Professional Documents
Culture Documents
KT 80 GB 2000-01
ABB Oy
Power transformer
Contents
1.
Pages
4
Routine tests
2.
5...6
3.
78
4.
811
5.
1213
6.
1415
7.
16
8.
17
9.
18...24
10.
25...30
31
12..
Capacitance measurement
32...33
13.
34
14.
3536
15.
37
16.
Temperature-rise test
3841
17.
4243
18.
4446
19.
4748
List of equipment
49...55
Lightning
impulse (LI) (see
Switching
impulse (SI) (see
Long duration
AC (ACLD)
Short duration
AC (ACSD)
Separate
source AC
clause 15)
Um 72,5
Type
(note 1)
Not applicable
Not applicable
(note 1)
Routine
Routine
72,5<Um170
Routine
Not applicable
Special
Routine
Routine
170<Um<300
Routine
Routine (note 2)
Routine
Special
(note 2)
Routine
Um300
Routine
Routine
Routine
Special
Routine
Category
of
winding
Highest
voltage
Um/kV
Uniform
insulation
Uniform
and nonuniform
insulation
NOTE 1 In some countries, for transformers with Um 72,5 kV, LI tests are required as routine tests, and ACLD tests
are required as routine or type tests.
NOTE 2 If the ACSD test is specified, the SI test is not required. This should be clearly stated in the enquiry
document
are connected to the bridge according to the relevant vector diagram in Table
2-2, the bridge can be balanced only if the transformer connection is correct.
The voltage ratios are measured for each tapping connection of the
transformer. In the report the specified tapping voltage ratios are stated, as
well as the measured ratios and their deviations from the specified ratios.
Table 2-2
Determination of the
connection symbol
Clock hour figure (left),
connection symbol
(middle) and vector
diagram (right).
C
B
T1
8m m
A
Idc
Th
Udc
Computer
V
RAB
RAC
Terminal RBC
T
kuva1
Test report
The resistance values and the average temperature are calculated. In the report the
terminals, between which the resistances are measured, the connection, the tapping
position and the average temperature of the windings during the measurement are
stated.
K
u i
* tan ) = Pe * (1 +
)
3440
100
Pc = corrected power
Pe = power read from the meters
u = phase displacement of the voltage transformer in minutes
i = phase displacement of the current transformer in minutes
= phase angle between current and voltage in the measurement
( is positive at inductive load)
K = correction
Pc = P e * (
(4.2)
(4.2)
(4.3)
km
Pkm
IN
=(
)
Im
IN
*Uc
Im
* Pc
10
Fig. 4.2
The correction caused by
the phase displacement of
istrument transformers.
K correction in percent,
u - i phase displacement
in minutes. cos power factor
of the measurement. The
sign of K is the same as that
of u - i.
2
* R1m + I 22N * R2 m )
POm = 1. 5 *( I1N
Here Pkm is the measured power, to which the corrections caused by the
instrument transformer have been made, and which is corrected to the rated
current according to Equation (4.2)
11
X km = Z 2km R2km = X kc
When the losses are corrected to 75 C, it is assumed that d.c. losses vary
directly with resistance and the additional losses inversely with resistance. The
losses corrected to 75 C are obtained as follows:
(4.9)
Pkc = POm *
s + 75o C
+
+ Pam * s om
s + m
s + 75 C
(PDC)
(PA)
(PK)
(RK)
(XK)
(ZK)
Literature
(4.1)
12
(5.1)
U'
+ k2 *U2
P0 = k1 * f *
f
Po = measured iron losses
k1 = coefficient relating to hysteresis losses
k2 = coefficient relating to eddy-current losses
f = frequency
U' = mean value of voltage x 1.11 (reading of a rectifier voltmeter
( )
13
( )
(5.4)
Pon = P0 *
The current and power readings of different phases are usually different (the
power can even be negative in some phase). This is due to the asymmetric
construction of the 3-phase transformer; the mutual inductances between
different phases are not equal.
