proved.
of this section
"^ v+i
Hence
be
in
the
when
;f/;./(07,("o.^"={"%
\Jm)
it is remembered
that
in the Fourier-Bessel
general term
series associated
with'f{x)
{aftermidtiplication
hy \/x)throughoutthe inter'val (0 $ a; $ 1)
f^o,^o.n integral
which is absolutely
if^'/i'"^)
convergent; and, if this function
has limited total fluctuation,
the generalterm tends to zero
as
rapidlyas l/jm-
can
zero
18*3.
The
We
of which we
integrals
by means
expansion,
analogousto those which
either in a direct manner
or
proved for Fourier-Bessel expansions,
for Fourier-Bessel
of the corresponding
theorems
expansions.
shall
obtain
have been
by
means
The
methods
application
of the Hankel-Schlafii
consider
now
theorems
Dini
to
Dini's
expansion.
class of contour
concerningDini's
with
expansionassociated
/(a;)is
00
O^JpyKmOC),
Z(
7n
where
Xi,X2, ^3,
magnitude) of
...are
the
positivezeros
(arrangedin ascendingorder
the function
zJ,'{z)+HJ,{z),
*
Proc.
London
Math.
Soc.
(2)xviii.
(1920),pp.
169"171.
of
18-3]
where
and
real constants,
are
coefficients h^
The
and
to be determined
are
tJ;-(X,J) (it
(it
J^ (\J)
t/{t)
Jo
so
the formula
by
"1
'in
597
SERIES
DINI
that
! tf{t)J,(\nt)dt
2\J
Jo
proceedingfurther,we
which
has
Dini expansions,
expansions.
shall
Before
The
which
to certain
explaina phenomenon,peculiar
analogue in the theory of Fourier-Bessel
no
of Dini expansions
is based
investigation
the
of
has polesat
zeros
and, when
It is
be
only to
-^v
at the
zero
the functionhas
negative,
expectedthat
such
0, an
is
+v
of the series,and
li H
Further, \i H
these
contribution
two
should
zeros
has to be inserted
is
negativeand
the
'
be inserted
symbol ^^{x),
'
wh^re
J^Q^x)is
(1) or
(2) in the
of the
account
on
origin.
'
in the
when
zero
an
initial
was
C. N. Moore, Trans.
American
"
must
is defined
For
the
as
expression
0, H + p"0.
be
inserted
Dini
gave
when
corrections
H+v
its vakie
misquoted by Nielsen,
Math.
common
is
(1908),pp. 947"948;
by the
be considered
actually
and
positive
(Leipzig,1904), p. 354.
Cylinderfwnktionen
Mag. (6) XVI.
will
Dini's formula
will be denoted
is
term
an
i\ 0-
cases
respective
cases
respective
fact that
being omitted.
4-
zeros
"i\n, then
are
"
(^o)J 0
"
and
"
mi
The
terms
.."..";,
purelyimaginaryzeros
initial terms
so
[Note.
the
at
zero
'
'
{\r
These
to the
"
of the
account
on
initial term
must
contribute
in fact is made.
Jo
If H+v
2{v^l)x^\\''+'f{t)dt
"
Phil.
function
origin.
initial term
(1)
x"
of
properties
on
'
was
noticed
the
incorrectly,
Handhuch
of these errors,
der
by
factor
Theorie
der
Bridgenian,
Chree, PJul. Mag. (6) xvir. (1909),pp. 329"331;
^oc. x. (1909),pp. 419"420.]
see
598
OF
THEORY
We
[CHAP. XVIII
FUNCTIONS
the function
consider
now
BESSEL
function
This
has
The
The
residue
(0 or
...,
"
iXq).
J,^is
at
X," is
at
2 X"j J
(X^ a;)(/^(X^ t)
(X^)}
*
(X^'^
-
The
residue at the
The
originwhen
IT
if +
0 is
2/
is
negativeare
both
equal to
2Xo^7,(Xoar)/,(XoO
'
/^' (Xo)
(Xo"-Vv-)/"-(Xo) X(,-
let Dn be
Now
it is not
equalto
numbers
j"i which
Let Sn
number, which
let
be
^*jv
X"+i,
so
chosen
that
x-H)=l ^MI^f}Z^mil
^^ (^^^)
{t,
"^
is defined
S4o{oc,t)
where
X^ and
lies between
to
\Jm)
v+i
be 0, 2 (1/
+ 1)^"^" or
2\^I,{\x)h{\,t)
//^ (Xo)
4- V-)IJ"(Xo) Xo'*
(Xo-*
'
accordingas
if +
is
zero
positive,
or
negative.
Then, evidently,
iV
We
tf(t)Sn{t,x;H)dt.
"'0
of theorems
leadingup to the result that,when
prove a number
of
the
existence
and
absolute
1,
convergence
shall
0 " ^"
at",Jy(jm^)-^oi^)- 2 bmJA'^mX)=
now
'tV(t)dt
are
sufficient to
ensure
that, as
n^^cc
Itf{t)Sn(t,x;H)dt
o(l).
18-31,18-32]
enables
equation
from
convergence*
This
of
us
599
SERIES
DINT
to deduce
the
the
series.
The contour
18-31.
It is evident from
1
integral
for Sn{t,x\H).
Cauchy'stheoryof residues
CDn+^i
2w
'2'iriJ
where
an
the
n\
(t
immediate
An
*"
'
J" (iv)
[wJJ {w) + HJ^ {w)\
-Qoi
denotes
symbolP
that
(cf.
" 18-21)is that
of this formula
consequence
|S.((,,;J)|^____i___,
(2)
Cj is
where
of
independent
n,
and t.
Also
r^^+-'-
l\^^^8
(t x-mdt-^^
2Mxw)J^^,itio)dw
and hence
H)dt
t''+^Sn{t,x;
IJ 0
of n,
c^ is independent
where
18*32.
The
{2-x-t)Bn^/x'
and t.
lemma.
x; H) of the Riemann-Lebesgue
for Sn,{t,
analogue
We
'\if(t)dt
J
are
to ensu7'e
sufficient
that,as
The
theorem
when
"
proofhas
x"
1.
n-^"x
,
o{l),
"
^'
$ 1.
("18-23)for Tn {t,x). We
stagesshould be
ll
it is supposedthat
.:.:-.;
H)dt
tf{t)Sn{t,x;
providedthat 0
ivhole)
Except
shall
at the
now
point a;=l.
600
THEORY
OF
Let
and
BESSEL
[CHAP. XVIII
FUNCTIONS
t-''f(t)F{t),
=
bound
of
jF(t)\in (a,h) he
K.
(a,b) into p
and, after
choosingan
{Urn
(^0 a,tp
^j"-i
=
"
"
"
p to be
so
h),
largethat
Lm){t^n"tm-i)"e,
"
m=l
where
17^ and Lm
the upper
are
Let
so
and
lower bounds
of
F{t) in (^,"_i,
^^).",
that Ia),n
Then
j\f{t)Sn(t,x:H)dt
J
t"-*-'
Sn
F(t,n^,)
J
(t,x;H)dt+:i
tm-i
r+1 CO,,
m
l J
dt
(t)Sn (t,x; H)
t.m~\
Hence, by "18-31,
Sn (t,
tf{t)
x; H)dt
and
if we
now
take
ec.
(2
largethat Dn
so
[\f{t)
S,,{t,
X
E)
ec^
dt
Ja
and
the
When
and
the
zero
the
magnitude of
proved.
As
the
as
reader
"
l)r
h)\/x
"
2Kp
c^,
we
have
^'')
!
\ {2"x
b) -Jx
"
"
"
expressionon
"
71
small.
rightis arbitrarily
on
integral
by
the
00
-*-
removed
has
Hence
the
the method
it should
corollary,
restrictions
of
be observed
concerningboundedness
" 18*23, the theorem is completely
that
rh
x^
tf{t)Sn(t,x;H)dt
J
tends
to
uniformly
if 6 ^ 1, where
18*33.
An
Dini's
immediate
the existence
zero
A is
and
an
as
-*-
00
when
O^aj'^l
0 ^
a;
^ 1
"
number.
arbitrary
positive
function.
expansionof an arbitrary
of the result of the precedingsection is that
consequence
of the integral
absolute convergence
\^f{t)dt
are
expansionassociated with/(.r)behaves
the Fourieras
same
as regards
(or summability),
manner,
convergence
1).
expansionthroughoutthe interval {0 "x"
sufficient to
in the
Bessel
ensure
18-33]
For it is evident
that
tends
to
zero
as
uniformlyto
when
zero
since
Now,
0 "
after
1 ; and
"
0 ^^ a' ^ 1
be
may
this
by \/x)tends
(multiplied
sum
A.
"
j,^ which
X",, and
that Dn
("15"23),it follows
n
numbers
the
when
^x
601
SERIES
DINI
chosen
that
so
|v \
exceed
has the
n-
interlaced
are
value
same
certain stage.
Therefore, since
n
m-N+l
proved that
have
uniformlythroughout(0,1),we
n
x^
Mo(x)+
a^nJAjm^)}
{b,nJi"(\na;)
-
'
'
tends to zero,
uniformlythroughout(0,1
n-^oc
as
A).
"
'
'
That
CO
m=l
is
uniformlyconvergent throughout(0,1
It follows from
that,when
is
theorems'
'consistency
is 'summed'
by Cesaro's
the series
its
and
'
'
sum
is
x-a-Dio
.iw
associated with
I,
series
1
(0,'
"
"
"
-.
summable
"
,
"'
series*
similar method, it
any
in the interval
\jviX),
or
means,
zero.
zero.
value of x
if,for any particular
is
concerningconvergent
the
summable
(uniformly)
Hence,
"
method),then the
by some
"
"
..
.
'
'
'"
"
:"'
".
-
'
-.
xibmJy(\mX)
xiMo{x)+
by the
same
two
'sum!
same
series (mtdtiplied
the Fourier-Bessel
by \/x) is uniformly
if,further,
interval (a,b),ivhere
an
convergent(or uniformlysummable) throughout
And
0^a"b"l,
'
.,
formly
by \Jx)is uniformlyconvergent (or uni(mtdtiplied
summable) throughout(a,b).
In
series
y^f(x)has
particular,
limited
'
'
..
Cf. liiomwich,
O^a
total fluctuation
"6"
in (a, b) where
1, /
602
THEORY
BESSEL
OF
[CHAP. XVIU
FUNCTIONS
converges to the
if/(^
such that
all 'points x
at
is
the convergence
o)+/(^-o)}
A^x^b
of Dini's
A, where
"
uniform iff{x) is
The value
18*34.
sum
continuous
series at
in
is
small
arbitrarily
{a,b).
and
1.
We
shall
now
We
"
firstwrite
Tr,{t,x;H)=T,,{t,x)-Sn(t,x; H)
-f
"iyt'Q[^tC,tJ
"
"
and
then
y'^m
^2/^
ox
"""
-v
f^m'
T '2 i-\
'J V
\'
K'^n)
have
we
Ai+"
j-
I 27ri
":
'"
J Bn-ooi
T"{t,x-H).
J^ (tw)dw
(^^sc)
rJJn+
'Dn+^ilU^(W, t)J,.ixw)
,i
wJJ
(w)
HJy
'
dw
{w)
'
where
(lu,
(}"
a;)s
The
[Note.
of
with
former
latter when
Tn (t,X
TT
0"
These
of 2'n(t,x;H)
representation
the
of T" {t,x\
representations
18-21
(7) and
H)
^51821
are
(8);
analogous to
strictly
the
Now
series
were
no
discussed
t-^'Tn{t,l\H) dt
Jo0
when
0 "
"
1.
We
have
^.+1 cDn+Bi
t"^^ Tn
the
Q"t"x^\,
x"t^\.
{t,1 ; H) dt
lira
f"
.
^^'+l rD"+Bi
^(^^fj^
l)J,+,{tyj)dw
(iv)+ HJ^ {w)
^-^^
J^^^(tw)dw
im
jB^x
"t
Proc. London
7ri J
Math.
Soc.
(2)vii, (1909),p.
388.
tions
representaformula
in
for
" 18'33
604
to
extending
and
existence
of Dini's expansionin
convergence
vanish
series do not
Dini
that
condition
the
[CHAP. XVIH
FUNCTIONS
interval
an
x=l.
Because
that
uniformityof the
The
18' 35.
BESSEL
OF
THEORY
absolute
f{x)
at a;
identically
in
is continuous^
1, it seems
unlikely
not
with
the
of
convergence
\^f(t)dt,
0
and
the
that
condition
sufficient to
the
ensure
total fluctuation
of the Dini
convergence
be
expansion
in(a + A, 1).
We
shall prove
The
reason
Fourier-Bessel
expansion(" 18"26)
case.
uniformityof
near
of the
the
convergence
the fact that
was
f t''+-'Tn(t,x)dt
JO
converge uniformlyto
that, on the contrary,
does not
prove
in
x"
(A, 1),as
in
seen
was
" 18'22.
We
shall
f t''+'Tn(t,x:H)dt
Jo
to
uniforml}'
does
converge
removed.
consideration
that
difficulty
It is easy
of
the Dini
to see,
x"
" 18'26
in
should
then
enable
of the
cause
the reader
to
failure is
see
without
uniformlyin (a + A, 1).
expansionconverges
from
the
[ t''+'T"(t,x:H)dt
Jo
is the
of the residues of
sum
77^"+!
J,+,(tw)]
[w Y: (w) + HY, (tu)}
X
at
Xj, Xo,
.,
X"
plus half
the residues at 0
[f^'
Hence
J^ {xio)l{wJJ
(w) + HJ^ (w)]
,
or
iX^ if H
v^O.
T^ (t,
x; H)dt
Jo
is the
sum
of the residues of
-
and
hence, when
{21w) (H
0 "j-^\,
H)dt
t''+'T^{t,x;
*
Without
+
V
x''-"^^
C^^n+^i
,
restriction ou
the value
J^ {xw)
^;
div
{l0)+ HJ,{lv)y
of/ (1-0).
18-35, 18-4]
the
and
DINI
integrandon
right*is of
the
the order of
10-
the
so
when
the
on
integral
iz;
?; 1.
That
magnitude of
exp
and
605
SERIES
sjx
uniformlyto
rightconverges
like
zero
l/(Dn\/a;)
is to say
\''+'Tn{t,a;;H)dt
0
ficient
uniformlyto x" in (A, 1); and we have justseen that this is a sufconverges
of the Dini series
condition for the uniformityof the convergence
the
associated with
f{t)to
concerning/(O.
The
18'4.
In
sum/(^)
1) under
of Foitrier-Bessel expansions.
differentiabilitij
written
in {a + A,
obtained
chapterwe
expansionwhich,
an
when
the form
in full,
assumes
/(^)=
(1)
arrJ"{jm,uX)-
"
'
.
.
We
is
shall
study the
now
to
permissible
This
Ford
also
is
not
examined
problem was
Stokes' researches
method
it
given this expansion,
that
deduce
(2 )
to
in which,
circumstances
is analogous
by Fordf, and his investigation
of Fourier series :|:.
differentiability
the
on
the differentiability
of Dini's expansion when
investigated
applicableto other values of H.
It is evident
that
we
can
the
prove
truth
of
(2) if
we
R"
can
but
his
succeed
in
-v,
provingthat
/(^)--/(^')
(3)
and
the numbers
Now
are
J,",^
know
we
the
a,J",,.J.+i(jm,.^y,
l
zeros
positive
of
"(v/x)f{x)admits
that/'(.r)
of the Dini
expansion
00
i
m
O^n'Jv+1
\Jm,v ^)
the function
has limited
fluctuation,
providedthat
jy[f'{t)-jf(t)\dt
exists and
*
is
The
is
term
this
infinite;
from
absolutely
convergent.
in wJ"'
shews
(lo)is
t Traiis. American
important than
more
clearlythe
Math.
reason
the
term
" 18-2()).
expansion (of.
iv. (1903),
pp. 178"184.
Soc.
in
J"(iv)except
in the behaviour
in
of the Dini
Cf. Modern
expansion
Analysis," 9-31.
606
THEORY
coefficients bm
The
BESSEL
OF
the formula
givenby
are
[chap, xvni
FUNCTIONS
(t) vfit)}J-.+i
(",,, 0
j^", I\tf
-
dt
h,".=
'J ''v+i
{jm,v)
J 0
dt
[t-^f{t)\t^^'J,^,{j,,,,t)dt
if{t)Ju+l(jm.ut)
"J^v+l(jm,v) [
Jm,
tf(t)JAjm,.t)dt
Jm,
^^
(^m
"
providedthat
that this may
Sufficient conditions
(i) ^"^-yXO^O
(ii)/(l-0)
conditions
be the
case
are
t^O,
as
0,
in the open
(iii)
f{t)is continuous
These
0.
combined
with
interval in which
1.
^"
"
of
convergence
'y'^j^[t-^f{t)]dt
sufficient to
are
the truth of
ensure
(2) in
/' {x)
interval in which
any
(vlx)f(x)
18*5.
A
The
summahilityof Fourier-Bessel
consideration
of
the
values
of the
f{x),combined
integral,
suggests that
it is
series.
coefficients in the
with the
matter
no
easy
C
esaro's
of
the
question
summability,by
means,
Fourier-Bessel
of T^^(t,
x) as
expression
to discuss
by
contour
direct methods
of the Fourier-Bessel
the
expansion.
the
help of
expressionwhich
of Riesz
will be
lim
and
when
viable
the
as
'sum'
of the
series
by
the
(1
T^)O'mJvijmOo);
Fourier-Bessel
series will be
said to be
sum-
(R).
It is evident
(1)
taken
is
that
(l-^)ar",JAj,n^)=f\f(t)Tn(t,x\
'
m=l
Cf.
-^n'
Hardy,
Proc. London
JO
Math.
Soc.
(2)vui.
(1910),
p. 309.
18-5, 18-51]
607
SERIES
FOURIER-BESSEL
where
T^.{t,x\R)= i
(2)
and
it will be convenient
so
" 18"22
of
manner
18'51.
before
Tn{t,x\R)
function of t and
discuss the
to
make
we
and
x,
is defined
so
we
hypothesisthat
when
properties
corresponding
results alreadyobtained.
function
We
Ji)J2}Jsf
For
'
"'
"
on
J^ {tw)
J-,{xw) F, (w)]
y^
that, when
it is obvious
t "x,
f^'
.Ju{tw)dw
^/
is an odd function of
4"(w,a;)J'^(^w;)/J'p(t{;)
shall
is
of the residues of
sum
"
We
in the
since
write
brevitywe
then
and
the
Jn-
and
\R) is the
write down
then
can
we
by interchangingt
^ ^ ^ 1
.r
( "){/.{w) F, {xw)
TTW
^"
0 ^
that Tn (t,x
firstobserve
and
0 ^t^x^l,
the
on
further
after the
of T" (t,
a; \R)
properties
progress with the main problem.
concerningTn(t,x \R).
Theorems
When
(i^fy-"^^p^^}^
obtain
now^
some
upper
w,
for
bounds
(w) \
j4" {w,x) Jy (tw)/Jy
both when
is
axis
imaginary
and
the line
on
joiningAn"
which
the formulae
0 ^ ^ ^ 1, the
signof
a:
"
oo
i to
Iw| is not
I"; 1is not
when
*
as
the
When
-*"
00
t 5; x, the
.
origin.
There
is
need
series of
from
i,and when
are
valid when
0 ^
the
ic
$ 1
the
ascendingpowers of lu
formulae of Chaptervii
'
"
to make
':
-.
".
""
taken along
integrals
no
c"
being immaterial.
shall use
we
inequalities,
derived
and inequalities
large,
small.
will be discussed
To obtain these
when
An
an
the lines
indentation
joining"
at the
...
ii? to
J"
"
origin,because
iB
do
not tend
to
zero
{w,x) is analytic at
608
THEORY
We
firstdeal with
the factor
Jy (tw)
(1)
when
is
either
on
BESSEL
or
We
Jt,{tw)/J^{w).
consider
next
that*
contour;
(w, x),which
observe
xvm
l"^^exp{-(l-01/(t^)|l
[chap,
FUNCTIONS
from
is
the
of the type
inequalities
ascendingseries when \w\ is
equalto
{w) F,'--^'
{ayw) ^,"' (xw) H,^^ {w)];
liw {H,^'^
-
it is convenient
when
being valid
former
first
(I) The
make
to
investigations
concerningthis function,the
"^^v^^, the second when v^^.
two
is quite simple. It
investigation
S 7-33 that
follows from
"3*6
and
L Ie-^''"'
^,"i)(xw)I"
(2)
for all the values
of
and
(3)
\xw 1^
under
(w, x) I"
\Hy'"^{xw)\"
consideration
when
h ^v
"
use
the
(deduced
inequalities
h Ie^'
h\e-
w\
togetherwith
the
\xw\ is
largeor
and
" 3*6
that
" 7*33
we
deduce
combine
that, whether
the
supposed
their values
t Provided
may,
of
that
"
h -^v ^ J
the
numbers
however, depend
course
inequalities
(6) are
true
whether
that
0 "x
Iw I*-"}
exp {(1-x)\I(w)\ ],
be the
results contained
or
(8)
It is
a;-"
whatever
| and \w\ is large,
now
the
Hence,
not.
(7)
" 7"33)
IW
gtXW
I
ir^")(xw) \"ki{\xivr* + Ixw j-"}
!e"
o"ixw
e^^'2'(xw) \"k^{\xw\-i+\xw j-"}
I
It fullows from
from
inequalities
(6)
If
the
from
^."2"(w) I"
"
ii7."'(to)\
(5)
when
deduce
x'".
\"t"{w,x)\"k3\w\
(4)
Hence
and |w | is not
V ^ i
large,it is easy to
(II) When
J^,{xiv)and Y^ (xw) that
ascendingseries for Jy (w), Y^ (lu),
If
^^.
{(1 x) \I(w)\].
exp
-~~
xiu\^
on
of
in formulae
jxw
|.
^,
Aj, A-2,A3,
the value
^ 1.
magnitudef
of
...
v,
are
positiveand
independent of
lo,
and
t\
18-51]
when
FOURIER-BESSEL
is any
pointof
609
SERIES
either contour
and
0 "
a;
^ 1.
that
^{%v,x/-j~^j'"^\"ht-Hx-^
x-'')ex^[-{x-t)\I{iu)\\,
(9)
when
and
0^x^\
We
now
return
O^^^l.
the
to
formula
integral
two
w
replace
by
we
integrals
respectively,
contour
we
^l^^^^^ilf
cfo
.e"
provedthe
consequently
have
second
x \
{t,
R). If
-5^(..-. .-0 /;
Ir. ft . IiJ)i"
We
for T"
inequalities
(o,*".,i),
|r"(,,|^),"2Ai^^i"iC^
^TAt..m"J"^, (o"."""i).
