Chapter 02

Microsoft PowerPoint Presentation Graphics for
EE 313: Basic Electrical Engineering I
Microsoft PowerPoint Presentation Graphics

Copyright 1998 Brian Manhire
Prepared by Brian Manhire, Ph.D.

Professor of Electrical Engineering
For Part 1 of
Introduction to Electrical
Engineering, 2/e
by C.R. Paul, S.A. Nasar
and L.E. Unnewehr
Stocker Center, home of Ohio Universitys

Russ College of Engineering & Technology
8:43 PM
1992, McGraw-Hill, Inc.
Ohio Universitys Russ College of Engineering & Technology
Chapter 2
Circuit Elements and Laws
Chapter 2: Circuit Elements and Laws

2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
Introduction to Electrical Engineering
Introduction
Charge and Electric Forces
Voltage
Current and Magnetic Forces
Lumped-Circuit Elements
Kirchhoffs Voltage and Current Laws
The Resistor
Voltage and Current Sources
Signal Waveforms
Analysis of Simple Circuits
Chapter 2: Introduction (pp. 9-10)
Chapter 2: Introduction cont.
In electric circuit analysis the most fundamental

quantities are voltages and currents
Voltages and currents are interrelated and in many
practical applications ideal (linear) relationships
(e.g., V = R x I) suffice
Useful electromechanical devices have electric
circuit counterparts (see next slide = text Figure 2.2)
The ability to employ electric circuit analysis skills
to these counterparts is essential in the analysis and
design of electromechanical and electronic devices
8:43 PM
8:43 PM
2.1 Charge and Electric Forces (pp. 11-13)

Charge (Q1 & Q2) is the stuff of electricity
There are two kinds of charge: positive (+)
and negative (-)
Unlike charges attract, like charges repel
Q1
Q2
2.2 Voltage
Charges exert forces on one another
Moving a charge Q1 in the presence of
another charge Q2 entails doing work
(expending energy) on that charge (Q1)
Work per unit charge (1 J/C) is voltage (1 V.)
b
+
F=9
x 10 9
where: F in N, r in m. and Q in C
See Example 2.1 (pp. 12-13) for application

7
2.2 Voltage cont.: Example 2-1
Q2
+
Fixed in space
8:43 PM
2.2 Voltage cont.: Example 2-1 cont.

Solution strategy: Since vba = Wba/Q, where
Wba is the work done (energy expended) in
moving charge Q from a to b, conceptually
move a test charge of Q =1 C from a to b
(then evaluate the vba voltage paradigm above).
Text Problem 2.7 (p. 49)

Calculate the voltage vba
Fixed in space
vba = ? +
+
Q 2 = 3 10 9 C
1 m.
3 m.
5 m.
Q=1C
+
+
Q 1 = 2 10 9 C a
1 m.
8:43 PM
Where w ba is the work done

in moving Q 1 from a to b
See Example 2.2 (pp. 15-16 for application)
Q1
+
+
Q 1 = 2 10 9 C
v ba = wba/Q 1
2
F = 9 x 109 Q1Q
r2
8:43 PM
Q 1Q 2
r2
8:43 PM
+
Q 2 = 3 10 9 C
3 m.
5 m.
10
The net force opposing the movement of Q is

Fnet = F 2 F1 where:
QQ
F2 (x) = + 9 x 109 2 2
(5-x)
QQ
F1 (x) = 9 x 109 1 2
x
Which for the given charge values yields:
Fnet(x) = +
Q=1C
+
+
Q 1 = 2 10 9 C a
1 m.
8:43 PM
+
Q 2 = 3 10 9 C
3 m.
5 m.
X
5X
11
27
18
(5-x)2 x2
Q=1C
+
+
Q 1 = 2 10 9 C a
1 m.
8:43 PM
+
Q 2 = 3 10 9 C
3 m.
5 m.
12
2.3 Current and Magnetic Forces
Then the work done in moving Q is:

b
3
27
18
2 dx
Wba = Fnet(x)dx =
2
x
a
1 (5-x)
Current is a measure of the rate of flow of (net

positive) charge per unit time
1 Ampere = 1 Coulomb per second
See next slide = Figure 2.10 (p. 17) for a graphical
illustration of the charge/current relationship
dq(t)
(2.4)
i(t) =
dt
Which yields Wba = 5.25 J