Results
The report shows the corrected readings at each voltage value, as well as the
mean values of the currents of all three phases.
A regression analysis is carried out on the corrected readings. From the noload curve thus obtained no-load losses and no-load apparent power
corresponding to voltage values from 90 to 115 % of UN at 5 % intervals are
determined and stated. Furthermore the no-load current in percentage on the
rated current is stated.
14
rated frequency
*120 s
test frequency
The test is successful if no collapse of the test voltage occurs.
a. Short duration induced AC withstand test for Uniformly insulated HVwindings
The test voltage connection is essentially the same as in service. A threephase winding is tested with symmetrical three-phase voltages induced in the
phase windings. If the winding has a neutral terminal, it is eaerthed during the
test.
The test voltage is twice the rated voltage. However, the voltage developed
between line terminals of any winding shall not exceed the rated short duration
power-frequency withstand voltage.
The voltage is measured from terminals to earth or between terminals of the
low voltage winding using voltage transformers. Alternatively the capasitive
taps of the bushings on the high voltage side are used for voltage
measurement. The voltage is so adjusted, that the average of the voltage
values measured from terminals to earth or between terminals is equal to the
required test voltage value. The partial discharges shall be measured if not
otherwise agreed.
15
Fig. 6-1. Test circuit for induced overvoltage withstand test on non-uniformly
insulated winding of three-phase transformer.
G1 supply generator, T1 step-up transformer, T2 transformer understest, T3 current
transformer,
T4 voltage transformer, L compensating reactor, E voltage divider, P1 ammeter, P2
voltmeter, P3 voltmeter, (r.m.s. value) P4 voltmeter (speak value).
16
17
b)
c)
d)
18
The impulse generator design is based on the Marx circuit. The basic circuit
diagram is shown on Fig. 15-1. The impulse capacitors Cs (12 capacitors of
750 nF) are charged in parallel through the charging resistors Rc (45 k)
(highest permissible charging voltage 200 kV). When the charging voltage
has reached the requider value, breakdown of the spark-gap F1 is initiated by
an external triggering pulse. When F1 breaks down, the potential of the
following stage (points B and C) rises. Because the series resistor Rs is of low
ohmic value compared with the discharging resistor Rb (4.5 k) and the
charging resistor Rc, and since the low-ohmic resistor
19
Ra is separated from the circuit by the auxiliary spark-gap Fa1, the potential
difference across the spark-gab F2 rises considerably and the breakdown of
F2 is is initiated. Thus the spark-gaps are caused to break down in sequence.
Concequently the capacitors are discharged in series-connection. The highohmic discharge resistors Rb are dimensioned for switching impulses and the
low-ohmic resistors Ra for lightning impulses. The resistors Ra are connected
in parallel with the resistors Rb, when the auxiliary spark-gaps break down,
with a time dalay of a few hundred nanoseconds. This arrangement is
necessary in order to secure the functioning of the generator.
The required voltage is obtained by selecting a suitable number of seriesconnected stages and by adjusting the charging voltage. In order to obtain the
necessary disscharge energy parallel or series-parallall connections of the
generator can be used. In these cases some of the capacitors are connected
in parallel during the discharge.
Max. test voltage amplitudes: 2.1 MV lightning impulse. 1.6 MV switching
impulse.
Test circuit
Fig. 15-2 Equivalent diagram of the impulse test circuit.
Cr resulting impulse capacitance, Rsr resulting series resistance, Rar resulting discharge
resistance, LrLp stray inductances, Ci input capacitance of transformer, Li transformer
inductance, C1 capacitance of voltage divider, F1 spark gaps of impulse generator, F2
calibration spheregap, R2 protective resistor.
The required impulse shape is obtained by selecting the series and discharge
resistors of the generator suitably.