"
(10)
"
(11)
It is to be remembered
make
|a;
"
that
k^ is independentof
desire to do
^ |tend to zero, if we
and
t, so
that
we
may
so.
is required
in order to discuss the behaviour
pairof inequalities
ojfTn {t,X IR) when x and t are nearlyequal.To obtain them, we write
One
other
2.j(l-^J*(",.)-^-,
2'..(",.,iJ)
=
when
vertices
or
in this
^t^xi^l;
+
iAn, A^
the
integral
is taken
contour
be
to
with
rectangle
iA^-
"
exceed
Consequentlythe
at
any
pointof
of the
modulus
the contour.
integranddoes
not
exceed
+ x-")^-!;
kst-^ix-^
lengthof
and
"
when
similarly,
the
\T,,(t,x\R)\"
infer that,when
-^^^^-^
last four
sufficient to enable
are
inequalities
summability(R) of Fourier-Bessel series. The
we
an
W.
but
appreciable
B. F.
0^^^^^
1,
(13)
The
is QA",
iT.,,Mm"'-^^^^^i^.
"
(12)
the contour
not
to
an
undue
us
to
discuss
adequately
lengthof
the
that
analysis
extent.
39
610
THEORY
We
can
[CHAP. XVni
FUNCTIONS
theorem.
analogueofFejer's
The
18'52.
BESSEL
OF
now
prove
of
Ciif{t)dt
Jo
to
sufficient
are
summable
(R) at
all
f{x"0)
exist. And
which
at
with
f{t) is
the two
limits
'
0)+/(^-0)}.
concerningFourier
theorem*
analogueof Fejer's
the
is obviously
This theorem
series associated
ensm'e
series.
Since
that,when
series which
"
"
a;
lim [t"-*-'
rt''+'Tn(t,x\R)dt=
Tn{t,x\R)dt
lim
"
the limits
Hence
"
/'(ir 0) exist,then
+
rt"-^'
Tn(t,x\R)x-''f{x-0)dt+
lim
is convergentis summable
lim
ft-+'Tn(t,x\R)x-^f(x
+
We
in
now
are
consider
to
position
(l-Jf)J. Umx)
I
m
am
-^n/
the
|{/(^
0)+/(^-0)}.
"S^"
{x 1R), defined
sum
0)dt
I^^"-^^
T, (t, IR) x-''f{x
X
as
0) dt
Jo
-\ t''+'Tn(t,x\R)x-''f{x0)dt,
+
and
we
be made
large.
The
Sn {x \R) is equalto
sum
[%'+'
[t--f{t) x--f{x
-
0)}Tn (t,x\R)dt
Jo
+
Now,
on
the
that
hypothesis
number
positive
e,
the limits
there exists
/(ic+ 0) exist,if we
number^ 8 such
positive
We
choose
now
positivefunction
sufficiently
largevalues
the
pointsx"8,x
*
Cf. Modern
"(t
dt
of n, and
choose
an
e,
{x^t^x^-l),
e,
{x-^t^x-h).
divide
(n),x.
t Cf. Modern
arbitrary
that
to take
6 less than
and
Analysis,"
1
a;.
8-43.
612
THEORY
Since
each
limits
of the
BESSEl.
OF
the
on
[CHAP. XVIII
FUNCTIONS
has
now
been
the
limits
proved that
2t
Cim^
\Jm'^)
m=l
is summable
f{x
(B) with
0) exist
"
and
+ 0) +f{x
^ {/{a:
sum
to
0)}providedthat
"
be established.
18*53.
Uniformityof summabilityof
the
near
origin.
uniformityof the summability {R) of the
Fourier-Bessel
expansionthroughoutan interval of which the originis an
tiplied
end-point.It will be supposedthat the expansionis modified by being mulis
and
it
Avillthen
be
tinuous
throughoutby "^x,
proved that,if t~''f(t) conin the interval (0,h),then the modifiedexpansion
is uniformlysummable
number.
(0,b" A), where A is any positive
throughout
We
shall
Given
we
e,
examine
now
choose
now
can
the
(lessthan A)
that
so
\{tr''f{t)-x-''f{x)}\"e
whenever
Since
taken
We
to
"
S^t^^x
B and
t^O, providedthat
lies in (0,6
of continuity,
this
involves uniformity
continuity
be independentof x.
"
A).
choice of 8 may
be
write
now
Sn{a;\R)=\
f^' [t-^fit) x--f{x)]
Tn (t,
x\R)dt
-
Jo
and
We
examine
then
express
be omitted
when
x^Sn{x \R)
x
"
8),and
the
as
we
" 18'52.
of six
sum
that
see
of
manner
(some of which
integrals
does
not exceed
jx^Sn(x |R) \
are
to
AnP
2k,e {x^^
(")
x)\ {''-''
^/Cc
3-4,1" X-\-"T(n)
V2
+
In this formula
to be
P-S
replacedby
zero.
I
Jx
2
3^ "'
(t-x)
X-"
dt
:,+
"x+S
rx
-7f|
dt
dt
dt +
"
'
}x^^{n){t-Xy_
\[t-^f{t)-x-^f{x)]\dt.
which
integration
are
negativeare supposed
18*53, 18-54]
Now
FOURIER-BESSEL
this upper
bound
for
\xiSn(x\R)\ does
Now
it has
alreadybeen
exceed
not
(because it is continuous),this
choice of
x^Sn{x \R)
Consequently
613
SERIES
which
tends
to
shewn
is
zero
independentof
uniformlyas
can
be
made
ic.
oo
w-*
("18"22) that
Jo
is
so,
since
uniformityof
convergence
x^-^f{x)\
t''+'Tn(t,x\R)dt
Jo
tends
A).
"
to
zero
uniformly,
[ tf{t)Tn {t,x\R)dt
xi
Jo'
tends
uniformlyto
x^-"
"Jo
A).
proved that
00
S
is
a",x^J^{j,nOc)
{R) in (0,6
uniformlysummable
A) with
"
x\f(x),providedthat
sum
"1
t^f{t)dt
"
'
'
exists and
is
18"54.
We
series
absolutely
convergent, and
Methods
shall
of summing
'
'
is continuous
t~''f{t)
Fourier-Bessel
various
investigate
now
that
methods
of
in
(0,6).
series.
summing
the Fourier-Bessel
*
00
m=0
on
hypotheses(i)that
the
the limits
that
/(a-+ 0) exist,(ii)
Ctif(t)dt
Jo
exists and
is
that
absolutely
convergent, and (iii)
"*
(R).
so
brevityto write /^ (if)in placeof dm^^Jvi'^),
that/"i(a;)
when x lies in (0,1),
uniformlyto zero ("1827) as m-^cc
It conduces
tends
The
factor
uniformityof
x-
to
is inserted
summability
near
merelyin
the
order
origin.
that
the
discussion
may
cover
the
investigationof
614
THEORY
Consider
givesthe
natural method
most
lim
exists and
is
(lJf)f^{a")
(jJAn)-^!, it is evident
Since
[CHAP. XVni
FUNCTIONS
firstthe limit
lim
which
BESSEL
OF
the series.
that
(^^^)Ma^
(l-i^)/^(^).
equalto
lim
Again,since/n(a;)o(l),it is easy
to
that
see
2 fm{x)
m
SO
o{n),
that
I A(^)
lim(-^^-^)
\
w-".oo
and
0,
m=l
Jn
therefore
lim
I (l-^)/"(^);
lim
fl-^fVm(^)=
Jr
the limit
the
on
rightexists
in consequence
of the
hypothesesmade
at
the
the section.
beginningof
Again,since
whether
be
o{n) or 0{n), it
and
follows that
0,
Spf-^V".(^)
lim
n-"ao
\nj
Jn
"/
\Jn
so
lim
(l ^)/^ (^O
Consequentlythe hypothesesthat
that the integral
exists and
is
absolutely
convergent
lim
U
(l ^f)
-
the
limits
are
to ensure
sufficient
/(^r+ 0)
exist
(^).
(0"a'"1)
and
that
00
is sutnniahle
(G 1) with
sum
"
"
--*"
18-55, 18-56]
FOURIER-BESSEL
18'55.
615
SERIES
Fourier- Bessel
the
expansionnear
origin.
We
can
has limited
of
prove,
"18-53,then
00
2^
a^yiX''Ji,\jq^i,x)
111=1
is
uniformlyconvergent in (0,6
Let h
equalto
(t)be
function
auxiliary
an
in
zero
A) with
"
x^ f{x).
sum
defined
to
be
(b,1); and
h{t) be
00
Hl
CO
"
with
A)
x^f(x),and, by Sheppard'stheorem
(jm^)^Jvijm^) is a bounded function of
theorem,
2
m
is
is
("18*27),
am/\//i",
and ni.
Hence, by
sum
while
0(l/ni),
Hardy'sconvergence
(C*1) throughout
a^x^J^ijrnx)
l
uniformlyconvergentthroughout(0,h
A), with
"
x^f{x).
sum
Again
2
{am-0im)0C^Jv{jmX)
=
and
this tends
and
-JO :
"
A)
as
n^-oo
Hence
X^\tf{t)Tn(t,x)dt,
J b
m=\
18 56.
by
an
analogueof
x^f(x)in (0,6
sum
"
the
A)
as
of Dini
Sunimahility
to
be established.
series.
"" 18*51
"
18*53.
f for
summability(Cl) may, however, be established independently
all pointsx such that 0 " ^ ^ 1 by replacing
An and the functions J^ (iv)and
which occur
in " 18*5, by Dn and the functions wJJ (lo)+ HJ^ (in)and
F^ {'w),
the details of the analysis
wYJ (w) + HY^ (w) respectively;
may be left to the
l the expression
^ {f{x + 0) +f{x 0)]
reader,and he will find that when x
be replacedby /(I
must
0).
The
"
Cf. Modern
t Of
course
on
Analysis," 8-5.
the hypotheses concerningf(t) which
were
assumed
in " 18-53,
616
THEORY
The
in
of convergence
The
be dealt with
(a,1) may
was
in
dealt with
is of
the
interval (a + A,
in the
same
as
way
1) when
the
/(so)
uniformity
""18"33, 18"35.
series
Dini
summabilityof
[CHAP, XVIIT
FUNCTIONS
summabilityin
the
of
uniformity
is continuous
BESSEL
OF
of Fourier-Bessel
(and
series)
by
cation
modifi-
physicalimportance.Thus, in Fourier's*
of radius unity,
problem of the Conduction of Heat in an infinite solid cylinder
the temperature v at distance r from the axis satisfies the equation
of Abel's method
some
(d^v
dv
J
the
W'-^rd^V
dt~
with
1 dv
boundaiy condition
dv
0,
solutions
condition
of heat
of
is
symmetrical.
differential
the
the
equation satisfying
boundary
are
^0 (^w?')exp (- A;\,,rO'
and
so
the
is
temperature v
givenby
the series f
00
S
where
b,nJo(Knr)exp (-k\Jt),
to
be determined
from
the consideration
that
00
bmJo(Xmr)
1
m=
is the Dini
series associated
with
f(r). It
is evident
as
expressible
00
lim
and
The
18*6.
Z"";
Jo(\nr)exp{
the Dini
shewn
kX^' t);
series is summable
uniqueness
of Fourier-Bessel
It has been
"
by Young J that
series and
the
(R).
Dini
existence
series.
and
the
absolute
vergence
con-
of
\\\f(t)dt
J
sufficient to
are
Fourier-Bessel
be
XII.
that
ensure
if all
the
coefficients
a^ of
associated ivithf(t)are
series)
the Dini
{t)must
null-function.
La
Theorie
(1906),pp.
106"107
1883, pp.519
Sitzungsbericlite,
+ In this
t Proc.
Math.
Soc.
Kirchhoff, Berliner
524.
"
physicalproblem,
London
Cf.
"
(2)xvm.
0, and
so
there
is
no
initial term
(1920),pp. 174"175.
to be inserted.
18-6]
To
this theorem
prove
where
that, when
observe
we
determined
617
SERIES
FOURIER-BESSEL
by
the
0,1,2,
"
we
...,
write
may
formula
'^''v+iijm).
u
0
and
series
the
in (1
boundedly
by t^f(t)and
the
on
A, 1). It is therefore
"
"
oscillates
A) and
integrateterm-by-term.
that
It follows
all the
0.
Since
uniformly in (0, 1
right converges
integrals
rtu+.p+.f(t)dt
(p =1,2,2,...)
""
Jo
it follows
are
zero,
the
theorem
series
stated
be
can
because
in
It is
is
Dini
(1
"
A,
preciselythe
series
same
associated
possibleto
construct
with
Bessel
of
seems
convenient
and
bm.are
functions, which
to
""
defer
by
corollaiT
pp.
Lerch,
37"43.
to
711
methods
the
Acta
for Dini
theorem
theoreticallysimpler
formly
uni-
fail to converge
not
functions
of the
any
the
"
constants)which
Rieraann's
directlyassociated with
in Chapter
be discussed
Schlomilch's
"
"
.
more
will
examination
of the
Xix
Wl
" 19"7,when
discussion
Mathematica,
(1903),
series,
pp.
and
simple
the discussion
of Schlomilch
xxvii.
"
it
series
00
to
types
resembles
"
Riemann's
it is
series of Bessel
00
'
"
The
and
w=l
series
and
does
f^'^P
theory of
theory of trigonometricalseries f.
a
way,
"
the coefficients a^
Such
series.
theorem*,
1).
(where
null-function, by Lerch's
for Fourier-Bessel
proved
in
proved
the
t^f{t) is
that
345
"
347;
Young,
"
Messenger,
xh,
(1910),
t Cf. Modern
Analysis, ""
9-6"
9-632.
'
19 '1. SchlomilcJis
In
Chapter
real variable
CHAPTER
XIX
SCHLOMILCH
SERIES
expansionof a function
of a
XViii
dealt with
we
the
real variable.
expansionof
function
f(x)
of the
in the form
00
f(x)= 2 a^J^(jmx),
m
where
(m
of /"
zero
positive
jm
lv-i)7r+0
(l/"0.
That
chapterwe
Bessel function
By choosinga
in each
term
is
to
exactlyproportional
suitable variable,such
S
series may
a,ft Jy
the
the
rank
be taken
to
of such
were
in
of the
of the term.
be
{nix).
high rank
argument
It will appear
Series
m,
first investigated
by Schlomilch
Fourier-Bessel
*.
initial term
a
fication
slightmodi-
They
are
not
series,though
Apart
from
than Fourieramenable
to analysis
respects the series are more
in common;
Bessel series,
but the two
types of series have many properties
In
and
some
the
reader
will be
right when
he
infers from
comparison
of
the
Zeitschriftfilr Math,
specialcases
j'
0 and
imd
Phys.
ii.
"
158;
Schlomilch
considered
l.
(1911),pp. 567"571
only the
620
We
integrations.
order of the
change the
and
[chap. XIX
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
OF
THEORY
deduce
that
'
g{wsme)dd-f(0)
f'{xsine
Jo
"
TT
.
TT
sin ^
ri' r"
2w
Jo
cos
dd
dx
~7rj,Jo-^
^^''"^\/(sin^^-sin^;^)
_
sin ^
2a;
X dd
cos
sinx)
.'o
)
TT
/ (^ sin x)
^"^
6'"'^^
c'X
cos
sm
arc
"
Vcosx/Jx
vav
-^
'^
f'{xsinx)Qosxdx
a;
\/(cos-X
/cos
cos
dx
cos'^ ^)
"
Jo
=
and
so, when
/(^)-/(0),
g
solution of
/' (x) is a
Now
with
(3).
continuous
(0, tt),so
also
is
function
g(x);
and
in the form
therefore,by Fourier's theorem, g (x) is expansible
(x)
^tto+
cos
"m
mx,
""=i
where
2
^m
f^
/"'^
'
/^O) +
ttJo
and
mudu
COS
('^)
"^19
i^
(x) converges
/"'
(u sin "^)(i(^COS mudu,
and
are
permissible,
term-by-termintegrations
f(cc)
=
"-
so
we
have
(x sin 6) dO
S
+
li",o
uniformlythroughoutthe
","
(wa;sin 6)\dd
cos
m=\
"
2'-*'o
m=l
and
this is the
values
obtained
expansionto
be
established.
coefficients am
for the
are
equation(2).
When
the
restriction
concerningthe
series associated
limited
g (x) is no
that
ensures
with
oi f (x)
convergent, though the continuity
f (x)
longernecessarily
total fluctuation
the
of
Fourier
series
19-2]
SCHLOMILCH
'
is
uniformlysummable
the series
integration,
621
SERIES
(C 1) throughout(0,tt); and
hence, by term-byterm
00
is
uniformlysummable
of Hardy'sconvergence
with sumy(^);
(Cl) throughout(0,tt),
theorem*
then
ttrn
is sufficient to
f{x) when
For
application
an
shews
0{\l\/m)
the convergence
of the Schlcimilch series to
lies in the half
-open interval in which 0 " x ^tr.
the
ensure
further
concerningthe summability of
memoir
a
by Chapman f.
theorems
consult
Schlomilch
sum
series,
[Note. Tlie integralequation connecting /(.r)and g (x) is one which was solved in 1823
by Abel, Jotcrnal fiirMath. l. (1826), p. 153. It has subsequently been investigated
J by
Beltrami, 1st. Lombardo
(2) XXV.
(1897),p.
The
equation
Reiidiconti,
(2) xiii.
104
C. fi.Smith, Trans.
I'
"
"
""
./0
Math.
sin 6 "^0dd
f'{x sin dsiiKJ))
./ti
in
"
simply established
3'33
in view
by
Volterra, Ann.
"Soc. viii.
(1907),pp.
di Mat.
92"106.
f (x)-/(O)
"
is most
the method
"4'51.
; this method
:"
We
"
"
"
The
have
definition
of Sclduniilch
now
into
"
19*2.
function
of
used
series.
function in the {m
valid for the range
4- l)th term
functions
of order zero,
the argument
and
beingproportional
to m;
arbitrary
the
of the
expansionis
function
series may
which
be
bears
to
function
The
is,of
generalisation
latter
the
The
*
functions which
Gi. Modern
been
made
are
values
thus
("
tt,
under
come
naturally
same
of relation
course,
as
the
suggestedby
of
for insertion
are
Analysis, %%-b.
t Quarterly Journal,
J Some
we
the
kind
the Bessel
xliii.
(1011),p.
34.
xvii.
integral theorem
(1880),pp.
90
"
104.
to
the
622
OF
THEORY
Bessel functions
kind
second
of the
series to be considered
BESSEL
and
be written
may
[CHAP. XIX
FUNCTIONS
Struve's
functions;and
the types of
in the forms*:
"*
T(v
but his
such
of the
proofof
series
defined to be
Series
direct
(ima;)"
r"t=i
^n
Series
1)
a^n
Jv (tnx)+ hm "H-v(mx)
former
by Coatesf;
function f(x) into
arbitrary
of expanding an
possibility
the
invalid
be
to
seems
latter type
considered
(with period27r)and
periodic
of the
been
have
to
as
zero
a;
oo
-*
greater interest,and
of much
are
to tend
f(^) is
in which
series. They
of trigonometrical
generalisation
will be
they form a
called generalised
ScJilomilch series.
types of investigation
suggest themselves
Two
in connexion
with
generalised
expanding an arbitrary
problem
function into such a series;and the second is the problem of determiningthe
of such a series with given coefficients and, in particular,
the
properties
of analysis
construction
(resemblingRiemann's
analysisof trigonometrical
a
series)with the objectof determining whether
generalisedSchlomilch
Schlomilch
series. The
the coefficients
series,in which
Generalised Schlomilch
Math.
K.
Ann.
Lii.
not
are
series have
(1899),pp. 582"587
of
all zero,
l)een discussed
Ann.
in
di Mat.
the
the
but
null-functions,
those which
an
will be
forms
for
his researches
given in
the
this
series of memoirs
are
and
Schlomilch
of
of
1900, pp.
coefficients in
function
arbitrary
construction
actual
represent a null-function.
can
x. B
Nyt Tidsskrift,
(1899), pp.
Videnskahernes
Danske
127"146
first is the
he has
73"81
55"60
by Nielsen,
; Oversigt
;
1901, pp.
the
generalised
with
investigated
series which
represent
different character
distinctly
from
chapter.
The
reason
series one-valued
for
t Quarterly Journal,
J See e.g. his Handbuch
" Proc.
London
is to make
the terms
of the second
(cf." 19*21).
Math.
xxi.
(1886),pp.
der
Soc.
Theorie
189"190.
Cylinderfunktionen(Leipzig,1904),p.
(2)iv. (1906),pp. 396"430.
der
348.
that
i " f " J. The results which
will be proved in "" 19'41
IIIt has to be assumed
suggest that it is only to be expected that difficulties should arise for other values of i'.
-
"
19'62
19-21]
SCHLOMILCH
623
SERIES
functions
set
the coefficients in
Schlomilch
the coefficients in
orthogonal
obtaining
of
that
as
expansionin so simplea manner
Fourier-Bessel
expansionare obtained ("18"1).
in which
which
forms the latter part of the chapter,
investigation,
concerning
of null-functions
Schlomilch
is of
the representation
series,
by generalised
the exposition
of Riemann's
character
researches on
as
exactlythe same
series given in Modern
""9'0 9'6"32.
trigonometrical
Analysis,
The
"
The
19*21.
SchU'miilch
application
of
the calculus
of
residues
the
to
generalised
expansion
.
We
shall
explainthe
to discover the
by which it is possible
values of the coefficients in the generalised
Schlomilch
expansionwhich
function /(a;),
the order
of the Bessel functions
when
represents an arbitrary
this has been done, we
lies between
shall not consider the
| and |. When
the discovery
has been made, but we
of the processes by which
shall
validity
series in which
the coefficients have the
that the Schlomilch
prove directly
does converge to the sum
values actually
f{x).
specified
now
method*
"
This
is
theorem
mx,
adopted
in Dirichlet's
proof of
Fourier's
so
integrating,
(a"iC0S7)i.r-|-/3"(SinmA')
sin
is
in the
"
discovered
are
that
the
by multiplyingthe expansion by
values
of
and
a"j
/3";are
taken
to
be
cos
ms
and
given by
l^v
the
equations
1
/"""
'r
We
and
prove
that it
It conduces
"^
f{t)dt+-
actuallyconverges
to
tdi, (3m
-TV
/"tt
-"
7)1
J -TT*
then
f-^
f (t)sin 7ntdt.