Ergo, vba = Wba / Q = 5.25 J / 1 C = 5.25 J/C
vba = 5.25 V.
Q=1C
+
+
Q 1 = 2 10 9 C a
1 m.
8:43 PM
3 m.
+
Q 2 = 3 10 9 C
5 m.
q(t) = i()d
x
13
8:43 PM
Units: i(t) is in Amperes when q(t) is in Coulombs

and t is in seconds
14
2.4 Lumped-Circuit Elements
2.3 Current and Magnetic Forces cont.
Macroscopic (big picture) treatment of

electrophysics
Physical behavior of a region of electrical
activity is averaged (lumped together) into a
so-called lumped-circuit element
The overall electrical activity associated
with the element is captured, inter alia, by
its voltage and current
i(t) = Current through element
q(t) = i()d
dq(t)
dt
<
i(t) =
(2.5)
Lumped Circuit Element
+
v(t) = Voltage across element
8:43 PM
15
<
<
8:43 PM
16
Given the passive sign convention shown below ...

Then if at some time t both i(t) > 0 and v(t) > 0
Then positive charge is moving through the element from
top-to-bottom at the rate i(t) (in C/sec.) and
The rate (per unit charge) of work (energy) being done to
push the charge through the element is v(t) (in J/C)
The power absorbed by the element is p(t) = v(t)i(t) in
Watts (1 W = 1 J/s)
Voltage units are Joules / Coulomb

Current units are Coulombs / second
Voltage-Current products units are
(Joules / Coulomb) (Coulombs / second)
= Joules / second = Watts
Ergo, P(t) = v(t)i(t) (which is Power)
Passive Sign Convention
Voltage-Current Power Relationship
8:43 PM
+
17
8:43 PM
18
Power Supplied vs. Power Absorbed

i(t) = 7 A.
+
v(t) = 3 V.
Pabsorbed = ?
v(t) = 3 V.
PSupplied = ?
i(t) = 7 A.
Case 1
Pabsorbed = ?
PSupplied = ?
Case 2
<
<
The amount of energy (in Joules) that each

Coulomb of charge looses (expends), as a
result of its journey from top-to-bottom
through the element, is numerically equal to
its voltage (in Volts)
<
Voltage Polarity Meaning
One Coulomb of charge
i(t) = 7 A.
v(t) = 3 V.
Less energy here
<
<
v(t) = 3 V.
PSupplied = ?
v(t) = 3 V.
PSupplied = ?
+
v(t) = 3 V.
PSupplied = ?
v(t) = 3 V.
i(t) = 7 A.
v(t) = 3 V.
PSupplied = ?
Case 8
Pabsorbed = ?
PSupplied = ?
v(t) = 3 V.
Case 13
v(t) = 3 V.
PSupplied = ?
i(t) = 7 A.
Pabsorbed = ?
PSupplied = ?
Case 15
8:43 PM
Pabsorbed = ?
Case 14
<
<
i(t) = 7 A.
v(t) = 3 V.
Case 10
PSupplied = ?
v(t) = 3 V.
Pabsorbed = ?
PSupplied = ?
Case 12
22
The behavior of electric-circuit currents and

voltages are governed by these laws
KCL is a statement of conservation of charge
(see text p. 22)
KVL is a statement of conservation of energy
(see text p. 25)
KCL and KVL are used in conjunction with
circuit element laws; e.g., Ohms Law (see text
p. 28), etc. to perform electric circuit analysis
<
v(t) = 3 V.
8:43 PM
PSupplied = ?
2.5 Kirchhoffs Voltage and Current Laws
i(t) = 7 A.
<
Pabsorbed = ?
i(t) = 7 A.
Pabsorbed = ?
Case 11
21

i(t) = 7 A.
+
v(t) = 3 V.
Case 9
Pabsorbed = ?
20
i(t) = 7 A.
Pabsorbed = ?
PSupplied = ?
i(t) = 7 A.
Case 7
8:43 PM
i(t) = 7 A.
Pabsorbed = ?
Case 6
<
Pabsorbed = ?
Case 4
<
i(t) = 7 A.
PSupplied = ?
<
<
Case 5
Pabsorbed = ?
<
v(t) = 3 V.
v(t) = 3 V.
i(t) = 7 A.
Pabsorbed = ?
8:43 PM
<
i(t) = 7 A.
Case 3
19

i(t) = 7 A.
Pabsorbed = ?
PSupplied = ?
The voltage is the amount of energy lost per unit charge