20
T 2 k * Li * C r
The measuring circuit is checked in accordance with the standards (15-2) and
(15.3). If necessary the sphere-gap calibration of the measuring circuit can be
performed in connection with the testing according to the standard (15.4)
21
When testing low voltage windings of high power the time to half-value
obtained is often too short (Fig. 15-5). However, the time to half-value can be
increased by connecting suitable resistors (Ra in Fig. 15-4b) between the
adjacent terminals and earth. According to the standard IEC 76-3 the
resistances of the resistors must be selected so that the voltages at the
adjacent terminals do not exceed 75 % of the test voltage and the resistance
does not exceed 500 .
A delta-connected winding (and star-connected winding, unless the neutral is
available) is also tested with an impulse test-sequence applied to the line
terminals of the tested winding connected together, while the other windings
are earthed (three-terminal test, Fig. 15-4c).
22
23
24
Unless agreed otherwice different tappings are selected for the impulse tests
on the three phases of a three-phase transformer, usually the two extreme
tappings and the principal tapping.
Test report
The summary of test results is given on a form termed "Report of impulse
voltage withstand test on transformer". The osccillographic record and
measurement records are stored in the archives, where they are available
when requider.
Literature
(15.1)
(15.2)
(15.3)
by
(15.4)
(15.5)
25
26
When the voltage Uc across Cc has increased enough, the spark-gap ignites.
The capacitance Cc disharges and the voltage difference across the cavity
vanishes within 1...1000 ns. The discharge magnitude or apparent charge q
and the voltage Uc are related by the following equation:
(18.1)
q = Cb * U c
The discharge gives rise to a current pulse, which causes a fast voltage
charge at the terminals of the transformer; this change can be measured by
means of a capacitive voltage divider and a pulse transformer.
Fig. 18.2
Analogue circuit
of a gas-filled
cavity.
disharges cause high local field strengths near the discharge site.
27
Measurement circuit
28
Fig. 18-3
Calibration
C1 calibration
generator,
which produces
charge
pulses of magnitude qo
29
30
When the test is carried out as a special test, the test procedure can be
separately agreed upon.
Test report
A summary of test results is put down on a form made for this purpose. The
form is stored in the archives, and is then available when requasted.
Literature
(18.1)
(18.2)
(18.3)
(18.4)
(18.5)
(18.6)
31
32
(10.1)
33
(10.2)
(10.3)
The partial capacitances C10, C12 and C20 are determined by solving the set
of equations (10.1)...(10.3). For transformers with three or more windings a
similar method is used. The number nk of partial capacitances (and
measurement combinations) is
(10.4)
nk = n *
n +1
kpl
2
34
35
Fig. 12-1
Valid for the series-connection:
tan = * C s * Rs
tan
* Cs
Obtained for the paralell connection
1
tan =
* C p * Rp
1
Rp =
* C p * tan
Rs =
R p = Rs *
1 + tan 2
tan2
Cp =
Cs
1 + tan2
36
37
Literature
(13.1)
IEC 156 (1963) Method for the determination of the elctric strengh
of insulating oils.
(13.1)
IEC 296 (1982), Specification for unused mineral insulating oils for
transformers and switchgear.
38
39
(14.1)
PN
to =
Pt
) * (
to
a)
40
PN = rated losses Pk 75 C + Po
Pt = power supplied during the test
x = exponent according to the standard
to= top oil temperature
a = cooling medium temperature
The average temperature rise o of the oil is
x
(14.2)
o =
( P N ) * (
Pt
to
2 3
a)
2
(14.3)
o = to
2 3
2
r =
R2
*( s + 1) s
R1
IN
*( r o )
It
IN = rated current of the winding
It = test current
y = exponent according to the standard
ro = (
41
r = o + ro
The temperature rise hs of the hot spot of the winding above the ambient
temperature is
(14.7)
hs = to + 1.1 ro
The winding temperature insicator, if any, will be adjusted on the basis of the
temperature risse hs
Results
The report indicates
cold resistance values and the corresponding oil temperature
-
42
Tc = 2...6 s
43
The fault detection is also for chopped impulses primarily based on the
comparison of voltages and winding currents obtained at 62.5 % calibration
voltages and 100 % test voltages.