I
'^J
I
f (t)COH
"""=-!
brevityto
to the
f it)con m{x-t)dt,
sum
deal with
/(.r).
the
i H^
pairof
pairof
'^
We
functions
(mx)
(I mx)"
the
values,namely
T'^
J^,(mx) "
instead of with
these
'
functions
Jy(mx)l(^mxy, 'H.^(mx)j(\mxy.
shall write
J^(z)+ i-a,(z)_
(A\
Apart from
in the memoir
presents
no
difficulty.
624
and
is analytic
"j"v{^)
2; and evidently
that*
so
OF
THEORY
variable
BESSEL
uniform
J^ (7nx)" m^
We
(mx)
that
observe
now
[CHAP. XIX
FUNCTIONS
of the
complex
residue
at
^^
of the function
{xz)
7r"j)v
suxirz
where
0, +1, "2,
; and
so
the
and
origin,
The
and
to
part of
contour
is
is
shall consider
J,
;.^,(^
f
J
ziTi
in which
we
sin
integral
TTZ
its centre
integerwhich
an
the
will be made
to tend
at
the
infinity.
to
integraltends
the
By Jordan's lemma,
|.
providedthat v "
to
zero
as
tends
to
infinity,
"
residues,that
calculating
It is evident, by
S
(- 7nx)]
m) (f),
OT=1
is
equalto
originof
-F(z)'^i^^\
sm
irz
that is to say
(2)
F (- m) "j",
(-
mx)]
"i=i
27ri
/"""+'r-...-^*.('t^)
'
I
'
cm
sin
TT'z
TTZ
generalised
of the form of
(0+)
''F{z)'^^^dz
^iz)-
2771
difi"erby
*
The
theorem
constant
insertion
when
fi'om
of the
the contour
TTZ
f(x).
factor
of
Sm
{hzf
in the
denominator
integration completelysurrounds
makes
the
(z) amenable
"p^,
origin.
to
Cauehy's
19-22]
SCHLOMILCH
We
The construction
19*22.
now
integral
i^'^^j.^.^'^^^^i^^)
27rzJ
calculate it in
to
in
expansible
"
where
{z) denotes
-v|r"
whose
degreedoes not
the
{z)is
in the
terras
TT^
sin
ttz
sm
("r"+i
TT^)
"=i
7r'^+^cos
nvr
{z)]
j
[2"+i
sm
,
^
^"^
{n+l)\
smirz
,
^
TT^
Jt"7i7i-^COs|?i7r
I
.^x
we
consequently
PrJMxf
proceedto identify
Pn{\ixy
00
,^^V{^n+l)T{^n
by
the
v+\)
/(a;)
~/(0).
that /(a;)
temporarily
and then we define the
origin,
assume
equation
.
.
PnihiT
/'-'(Q"_
We
tt"'
immediatelythat
Ziri
(3)
expansionof
"=i
It follows
n, and
2.
with
that F
that
this definition of
sm
of those
sum
exceed
With
and
shall suppose
we
^w=i?'"-*#,
(1)
The
sinTT^'
simplemanner,
type*
series of Filon's
dz.
^(^)
"]
and, in order
625
SERIES
this
next
transform
r._i2
This
expansions;
denotes
w.
the
B.
F.
of the terms
on
whose
in Filon's
Fourier-Bessel
degree does
.
theory,and
series,sin
not
exceed
ttz
n
is
is not
peculiar to Schlomilch
and '/'"(;)
replaced by z~''J^,{^z)
expansion of that function.
in the
40
626
THEORY
the coefficients pn in
make
use
we
purpose
that
"
We
^.
"
form
[chap.
FUNCTIONS
involves
Eulerian
of
then
BESSEL
which
be convergent, we
they may
\"
OF
onlyas
of the
integrals
an
to
that
suppose
have
^_r(i)r(i.
i)
-^r*-"^'^-"(0)"(i
w{r^V"^'
^-
XIX
dt
dt.
i'iv
dt
and
so
obtain
we
P"
where
stands
Now,
in
if we
the
-'')-'-'
I.
1.(1
-,M^(t^)
^2.
for
symbolicformula
dt,
D''f{tu)
M
djdu.
arrange
the series
of z, it is easy to
descendingpowers
"
verifythat
sinhTrD
ylrn(z)D''_
and
du^
i"2"+"
TT
'
Z))
(t"
-
therefore
'
sinhTri)
^"^)=r5^/i(i-"r'-',^[*"
,,,
(5)
7r(D
consideration
Again,a
of
(2) shews
^
and
we
we
able to
are
effect
our
that
Pn tt"
purpose
need
we
cos
"
izy
dt.
M=0
the series
to sum
\ nir
by making
use
of formula
(4),whence
find that
(6)
COS
^ntr
Pn'Jr^
(sinh irD
T{\-v)]^^
We
have
now
to
the
zero
dtY \
77
l\f{tu)
M
dt
0
obtained
Schlomilch
generalised
these expressions
into
attached
^^
symbolicoperator
of
z.
"
-"j,
:-t
both for
,
generalvalues
of
and
628
0, "1, "2,
at
OF
THEORY
is concerned,we
...
and
BESSEL
may
TTZ
by the formula
{z)is defined
e-i^^f{tv)dvdt.
dt
this section
pnir^^cos^nir r(l)/(0) p
Z.
(r^+ i)! -Tjf:r^]^^-'^'
"
("^^
/;^^
2ra-.,ra)
first term
The
0; when
We
rightin (1),
{xz)
TTff)^
sin
the
on
of
F{z)
where
[chap. XIX
FUNCTIONS
It
H
^ /:/(^^"
'^-
(4) f{x)
dt""'
the
on
0, the
dt^^
^'-
have
we
"
expansion
m=\
In the
case
special
term/(0)
additional
When
0, the modified
be inserted
must
change
we
functions and
the
notation
/(^)
2^0
=
r(i;+
form
(3) shews
of
that
an
rightin (4),
the
on
for Bessel
normallyused
the notation
to
Struve's functions,the
(5)
where
in which
expansionbecomes
o^mJv {mx)
l)'^Jl
6,"H^ {mx)
{\nfixy
f
"i ^^""-'^
i W jj^''^
/o
\ r(i-l)r(i)
\
'-
(6)
""^^
'''
dt,
dt.
This is the
19 "24.
We
the
prove that,when
when
F {z)is bounded
now
function
will remember
that
the convergence
We
the
expansion.
cc.
of F{z),as \z\-"-
The boundedness
shall
of Schlomilch's
form
generalised
the
function
12 |
-*-
f{x)
is restricted
suitable
whatever
oc
in
bounded
was
made
in
"
z.
manner,
The
19'21
leader
to
secure
of the contour
"
19-22
(1),by which
F{z)
defined,namely
originally
was
Pn^niz)
"
-n
'
n=l
When
t When
consequence
is
negativeit is
0,
of the
the
necessary
expression
to
use
for oq has
in value
discontinuity
modified
expressionfor
to be modified
of the
expression
by
on
the
the insertion
the
rightof
(3).
term
2/(0),in
19-24, 19-3]
and
divide
where
SCHLOMILCH
it into two
is the
629
SERIES
and
terms
the
remainder
of the
terms,
integersuch that
iV^7r|2l"i.V+l.
When
JV,the
of
terms
(z)do
"(//""
exceed
not
tt**"
n7r"-l|3h/("!)
! '-LS
12 |"/n!,and therefore,when
^ JV,
'
":
,71+1
When
have
^ JV, we
'
\z\.{n-i)\
|-^n(s)|"
^ ^'
'
tt
sinh
and
12 1
therefore
i0i"=i (n-l)!
Trl^jA+i"=o
|2|"
sinh Tr\z\
tt
bince
7liV-+l
tends
to
12 1
as
zero
12 ]^-
as
it is evident
o)
that
sufficient condition
for
F{z) to
be bounded
Qc
-*-
00
\Pn\
2
n=l
should
be
convergent
and
this is the
7.''+
2
IS
that
i{f{x) is such
ease
i|/(")(0)|
convergent.
19*3.
The
expansionof an
ai^hitr^ary
functioninto
Schlomilch
generalised
series.
that
Now
the
forms
coefficients in
of the
by
the
generalisedSchlomilch
the
Filon's method, it is
easy matter
expansionand then
of the
validity
an
to
to
establish it.
theorem
The
Let
be
which
number
tt,
we
shall
prove* is as
follows:
such that
h{x)
exists and
(II)
is continuous
functionh(x) has
The
(III) If V
is
^vf{x) + xf{x),
tt,
tt).
I the integral
negative
/:
absolutely
convergent tuhen
is
The
expansion is
1904),p.
348;
but
quite inconsistent
certain
t If
with
stated
those
is
Fourier
is
by Nielsen,
formulae
effect of conditions
t The
of
the
which
he
(small)number
Haiidbuch
gives
der
the
tor
either
Theorie
der
or
negative.
j)ositive
Ci/linderfunktionen(Leipzig,
coefficients in the
expansion
seem
to be
(I)and
series connected
(II)is merely
with
to
ensure
the
uniformityof
}i (x).
this Lipschitzcondition
positive,
is satisfied by
reason
of
(II).
the
convergence
630
THEORY
Thenf{x)
,
admits
.,
(!)
OF
BESSEL
[CHAP. XIX
FUNCTIONS
of the expansion
^ argJ^ (mx)
lap
^_
f{x)-^-^^^^y^^
6m H^ (mx)
^^"y^
where
w/zew
"
wi
Mir
rn
sec^""*"^
d)
additional
0; the value of ao is obtained by inserting
an
2r(^
on
the
We
rightin
(3)
/(^)
it will be
[Note.
r7-ZW7r^
continuous
sec-+i
of
(absolute)
convergence
(III). It should be observed
be omitted
when
the formula
is
^ [sin-4"{/(^sin"^)-/(O)]]dc^.
(^
the
in this formula
contained
integral
that the
positivein
aggregate
view
'P"d^'^'P-
'^'
only when
is
is valid
givenby
\)f{())
/,
which
equation
integral
sin ^) ^6^ ;
% (a.
cos-
solution is
The
(2).
discussion of the
If
rTfl^)
condition
on
investigation
proved that
(4) g{x)=^T{v
by
i)/(0)
the first
equationof the system
term
of
is securetl
containing /(O) in
terms
of the formula
rW)
positive.]
We
is a
proceedto verifythat the function g (x)defined by (4) actually
solution of (3),by takingg (x)to be defined by (4),substituting
in the expression
the rightof (3),and reducingthe result tof(x).
on
The
2
cos
result of substitution
vir
is
f^ C^'^
d,
cos-
e sec-+^
d"
[sin-6 [f{x
sin 6 sin
"h) /(O)}]d^dd
-
+/(0).
Hence
2
cos
vTT
we
have
fi"'r^
to
prove
that
/7
cos-(9sec-+i(^^[sin-(/"{/(a;sin6's
=/(^)-/(0)-
Replace"^on
the left by
variable
new
sin ;^
defined
-y^
sin ^ sin
by
the
equation
"/",
in the resulting
change the order of the integrations
absolutely
convergent
and then replace^ by a new
variable i/rdefined by the equation
integral,
cos
cos
;^ sin
"/r.
19-3]
SCHLOMILCH
631
that
thus deduce
We
SERIES
d sec-"-^!4"
cos-"
Jo J n
,^
[sin^"
(^{f{x sin 6 sin "/))
-/(O)}]cZc^ci^
,
sin^cos-"^
rf-r
Jx
"i-
II
/-/^MT
,/i
d
sin x) -/(O)}](^x
[sin-;,":
[/(^^
tan-^"
tan-'" ^/.
rf^/.
\|/-rtY.
^^
"
/./
["""''
X l/(^"m X) -/(0)1]Mdx
,
""T. 3^
(75?^iSrs"
"
and
hence
-/(O)},
(^ + i)r(i- 1.){/(..)
ir
the formula
be
to
is evident ; and
established
so,
when
[/ (,c)is
defined
(a;) l^o+
cos
(o.,n
b^ sin mx),
mx
'
'
where
1
f"
TT
'
(u)cos mudtii
g
_
(5)
f"
^m =1
and
it is easy to
total fluctuation
verifythat
mudu;
5^(") Sin
when
f(x) is
in the interval
("
tt,
continuous
tt)so also is
g
+
ir
"
function
with
limited
"
S, where
once
/"/
and
this
The
those
that
values
of a,^ and
givenby
botn
when
unable
to
formula
be
we
noticed
come
any
ctm^."
(mx)
b^ given by
formula
bmilu {mx)
"tt+S^x^tt
(5) are
"
S.
easilyreconciled
with
(2).
0 (1 /?n)when
make
uniformlywhen
expansionconverges
It should
are
t^o
to
large.This
deal
progress
with
without
any
seems
to
be connected
Schlomilch
assuming that
","
with
and
6,",
the fact
632
OF
THEORY
to be
quentlyseem
of
reasons
placedon f{x)
expansion.
have
been
[Note.
Just
as
ivf{x)+ xf'{x)
about
in
is not
to
(II)concerningthe
limitations
which
of the Schlomilch
of
made
all statements
to be
for the
the existence
ensure
condition
then
satisfied,
of series have
convergence
physicalcharacter
in order
" 19-11, if
[CHAP. XIX
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
replacedby
There
one
"
19*4.
i^epresented
by Schlomilch
Special
functions
There
are
mentioned
and
few
givean
now
simpleseries
very
Schlomilch
Physics(otherthan
series
of various
account
in
occur
researches
the
problem
natural
in which
manner,
Schlomilch
found.
to be
are
Mathematical
problemsof
in
shall
we
series
series.
is
1+
this series is convergent when
e-'"' Jo
and
coordinates,it is a
cylindrical-polar
0.
of space above the planez
(mp) ;
and, if p and
positive,
of Laplace's
equationat
are
solution
denote
all
points
transformations
Various
thus, by
coordinates
changingto Cartesian
1 -f
(1)
series have
of the
^
27r j _"1:,
^ e-^^J,{mp)
=
'^
When
Q){z-V ix
X-
cos
11
-h
iy sin
If this is done,
(2)
1, the
-\-y^ "\-z"-"
1 -f S
"
be
-.
t?/ smw)}
expanded in ascendingpowers
getf
we
e-'-/" {mp)
s"
6) are
(/",
ia;cos
}" ,(2:-f-
u.
where
r"
integrandmay
^
llT
,"=!
coordinates
given by Whittaker*;
using" 2'21,we have
(x,y, z) and
exp
"
",
been
the
'-
J ^T,Z
"
^-^
+
~--^
Anil.
are
...
lvii.
(z +
iys\T\u
ix
cos
iy sin u)^"~^du
{2m)\
,"=i
polarcoordinates
{p,z),and
+
'^'^-.-^2
+
COS, u
IX
correspondingto
(1903), pp.
Modern
the
Bernoulli's numbers.
341"342.
cylindrical
-polar
19-4]
expansionfor 1/(1"e~^) in
the
from
deduce
we
(3)
1 +
=1
e-^-Vc,(mp)
:^
,tiLVi(2w7ri+ 2)-+
It follows that
set
of
of
the
reader may
I 13*2
as
Some
of
is
due
potential
negative)at the originand
examined
"
at
type.
by Nagaoka*
series is derived
such
to
Lijjschitz-Hankel
integral
series of Whittaker's
series in
Fourier
been
One
problem of Diffraction.
The
some
y-^_
x' +
electrostatic
find it interesting
to discuss the
limitingform
which
the function
if] ^/[{2m'I^i
zf
X-
charges(some positiveand
imaginarypoints.
The
^rmri)
t +
^.^
00
of unit
2m7ri
that
set
^. 1^"
9+
112,
l-e
whence
also
of the series,
transformation
Another
633
SERIES
SCHLOMILCH
in connexion
the Fourier
from
the interval
with
series for
(" 1, 1).
questionis
(4)
^;r
,^
iTT +
TT
\/(l X-)
COS
t/,,
(?H7r)
WtTT.r,
and
it converges
is any
to
,"
uniformlythroughoutthe
interval
a:
(5)
and
integrate,
e"** and
dx
",axi
le
series
("1, 1) and
so
on
.axi
A), where
we
sm
1 +
q2
let? t
generalresult,valid
sin
are
1=1
when
min
sin
mirx
^y^2^2
interval
/^
a,
(-)'"Jo(m7r)
a"
"
m-TT-
(y + 1) " 0, is
Journal
"
"
J" (a)
TUTTX
(alsodue
rightin (.5)
converges uniformlythroughoutthe
take
1 and 1 as limits of integration.
may
Jo (")
0)
cos
the formula
the
(6)
"
Jo (m-rr)
more
obtain
then
we
1
+
TTJ V(l-^")
The
formulae
A, 1
1 +
number.
positive
Multiplyby
Nagaoka)
("
(i.+
1)
W)
",=i
m"
(a-
m'TT')
"
322.
Some
of
Nagaoka's
634
THEORY
This
BESSEL
OF
[CHAP. XIX
FUNCTIONS
"
as
"^
partial
of
sum
fractions*.
Various
the formula
of the integralon
the left of (5) were
representations
be
the most
of them.
to
quoted seems
interesting
Finallywe
give the
shall
is deducible
from
the Fourier
^ cos(2m
w
by replacing
by
sin d and
example of
an
denotes
then, \if{(t)
the
the
tt
of the
interval
("
^9
f /"arc sin(7r/x)
+
(Jo
"""' arc
"
"
^^^
ix~(2^;r:riy
-
19'41.
Null-functions
shall
now
providedthat
+
when
00
This
0 "
^c
"
/(.rsin^)rf^
(Wj-)J
sin
Sir)dO,
tt^
/7r\
(-j
.,
.,^
-)
as
expressed
; the
tt
that
\ (2x sin e
V(^
^+ i
(1)
lir,and
7r"x"
sin (n/x) ^
Ix
theorem
arc
Schlomilch
the remarkable
prove
see
^tt.
series when
Schlomilch
series,we
rin-
0 to
have
'lir,we
^ Jo [(2m- 1) a;}
/Q\
We
tt
6 from
^(7r-2^sin^)rf^
""
that,when
shall take
tt),we
.'arc
SO
tt,
of
sum
of the Fourier
sum
with respect to
integrating
the calculation
series
l)a;
"
"
("
This
by Nagaoka
formula
J,^^|^^ "-^-
"")
As
obtained
cos
series.
that
(-r Jo(wA-) 0,
=
and
divergesto
x=7r.
theorem
has
analoguein
no
the
theoryof
it is
definitely
known]:that a Fourier cosine-series
function throughoutthe interval (0,tt).
*
Cf. Modern
t This
was
J Cf. Modern
Analysis," 7-4.
as
a problem in
set
the
Mathematical
Fourier
cannot
series,
and, in fact,
represent
Tripos,1895.
null-
636
OF
THEORY
be
may
times
appliedn
to the function
once
therefore,when
[CHAP.XIX
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
to
"
"
a; "
tt,
0,
that is to say,
providedthat
either
and
(i)"\"v"1ni^^
0 ^
a; "
(ii)v
tt, or
2n "
Nielsen*
and
Math.
0 ^
."
tt.
(1899),
published about the
subjectwere
Videnskabernes
P" (1899), pp. 73"81
x.
same
time, A^t/tTidssh-ift,
; OoersigtK. Danske
values of
three
two
these
661
665.
In
the
of
first
integral
1899, pp.
Selskahs,
papers
third
the
made
in
of
values
t
he
extension
to general
being
paper.
only were considered,
The
pp. 582
formulae
"
587
in this
given
other
; two
section
by
papers
due
are
Nielsen
to
Ann.
lii.
at
this
on
"
for the
by consideringthe
It is thus
behaviour
found
(2)when
x"n
they make
it
Dirichlet's type
/-"^cos(J/+i)..
,
_
of the
that, when
of the series in
sum
integrandat
is
positiveand
z(
7r,
Stt, Stt,
integersuch
q is the
that
(25'-l)7r".r"(2^+l)7r,
then
The
r(v
%T{\)
I {-r,h{r,ix)_
_J__
^^"
l)"^",=,{hmxY
of
impoi'tance
that, when
xT{v
Nielsen's
function
{^n-lYn^-y-h
'1
i)n=x\
formulae
is defined
"
X'
if the
tt),
f{x)
(" tt,
series
Schlomilch
a
can
throughout the interval
by
represented
the representation
is not unique
of points)
at a finite number
(except possibly
series which are equalto
unlimited number
of Schlomilch
and there are an
the function y (a;)
throughoutthe interval,except at a finite number of points,
togetherwith the originand (when
namely the pointsalreadyspecified
^ " y ^ I) the end-points+ tt.
evident
be
function
"
The
converse
which
represent null-functionsat all poiiitsof the interval
coefficients
{whe7il ^ " V ^ ^) except the originare constant multiples
'7r"x"7r,
of
"
"
Formula
(1)was
t Ovcrsigt K.
Nielsen, Ann.
J The
any
di Mat.
theorem
Schlomilch
rediscovered
Danske
by Gwyther, Messenger,
Videnskabernes
is untrue
when
than
lof
the
one
for
301"329
; cf. formula
given
can
more
(3). It
(1904),p.
xxxin.
101.
also
later paper
a
by
compHcated results. Cf. " 19-4(9).
would
be interesting
whether
to know
(3)vi. (1901),pp.
series other
{-)'^^h{mx)
represent
55
"
60;
see
null-function
when
^--:"'"f.
19-5]
is,of
SCHLOMILCH
of
course,
much
deepercharacter,and
to
up
features,the
series,
discuss
now
analysiswhich
due
analysis*,
it
series of
will be
Riemann, which
to
that
seems
proofof it has
which lead
propositions
used
no
is applicable
to
trigonometrical
Theorems
19"5.