In order to make the comparison of fault detection oscillograms obtaine at 100
% voltage are of one same size as calibration oscillograms obtained at 100 %
voltage are of one same size as calibration oscillograms obtained at 62.5 %
voltage. At chopped impulse the fault detection is additionally secured since
the test sequence includes the application of two standard impulses after the
applicaton of the chopped impulses. At high test voltages (> 750 kV) there is a
ssmall delay in the ignitions of the chopping-gap, which causes differences in
the fault detection and calibration oscillograms of voltages and winding
currents. In this case the fault detection must be based primarily on the
recordings obtained at the application of full impulses.
When carrying out the chopped-impulse test, unless otherwise agreed,
different tappings are selected for the tests on the three phases of a threephase transformer, usually the two extreme tappings and the principal tapping.
Test report
The test voltage values, impulse shapes, tappings and the number of impulses
at different voltage levels are stated in the report.
The oscillographic records and measurement records are stored in the
archives, where they are available when required.
Literature
(16.1)
44
Fig. 17-1
Transformer switching impulse testing and fault detection connections.
45
46
47
48
Test report
The mean value will be calculated from the measurement results. Correctionss
for background level and environmental correction are made to the mean
value.
Literature
(19.1)
(19.2)
(19.3)
49
S = 3 MVA
U = 1400 - 808 - 700 - 404 V
I = 1240 - 2140 - 2470 - 4290 A
f = 50 Hz
Motor:
The rotational energy of the unit is 18.5 MWs. The starting time is 1...3 min.
and stopping time (only friction losses) is about 25 min.
When the outdoor temperature is not higher than 0C and forced air cooling is
used, the generator may be loaded with 135 % current at 100 % voltage
(excitation not more than 300 A) and the motor accordingly with 140 % active
power.
In the no-load voltage or the generators the 5th harmonic is 0.9 % and the 7th
1.1%. In addition there are slot harmonics of the 29th and 31st order. These,
however, have no effect on the results in transformer tests.
Machinery 2.
Generator:
S = 15 MVA
U = 10.5/6.06 kV
I = 825/1430 A
f = 50 Hz
Motors:
The rotational energy of the unit is 83 MWs. The starting time is about 1.5 min.
and the stopping time (only friction losses) about 60 min. The unit can be run
continuously only in star-connection (10.5 kV).
50
Machinery 3.
Generator:
S = 400 kVA
U = 1400 - 808 - 700 - 404 V
I = 165 - 286 - 300 -572 A
f = 16 2/3, 50, 60 and 83 Hz
S = 300 kVA
U = 1400 - 808 - 700 - 404 V
I = 124 - 214 - 247 - 429 A
f = 50 Hz
The voltage curve of the generator contains the following harmonics: 5th
harmonic 1.2 % and the 7th harmonic 1.0 %.
Machinery 5.
Generator:
Motor:
870 kW, 1 min/460 kW, 10 min. synchronous motor
The unit is mainly used for voltage testing
51
Machinery 6.
Generator:
S = 10 MVA
U = 12 - 6.93 - 6 - 3.46 kV
I = 481 - 833 - 962 - 1667 A
f < 60 Hz
Motor:
inverter,
The rotational energy of the unit is 21.4 MWs at a speed
corrensponding to 50 Hz.
Step-up transformers
Tecnical data:
Transformer 1.
S = 15 MVA continuously
U = 21 - 36.4 - 42 - 72.8 kV/3.03 - 5.25 - 6.06 - 10.5 kV
I = 412 - 238 - 206 - 119 A/2857 - 1650 - 1429 - 825 A
Zk = 1.7 %
Current overload capability 40 %, 10 hrs.
When the transformer is used in connection with the 250 Hz generator, the
highest permissible voltage is 116 kV. In short-duration single-phase voltage
tests the voltage from terminal to earth must not exceed 100 kV.
Transformer 2.
S = 6 MVA continuously
U = 5000 - 8660 - 10000 - 17320 V/808 - 1400 V
I = 692 - 400 - 346 - 200 A/4920 - 2475 A
The transformer can be continuously overloaded by 15 % at a 35 C ambient
temperature and by 50 % when using three additional fans.
Transformer 3.
S = 2 MVA continuously
U = 20207 - 35000 - 40414 - 70000 V/808 - 1400 V
I = 57.2 - 33.0 - 28.6 - 16.5 A/1430 - 825 A
The insulations are dimensioned so that at 83 Hz, 166 Hz or 250 Hz the
transformer voltage can exceed the rated value by about 30 % for a short
period of time.
52
Transformer 4.
S = 5 MVA, 30 min.
U = 170/72 - 36/21 - 10.5 kV/1.4 (0.8) kV
i = 17/40 - 80/137 - 275/2060 (3570) A
The transformer is mainly used as step-up transformer for partial discharge
measurement.
Transformer 5.
S = 15 MVA continuosly
U = 12/28 - 48.5 - 56 - 97 kV
I = 722/309 - 179 - 155 - 89 A
f = 50 and 60 Hz
Transformer 6.
S = 15 MVA continuously
U = 12000/1400 - 808 - 700 - 404 V
I = 722/6190 - 10720 - 12370 - 21440 A
f = 50 and 60 Hz
Capacitor bank
The bank comprises 864 units, the rated values of which are:
Q = 250 kVAr (50 Hz)
U = 7300 V
C = 15.4 F
The rated power of the bank is 216 MVAr. The capacitors are so grouped that
the reequired connection is obtained easily. Star and delta connections of the
capacitors are possible. It is also possible to connect the capasitors for seriescompensation.
The capacitors can also be used at 60 Hz.
Instrument transformers
Current transformers.
5 pc
4000 - 2000 - 1000 - 800 - 400 - 200 - 100 - 50 - 25 - 12.5 - 5 2.5 - 1.25/5 A, 15 VA cos = 0.8, Cl. 0.2, 50 Hz, 72.5 kV
Manufacturer: AEG
3 pc
3 pc
53
3 pc
Voltage transformers
5 pc
3 pc
3 pc
3 pc
3 pc
3 pc
The errors of the instrument transformers have been measured with burdens
corresponding to actual conditions. The corrections for loss measurements are
performed using these error curves.
54
Meters.
The following meters are available:
Meter
Voltmeters
(r.m.s. value)
Voltmeters
(1.11 x mean
value)
Ammeters
Wattmeters
Wattmeters
D.C. meteers
Digital
thermometer
Pt-100 sensors,
12 Channels
Frequency meter
Insulation
resistance
meter, max. 5000
V
Capacitance
meter
Lossfactor
capacitance
bridge
Accuracy class
0.1
Manufacturer
H&B
0.2
Keithley
0.1
0.2 cosm = 1
0.5 cosm = 0.1
0.2
0.1 C
H&B
H&B
H&B
Siemens
Systemteknik
0.1
2.5
Bernecker + Rainer
Norma
0.3 %
ESI
< 0.1 %
tan 1...2x10-4
TETTEX
Thermocamera equipment
AGA Thermovision 782
Scanner AGA Ttermovision 780
Sensitivity district 3 - 5,65 micron
temperature district -20 C...+800 C (min)
Polaroid-camera
Video tape recorder
Colormonitor
55
1 500
0,1
0,06 % rdg 1
n = 12
U1 = 200 kV
U1 = 2400 kV
W k = 15 kJ
W = 180 kJ
C = 750 nF