We
and
the
shall
637
SERIES
shall
in which
case
concerningthe
discuss the
now
Struve's
of Schlomilch
convergence
special
type
of Schlomilch
series in which
0,
in the
of the formulae
in the more
appearance
the
in
the
exceptions, complications
generalcase
series.
series
are
to
now
not
of detail
matters
be considered
With
few
a
generalcase.
in detail
are
complications
will be dealt with fullyin
is
00
i"o+
(1)
in which
the coefficients a^
analogueof
as
ni
a,n
If the
of values
originis a point of
{\fm).
the interval in
"m
is
lemma
ni.
oo
-*
Cantor's
of
that
to ensure
of uc,issufficient
[Note.
cimJoimx),
l
arbitrarily
given functions
are
We
question,then
the theorem
that
0(l)
obviouslytrue.]
Take
let this
J of the
portion
portionbe called /j.
any
Throughout /j we
a"i,Jo
and,
(mx)
as
ni-^
have
interval which
Let
the
the
and
origin,
"
"
"
\'tt)\
;
oo
Hence, for
all
Q(mx,0)^0.
sufficiently
largevalues
of m,
suppose that a^
leads to a contradiction.
is not
(\/w);
we
have
Cf. Modern
X Since
the
contain
("^^J [-^i^mx,
0) cos {mx
a,"
not
lengthof /j be L^.
P(mx,0)^l,
at
does
origin without
loss of
generality.
to
shew
that this
hypothesis
portion may
be
supposed
to be
on
the
right of
638
THEORY
is not
If am
OF
BESSEL
number
(\/m),a positive
Km I"
whenever
mi,
Wg,
mo
and
is
exist such
must
that
\/m
belongingto
tris,
certain
of this sequence
sequence
^ceeds both
which
cos(mi'x
^tt)goes through all its phasesin I^,and
portion
f of /j,say /g. such that
unending
called ?h/.
27r/Zibe
Then
be
value
given any
[CHAP. XTX
FUNCTIONS
"
there must
so
at
and
Then
be
cos
(mz
which
exceeds
"
/o
,
both
mj'
there must
so
X
Icos {7110
"
{tt)\^ ^
"
at
vir
^Tr/m^'.
called wio'.
portionof
of the sequence
lengthof I3,then Z3
jTr/mg'.
By continuingthis
I^,...
process, we obtain a sequence of intervals I^,I.-,,
that each is contained in its predecessor
is
therefore
there
a
pointX
;
such
which
Icos {mX
when
has any
For such
this
pointwe
"
values of
at
"
have
\ir)\ ^ \,
mj,
have
consequently
we
rmrXj
sin
^tt)] |Q (mX, 0)
(mX
^tt)|]
V34
and
all
pointsof
The
the
Uxj'
hypothesisthat amJoii^^)tends
to
zero
at
/j.
contradiction
which
has
now
been
obtained
shews
be
(s/m).
The
converges
It is
t There
we
next
theorem
throughoutany
supposed that
are,
take
which
m\ ".m^"m^"
I^ to
be
we
that
such
portion which
portionsof Ij ;
lies
on
in order
that Zv may
be
mined,
uniquelydeter-
19-51]
value of
for any positive
not)is
or
{mx
\nnrxj
theorem
is evident
series
trigonometrical
0
(amni~^)
"
(m~-);
The associated
19"51.
Let the
of x.
any
Itt)+
7-
sin
"
11
fact that
(m~-) is a convergent
(mx
"
^tt)
tt/y
a^nJo{mx) by
the
a
of
general term
function
of
the
which
is
series.
function.
of the series
sum
at
(whethera point of
"
the
from
differs from
and
"
cos
TO=i
639
SERIES
SCHLOMILCH
pointat
which
/(a-).
Let
(1)
Then
F(x)
sum
It is easy
to
associated
with
the
Schlomilch
isf{x).
see
of any intet^al,then
of X.
am
"^^-^).
series whose
For
iaoX^-
Jo (nix)
-^
as
all
at
oo
m^-
pointsof
at
all points
the interval,and
therefore
the
must
("19-5)
am
o('sJm).
IJo (^^) k
and
1 5
consequently
am
Jo {in^)
\m^
m?
Since
00
i oi"\
2
=
is convergent, it is obvious
that
Wv
the
series
on
right in (1)
be
convergent.
It is evident,moreover,
that it is uniform
not
onlythat
throughoutany
the convergence
is absolute,but also
domain
of values of the real variable x.
640
OF
THEORY
19 "52. Lemma
We
I.
(x) is the
prove that, if
is f(x),and if
series whose sum
Schlomilch
now
^,
,,.
(1)
functionassociated
"F
shall
[CHAP. XIX
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
G(x,a)
"
ivith the
2a) -2xF(x)
+ (x-a)F(x+ 2cc)
(cc+ a)F (or.
^,
then
limG(^,a)
(2)
at
any
pointx
at
defining
f{x) is convergent,providedthat*
dm
It is easy to deduce
G(x,a)
from
^/(a;)
(\/m).
(1) that
^a,x-1^^^
[{x+ a) Jo (mx
2ma)
{x
a)J^ (mx
"
2ma)
"
2xJo {mx)];
"
\(x+ a) Jq {mx
lim
lim
"
Jo {mx
"
2ma)
2xJf){mx)]
"
2ma)
"
2?"a)
"
2m
{x
a)Jo {mx
"
"
2/"a)]
xJo {mx).
limits of the individual
the individual
of the series
terms
It is therefore
sufficient to
uniformlywith respect to
has any
a) Jq {mx
"
Jo"{mx) + Jo'{mx)/m
Consequentlythe
are
{x
2ma)
{x + a) Jo'(mx
2m
+
X
[Ju {mx
"
2ma)
om-a.
"^o
"
in
an
definingG(ie,a)
definingxf{x).
value such
of the series
terms
is convergent.
for/(ir)
that x is positive
It may be assumed, without loss of generality,
f, and we
shall now
shall then take |ct |so small that it does not exceed Ix ; we
prove
that the series for G
uniformlywhen
{x,a) converges
"
|a;^
|a?.
By observingthat
a^
+
a"
+ 2a.)]
\/\x
{x
^
^
^^
=
^t-
am
im^[x "
Since
not
are
we
assuming
^.
itt'/x,
"
and
x"a+\/{x{x"2a)}
functions
in which
under
0 needs
than
more
further
are
\/{x{x" 2a)]]
the
be
even
of
convergence
o
singlepoint, it is
not
{^/m).
functions
consideration.
f (x)at
of
; and
since G
(0,a)
0, the special
19-52]
is
signsthroughoutbeing taken),we
lower
uniformlyconvergent (upper or
that G {x,a) differs from
see
W{x
by
the
"
take the
Now
of this
generalterm
^im^'r^(^.
^ 2a) J" (mx
"
\Jx J,,(ma;)]
uniformlyconvergent.
the convergence
of
uniformity
of
series,
namely
2mo) + V(^
2ma)
written down.
has been
"
is
of which
each
series,
of two
sum
2a) Jo {mx
\lix
641
SERIES
SCHLOMILCH
2a) Jo (mx
2ma)
V^
"
-h ("ix)],
and
ttr
"
|_
\miT)
2x\
y(
cos
"
JV
^mx
imx
l-7r)sin 2ma
"
"
{x?
'6m
4o-)
"
XtmrJ
'
i*"mx
24"
where
m-a.
(2x\
{a;- 4a-)
?h-
"
{mx)
"
"""VimTT.
"I"{mx +
"
2mo)
4m^a^
|1 Q (^,0)|{y
sin
The
series
firsttwo
theory of
uniformlyconvergent
the
deal with
To
2/?ia) ^ {mx
"!"^;i/)[P (y,0)
with
ma
theorem, numbers
Itt).
which
these
terms
we
the
are
from
sum
6 and
observe
-1"^"1,
Cf. Modern
obtain
various
The
convergence
can
be dealt with
t The
W.
number
B. F.
-l"6'i"l,
in consequence
6 is
of
of
function
series
variable
t which
will be introduced
immediately.
41
642
BESSEL
OF
THEORY
[CHAP. XIX
FUNCTIONS
for which
2"I"(mx)
"I"(mx + 2ma)
"
(mx
2?Ha)
"
--J
{mx
I {4"'
2ma
2mat)
"!"'
(mx +
dt
2moit)}
Jo
Since
"1""(_?/)0
=
I 4"mat "!""(mx
Jo
2ma
4tm.^a^"t""(7nx
"
when
(l/^/")
y is
2
is
with
uniformlyconvergent
Hence
2madi).
"
it is evident
large,
with respect to
uniformly
respect to
when
(x,a)
of the series for Cr{x,a),i.e.it
the terms
of the limits of
equalto the sum
IS equal to xf(x),providedthat the
the lemma
to be proved.
shall next
{x + 2a) -\-(x
(x + a)F
this is
II.
19 "53. Lemma
converges
therefore
and
^x;
lx"a"
"
is
that arn
a.
sum
lim G
We
that
"i""(mx-2mae,)
2ma9t) dt
a)F (x
""19"51,19"52,the
2a)
2a;P
condition
(x)
_
a-*o
for all
values
of x.
in
" 19"52,we
values
positive
consider
need
of
Hence
lim
[a G (x,a)]
"
lim
"
(looo)
"
a^o
1 lim
"I
m"ia^o4/"ra
+
can
(x
"
a)Jo (mx
"
2ma)
2ma)
"
2xJo (mx)]
0,
and
[{x+ a) Jq (mx
The
now
consideration
to
be
proved.
analogueof Riemann's
prove that,if two
with v
0, and
(i.e.
=
Cf. Modern
theorem*
Schlomilch
with
on
series.
trigonometrical
series of the
Struve's
Analysis,"9-63.
function
type
now
under
absent) converge
644
OF
THEORY
But
BESSEL
"
function
of
Hence
of
logx
the
and
y=
logx
connected
at the
abruptchange of
^
when
f is an
they
so
and
have
"
the
these
so
curve
curves
logarithmic
have
{x) cannot
Lemma
II,
0,
2a
that is to say
be discontinuous
B cannot
a; "
%af)X^
values
same
at
the
all values
for
exceptional
of
in
the
Make
the series
x-^0;
it is
and
so
77,
"
x-*0,
of segments
set
0)=fF'(f-0).
the
linear
(0,tt).
when
Consequently,
because
T(il-T(i-M
vb
exceptional
point;
the constants
points,and
interval
of
because, by
exceptional
point,
an
fF'(f
Hence
be
must
proved.
(0,tt),and
2a
a-*.0
^ (x) must
B.
exceptional
points; and
direction at
of
even
in
F(f+2")-F(|)
lim
(x)
with
curves
logarithmic
be
to
F {x) consists
equationis y
equationsof the type
whose
curve
that
say
be
on
shews
is to
limit
the
so
(C]+ 2a) ^ (f)
(Ci),
{Ci),
(^(Ci 2a) ^ (f"
(f)
This contradiction
negativeor zero.
be zero
throughout (|i,fa),that
[CHAP. XIX
FUNCTIONS
on
;;^
uniformlyconvergent.
A
is
limit,namely
log x
Therefore
B.
\ogx +
has
limit when
zero.
when
Consequently,
0 ^x^tt,
laox- B
"
so integrations
uniformlythroughout(0,tt),
term-by-termare permissible.
Replacex by x
by "1211,
^aox'-B=
0 ^x
ttm
Sin
mx
rri^x
^tt,
"
cim
sm
mx
^
_
m=l
m^
0 to
^tt.Then,
""'"f'Vo(m^sin6')sin^(^^
m=l
Hence, when
from
integrate
.3/3
19-6]
sin
Multiplyby
and
mx
from
integi'ate
Since
is
","
"
f(w)
j\ TT'tto
a,n
series
the
on
rightat
We
shall
in
0 and
stated at the
at
We
If the
is
behaviour
that
of the
be
f{a:)cannot
pointunless Uq is zero;
this proves
and
this section.
Schlomilch
of generalised
convergence
series.
series
v"\,
interval
at
(m
\)thterm
of
values
of
of x
that
ensure
a,n
[Note.
it is evident
tt,
beginningof
the
studybriefly
now
(- )'""t).
the
concerning
Theorems
19*6.
that
series at either
convergent Schlomilch
the theorem
that
S (-rJo(mw)
1+
2
a.
results contained
the
evident
7r*ar,
(\/m),this equationshews
From
it is then
have
must
we
Hence
tt
To
2m"
be
given to
0 to
TT-B
TTfto
2ni^
645
SERIES
SCHLOMILCH
{m^+^X by,
originis a point of
the interval
{m^+i).
in
question,then
that
the theorem
obviouslytrue.]
Since
consideration
is unaffected
of
if the
We
a-,nJv
{mx)
h,"H" {mx)
c^
^m
c",
We-^ow
that this
If
a,"
cos
77",
suppose
6,"
h,"are
c,"
that a^
leads
hypothesis
and
v) cos (mx
[P (n),r,
"
a,"
pointsof /j, we
"
(Imxy+'^x/ir
{^m.x)"
where
not
to
both
sin
and
a
r}"^
"
|;/7r jtt
"
"
|/'7r jtt
"
"
tjyt)
+ h,n 0 {ni~^),
7/"()]
"
6",are
not
both
o{m"'^^);we
have
to
shew
contradiction.
a
0(7/^"+*),
positivenumber
must
exist such
that
c,"""m"-^^
whenever
m,,
is
m.,, m.j,....
given any
value
belongingto
certain
unending
sequence
646
THEORY
We
now
prove,
OF
BESSEL
in
exactlyas
[CHAP. XIX
FUNCTIONS
point X
some
of /j, the
inequalities
Icos (inX
J7,n)
i^
"
satisfied whenever
are
is
IvTT Itt
"
has
value
any
values of
For
which
j^
belong to
both
be
reader
The
this
(w/)
sequence
sub-sequencewe
which
ig (x/3
have
1)
the expression
on
negative,
the
rightcannot
be
arbitraril}-
which
(m''+*)if the (m
may
now
for any
converge
^^^^^ ^''^
1'"'
\/("D
-
sm
hvTT
(ma;
-
should
19'61.
liBt
us
associated
The
\,ifthe generalised
necessary and
of
a;
sufficient
{luhether
a pointof
take
pointat
"^"v"-^,
which
"
^'^ ^-^
-
^^
^TT 7}"M +
'
of x.
function.
and
i ""
any
value
positive
"
or
throughoutany interval,the
"^
S
in
prove
SchldmilcJi sei^iesconverges
at
belongingto
"
at
zero
is
is the contradiction
This
small.
must
"
"
(m^).
;a,"J,(mZ)+ 6""H,(mZ)l
and, since
"
let the
a,"
sum
Jy (mx)
of the series
+
b^ H^ (7nw)
Let
OqX^
11)
Then
'"'^*'"-
Y"(x)
whose
sum
__
81^1^+2)
^
Zi
a,n
J" (mx)
hm Hp {mx)
i^^.(^mxy
associated
with
the Schlomilch
series
'\^fv(x).
" 19'51
only respect
in which
has
to
the
theorem
be used.
in
of
19-61, 19-62]
SCHLOMILCH
647
SERIES
Again,let
a)
(2) G, (cc,
may
2va.
(x-
cl)F^ {x
2a)
{x,a)
xf^{x)
any
pointx
a",
and
h^
which
at
both
(ii'"
the series
r(i/+ |)r(^)",=i m
definingf^{x) is convergent,iprovided
Further
we
lim
'"'
hmlm
that
is convergent.
that
prove
may
"
.xt^.ix
{nV^^)and
'^
"
-^^
"^
a^o
at
(a;)]/a-.
2,x F^
that*
prove
lim G^
a)] 0,
[aG;,(.'r,
=
'
'^
'
a-*0
"
only that
j)rdvided
a.,n
and
both
6",are
whether
(m'"^^),
the series
is
not.
convergent or
19-62.
bmlm
"
analogue of Riemann's
The
theorem.
now
can
that,if two
prove
''
"
ir
and
series be
Let
^tto
let the
+ bm
'^"t-^fi'"i-^)
of this series be
sum
f"{x),so
to zero
(-
The
(-
TT,
".",
The
series
ikscib,a. 0
^
mean
We
The
can
presence
as
be
X It
statement
seems
finite number
f"(x) converges
of exceptions.
fy(x) nearlyeverywherein
the interval
(m-'+i).
tions
containingStruve's funcbe
is
to
to
interpreted
sufficiently
nearlyequal
to be
are
oo
-*
in such
of the
provedjthat
series
tt)with
(m''+^),"",
now
iov fv{x).It
*
statement
in the two
tt,
H^ (mx)
on
way
that
is convergent.
rightis
due
to the
lack
of
homogeneity
in tlie differential
function.
will be made
unnecessary
the
definite
''
immediately.
alreadyused
in
" 19"54.
648
THEORY
and
the
BESSEL
OF
exceptional
points(ifany) are
[CHAP. XIX
FUNCTIONS
internal
not
pointsof
the interval,
then
F^(x) is
and
linear function*
hence
that
deduce
we
(F^{w)
Ax"'''-{-B,
B',
where
A, B, A', B'
take the
Now
(0"x^tt)
(0"x^-7r)
constants.
are
equation
aoX^
F. {X)
a"i
J" (mx)
6,"H, (mx)
gp^~^
'
mKi^vixy
^^^^^
It is thus found
sin-''+^^
fi''sin^-''+^0
dd
cos-" 6
anx^
,^
F^(^^^"^)-^^^^^^
8r(.
2).L
"i
'^"Urn
J0
/Tx
"
when
substitute
we
i,
"m
"
6^(1
and
on
"
"
"
twice
differentiate,
fails to do
of
We
both
so
limit
unless A
infer that ^
is
now
/o\
(2)
when
"
"""
^^^
or
once
x-^0,
as
the
as
but
case
the
when
0^,i'^
"
vr.
series
be, the resulting
may
on
resulting
expression
A' must
manner
that B and
B'
be
zero
be
must
the
equal.
(1) that
+
^"-^
br"(l-
C0.S
mx)
a^af
"
j^
TT^x^'ir.
V
is
zero
=^-Bxr{.+
-,
When
..
l).
the
right
zero.
S^
",
it is permissible
to differentiate (1)twice
(7?i"+^),
if
^ ; but it may only be differentiated once
0, and in like
follows from
r(|-.)"-'ft''r(.+
be obtained
equationmay
then shews
at the origin
F"(ii';)
It
that
12-
similar
term-by-termwhen
we
w")
m'
If
-cos
deduce
O^x^ir
dd
6^
"
{x sin 6) we
for F^
sin r"^-+
cos-"
T{l
v) ^-"""jSin7H.x--F
6,"(1 coswia;)
m'x
,Zx
r(i)
v)
"
12r(i)
When
(^ mxy
wi^
_aQX-V{\
x''^" has
to be
replacedby logx.
,
l)
continuit}'^
19-7]
Multiply(2) by
from
integrate
and
cosmx
b,,
(3)
sinma;
)'"a,"
with
equationis inconsistent
This
{2Br(v
vf-
a^
Hence
the series
is also
least
at
one
cannot
for/i,(a;)
^ (-r-/.(m^-y
points0, tt,
at
converge
have
which
started must
we
is the theorem
to be
have
We
theorems
that
an
exceptional
point;
pointunless
"" is zero,
so
and
that a,^
shall
in
discussed
the
usual
for Schlomilch
theorems
series in which
concerningthe
"\"v"\
of
representation
series.
by trigonometrical
and
of Riemanns
type concerningseries of Bessel functions
of Bessel functions.
of
"
"
^) may
be
justgiven in ""19 6
whiclv^o
X,,,are
"
arise in the
not
not
the series
the
manner
of Riemann's
gation
investi-
of Schlomilch
investigation
various
19"62, though there are
pointsof detail*,
of Schlomilch
series,due to the fact that J,"
case
is identical with
method
which
after
investigated
series.
trigonometrical
v
by
m=l
(inwhich
of the method
00
The
Theorems
series
We
%b"Jm
series
vanish ; that is to say, the two Schlomilch
coefficients equal. And this
have corresponding
established
analogousto
19"7.
Dims
series
proved.
therefore
null-functions
and
is not
tt
"
therefore
must
!),"
coefficients
"," and
series
to
zero.
We
with
la"7r=,
reduce
of the
(^"+2)unless
"
Now
( )'"ay.
f^ (x) must
r
then
l)- ^ao7r%
25r(;- + l)
and then
and
to tt;
then
integrate;and
and
"" +
tt
"
0.
Again,multiplyby
649
SERIES
SCHLOMILCH
linear functions
of
the method
of
m.
specialdifficultyin discussingany
to
to set them
out
in full,and they do not seem
of them ; but it is a tedious and lengthy process
The
reader
which
the use
of the space
they would require.
be of sufficient importance to justify
consult the papers
in such investigations
by
who desires to appreciatethe details necessary
may
Hoc. x. (1909), pp. 391"435;
Math.
Trans.
American
xii.
C. N. Moore,
(1911),pp. 181"206;
*
XXI.
These
points of
(1920).pp.
detail
107"156.
are
very
numerous
and
there
is
no
650
In
[CHAP. XIX
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
OF
THEORY
by
it is easy to prove
the jfirstplace,
the method
used
" 19'5
in
that
if the series
00
00
am
Next
and
is
arrangedas
a) F{x
2a)
series in which
2x
F{x)
the mth
{x
pointo
0, and
has
term
is
a^-0
%"a
equation
the
"^'
Jm"
defining
/(^) is convergent, and
+
write
we
value
has any positive
if the expression
]-"
[(a- 2m
o{s/in).
2
m
be
hm
function ;
F{x)=
It may
is defined by
with/(.t')
associated
the function
then
o{s/m),
the associated
consider
we
throughoutany
converge
a) F{x
for
a",
in
for which
an
the series
l-x)]
factor,then the
interval
containing
"x^~''f{x).
or
not,
[{x+
2m
a)F{x
2x
2oi)
F{x)
{x
2m
~tx)F {x
2a)]
4a
tends to
The
w'ith
zero
proofsof
a.
these theorems
dejjendon
number
siiiVm+i"
of lemmas
such
the lemma*
as
tliat
sinVm"
is
bounded
proofsin
It
function
the
proofsof the
case
special(trigonometrical)
a
leiumas
now
function
of
throughoutthe
be constructed
can
in which
on
^.
manner
interval
equation
and
so
where
t
A
F{x)
and
are
Cf. Modern
t When
Bx--",
equationis valid
This
constants.
*
Analysis, "9"62.
0,
(x)^A
+ B'
logx.
when
"
^1.
652
throughout(0,1),then
null-function
that
B exist such
and
constants
f {x) is
that when
it is inferred
and
[CHAP. XIX
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
OF
THEORY
F{x)
+5a;-^
\f
(Ax"
J 0
A,,,
"
and
0 when
v'^0.
Now, Avhen
is
large
-/.+i
(^n)
so
(X"-3),
that,if 5 ^ 0,
iz+l
7ri?X,i
?"n~
'
2''r(i;)
and
this is inconsistent
with
the
equation
bn
since
"
Hence
B is zero, and
therefore
JJHK)
(i-^,^JJ'{K)
hn
This
equationis inconsistent
with
K
unless A
We
cases
(\/n),
^.
"
is zero, since
consider
next
Dini's series
the
J^+i(\n) is not
what
assume
AXn^v+i \\i)'
equation
(\/'')
"
zero
happens when
and
then
is
1'
bn is
zero
or
zero.
negative;
in these
the forms
00
l
00
bolu0^o^)+ 2 bmJ,.(\n^)"
m
respectively.
of the two
In the second
the insertion of
consideration
initial term
an
because
the
cases
previousarguments
initial term
the
to
be
cases
unaffected
are
needs
inserted
in
more
the
function is
bpX^
_
4(i.+ l)'
and
hence, when
n^l,
/"I
bn-Jj"
(X,/) X,;- I \Ax"
=
'-^^
5 " ^v+-i
+
IFiTTT)
^^
Bx-")-xJ^ {Xnx)dx
^^"| 207Tr)
+
"
by
careful
associated
19-7]
Since
{"i^n}",
hn
and
We
Dini's
infer
series
converge
of
are
finite
equal.
also
of
(0,
and
are
number
1^
that,
first
and
in
as
1), and
equal
at
all
points,
6"
limiting
by
0,
all
for
of
the
series
Dini's
interval
corresponding
series
of
case
considering
values
represent
of
two
points
then
that
cannot
if
that
so
the
functions
Bessel
of
infer
we
that
then
interval
the
{\/n)
653
SERIES
SCHLOMILCH
of
the
n.
of
Bessel
null-function
(with
functions,
throughout
the
same
in
term
in
the
the
and
H)
exception
two
series
CHAPTER
THE
It is evident
OF
TABULATION
of Bessel
Tables
20*1.
from
XX
Functions
and
consideration
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
associated
functions.
contained in Chaptersvii,
analysis
that a largepart of the theoryof Bessel Functions
and XV
has been conVIII
structed
numerical
expresslyfor the purpose of facilitating
computations
To the Mathematician
with the functions.
such computationsare
connected
of less interest and importance* than the construction of the theories which
but to the Physicist
numerical
results have a significancef
make them possible;
formulae
which
As
an
it has
fail to convey.
may
of
application
various
considered
desirable
been
of Tables
historical account
togetherwith
published,
will not
reader
requiredto
master
Functions
which
requirementsof the
be concerned
with
have
he realises that it
been
previously
be of the
to
seem
Physicist.
the monotony
previouschaptersand
the
insert this
to
of Bessel
Chapterwhen
of this
the
portionsof
of the
and
technical
be read without
can
the efforts
amplif}^
arguments
to
vance
irrele-
lessly
ruth-
so
condensed.
first Tables
The
his memoir
52.
pp. 46
decimals for
"
of
of values
range
A short Table
of
of
from
and J^ix)
Ji,{x)
four
to
0 to
3"20
placesof
same
with
interval 0*01.
decimals
is from
a
was
a;
Table
of
constructed
0 to
a;
10*0
2/, {x)lx,
of
scope.
function
Ji{.v)lxwas
und
Math,
"
"
Cf. Lord
magnitude
Baltimore
+
"
Camb.
Sac.
"I have
when
formulas
(2)xiv.
no
are
(1915),p.
satisfaction
intended
184.
in formulas
for definite
dynamical
or
physicalproblems."
Math.
statement
at all events
Lectures
Trans.
London
Kelvin's
given by Schwerd,
Die
v.
(1835), p 291.
the range
is from
Table
of
and
2Ji (.r)/x
0 to the circular
measure
its square,
of 1125"
146.
to four
or
five
20-1]
TABULATION
OF
655
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
interval 01;
Table
to
a;
of
Jo(*')and
of
with
100
this
fairly
largevalues
was
20.
These
tables,however,
a,ndJi(x)
twelve
to
Meissel's Table
is
given in
A
to
Table
Nagaoka,
The
value
has
666
by Gray
247
interval O'Ol.
and
Mathews,
266, and
"
'Treatise
abridgement of
an
it
697.
"
of the
Juurnal
Table
full
of ./((mtt)
to six
...,
computed by
of ./o(40) was
infra,pp.
with
15-50
40.
(1900),p.
reprintedin
Abhand-
0
Jj (x) to twenty-one placesof decimals, from x
interval 0*1, has been constructed
by Aldis, Proc. Royal Soc.
6"0 with
Lxvi.
0 to
Jo(x)
of Jq (x) and
Table
.j; =
a;
Table
is from
was
Bessel Functions
an
placesof
its range
lungen,1888;
of
are
W.
from
R. Hamilton
Phi.
ascendingseries,
the
(1857),p. 375.
of
been
from
.r
20'l
to
.^
41
jyaiurwiss. Berichte
with
interval
Ungarn,
aus
xi.
O'l
or
(1894),
pp. 372"373.
The
xxvi.
Smith, Messenger,
B. A.
decimals
of Neumann's
from
l"00
to
a;
with
functions
interval
second
98
(1896),pp.
placesof
^
of the
and
{x) and
from
constructed
was
101; this is
"
F'"*
0 01
kind
F"'*
^=1"0
Table
to
by
four
{x). Its
to
range is
10"2 with
interval O'l.
A
whose
extensive
table
Report,1914,
pp. 76
more
range
is from
0 to
of
"
these functions
82; this is
a;=
15"50
Table
with
is
ciation
given in the British Assoto six placesof decimals
interval 0"02;
was
were
from
6"0 to
x=
160
with
0 to
x"
(rO with
interval 05.
structed
Shortlyafter the appearance of Smith's Table, an elaborate table was conof
Heine's functions "
by Aldis,Proc. Royal Soc. Lxvi. (1900), p. 41,
should be
of
the
reader
decimals;
Ga{xf~am\ Gi(x) to twenty-one places
Zeitschriftfur
Math,
und
135.
(Leipzig,1868), pp. 127
a
misprint, the correct value of Jg(0-62)being +0-90G18..., not
X Meissel's Table contains
made
in the reprint of the Table hv Gray and Mathews.
A.n ailditioual misprint was
+ 0'90518....
also tabulated
functions were
"s These
by B. A. Smith, Fhil. Mag. (5),xlv. (1898), pp. 1*22
that of his Table of I'W [x)and i'(^)(.r).
128 ; the scope of this table is the same
as
t Studien
Functioneii
"
"
656
THEORY
The
to
placesof
seven
The
interval
001.
decimals
from
Association
matter;
in
By
means
which
to
^=
0 bo
interval
smaller
116
respectively.
"^tt Fj (a;)
a:=
publishedin
table gives the
was
130; this
"
range from
for 191o, p. 33, contains a
15"o with interval 0*5.
for
decimals
Yq (x) and
of the
have
functions
with
and
Fj (x) are
described,it is
0 to
table
a;
to
16'00 with
placesof
ten
seven
with
easy matter
integer.Such tables of
order is any
whose
to
combined
formulae
recurrence
been
now
tabulated
a;
placesof decimals
the British
appreciableadvantage over
t'iifra
; this table has an
trivial
tables make
a
Tables*, in that the auxiliary
interpolation
is
the British Association Tables interpolation impracticable.
in Table
Report
65
x=
functions
The
is from
Association
British
functions
of Aldis' Table
range
[CHAP. XX
FUNCTIONS
equal to "^7rYo(x)
are
Another
the
functions
these
that
reminded
BESSEL
OF
the
to
an
of the tables
use
tables of
construct
J^ix)
constructed
were
Hansen
by
"
"
"
much
that he
seems
extensive
more
Table
of
publishedit.
never
computed by Meissel,but it
communicated
it to Gray and Mathews
This table gives Jn(^) to
267
279.
Jn{x) was
He
for
"
1, 2,
...
1, 2, ...,24.
last-mentioned
"
to
The
Tables
corresponding
The
British
five
Association
placesof decimals
with
of functions
of the second
Report,1914, pp.83
forf
6"0 to 16"0
86
contains
,13 for
0, 1, 2
with
"
kind
not
are
Tables of
the range
a;
so
tensive.
ex-
Gn{oc)
0 to
6*0
interval 05.
Similar
in the
"
Some
values
Hankel's
of
A
Table
and
IV
Yn{x)
infra.This
In the
course
of
Math.
to
has been
and
Y"(a') had
Soc. (2)
xi.
been
(1913),pp.
given previously
by
113"114.
seven
computing
checked,
Gj (.r)was
entries
of
function
computed from
Aldis' Table
of Go
(x)and Gi (x).
Table
the last
Table
of (?"(.r\
I, a small part of the British Association
found
5 %
in about
to be unreliable
digitsin it were
of the
checked.
+ For
the
larger values of
in
the functions
are
not
tabulated
for small
values
of
x.
20-1]
TABULATION
Tables
of
...,
(interval
10) and
the
1000
to
approximationthat
table in which
the values of
the intervals
and
x,
the
smaller.
considerably
are
Functions
of the firstkind
in the British
5"100
in
publishedpreviously
of this
with
"
Table
to
100
Table
657
FUNCTIONS
"
are
BESSEL
to eightsignificant
\ogiQ['\/(^'jrx)
figuresai^e given
.\H^^^i
(x)\']
97. The values assigned
British Association Report.,
1907, pp. 94
0, |, 1, 1|,
6|, and the range of values of x is from ;"= 10 to 100
in the
to
OF
the
of /j(x)of the
Table
givenby Gray
229
and
279;
"
same
abridgement
an
in their Treatise,
Mathews
pp. 282"284.
Tables
/" (x) and /j (x)to twenty-one placesof decimals have been constructed
by Aldis,Proc. Royal Soc. lxiv. (1899),p. 218. The range of these
is ic= 0 to x
Q'0 with interval 0*1; Aldis also gave (ibid.p. 221) the
Tables
of
8, 9, 10, 11.
with
10"00
x=
with
tables connected
interval O'Ol.
The}-also givethe
^x
[V*"U (")}and logio
x/(2?r^)e-* /o (."),V(27ra;)e-^/j {x), logio
"
for values
of
1),^
(interval
from
200
a;
to
II
Table
lO'O
1000
to
^;
(intervalO'l),.t
The
the
of the
helpof
means
x=GO
B. F.
and
of
of
with
give K^ia;)and
from
thirteen
recurrence
n
interval 0'2.
to
6'0
significant
figures
11
...,
These
Report,1889,
"
computed with
e~-^/i
(x).
0, 1, 2,
by
interval O'l.
in their Treatise,
pp. 285
of these Tables has been
figures)
w.
seven
These
British Association
Mathews
=200
constructed
were
type K^ (*')
figuresfor
to
also to between
12*0 with
x=
values of
By
a-
"
x=
to
values oix.
(interval
10),and for various larger
50
and e^^Ii{x)\
713, givesthe values of e~^/o(;c)
infra,
pp. 698
in Aldis' Table.
been computed,for the most
part,by interpolation
these have
The
50"0
I^ {x)]
to
twelve
ficant
signi-
over
pp. 29
288.
"
An
32, and
givenby Isherwood,
who
added
to
them
42
658
Tables
Kn{x)
of
of values of
five
to
from
the Mem.
publishedin
for
figures
significant
6*0 with
0, 1,2,
and
Proc, Manchester
10
.
the range
over
Isherwood's
interval 0"2.
Q to
[CHAP. XX
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
OF
THEORY
Tables
were
1904,
"
19.
no.
Tables
Table
of
IV
Meissel, who
of Bessel functions
of
decimals
large order
given in
are
constructed
were
figuresfor
significant
J2n(") to twelve
calculated
has
placesof
seven
736"739.
infra,
pp.
earliest Tables
The
to
?i
by
10,
cxxix.
11, ...,2\,Astr.Nach.
to
seven
...,
The
col. 154"155.
six
to
n
n
bO
placesof
400
decimals
Gn{n),Gn-,{n)
/"(n),Jn-i{n),FW(w), F'"-i)(?i),
for values
(interval5), ?i
w=100
to
values of
(interval20), n
400
to
of
100
l *to
7?
1),
(interval
50
(interval10),??
1000
to
50), n
(interval
to
1000
from
200
of
given in
are
n,
200
the
to
2000
British
"
Tables
in Table
of
VI
The
J,i(w),
Jn'{n),Yni''^),
J^/(^0to
infra,pp.
functions
tabulated
ber
brief Table
V2
to
J^{x
to
a;
6*0
nine
sji)to
interval
with
Tables
of ber
1, 2,3,
...
These
0"1.
placesof decimals
publishedin the
reprintedby Gray and Mathews
(1900), pp.
LXVI.
interval 0'2
a;
the
(x) have
been
extensively
currents.
theoryof alternating
importancein
kei
and
Ji (^ VO
"
given
are
of ber
Math,
by Kelvin,
and
decimals
746"747.
of their
account
on
placesof
seven
42
have
been
extensions
are
for the
range
British Association
constructed
"
from
the
of
0 to
a;
Report,1898,
is from
Table
of
with
60
p. 228, and
p. 53.
The
functions
placesof
hex
ber' (a;)and
{x),bei (a;),
decimals, from
a;
0 to
Association
x^
10*0
bei' (a;)
are
with
68 ; and a Table
Report, 1912, pp. 57
and kei' {x)of the same
scope (except that onlysix
were
tabulated
interval
"
of ker
in the
01
nine
to
British
or
seven
significant
figures
given)appeared in the Report for 1915, pp. 36 88. Tables of squares
0 to a;=
fi:om a;
10"0
productsof the functions to six significant
figures
interval 02 were
121.
givenin the Report for 1916, pp. 118
"
and
with
"
The
functions
Lommel, Munchener
x=l,
2,
have
t7"(M+j)(a;)
Abh.
xv.
case
been
tabulated
"
of functions of
to
six
647, for
placesof
n
decimals
by
0, 1, 2, ...,6 with
order)w
positive
7, 8,
14
.
660
THEORY
Bourget'sTables
overlooked
by the
Math.
Wiss. and
articles
of the
writers
Bessel
on
their
Functions
in
Sci. Math.
Encydopedie des
the
[CHAP. XX
FUNCTIONS
frequentlythat
reprintedso
been
have
BESSEL
OF
first five
The
first ten
oi
zeros
of
zeros
computed
Jo{x) were
to
placesof
ten
decimals
by
MeisseljBerliner Ahhandlungen,1888.
of decimals
pp. 153
by
Willson
Peirce,Bulletin American
and
the
"
eightand
to
zeros
of Jo{x)were
(and their logarithms)
firstfifty
zeros
The
seven
of J, {x) and
the
sixteen
to
this Table
Tables
of the
of roots
for k
"
few of the
1'2,1'5 and
are
Phys.Liv. (1907),
0, while n is given the
has
maximum
when
of SxJ^
zeros
the values
"
(1921),
J^,{x)for small
[Scientific
Papers,
x^)xl, {x)lh{oo)
0'4858.
der Math,
Airey,Archiv
the first ten
x'^
of
zero
"
(1
mentions
I.
und
of fractional order
function, while
of each
zeros
these
of functions
in his Tables
places
(1897),
fur Math,
by Kalahne, Zeitschrift
Dinnik
III.
at
log jJi(j;)|
respectively.
J,,(kx) Yn (x)
constructed
Soc.
equation
Jn {X) Yn (kx)
have been
Math.
ten
Ji{x) and
placesof decimals
is reprinted
by Gray and Mathews
computed
of
of
placesof decimals
first fifty
zeros
The
values
given to
und
(x)
"
of
"
of decimals.
his
In
Lommel
has
given here.
from
Diffraction,MiXnchener
on
publishedtables
these tables
but
of
memoirs
to
so
are
His
Table
that
numerous
of Fresnel's
with
50*0
x=
connected
with
a
Ahhandlangen, xv.
his functions
detailed account
Jahrbuch
of Meissel's
Table
VII,
ilber die
table,the
p. 748.
and
minima
Fortschritte
zeros
of
of these
der Math.
were
Ji (.r)
will not
integrals
(p.648) to six placesof
0'5 (with auxiliary
tables for
interval
firstsixteen maxima
of them
1890,
(1886),
variables,
of two
be
decimals
purposes
it his Table of the
integrals.
p. 521.
recomputed
In consequence
of the
inaccessibility
decimals)for insertion
in
20-2]
TABULATION
Lommel's
for Fresnel's
form
BESSEL
OF
661
FUNCTIONS
was
integrals
different form
Definingthe
tabulated
was
earlier
by Lindstedt, Ann.
Ph"/sik unci
der
(1882),p. 725.
functions M
{x) and
/oo
f^dt
(x)cos
x^
sin t-dt
{x) sin
x^ +
COS
the
{x) by
"
equations
(x)sin x-,
{x)cos
X
00
and
writingA'
of decimals
The
Lindstedt
{(y+ 2)'""P.
from
function
9 0 with
3/
0 to t/
{x) defined
tabulated
4-0 to 7-0
to
four
and
the limits
are
by Struve, Ann.
decimals
from
from
-
0 to 4*0
7-0 to ll'O
consecutive
zeros
(up to
"
Table
20*2.
of Struve's functions
of H"
of the
Description
be included
(I)
in this book
(II)
to
seem
been
constructed
Tables contained
in this book.
on
the
led to the
That
have
of J^ (x),has
forty-ninth)
Berichte cuts Ungarn XI.
problem of Diffraction by
pp. 666"697.
is
That
places^
01), from
(interval
0-4).
(interval
given on
Preliminary considerations
to
und
the
Physik
been
No
der
integi'al
j
in which
places
t,"
(1882),pp. 1008"1016,
N {x) to six
and
interval 0"1.
placesof
(interval
02)
M{x)
as
IT
has been
tabulated
x-,
In
interpolations.
so
of the inclusion of
constructed
it was
particular,
as
to
more
minimise
decided
that
before the
of the tables
than
the
seven
difficulty
table with
a
a
making
interval
with
t
able
to
an
as
002), together
(such
auxiliary
moderatelylarge
would
be more
useful than a table with a smaller
facilitate interpolation,
interval (such as O'Ol),
occupyingthe same
space as the first table and its
in which interpolation
was
impracticable.
auxiliary,
of
662
(III) That
in the last
tenths of
of
second
of
ensure
number
be
of
carried
of
cases
be trivial*.
entered
are
it is not
to
ten
inaccuracy
This
in Tables
does
not
III.
I and
sufficient to tabulate
to
because
arc,
sines may
of a second
hundredth
should
publishedresults should
of natural
figuretable
that the
tables of angleswhich
auxiliary
to obtain seven-figure
accuracy,
In order
error
in order to
figureof the
the
apply to
an
computing tables,calculations
in
decimals
placesof
[CHAP. XX
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
OF
THEORY
'
does not
sine
of the
by
considered
seven-figure
accuracy, it was
adequate to compute to nine placesof decimals the sines (or cosines)of the
anglestabulated and then to compute the anglesfrom Gifford's Natural Sines
tables with an intervalf
of 1".
(Manchester,1914) ; these are eight-figure
for
Hence,
0'00000005.
than
more
be in
frequently
anglestabulated may consequently
exceeds
the error
never
digit,but, in all probability,
The
last
hundredth
We
of
now
I consists
taken
are
Tables
of Jq (^).J^o(^^),
J\ {^) and
The
interval of 0"02.
values
while
Table;):,
Meissel's
from
(i.e.a
arc).
primarilyof
with
16"00
to
15"50
of
proceedto describe
Table
=
second
unit
the
to
as
error
of
the
Jo{x) and
values of
in Aldis' Table
interpolation
F, {x) from
Ji{x)
of (ro{x)and
to
up
Y^ix)and
Yi{x)
G^ {x) and
computed partlyby
partlyfrom the asymptoticexpansionsof J^ {x)+ Yq-(x) and Ji^(x)+ Y^-(x)
given in " 7*51.
were
The
n
and
In
n=l.
these tables
little trouble
but
the second
The
small
values.
The
tables
differenced
were
were
number
in the last
errors
tables with
No
interval
and
constructing
advantage
+
in the
of any
of
greater number
the
before
interval
be computed
consequently
arg ^"'^'(x) can
less than 16, with the exceptionof quite
than
more
does
have
of decimal
my
not
been
use
thanks
given order
he remarked
resemble
about
to the
one
published; the
have
use
place ;
accuracy
of
purposes
so
was
tables with
obtained
remarks
the
would
that the
entries.
a
larger
labour
be of
of
no
interpolation.
Preussische
Akademie
der Wissenschaften
zu
of this Table.
that it was
circular functions
grew
out
of
frequentlynot
multipliedby
conversation
realised
a
how
damping
with
immediately followingof
course
presuppose
that
is 0
Professor
closelyBessel
factor
decay is slow.
IIThe
found
be
it
in every
of any
then
so
greatlyincreased
very
the increased
of which
exceed
placeswould
angles, and
cordial
to make
express
10
0'0000009.
by
error
auxiliarytables of
here
idea of
course
figureretained
smaller
permittingme
for
" The
rarelyin
to anyone
I must
Berlin
of
is about
The
results
ten-figure
of
value
exceed
not
calculated
*
for any
and arg^""^'(a;)
for
l//,i*"(^)|
the first differences are sufficiently
steady
to be effected
x) to enable interpolations
(^)Ido
|iTo'^'
values
of
the
on
differences of
the reader
by
of
values
values
or
1.
in which
Love,
functions
the
rate
20-2]
TABULATION
The
relation between
663
FUNCTIONS
tabulated
{x) as
briefly
by regarding|Hn^^^{x)\and arg Hn^^''
of
Cartesian
coordinates
then
the
pointin a plane;
most
of
BESSEL
OF
and
Yn (")" Thus,
Table
These
from
be expressed
may
the polarcoordinates
this
412"
28' 40"-60,
01716508
0-2818259
cos
0-2235215
0-2818259
I also contains
functions
functions
included
are
pointare ./"{x)
800,
I, instead
in Table
Hq{x)
being
of
and
Hi(.x').
contained
in
easy when
to be
for interpolation
steadily
Tables
The
of Struve's
functions
were
is not
small.
computed by calculatingthe
values
l, 2, 3,...,and
then
Hq (^)
calculating
of
and
equationsobtained
by
the
it.
differentiating
differential coefficients
few
theorem
are
...
Table
II consists of Tables
of e^ is
inserted,in
and
the
Ii{x), Kq{x)
functions'!"
I(,{x),
from
Table
with
0 to 16-00
the reader
case
and
K^{x);
Trews.
Table
Camb.
of e^
the
requirethe
functions
are
e^
K^ (.r),
values of
tabulated
interval 002.
is easy in
Interpolation
by differencing
throughoutthe greater part of the range.
The
should
(x),and
constructed
was
Phil. Soc.
xiii.
with
(1883),pp.
the
the
145
"
case
Newman's
help of
Unlike
241.
the
Table
of e~^,
other
Tables
and care
figures^,
given to eightsignificant
in every entry. Interpohas been taken that the last digitgiven is accurate
this
effected
Table is,of course,
lationjn
by multiplyingor dividingentries
be
not
can
exceeding 0-01 ; such exponentials
by exponentialsof numbers
calculated without difficulty.
in this book, the
10
The
9
machine
recording
t These
i Nine
on
to 18
functions
figuresare
of e^ is
Table
which
the calculations
were
carried
out
is
Marchant
Calculating Machine,
figures.
were
not
given
in
tabulated
parts
because
of the Table
tables of them
to avoid
are
unsuited
for
spoilingits appearance.
interpolation,
664
THEORY
Newman's
number
Table
gives e~^
significant
figuresin
of
the Table
of
the
value
constructed
e^ was
from
Newman's
Table
III
in
of Tables
consists
short
the tenth
third
of
are
is small
and
calculatingreciprocals
;
the values
by using
places of decimals,
of
by
Table
[CHAP.
FUNCTIONS
large number
the
given by Newman
employed because
significant
figuresin
of the
to
of e"!^"^
wei'e
l^onentials
BESSEL
OF
of e^^ and
table
of
e^^
the
rest
actual
half of
was
structed
con-
and
given by Glaisher*,
These
O'l.
significant
figuresin
the
less than
interval
with
e~*^
but
XX
ex-
the eleventh
zero.
of
J'i(^),Yx{x),\H^^^{x)\and
|argifj'"(a;)|
The
reader
I, and
Table
as
scope
values
easilycompute
can
of J_i
this table
{x) from
by
means
of the formula
/_j {x)
{x)Icos {60"+
I^j"i)
Table
IV
values of
givesthe
and
The
n.
values
of Jn
values
of Jn
{x) are
some
values
of
Kn{x) taken
in part
Table
by
Table
from
is Lommel's
Isherwood's
Table
taken
of Table
Table
of Aldis' Tables
means
modifications
some
Hf^ {x)].
arg
from
Lommel's
IV, with
f, is
exceptionof
they have been
of orders
of functions
f, with
the
new;
-f-of J"(n+h)i^)^^^
Table
and
zero
Fresnel's
some
structed
con-
unity.
with
integrals
corrections.
and
VI
n^Jn{n),
the tables
...
Table
VII
givesthe
first
of n;
Forty
zeros
of various
Table
VIII
fortyzeros
is taken
of Jn
(^) and
the
Tables
of Willson
from
cylinderfunctions
givesthe
values
^r
of order
a;
0 to 50 with
minima
used
of the
to
i'
Trans.
Camb.
I must
here
Miinchen,
integrals.The
the
compute
for which
to
the
interval
also
are
Peirce"f".
given.
of
hrYo(t)dt,
Jo(t)dt,
^0
-'O
from
one-third
and
1, togetherwith
former
coefficients
(c"
table
of maxima
and
maxima
minima
and
can
Fourier-Bessel
be
series
0,
Phil
Soc.
express
my
Manchester
xiii.
of
angles in
in the
to
245.
thanks
Literary and
trigonometricaltables
(1883),p.
cordial
make
radian
to
the
Bayerische Akademie
Philosophical Society,and
use
of
these
has
measure
V.
Tables.
made
The
it
der
to
the
Wissenschaften
American
non-existence
of
impracticable to
check
zu
matical
Mathe-
adequate
the
last
TABLES
OF
BESSEL
FUNCTIONS
666
TABLES
Table
OF
BESSEL
I. Functions
FUNCTIONS
of order
zero
668
TABLES
Table
OF
I.
BESSEL
Functions
FUNCTIONS
of order
zero
TABLES
Table
OF
BESSEL
I. Functions
FUNCTIONS
of order
unity
669
670
TABLES
Table
OF
BESSEL
I. Functions
FUNCTIONS
of order
zero
TABLES
Table
OF
BESSEL
I. Functions
FUNCTIONS
of order
unity
671
672
TABLES
Table
OF
BESSEL
I. Functions
FUNCTIONS
of order
zero
TABLES
Table
W.
B. F.
OF
BESSEL
I. Functions
FUNCTIONS
of order
673
unity
43
674
TABLES
Table
OF
BESSEL
I. Functions
FUNCTIONS
of order
zero
676
TABLES
Table
OF
BESSEL
I. Functions
FUNCTIONS
of order
zero
TABLES
Table
OF
BESSEL
I. Functions
FUNCTIONS
of order
unity
677
678
TABLES
Table
OF
BESSEL
I. Functions
FUNCTIONS
of order
zero
TABLES
Table
OF
BESSEL
I. Functions
FUNCTIONS
of order
unity
679
680
TABLES
Table
OF
BESSEL
I. Functions
FUNCTIONS
of order
zero
TABLES
Table
OF
BESSEL
I. Functions
FUNCTIONS
of order
unity
681
682
TABLES
Table
OF
BESSEL
I. Functions
FUNCTIONS
of order
zero
684
TABLES
Table
OF
BESSEL
I. Functions
FUNCTIONS
of order
zero
TABLES
Table
OF
BESSEL
I. Functions
FUNCTIONS
of order
unity
685
686
TABLES
Table
OF
BESSEL
I. Functions
FUNCTIONS
of order
zero
TABLES
Table
OF
BESSEL
I. Functions
FUNCTIONS
of order
unity
687
688
TABLES
Table
OF
BESSEL
I. Functions
FUNCTIONS
of order
zero
TABLES
Table
OF
BESSEL
I. Functions
FUNCTIONS
of order
unity
689
690
TABLES
Table
OF
BESSEL
I. Functions
FUNCTIONS
of order
zero
692
TABLES
Table
OF
BESSEL
I. Functions
FUNCTIONS
of order
zero
OF
TABLES
Table
13 02
13 04
13 06
13 08
13 10
13'
Y,W
/iW
13' 14
13 10
13' 18
13' 20
13
13 ^4
13
26
13
2^
2112796
2213665
o-o6i784i
2123920
0-0574892
2134183
2143582
2211959
2210257
13 30
13 3^
13 34
13 3t)
?"^
0-0531781
0-0488525
2152115
of order
i":mi
0-0660609
12
I. Functions
0-0270667
2198455
0-0226902
2185034
2196784
0-0183113
2187466
21
0-0139317
2189025
2189712
2189527
0-0051775
0-0008063
0-0035587
0-0079157
2188473
2186550
2183761
2180108
2200129
951 17
2193454
2191795
2190139
4217547
4221096
13-36
13-38
634"2i'46'^85
4225507
13-40
^'
13-42
13-44
638"56'i4'-o2
640" 4' 50 -87
4230776
4236901
4243876
4251699
4260365
2177029
2175407
2172174
0-046491
0-0506758
0-0548341
0-0589646
2120188
2170562
2168954
2167350
2165750
"62
0-0791428
13 72
13 74
13
13
13 So
0-0830728
1989768
0-0869640
o
0908150
0-0946243
0-0983905
13 "82
13 "84
13 "86
13 "88/
13 "90
0-1021121
-%
13 92
13 94
13 96
13 98
14 00
-f
+
+
13-52
13-54
429I37I
13-56
645" 47' 55
-52
4303358
43I6I6I
13-58
13-60
2164153
2162559
2160969
649 13 46'-6o
650" 22' 23^67
651" 31' o'.77
4329775
4344I9I
4359404
4375406
13-62
13-64
13-66
13-68
4392190
13-70
4409748
4428071
13-72
13-74
4447152
4466981
4487550
2159382
2157799
2156220
2154644
2148374
2146815
2145260
2143708
2142159
662"
2140614
129955
165249
1797510
0-1200029
0-1234282
0-1267995
0-I30II56
0-1333752
4269869
4280206
"
o-
1772613
1747048
1720824
1693954
1666448
13-50
2149936
13-48
1911585
-+
0-1057877
0-1094160
13-46
2153071
2151502
o-
13-3^
13-34
1932249
1971349
1952173
13-30
653"48'i5'.04
654"56'52'-2i
656" 5' 29-41
657" 14' 6'-62
1890191
1868077
1845252
1S21726
13-26
13-28
2130625
13-22
13-24
0-0422817
70
42I70IO
4214472
13 5^
13 54
13' 56
13' 58
13' 60
68
2140229
2055711
2040400
2024302
2007421
4- O
4214062
0-0380493
0-0711725
0-0751755
624" 4'i7'-2i
625" 12' 53 -73
4213044
4-
13-20
13 50
13-18
4220422
2173788
66
4224709
0-0295218
64
0-0252301
0-0630655
0-0671353
629"47'2o'^o8
630" 55' 56-73
13
13
13
13
13
13-16
2188487
2186839
2185195
2183555
2181918
4229868
2178655
2096838
2083936
2180285
13-14
42 1 20 1 4
4212094
2170223
2108924
13-12
4235900
4212807
2163997
2156920
2148996
4242805
0-0209219
13-10
0-0337954
13-08
13 4^
13 44
13
13
13-06
4259222
4250579
13-02
13-04
626"2i'3o'^28
13 40
48
0-0122630
0-0165990
13
25 -99
4' 2'-30
620"38'27'-8o
621" 47' 4-24
622" 55
4o'^7i
2181729
0-0095532
614" 55'
4279106
4268732
2172499
2177551
4290341
0-0314391
6i8"2i'i4'-99
6i9"29'5i'^38
2201807
0-0401645
0-0358056
6i2"38'i3'^5
613" 46' 49 -71
2205176
HiW
{x)
617" i2'38'-63
2203490
2206866
2166575
arg
616"
2159780
unity
2208559
0-0445140
693
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
2139072
2137533
2135998
2134466
57' 13' 05
13-76
13-78
13-80
4508850
4530871
4553603
4577036
4601 160
13-82
13-84
13-86
13-88
4625965
4651439
13-92
4677571
4704350
13-96
13-98
4731766
14-00
13-90
13-94
694
TABLES
Table
OF
BESSEL
I. Functions
FUNCTIONS
of order
zero
TABLES
Table
OF
BESSEL
I. Functions
FUNCTIONS
of order
unity
695
696
TABLES
Table
OF
BESSEL
I. Functions
FUNCTIONS
of order
zero
TABLES
Table
OF
BESSEL
I. Functions
FUNCTIONS
of order
unity
697
698
TABLES
Table
II.
OF
Functions
BESSEL
of
FUNCTIONS
imaginary argnment,
and
e^
700
TABLES
Table
II.
OF
Functions
BESSEL
of
FUNCTIONS
imaginary argument,
and
e^
TABLES
Table
II.
OF
Functions
BESSEL
of
701
FUNCTIONS
imaginary argument,
and
e*
702
TABLES
Table
II.
OF
Functions
BESSEL
of
FUNCTIONS
imaginary argument,
and
e^
TABLES
Table
II.
OF
Functions
BESSEL
of
703
FUNCTIONS
imaginary argument,
and
e^
704
TABLES
Table
II.
OF
Functions
BESSEL
of
FUNCTIONS
imaginary argument,
and
e^
TABLES
Table
W.
B. F.
OF
II. Functions
BESSEL
of
705
FUNCTIONS
imaginary argument,
and
e^
45
706
TABLES
Table
II.
OF
Functions
BESSEL
of
FUNCTIONS
imaginary argument,
and
e'"
708
TABLES
Table
II.
OF
Functions
BESSEL
of
FUNCTIONS
imaginary argument,
and
e^
OF
TABLES
Table
Functions
II.
I I -02
11-04
1 1
-06
1 1
-08
I 2 i 0 1
I2I2789
I 21
II-I2
IT-I4
II-I6
ii-i8
o
o
11-22
11-24
11-26
11-28
11-30
11-32
11-34
11-36
11-38
1
o
I2I5039
I2I39I2
II-IO
II-20
159603
II5863I
I 157662
1 1 56694
69
o
o
I20I724
II47I52
1200634
1 1
199547
198463
197382
196303
195228
148096
462
1 1
II45272
144335
II4340I
11-40
11-42
11-44
II94I56
1 193086
11-46
192020
11-48
190956
189895
11-50
II406IO
139685
1 138762
II3784I
II36922
11-52
11-54
1 1
3(^005
1 1
35090
11-56
11-58
II88837
II87782
II86729
II85680
11-60
II84633
II34I78
II33268
II32360
11-62
II83589
11-64
II82548
1 1
11-66
1 1
29649
11-68
II8I509
1 180473
11-70
1 1
II28750
II27852
11-72
11-74
11-76
11-78
II784IO
II77382
1 176357
11^5173
II75335
II743I5
o
o
1 1 24284
11-23398
-80
o
o
12
II'
14
70262-956
II
16
0-3705122
0-3701886
0-3698659
0-3695440
0-3692229
0-3689027
I I
1 1
II
I2028I7
79440
11-82
11-84
11-86^
II73298
II72284
11-88
11-90
11-92
11-94
11-96
11-98
12-00
II42468
II4I538
o
o
II3I454
3055
II225I3
II2I630
II7I272
II70263
II
I987I
169256
1 1
18995
168252
II6725I
1 166252
1 165256
II64262
120750
III8I20
III7248
I I 16378
III
5509
1 1
14643
661
71682-362
II
18
73130-442
II
20
0-3863468
0-3859818
0-3856178
0-3852548
0-3848929
74607-775
76114-952
77652-576
79221-262
80821-638
II
0-3685833
0-3682648
0-3679470
0-3676301
0-3673140
0-3S45320
0-384I72I
0-3838132
0-3834553
0-3830984
0-3669987
0-3666843
0-3663706
0-3660578
0-3827425
0-3823875
0-3820336
0-3816806
0-3813286
91126-142
92967-012
94845-070
96761-068
0-3654344
0-3651240
0-3648143
0-3645054
0-3641973
0-3809775
0-3806275
0-3802783
0-3799302
100709-962
102744-438
104820-013
106937-518
0-3795830
109097-799
0-3638900
0-3626684
0-3792367
0-3788914
0-3785470
0-3782035
0-3778610
0-3623650
0-3620623
0-3617603
0-36I459I
0-3611587
0-3771787
0-3768389
0-3765001
0-3761621
o-3'^57457
II26957
1 1 26064
04
06
67507-906
68871-656
149990
149042
1 1
0-3881873
0-3878171
0-3874480
0-3870799
0-3867128
02
10
1208326
I2072I8
I206II3
n
II
08
0-3718151
0-37I488I
0-37II6I9
0-3708367
61083-680
62317-652
63576-552
64860-883
II
II54767
II53807
II52849
1 15 1894
1
20501
1203912
II
e*
71 -160
I2I055I
1209437
0-3900543
0-3896788
0-3893043
0-3889309
0-3885586
II55730
5094
and
K^{x)
0-3734632
0-3724717
0-3721430
e""
0-3731319
0-3728014
709
FUNCTIONS
imaginary argument,
1669
of
K,
AW
-"/oW
BESSEL
0-3635834
0-3632777
0-3629727
0-3775194
II
II
24
26
II
28
II
30
82454-343
84120-031
85819-368
87553-035
II
32
34
II
36
38
89321-723
II
40
II
42
1 1
44
98715-771
II
II
II
II
48
II
50
II
52
II
54
II
II
56
58
II
60
III30I-72I
II
"62
II3550-I65
115844-030
118184-235
II
"64
II
"66
II
"68
120571-715
II
70
123007-425
125492-340
II
II
74
128027-453
130613-780
II
7^
II
78
133252-353
II
80
135944-229
II
82
138690-485
I4I492-2I8
II
0-3608590
0-3605600
0-3602618
0-3599643
0-3596676
0-3758251
0-3754890
0-3748194
0-3744859
144350-551
II
88
147266-625
II
90
0-3593716
0-3590763
0-3587818
0-3584880
0-3581949
0-3741533
150241-608
153276-690
156373-085
II
92
1 1
94
II
96
159532-031
1 1
98
162754-791
12
00
0-3751537
0-3738216
0-3734908
0-3731608
0-3728318
II
86
710
TABLES
Table
II.
OF
Functions
BESSEL
of
FUNCTIONS
imaginary argument,
and
e^
TABLES
Table
II.
OF
Functions
BESSEL
of
711
FUNCTIONS
imaginary argument,
and
e^
712
TABLES
Table
II.
OF
Functions
BESSEL
of
FUNCTIONS
imaginary argument,
and
e^
TABLES
Table
II.
OF
Functions
BESSEL
of
713
FUNCTIONS
imaginary argument,
and
e*
714
TABLES
Table
To
OF
BESSEL
III. Functions
FUNCTIONS
of order
1/3,increase
one-third
the
phase by
60".
716
TABLES
Table
To
compute
III.
OF
BESSEL
Functions
functions of order
FUNCTIONS
of order
1/3,increase
one-third
the
phase by
60^.
TABLES
Table
III.
OF
BESSEL
Functions
(4-00)=0-3981444
'/_]/3
y_i/3(4-00)=0-3981444
COS
sin
717
FUNCTIONS
of order
one-third
"0-3330932.
-o-2i8ioo8.
718
TABLES
Table
To
compute
III.
functions
OF
BESSEL
of order
Functions
of order
FUNCTIONS
1/3,increase
one-third
the
phase by
60".
TABLES
Table
III.
OF
BESSEL
Functions
(6-00)=0-3254331
J'_i/3
xcos
y_";(6-00)=0-3254331
xsin
FUNCTIONS
of order
one-third
719
720
TABLES
Table
To
compute
III.
functions
OF
BESSEL
Functions
of order
FUNCTIONS
of order
1/3,increase
one-third
the
phase by
60".
TABLES
Table
-Hi
OF
BESSEL
III. Functions
(8-00)=0-2819433
7_i;3(8-00)=0-2819453
W.
B. F.
COS
xsin
721
FUNCTIONS
of order
one-third
46
722
TABLES
Table
To
compute
III.
OF
BESSEL
FUNCTIONS
of order
Functions
functions of order
one-third
1/3,increase
the
phase by
60^.
724
OF
TABLES
Table
To
III.
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
of order
Functions
corajjutefunctions
of order
one-
1/3,increase
the
third
phase by
60".
TABLES
Table
OF
III.
BESSEL
Functions
"^_i/3
(12-00)=0-2302745
r_i,3(12-00)=0-2302745
COS
xsin
FUNCTIONS
of order
one-third
672" I3'8'-I7=+0-1547365.
672" I3'8'-I7= -0-1705373.
725
TABLES
726
Table
To
compute
III.
OF
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
of order
Functions
functions of order
one-third
1/3,increase
the
phase by 60".
TABLES
Table
III.
OF
BESSEL
Functions
J_l,3(14-00)=0-2132061
r_j.3(14-00)=0-2132061
COS
xsin
727
FUNCTIONS
of order
one-third
TABLES
728
Table
To
compute
III.
OF
BESSEL
Functions
functions of order
FUNCTIONS
of order
1/3,increase
one-third
the
phase by
60"
TABLES
Table
III.
OF
BESSEL
Functions
(16-00) =0-1994442
"J-113
y_j,3(i6-oo)=0-1994442
xcos
xsin
729
FUNCTIONS
of order
one-third
730
TABLES
OF
Table
BESSEL
IV.
Values
FUNCTIONS
of
J" (.r)
732
OF
TABLES
Table
IV.
BESSEL
Values
FUNCTIONS
of
J^{x)
and
7"(a:)
TABLES
OF
Table
BESSEL
IV.
Values
FUNCTIONS
of
Yjx)
733
734
OF
TABLES
Table
BESSEL
IV.
Values
FUNCTIONS
of
Y^{x)
TABLES
Table
The
numbers
points. For
first 14
are
in
[ ]
are
the
BESSEL
OF
IV.
numbers
of
of
FUNCTIONS
Values
of
digitsbetween
is
Y-^^{o-\)
735
Y^{x)
736
TABLES
Table
OF
TV.
BESSEL
Values
FUNCTIONS
of
e-^/"(a;)
TABLES
Table
W.
B. F.
OF
IV.
BESSEL
Values
737
FUNCTIONS
of
K^ {x)
47
738
OF
TABLES
Table
IV.
BESSEL
Values
FUNCTIONS
of
K,, [x)
740
TABLES
Table
OF
BESSEL
V.
Values
FUNCTIONS
of
(x)
Jj^i^^i)
TABLES
Table
OF
V.
BESSEL
Values
741
FUNCTIONS
of J
c^+
) {x)
742
TABLES
Table
OF
BESSEL
V.
Values
FUNCTIONS
of J
[x)
^ /,j^. ^\
TABLES
OF
Table
V.
BESSEL
Values
743
FUNCTIONS
of
J^^^
{x)
744
TABLES
Table
OF
V.
BESSEL
Fresnel's
FUNCTIONS
integrals
TABLES
Table
OF
V.
BESSEL
Fresnel's
745
FUNCTIONS
integrals
Maxima
integrals
J^x{t)dt
{n
minima
and
of Fresnel's
0-779893
0-321056
0-640807
10-995574
0-380389
14-137167
0-605721
0-404260
0-588128
1-570796
4-712389
7-853982
17-27S760
4-
20-420352
23-561945
26-703538
29-845130
+
+
0-417922
O-577121
0-427036
32-986723
36-128316
39-269908
0-569413
0-433666
42-411501
45-553093
+
+
0-563631
0-438767
0-559088
48-694686
0-442848
dt
TlTT
'
3-I4I593
6-283185
9-424778
12-566371
15-707963
0-713972
0-343415
0-628940
0-387969
0-600361
18-849556
2I-99II49
25-132741
+
+
0-408301
0-584942
0-420516
28-274334
0-374937
31-415927
0-428877
34-557519
0-567822
37-699112
40-840704
0-435059
0-562398
43-982297
47-123890
+
+
0-439868
0-558096
50-265482
0-443747
746
TABLES
Table
VI.
OF
Functions
BESSEL
of
FUNCTIONS
equalorder
and
argument
748
TABLES
Table
VII.
Zeros,
BESSEL
OF
j^,
"
y^,
"
ji,
FUNCTIONS
Vi,
of
n,
TABLES
Table
VII.
OF
Zeros, j.;,,
"
y.^, ,,
BESSEL
j^,
,
.h.
5-i35"J223
"
y^,
of
"
Ja
3-3842418
6-7938074
749
FUNCTIONS
6-3801 619
9-7610231
J's,
"
4-5270247
8-4172441
11-6198412
10-0234780
13-0152007
11-3964667
13-2099868
16-3789666
16-2234640
147959518
17-9598195
14-6230726
17-8184543
21-1169971
19-5390400
24-2701123
27-420573()
30-5092045
22-6939559
25-8456137
28-9950804
32-0648524
20-9972845
24-1662357
27-3287998
30-4869896
33-7165195
32-1430023
35-2186707
33-6420494
10
36-8628565
40-0084467
43-1534538
35-2897939
38-3704724
36-7947910
II
38-4357335
41-5810149
41-5207197
12
44-7257771
15
46-2979967
49-4421641
44-6697431
47-8177857
39-9457672
43-0953675
46-2438744
47-8701227
50-9650299
49-3914980
15
16
52-5860235
51-0141287
16
55-7296271
58-8730158
54-1578545
19
62-0162224
65-1592732
54-III6I56
57-2576516
60-4032241
63-5484022
66-6932417
52-5383976
17
18
58-8304911
61-9758587
65-I2o86l2
66-7307471
69-8736034
69-8377884
68-2655491
21
72-9820804
71-4099642
2 2
3
4
9
lo
II
12
13
14
20
57-3013461
60-4446401
63-5877658
19-4094148
22-5827295
25-7481667
28-9083508
8-0975538
^3
74-5541409
77-7302971
73-0163509
76-1590031
76-1261492
^4
79-2700214
25
8o'8728269
79-3015713
82-4137195
77-6981084
80-8418910
26
84-0152867
87-1576839
85-5572629
88-7006678
91-8439487
94-9871177
98-1301857
2 2
28
90-3000252
29
93-4423160
82-4440651
85-5864927
88-7288612
91-8711766
30
96-5845614
95-0134441
32
102-8689327
98-1556685
101-2978536
33
106-01
104-4400031
35
10655
109-1531673
112-2952406
36
^15-4372877
37
118-5793107
38
27
13
55*6846964
68-3021898
71-4449899
74-5876882
21
18
19
20
24
25
83-9855095
26
S7-1289817
90-2723230
27
28
93-4155465
96-5586637
30
29
99-7016848
102-8446186
105-9874728
3i
IIO-70I6I97
113-8443033
109-1302542
34
112-2729691
i5
116-9869284
1 15-4156229
118-5582204
36
121-7213115
113-8662672
117-0083021
120-1503138
38
39
124-8632917
123-2923041
126-4144954
40
128-0052530
126-4342746
129-5569276
121-7007659
124-8432635
127-9857167
99-7267657
34
107-5821201
110-7242073
IOI-273I62I
104-4160552
107-5588722
120-1294994
123-2720205
37
39
40
750
TABLES
Table
VII.
BESSEL
OF
Zeros, J4,
"
y^,
"
J5.
,, ,
yr^,"
FUNCTIONS
of
,
TABLES
Table
VII.
The
last
two
BESSEL
Zeros, ji,3,",?/i;3,",
Sn,dn,
[Note.
OF
of
functions
v'3- Wvi{x)iiOfiZO"-
751
FUNCTIONS
of
zeros,
arc
eciual to
l\,3{x)smio''\,
^3.
120"
:./i,,3(.r)cos
I'j3(.r)8in i20"[
respectively.]
)l
2-9025862
6-0327471
9-1705067
12-3101938
15-4506490
d.,
M::ui"
i, n
4-4657883
7-6012412
2-3834466
5-610x956
8-6473577
16-7402x28
11-7868429
13-8803575
14-9272068
1-3530196
0-8477186
3-9441020
7-0782997
10-2x69407
13-3569532
18-5914863
17-02x0330
18-0679953
21-7325412
20-1619929
21-2090210
16-4975630
19-6384856
23-303x228
20-4443623
24-3501925
22-7795923
29-5856767
27-4914601
30-632794X
25-9208x65
ID
24-8737314
28-0150117
3I-I563549
29-0621201
10
II
34-2977437
32-7270444
33-7741762
12
37-4391666
35-8684514
36-9155941
32-2034801
35-34488x3
X2
40-5806158
43-7220857
39-0098884
42-15x3485
40-0570394
14
15
46-8635719
45-2928269
46-3399899
16
50-0050715
17
18
53-1465821
48-4343202
51-5758256
56-2881019
54-7173410
19
59-4296294
62-5711634
57-8588648
61-0003956
65-7x27030
68-8542475
71-9957961
64-1419325
67-2834747
75-1373484
78-2789040
79-8496829
82-99x2426
29
81-4204625
84-5620234
87-7035867
90-8451519
30
8
9
13
20
21
22
23
24
25
II
38-4863138
41-6277704
44-7692461
13
49-48x4874
52-0229964
55-7645147
58-90604x0
62-0475740
47-9I0737X
16
51-0522406
17
54-1937545
18
43-1985061
14
15
57-3352769
19
60-4768067
20
65-1891x27
63-6183^27
21
68-3306564
66-7598840
70-42502x3
71-4722044
73-56^5718
76-7081259
77-7553112
69-9014299
73-0429798
76-1845333
74-6137562
-y
24
79-3260899
82-4676492
85-6092109
26
89-2743691
80-8968692
84-0384298
87-X799926
90-3215576
88-7507749
29
93-9867191
92-4159353
93-4631244
91-8923408
30
31
97-1282878
95-5575032
100-2698581
95-0339085
98-1754777
33
103-4114297
101-8406437
34
104-9822160
35
106-5530025
109-6945765
96-6046929
99-7462629
102-8878343
106-0294070
109-X709808
31
32
3^
112-83615x6
1 1
37
115-9777275
38
39
1x9-1x93044
122-2608821
40
125-4024605
26
27
28
86-1328048
98-6990728
108-1237894
1-2653639
114-4069394
112-3125557
117-5485159
iiS-5957082
121-7372858
124-8788641
120-6900931
123-83x6712
115-4541315
27
28
32
101-3170485
104-4586205
107-6001938
33
IXO-741768X
113-8833435
36
1x7-0249x97
38
120-1664969
123-308074S
39
34
35
37
-I"
752
TABLES
Table
VIII.
OF
BESSEL
Integralsof
FUNCTIONS
functions
of order
Maxima
zero
and
Jo (i)dt
"
Jo.
minima
T i\ (t)dt
and
of
ii
J,{i)di
"
For values of
from tlieformulae
between
and
2-4048256
0-7352208
5-5200781
8-6537279
0-3344230
-I-
II-79I5344
14-9309177
+
+
o-f-)34o842
0-3845594
0-6028269
18-0710640
6366
0-4064156
2 1 -2 1 1
0-5864441
24-3524715
27-4934791
0-4192836
30-6346065
0-5759911
0-4279931
33-7758202
0-5685888
36-9170984
40-0584258
+
+
0-4343856
0-5629957
43-1997917
0-4393331
46-3411884
0-5585784
49-4826099
0-4433085
be calculated
with
the
help of Table
{oi." 10-74)
+Ji{x)H.o{x)},ij''^yo(i)dt
i7rx{Y"(x)Uo'i.v) Y,{x)Uoix)}j^'f,U)dl=i^x\J,{,)llo
{""-")
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*
The
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difierentielles k indices
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"
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Sulla
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*
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the
of
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(Jan.
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I.
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27,
337
342.
"
Proc.
Phys.
Math.
Section,
6,
INDEX
[^Thenumbers
263
529
"S^:,.n{z),
^n.. (0,571
6
a,
^",
on
inhich the
symbolsare
j"F,{a"oi,,...
,oi^\p"p,,...,
584
^,,,(0,283
S4o{cc,
t); 598
SYMBOLS
OF
defined.^
(^),308
J.
3).(^),61
...,p,; ^),100
F(*-).639
646
F,(a,-),
j,507
",./;,"",485
479
i.,n,
j.n,576
K,
559
K,(z),78 [seealso
/C, (z),46
Bm("2), 247
Bn; M, (t),293
(?,21
^0 (^),597
Gn (z),64
(^),529
^''^..
K, (^),78
81
(x),bei (a;),
81
ber^(a;),
bei^(a;),
a),640
(a,-,
G, (a;,
a),648
276
gn(t),
Ln(z),71
0,,
5'n,.(0284
303
^^,,(^),
ber
554
1 ; 232
:
65
ker
Cn"
(z),50
"^.(^X 82
W
129
(zip),
c, 508
(z),kei (^),81
Ii.(4
329
Z,^,,111
C"(^),658
C{n(a),S20
(2t)n,288
H,o77
ir,w (^),i7.'='
(z),73
il/,6
H,(^),328
her (^),hei (z),81
81
her, (^),hei^(z),
M{a;),mi
ii\ 471, 475,
..
i),,598
//,
74
i)"(2),
/.(^),77
13
; 505
514
324
iV_,,,.,",
661
iV^(^),
0,197
En{z), 56
Bin (a),320
J,(z),10,16
Jn{z\ 6, 14,
J-n {z\ 16
E;5),308
/^,",10
E,6
e, e,,
111
258
i^(6'),
J?'(a,0, 90
On(t),271, 272
19
30
J'^rC^),
J,(^),38
J(/i,a?),49
J{z\p),129
326
^n.fc(^),
J{z;
v,
k),327
Pn(^), 156
P,"'^-'
(^),295
P.-'^(^),51
F,Acoscf"p),129
p.
65]
790
THEORY
OF
BESSEL
FUNCTIONS
LIST
[The numbers
referto
OF
the pages.
AUTHORS
References are
pp.
664
479
280
S.,305
502*^
91
Chapman, S.,621
Chessin, A. S.,135, 175, 325, 346, 382
Chree, G, 6, 597
E. B., 154
Christofiel,
92
Bernoulli,John
^louUi,
Brassinne, E., 91
Brenke, W. C, 23
Bridgeman, P. W., 597
Bromwich, T. J. Fa., 8, 11, 44, 68, 156, 187,
189, 191, 202, 203, 214, 230, 231, 234, 279,
302, 349, 360, 385, 391, 393, 399, 574, 575,
Challis,IT. W.,
ulli,Daniel
bibliography/,
Brajtzew,J. Ti.,169
Burnside,W.
L., 94
Berne
in the
601
312
Ani^imov, V. A., 92
Baehr, G. F. W.,
Ball,L. de, 157
to entries
659, 660
Autonue,
given
621
not
753"788.]
Aldis, W.
QUOTED
1, 2, 3
(1667-1748),
Nicholas, (1687-1759),2
Bernoulli,Nicholas, (1695-1726),2
Bessel,F. W., 1, 3, 4, 5, 9, 13, 14, 15, 18, 19,
21, 24, 25, 38, 84, 140, 148, 153, 160, 295,
308, 478, 551, 554, 654
Binet, J. P. M., 183
Bocher, M., 46, 57, 64, 376, 494, 495, 517
Bohmer, P. E., 142
Boole, G., 27,47, 110,627
D'Alembert, J. le Eond,
Dandelin,
BESSEL
OF
THEORY
792
Gegenbauer,
G. P., 503
De
189
651
482
470
Gifford,E., 662
Gilbert,L. P., 545, 548, 549
Giuliani,G., 155, 156, 324, 326, 327
Glaisher,J. W. L.,89, 96, 102, 103, 108, 109,
J.
B., 120
503
A., 197
F., 248
Gregory, Duncan
Farquharson, 391
Gregory, Walter, 224
Grunert, J. A., 27
Gubler, E., 32, 64, 145, 160, 165, 177, 197,
290
455
G. von,
119
ErmakoflF,W.,
G.
Goursat,Edouard
Bois
Emde,
Genocchi, A.,
623
A.
De
Du
FUNCTIONS
165
Falkenhagen, J. H. M.,
Fejer,L., 610
Feldblum, M., 92
Fields,J. C., 110
94
358, 400,
Fourier, (Baron) J. B. Joseph, 4, 9, 10, 13,
22, 84, 135, 449, 450, 454, 455, 456, 478,
482, 483, 501, 576, 577, 578,
616
501
Freeman, A.,
Frenet, F., 27
Fresnel, A. J.,544, 545
Frobenius, F. G., 57
Frullani,G., 14, 19
656
Hanumanta
Hardy,
Gallop,E. G., 405, 421, 422
Gaskin, T,, 109
15
G.
LIST
OF
AUTHORS
Hargreavcs,11.,538
Harnack, A., 577
Harris, J. A., 15
Havelc.ck,T. H., 125, 171
Hayashi, T., 165
Heaviside, 0., 64, 65, 203, 367, 385, 387, 388,
393, 395, 410, 426
Heine, H. E., 4, 56, 65, 66, 84, 154, 155, 156,
157, 181, 358, 363, 365
Hermite, C, 55, 477
Hertz, H., 80, 81
555
Hill,C. J. D., 94
Hobson,
44
Jackson, William
Hartas, 177
Jacobi,C. G. J.,6, 8, 14, 21, 22, 25, 26, 27,
(Sir
Thomson),
Leibniz,G. W., 1, 2, 3
Le Paige,C.,96
Jamet, E. Y., 94
Johnson, W. W., 92
A. E., 528, 529
Jollifte,
Y.
Julius, A., 65, 200
William
Lambert, J. H, 485
Lamd, G., 96, 159
343
Kelvin
Lacroix,S. F., 27
Lagrange, J. L. de, 6, 27, 28, 551
Lamb, H., 56, 96, 385, 416, 475, 502
793
QUOTED
Lord, 81,
661, 664
Lorenz, L.,57, 96, 224, 229, 500
Love, A. E. H., 56, 226, 417, 449, 654,
662
658
Kepinski,S.,99
Kepler,J.,551, 552
i^rchhoff,
G., 107, 196, 203,
Kluyver, J. C, 367, 419,
J. C. C.
Kneser,
Knockenhauer,
Konig,
420
K.
J.,354, 523
Koppe, M.,
Kummer,
247
E.
203
Manfredius, G.,
92
50"5
THEORY
794
OF
BESSEL
FUNCTIONS
421
Perfes,J.,44
Perron, O., 154
Petzval,J.,49
Phragm^n, E., 358
Mayall,R.
Picard,C. E.,93, 94
157
W. {seeLebedeflF)
Myller-Lebedeff,
68, 69, 70, 71, 73, 128, 143, 150, 151, 155,
271, 273, 274, 276, 277, 278, 280, 281, 284,
286, 290, 291, 292, 345, 358, 359, 361, 363,
365, 386, 418, 424, 440, 441, 453, 455, 456,
470, 471, 473, 474, 475, 476, 522, 523, 524,
525
Neumann,
Friedrich
E., 154
Newman,
Nicolas, J.,77, 84
Nielsen, N., 24, 44, 49, 64, 73, 74, 77, 82, 83,
132, 142, 145, 148, 149, 154, 169, 224, 297,
528
Plana, G. A. A., 10, 38, 42, 45, 49, 53, 95, 96,
99, 195, 554
Plummer, H. C, 270, 552, 555
L., 100, 101, 297, 346,
Pochhammer,
410
Pocklington,H. C, 537
Poincare, J. Henri, 236
Poisson,S. D., 6,9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 24, 25, 38,
47, 49, 52, 67, 68, 69, 73, 95, 96, 160, 173,
183, 185, 186, 187, 194, 195, 308, 369, 477,
501
Raffy,L., 94
Ramanujan, S.,382,
449
Rawson, R., 91
649
579
NiemoUer,
195
Olbricht,R., 158,
481
Oltraraare,G., 173
Scheibner,W., 6
L., 10, 14, 27, 28, 30, 32, 33, 63, 64,
Schlafli,
65, 67, 72, 79, 90, 91, 143, 145, 151, 160,
Panton, A. W.,
305
INDEX
GENERAL
[7^henumbers
Addition
358-372
theorems,
(Chapterxi);
the
referto
jmges.]
coefficients of order
for Bessel
zero,
(Gegenbauer'stype),362, 367;
of the first kind (Graf'stype),130, 143, 359 ; for Bessel functions
or cylinder
kind (Gegenbauer'stype),363 ; for Bessel functions or cylinderfunctions of any
of any
functions
of two
functions
kind (Graf'stype),143, 361 ; for hemi-cylindrical
functions, 354; for Lommel's
rived
289; integrals devariables, 543; for Scblafli's function r"(;), 344; for Schlafli's ijolynomial,
of, 128, 130, 361, 363, 366; specialand degenerate forms
from, 367 ; phvsicalsignificance
coefficients of order
for Bessel functions
",
of
functions
Airy's integral,
Anger and
Analytic
Weber,
321
to tables
; references
Anger's function
Jvi"),308; connexion
by, 312; integrals
expressed in terms
Airy's integi-al
(generalised)
by, 321;
largeargument and order, asymptotic
to Bessel
Approximations
Weber's
of, 312;
zero
(extensions due
to
of largenumbers
to functions
largedegree, 65, 155, 157, 158 ; to remainders
regions),248;
of
of
series of
Method
of
positiveterms,
steepest
8.
also Asymptotic
See
of
Asymptotic
Bessel
function
asymptotic expansions,
Method
of
; to the
213
stationary
sum
phase and
(ind
series
Kapteyn
"/*;"/Schlomilch
series
series
series
(forcomplex variables);
(forreal variables)
defined, 40
approximations to
expansions,
in
expansions,
descents
recurrence
coefficients of order
6, 7
largeorder (Carlini),
of
of, 659
with
associated
of numbers
theory
coefficients of order
remainders
into
convergent series,
with
function, 340;
magnitude of remainders
in, 206, 211, 213, 236, 314, 332, 352, 449; sign of
in, 206, 207, 209, 215, 315, 333, 449.
See also Approximations
remainders
Basic
appliedto
numbers
Bateman's
type
Ber (:).
(-:),
Bei
Bernoullian
See
Thomson's
polynomials
coefficient
functions, 43
integral,379,
of order
382
functions
associated
(Daniel)solution
Bernoulli's
Bessel
Bessel
of definite
with
Poisson's
of Eiccati's
zero,
Jy (z),3, 4;
differential
zeros
49
integral,
differential
tion
equation satisfied by, 4, 5 ; (generalsoluLegendre function, 65, 155, 157; oscillations of a
representing,9 ; with largeargim^ent,asympintegral
totic
of
of, 4,
5.
See also
Bessel
functions
coefficients,Bessel
and
equation
coefficients
J" (z),5, 6, 13, 14-37 (Chaptern); addition theorem
for, 29; Bessel's integi-al
for,19; expansion in power series of, 15; generating function of, 14, 22, 23; inequalities
satisfied
by, 16, 31, 268; notations for, 13, 14; order of, 14; (negative),
formulae
for, 17;
16; recurrence
Bessel
of order
zero,
Bessel's
1) 662, 666-697
,
of
differential
(oforder n),664,
730-732
and
Bessel
See
(withequal
also
Bessel
functions
functions, 38-84
Bessel
higher than
the second
as
limits of
13
; indefinite
terms
integralscontaining, 132-138 ; order of, defined, 38, 58, 63, 67, 70 ; rank of, defined,
129 ; relations between the various kinds of, 74 ; representation of
cylinderfunctions in
of, 82; solutions of difference equations in terms
of, 83, 355; solutions of Laplace's
GENERAL
797
INDEX
motions
See
also
containing,123
the two
; tbree-
preceding"iud
ten
Bessel
function,
continued
303
formulae
; recurrence
for, 45,
294
; relations
with
Lommel's
expansions
Asymptotic
of, itee
; zeros
Zeros
of Bessel
functions
second
kind, ""(-) (afterHankel),57, 63; G" {z)(afterHeine), 65; r''"(s)
67; ir(~)(afterWeber-Hchlatli,the canonical form),63; addition theorems
for, 144, 361, 365, 368; Bessel's type of integralrepresenting,177; component parts of, 71, 72,
satisfied by,
63; differential equation (Bessel's)
840; continuity of [qua function of their order),
59, 63 ; expansion of, in ascendingseries,59, 60, 61, 69, 72 ; expansion of, in descendingseries,
nee
containing functions of the first kind, 5,
Asymptotic
expansions ; expressedas an integral
133, 382, 433 ; infinite integrals
containing, 385, 387, 393, 394, 424, 425, 426, 428, 429, 430, 433;
Poisson's type of integralrepresenting,68, 73, 165; (modifications
of),169, 170; products of,
221. 441, 446; (asymptoticexpansions of), 221, 448;
149; (rej)reRented
by infinite integrals),
formulae
for, 66, 71 ; representedby integi-als
recurrence
containing Legendre functions, 174 ;
symbolicformulae for, 170 ; tables of (oforders 0 and 1),662, 666-697 ; (oforder "),664, 732of computing), 664 ; (with equal order
735 ; (of order h), 664, 714-729
J, method
; (of order
and argument), 664, 747 ; (zerosof),748-751
to, 655, 656, 658 ; with large
; tables of, references
of, t^ee Zeros
of
xee
expansions ; with negative argument, 75 ; zeros
argument,
Asymptotic
See also Neumann's
Bessel
functions.
polsoiomial
Bessel
functions
of the
(afterNeumann),
third
the
kind, Hv'^' (z),Hi.'-' (z),73; Barnes'
integi'als
representing,192
representing,178; Poisson's type of integral
representing,166; (modiintegiul
fications
of),168, 169. 170; representedby integralscontaining Legendre functions, 174;
664, 714symbolic formulae for, 170 ; tables of (of orders 0 and 1), 662, 666-697 ; (oforder ^,),
729; tables of (references
to),657; with large argument, asymptotic expansions of, 199, 210,
and order, asymptoticexpansions of, 244, 245, 262; with negative
215; with large argument
Bessel
functions
Bessel's
type
of
of
argument, 75
Bessel
448,
functions
515
747 ; tables of
Bessel
functions
of a
sta]iility
751.
659
Of
and
(references
to)
,
whose
argument
order
are
658
is
fraction.
Of
orders
"i
190;
(and Airy's integi-al),
(and
the
vertical
Of orders
small
functions
order
whose
whose
order
pole),96
is
"
(n + ^)
(Chapterviii)
large, 225-270
; asymptotic expansionsof, 241, 244,
(elementary)
approximation to, 6, 7 ; (extended by Meissel),226, 227 ; Horn's
of stationaryphaseapplied
approximation to, 225 ; Laplace's approximation to, 7, 8, 9 ; method
of steepest descents
applied to, 237 ; miscellaneous
to, 232 ; method
propertiesof, 252-261 ;
See
talDles of (referenceto),658; transitional formulae
of, 513, 516, 517, 518.
for, 248; zeros
"^Iso Bessel functions
order
and
are
wnose
argument
equal
Bessel
245,
Bessel
functions
262
whose
order
is
order
is
Carlini's
functions
whose
notations
for,
argument,
imaginary
I,.{^),
Ki"{z),Ki(c), 77, 78; differential equation
representing(of Bessel's type),181 ; (ofPoisson's
type),79, 171. 172;
integrals
property of, 446 ; of order =" [iif A),
equivalenceof various types),185-188 ; monotonic
functions
satisfied
in finite terms, 52
^n ,- ^),10, 52, 80 ; expressible
tables of (references
to),658, 659
with
by, 77
(proofof
80 ; recun-ence
formulae, 79 ; tables of lof orders 0 and 1),663, 698-713 ; (oforder i), 664, 714664, 736, 737-739; tables of (references to),657, 658; with large
729 ; (of various
integralorders),
of, 511 ; (computation of), 512; (referencesto),
argument, asvmptotic expansions of, 202; zeros
660
Bessel's
differential
for functions
with
equation,
1,
19 ;
38 ;
(generalised),
imaginary argument,
77 ; fundamental
for functions
system
of order
of solutions
zero,
798
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
OF
THEORY
are
97.
n +
also
See
and
coefl"cients
Bessel
Bessel
functions
and extensions
of, see
integral representing Bessel coefficients,19, 21 ; generalisations
and
Weber's
of,
function; modifications
Anger's function, Bourget's function, Bruns' function
tion
to represent Bessel functions of arbitraryorder,175, 176, 177, 178, 181 ; Theisinger'stransformaSee
177 ; used to obtain asymptoticexpansions,215.
of, 184 ; used in theoryof diffraction,
also Parseval's
integral
Bessel's
Bounds,
Inequalities
see
upper,
Bourget's
function
J"
^.
(z),326
; differential
formulae
recurrence
for,
326
Bruns'
function
Carlini's
(z;v, k),327
for Bessel
approximation
Cauchy's numbers
Cayley's solution
324;
jV_"_i.
,",
of Riccati's
Chain, oscillations of
largeorder, 6, 7;
formulae
by Meissel,226, 227
extended
for, 325
equation, 88
uniform
of
functions
recurrence
heavy,3, 4, 576
Eiccati
Cognate
equations, 91
functions
variables, expansions of arbitrary
Complex
functions
Composition
of Bessel
of the second
functions
kind
of
and
series
with
imaginary argument,
order,
integral
503;
(Stokes'),
zeros
Constant
of, 216
of arbitrary(Stokes'
discontinuity
phenomenon), 201, 203, 238,
with Sehlafli's polynomial,288
Continuants, connected
Constants,
Continued
fractions
336
; convergence
of asymptoticexpansionsinto, 204
conversion
series, Hadamard's
integral for Sehlafli's polynomial,288.
Convergent
Crelier's
511 ; of
340
500, 502;
of Bessel functions by various methods
(Graeffe's),
(Sturm's, for the smallest zero),516. See also Zeros of Bessel functions
of
Computation
series
Neumann
See
also Neumann's
integral
for
Neumann's
polynomial
of solutions
Cross-ratio
of
Cube
Cut
of Eiccati's equation, 94
function,expansion of, 149
Bessel
necessary
motion
(circular),
Cylinder
of heat
functions, 45, 77
with Bessel
4, 82, 480; addition theorems, 143, 361, 365; connexion
'^^(^),
83 ; rank of, 129; solutions of differentialequations of order
originof the name,
higher than the second by, 106 ; three-teiTn relations connecting, 300. See also Bessel functions
Cylinder functions,
functions,83
and
Hemi-cylindrical
Darboux'
See
Definite
functions
of
functions
under
Infinite
largenumbers, 233
the integralsign, 373-382
; the Ramanujan-Hardy method
Difference
representing
specialfunctions,see Bessel functions
polynomials,294 ; Wronskian,
with linear coefficients)solved by means
equations (linear
representingLommel's
Functional
equations
and
of
evaluation,
expansions, 605
coefficients,fractional,
107,
and
Integrals
42, 76, 77
of Bessel
functions,83.
See
formulae
Recurrence
of Fourier-Bessel
Differentiability
Differential
(Chapter xii);
integrals
integrals
Determinants,
also
approximatingto
evaluated
382.
of
method
Definite
functions
; of
specialSchlomilch
series,635
125
Riccati
to the generalised
linear of the second order, equivalent
(ordinary),
oscillation
of
106
of
order
solved
Bessel
than
the
second
functions,
by
higher
;
;
solutions of, 518 ; satisfied by the productof two Bessel functions, 145, 146 ; solved by elementary
transcendants, 112; symbolic solutions of, 41, 108. See also under the names
of special
functions a7id
equations,such as Bessel's differential equation, and under the names
of various
Differential
equations
equation, 92
polynomials satisfyingdifferential
equations,such as Anger's function
solution of by an integi-al
equations (partial),
containing Bessel functions, 99
Differential
Laplace's equation
and
of salts
expansion,
in
580.
equation
Wave-motions,
with
see
also
177; with
188; with Bessel's type of integral,
Airy's integral,
Struve's
and
liquid,
of
functions, 417
infinite
series
437
799
INDEX
GENERAL
tion
series, 577, 580, 596-005, 615-617
(Chapterxviii),651-653 ; expansion of an arbitraryfuncof a real variable into. 580, 600 ; methods
of complex variables applied
of theory of functions
Dlni
of range,
602
factor, 406
discontinuous
of
Discontinuity
factor
Discontinuous
Domain
A'
Du
Raymond's
Bois
Electric
(Kapteyn's),559
421
integrals with
integrandsexpressedin
oscillatoiy
of Bessel
terais
functions, 183
waves,
Electromagnetic
Elementary
336
constants
:ul)itniry
Discontinuous
definition
transcendants,
of. 111
; order
of, 111
of differential
; solution
equationsby,
112
Equal
of
order
and
Eulers
of Bessel
functions
; tables referred
406 ; (Weber's),
405
(Dirichlet's),
productsof Weievstrassian, 497
Fej^r'stheorem,
Bessel
terms,
as
; tables
; tables
equation, 87
Factors, discontinuous
not
functions
664
of Eiccati's
solution
Exponential
Finite
Bessel
argument,
to),658,
(references
e"
or
2),22
expression
expansions, 610
of other orders
; Bessel functions
; solutions of Eiccati's equation in, 85, 86, 89 ; the solution of Eiccati's
and their limit, 123
possibleexcept in Daniel Bernoulli's cases
of order
functions
"
119
expressible,
so
problem of random,
Flights,
419
580.
Fourier-Bessel
expansion,
Fourier-Bessel
functions,
4,
Fourier-Bessel
integrals,
^^ee
See
alao
Fourier-Bessel
series
84
Multiple
infinite
integrals
function
of a
(Chapterxviii),649-651 ; expansion of an arbitrary
real variable into, 576, 580; Fejer'stheorem, analogue of, 610; Kneser-Sommerfeld
expansion
of a combination
of Bessel functions
of theory of functions of complex variables
into, 499 ; methods
appliedto, 582, 607 ; order of magnitude of terms in (Sheppard'stheorem),595 ; Eiemanntheorem, analogue of, 649 ; summability of, 578,
Lebesgue lemma, analogue of, 589 ; Eiemann's
series, 576-617
Fourier-Bessel
range,
Fractional
differential
107,
coeCacients,
125
Fresnel's integrals, 544 ; asymptotic expansion of, 545 ; tables of, 744, 745 ; tables
and minima
of, 745 ; tables of (references
to),660, 661, 664
Functional
equations
Functions
of
8, 421. See
of steepest
Fundc^mental
deliningcylinderfunctions,
by Nielsen,
generalised
;
355
approximations due
of
stationary phase
to
and
Laplace,
Method
descents
of solutions
system
Gallop's discontinuous
Gamma
82 ;
of maxima
infinite
of Bessel's
integrals,
differential
421
jBamma
Gegenbauers
addition
Gegenbauer's
discontinuous
Gegenbauer's
function
Gegenbauer's
polynomial
satistied
fornxulae
by,
283
theorem
Cj
;
for Bessel
infinite
applications
integrals, 415,
418
for, 283
293, 525
Gegenbauer's polynomial I'n.n.i'
(t),
Gegenbauer's representation of Jt,(z)by a double integralresembling Poisson's
Gegenbauer's
type ot delinite integral,378
Generalised
hypergeometric
functions,
-fee
Hypergeometric
functions
51
integral.
(generalised)
800
integrals
Generalised
Giuliani's function,
addition
Group
velocity, 229
of
Hankers
functions, 485
406
J^i^),31 ; generalised,
of Aiiy's integral),
320;
(
generalisations
Ei,^{a),
Si,^(a),
Ci,^{a),
upper
for
of Bessel,
of functions
terms
502
integrals, 384, 386, 389, 390, 393, 395, 424, 427, 428, 434
hound
functions
Hardy's
for Bessel
of Bessel
zeros
function
calculating
zeros, 500,
theorem
infinite
Hansen's
548,
sr-r Bourget's
of
Grafs
Growth
functions of
Hardy's integrals representingLommel's
382
definite
of
method
Hardy's
integrals,
evaluating
conduction
Heat,
Hemi-cylindrical
functions
; addition
353
theorem
variables,546
two
expressedin
of order
zero,
expressedas
Bessel
functions,154
in terms
of, 100, 101;
expi-essed
; Sharpe'sdifferential equation
102
by, 105
Bessel
argument,
Struve's
of the function
terms
functions
Hypergeometric
90, 100; Bessel functions
(generalised),
notations for, 100 ; relations between
(Rummer's formulae),101,
Imaginary
expressedin
322
for, 354
functions, limitingforms
Hypergeometric
solved
282
549
Gilbert's integrals,
GraefiFe's method
of Bessel
function
Generating
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
OF
THEORY
functions
with,
functions
Bessel
.'iee
functions
with
imaginary
argument
Indefinite
; tables
Inequalities satisfied by Bessel functions, 16, 31, 49, 255, 259, 268, 406; by Neumann's
nomial,
polyof Bessel functions,485, 489,
273, 282 ; by Struve's function, 328, 337, 417 ; by zeros
490, 492, 494, 515, 516, 521
Infinite integrals
383
;
under
of
Eamanujan's type (integrals
the
of
names
421
of
Integrals, expressed in
terms
of
; values
with
polynomialsof
the
Definite
functions
of Lommel's
of, deduced
integrals
Bessel
of Bessel
zeros
functions
addition
from
and
Neumann
(uul Infinite
and
infinite
integral
495
548, 549
integrals,e.p. Lipschitz-Hankel
various
continuous
the integral
sign,383-449 (Chapterxrn); dis441 ; methods
of evaluating,
described,
generalised,
449.
See also
functions with respect to their oi'der),
under
of two
theorems,
Gegenbauer under
integrals
Interference, 229
Interlacing of
Jacobi's
of Bessel
zeros
Irrationalityof
to
Kapteyn's
6, 26
cos
and
of
cylinderfunctions,479, 480,
transformation
respect
functions
481
90, 485
tt,
erroneouslyattributed
K, 559
domain
to
Kapteyn's polynomial
Kapteyn's
Kepler's problem,
Kinds
of Bessel
6, 551, 554
functions,
Kneser-Sommerfeld
Kummer's
Lam6
568; expressed in
"" (t),
380
integral,
terms
polynomial,569
of Neumann's
type of definite
formulae
; Bessel's
40
(first)
expansion
of
solution
of,
13 ;
solution of, 6
Lagi-ange's
73
; (third)
combination
of Bessel
functions
as
Fourier-Bessel
series,499
functions,
Laplace's equation,
solutions
127
124 ;
tions,
func-
of
methods
Laplace's
approximatingto
(tho
Large
mctliods
numbers,
order,
Weber's
Anger's
mv
approximation
of
"'(*/
Approximations
functions
of
large numbers,
8,
421
280, 395
Laplace's transformation,
Large
801
INDEX
GENERAL
Asymptotic
Bessel
function,
to functions
of
(Darboux),283
8,
(Laplace),
421.
See
expansions
fimctions
whose
order
is large,
function
Struve's
mid
function
Lebesgue's lemma,
Riemann-Lebesgue
-fee
lemma
notation
for, 1.56; integialscontaining,50, 173, 174, 339, 475; limits
Legendre functions, Ikunes'
of, expressed as Busscl functions, 65, 155, 157 ; (physical
significanceof),155 ; of largedegree,
of, 387.
approximationsto, 15H ; relation between two kinds of, 174 ; Whipple's transformation
See also Gegenbauer's
function
C'"''
{z)
389
integral, 384 ; generalised,
in finite terms, 350; integrals
of expression
345, 347; cases
'^^,v(z),
S^,i,(z),
cases
formulae, 348 ; special
expressible
by the polynomials
representing,346, 350 ; recurrence
with ^"c
odd negative integer,
of Gegenbauer, Neumann
and Schliitii,
an
350; specialcases
348 ; with largeargument, asymptotic expansion of, 351
Lommel's
functions
of two
variables,
?v(w, z), V:,{w,z),537, 538; addition formulae for,543;
formulae, 539 ; special
540, 546 ; reciprocationformulae, 542 ; recurrence
integi-als
representing,
infinite
LipscMtz-Hankel
Lommel's
functions
of, 581, 752; tables of 752; tables referred to, 660; with large argument, asymptotic expansions
of, 549
notation
Lommel's polynomial Rm, v [z),
294, 295 ; differentialequationsatisfied by,297 ; Hurwitz'
303 ; limit of, expressedas a Bessel function, 302 ; of negative order, R-m,v [z],
299;
(]m,v{z),
in Hurwitz'
formulae
formulae, 298; recurrence
notation,303; relations with Bessel
recurrence
of, 304, 305, 306
functions, 295, 297, 302; three-term relations connecting, 300, 301; zeros
ease
in
of remainders
Magnitudes
of Bessel
Maxima
tions,
func-
anomaly,
expansions of elements
Mebler-DiricMet
integral
157
integral,
Mehler-Sonine
integrals
approximations
Meissel's
to
Bessel
functions
of
170
types
of
vibrations
Membrane,
; vibrations
of
510
sectorial,
216
(Schlalli's),
of stationary phase, 225, 229 ; appliedto Bessel functions, 231, 233
Method
235 ; appliedto Bessel functions, 237, 241, 244, 245,
Method
of steepest descents,
functions of Anger and Weber, 316 ; appliedto Struve's function,333; connexion
Method
of constant
method
of
approximation,
of Bessel
Minima
phase
262 ;
with
appliedto
Laplace's
421
functions, 488
; of Fresnel's
; of
of Bessel
integi-als
tions,
func-
752
446
{v),257 ; of Jv {v)and JJ {v),260 ; of A'^(.i),
{vx)lJi,
453, 470 ; (generalised
by Neumann,
Multiple infinite integrals, 450-476 (Chapterxiv); investigated
by Orr),455; (modifiedby Weber), 468; Riemannby Hankel), 453, 456, 465; (generalised
Lebesgue lemmas, analoguesof, 457, 471 ; Weber's type of, 450
Monotonic
properties of J^
Neumann
525
generalised,
and
Lommel's
Neumann's
functions
factor
f,i (
^x-Neumann'sintegral
of two
1
for J
or
variables
2), 22
J {z),32
; for Neumann's
polynomial,278,
280
569 ; connected
271, 272, 273 ; connected with Kapteyn's polynomial.
polynomial 0" {t),
with Neumann's
polynomialt2"{t),292 ; connected with Schliifli'spolynomial,285, 286 ; contour
containing,277 ; differential equation satisfied by, 276 ; expressedin terms of Lommel's
integrals
functions, 350 ; formerly called a Bessel function of the second kind, 67, 273 ; generalised
by
generating function of, 281, 282; inequalities
Gegenbauer, see Gegenbauer's polynomial .(",i/(0;
satisfied by, 273, 282 ; infinite integrals
containing,433 ; Neumann's
representing,
integral
formulae
for, 274
278, 280 ; of negative order defined, 276 ; recurrence
Neumann's
polynomial (2,^
polynomial
(f),290, 291; expressedas integralcontaining Neumami's
292 ; Gegenbauer's generalisation
of, see Gegenbauer's polynomial Ihi.^. (t); recurrence
0" (t),
Neumann's
formula
Nicholson's
for, 292
infinite
Nielsen-Hankel
functions,
Null-functions,
Lerch's
functions
Bessel
st'f
BESSEL
OF
THEORY
802
theorem
FUNCTIONS
tliird kind
of the
382
representing,
integrals
on
representedby Schlomilch
series,
Numbers,
Numbers,
of
Order
equations,
differential
Ordinary
equations
equations, 518
Bois
Oscillatory integrands, Du
functions,200
; of uniform
of membranes,
Oscillations
Differential
see
of linear differential
of solutions
Oscillation
function
Bessel
Bessel
Bessel
functions,
183
P-functions, limitingforms
Parseval's
Partial
equations,
differential
Phase, method
see
Differential
equations
of
theorem
of
constant, 216
Poisson's
defined
of functions
singularities
on
by Neumann
25 ; for Bessel
series, 526
(generalised
by
Gegenbauer),50
(symbolicform of),50
of the
imaginary argument),
also Parseval's
Polar
change of
coordinates,
used
Bessel
to express
Probl^me
de
of
moments
to obtain
of, used
axes
functions
as
168, 169,
integrals,
contour
transformations
of
Legendre functions,
limits of
170.
See
378 ;
155
464
Stieltjes,
Products
of Bessel
Products
of Weierstrassian
Quotient of Bessel
Radius
of
vector
an
factors,Bessel functions
functions
expressedas
continued
with
functions
mean
382
evaluatingdefinite integrals,
419
flights,problem of,
of Bessel functions and cylinderfunctions, 129
Rank
Real
variables, expansions of arbitraryfunctions
of,
series (Webb-Kapteyn theory),
and
Neumann
Schlomilch
Ramanujan's
497
series of the
orbit,
expansionastrigonometrical
integrals of Bessel
Ramanujan's
expressedas,
of
method
Random
Reality
of
of Bessel
zeros
Reciprocation
for
formulae
Recurrence
for Lommel's
formulae
functions
Dini
see
series,
Fourier-Beasel
series,
series
511
of two
variables,542
Anger's functions,311
for Cauchy's numbers, 325 ; for cylinderfunctions, 82 ; for Gegenbauer's polynomials,283 ; for
Lommel's
functions, 348 ; for Lommel's
functions of two variables,
539 ; for Lommel's
nomials,
poly274 ; for Neumann's
298, 303 ; for Neumann's
polynomials0,^(t),
polynomialsii,^
(t),
283; for Schlafli's functions,71, 342, 343; for Schlafli's polynomials,285; for Struve's functions,
329 ; for Weber's
functions, 311 ; for Whittaker's
See also Functional
functions, 339.
mid
Three-term
relations
Reduced
in asymptotic
expansions, magnitudes of, 206, 211, 236, 314, 332, 352
207, 209, 215, 315, 333 ; Stieltjes'
approximations to, 213
Remainders
Repetition
Riccati's
of
of Bessel
zeros
functions
and
differential
with
Bessel's
85;
(D. Bernoulli's),
exhausted
by D. Bernoulli's formula and its limit,123 ; solutions by various
88 ; (Euler),
2, 85, 89 ; (Cayley),
87 ; (Schlafli),
90 ; solved by
(D.Bernoulli),
Riccati's
by James
Bernoulli,1
differential
equation
signsof,206,
of, 479
cylinderfunctions, impossibility
series
; transformations
of
soluble
cases
of,
mathematicians
of infinite
means
of, 86
generalised, 3, 92, 94
; cross-ratio
of
solutions,94
equivalence
804
FUNCTIONS
BESSEL
OF
THEORY
Tables
664,
integrals,
of
; of integrals
1),663, 666-697
744-745
0 and
(of orders
order
and
of order
Bessel
; of
zeros
i, 664, 748-751
659;
to)of Airy'sintegral,
(references
Tables
; of Bessel
them,
Bessel coefficients,
functions and associated functions, 659, 660
Theisinger'sintegral
representationof Bessel functions,184; of Struve's and Weber's
functions,
338
Thomson's
81 ; references
of, 658
with
; connexion
; squares
and
Bessel
productsof, 82,
Three-term
functions,81
148 ; with
and
sations,
generali-
largeargument,
Lommel's
polynomials,
300, 301
Transcendants,
by,
; order
of, 111
; solutions
of differentialequations
112
regions associated
Transitional
Uniformity
Upper
bounds,
see
Wave-motions,
obtain
and
Dini
of, associated
equation
addition
of
largeorder, 248
series,593, 594
; of
Kapteyn series,
; of
Schlomilch
series,643, 647
Inequalities
fluid,motion
Viscous
functions
series, 632
of Fourier-Bessel
Uniqueness
Bessel
of convergence
575 ; of Schlomilch
with
of,
theorems
with
189
Airy'sintegi-al,
generalsolutions, 125
for Bessel
generalisedto
dimensions, 128
; used
to
functions,129
Waves,
Weber's
Weber's
408,
of stationary
; on water, and the method
phase, 229
factor, 405
(H.)discontinuous
(H.)infinite integrals, 391, 393, 395, 396; (discontinuous
types of),398, 402, 405, 406,
411
Weber's
Weierstrassian
Whipple's
transformation
Whittaker's
function
339 ; with
Wronskian
functions
as, 497
of
W^
largeargument,
determinant,
satisfied
by, 339
recurrence
foi-mulae
for,
42, 76, 77
Zeros
Zeros
of Lommel's
polynomials
Zeros
of Struve's
function, 479
PRINTED
IN
ENGLAND
(reality
of),304, 305,
BY
J.
B.
PEACE,
M.A.,
AT
306
THE
CAMBRIDGE
UNIVERSITY
PRESS