8:43 PM
<
More energy here
<
+
+
Pabsorbed = ?
PSupplied = ?
Case 16
23
8:43 PM
24
Kirchhoffs Current Law (KCL) cont.
Kirchhoffs Current Law (KCL)
KCL Sum: Each term in the sum is a current

If summing into a node, each inbound current
term has a positive sign and each outbound
current term has a negative sign
A circuit node is an electrical location of

interest (see numbered black dots below)
KCL: The sum-total of all currents entering
(or leaving) each node equals zero
1 A
1
ix
iy
Y
iz
2 A
8:43 PM
1 A
2
iz
2 A
3A
ix
iy
25
8:43 PM
3A
26
KCL at Node 1: + i y - ix + (-1 A) = 0 A (I)

KCL at Node 2: + i x + (-2 A) - i z = 0 A (II)
KCL at Node 3: - i y - (-2 A) + 3 A = 0 A (III)
(I), (II) & (III) have solution ix = 4 A,

iy = 5 A and iz = 2 A.
Note that doing a KCL at node 4 is
now redundant
1 A
1
ix
iy
Y
iz
2 A
8:43 PM
1 A
2
iz
2 A
3A
ix
iy
27
8:43 PM
3A
28
KCL Sum: Each term in the sum is a current

If summing out of a node, each outbound current
term has a positive sign and each inbound current
term has a negative sign
KCL at Node 1: - i y + i x - (-1 A) = 0 A (I)

KCL at Node 2: - i x - (-2 A) + iz = 0 A (II)
KCL at Node 3: + i y + (-2 A) - 3 A = 0 A (III)
1 A
1
ix
iy
3
8:43 PM
3A
iz
2 A
1 A
2
ix
iy
iz
2 A
29
8:43 PM
3A
30
Kirchhoffs Voltage Law (KVL)
Again, i x = 4 A, iy = 5 A, iz = 2 A and KCL at

Node 4 is redundant
N.B.: See text Problem 2.15 (p. 50)
Relates a circuits voltages to one another

First must consider voltage rise vs. voltage drop
concept
+ vy
1
1 A
1
ix
iy
iz
2 A
-2 V
1V
3
3
8:43 PM
31
8:43 PM
-2 V
1V
<
8:43 PM
33
8:43 PM
+
-3 V
34

KVL for closed path 2342 (using land
on polarity sign rule to determine the sign of
each term in the sum):
+ (-2 V) - v z + vx = 0 V
(II)
+ vy
1
vx
-3 V
-2 V
1V
+ vz
+
vx
+ vz
+ vy
1
32
+ vy
KVL for closed path 1231 (using the

land on polarity sign rule to determine the
sign of each term in the sum):
- v y + (-2 V) + 1 V = 0 V
(I)
1V
v(t) > 0
-2 V
KVL: The sum-total of all voltage drops and

voltages rises around any closed pathin any
directionequals zero
If i(t) > 0, the downward moving charge experiences

a voltage drop . However, if i(t) < 0 then the upward
moving charge experiences a voltage rise.
Voltage Rise vs. Voltage Drop

Positive charge moving across a change of
voltage from the positive polarity sign towards
the negative polarity sign experiences a voltage
drop (a decrease in its energy)
Positive charge moving across a change of
voltage from the negative polarity sign towards
the positive sign experiences a voltage rise (an
increase in its energy)
i(t)
8:43 PM
-3 V
+ vz
3A
+
vx
+ vz
35
8:43 PM
vx
-3 V
36
(I), (II) and (III) can be solved for v x, vy and vz

N.B.: There are other (now redundant) closed
paths (also see Text Problem 2.23, p. 52)
KVL for closed path 1421 (using land

on polarity sign rule to determine the sign of
each term in the sum):
- (-3 V) + v x + vy = 0 V
(III)
+ vy
+ vy
-2 V
1V
vx
-3 V
+
+
37
8:43 PM
vx
-3 V
+ vz
38
2.6 The Resistor cont.

If i(t) > 0 so too is v(t) = Ri(t) and vice versa;
i.e., if i(t) < 0 so is v(t).
So the resistors absorbed power (voltagecurrent product) is always Pabsorbed = v(t)i(t) 0
i(t)
v(t) = Ri(t)
v(t) = Ri(t)
39
2.6 The Resistor cont.
8:43 PM
40
2.6 The Resistor cont. (more about R)

R = (L/A) where
G = R-1 is called conductance (in S)

PR(t) = vi = (Ri)i = i2 R
PR(t) = vi = v(v/R) = v2/R
i(t)
The (ideal) resistor is defined by Ohms Law:

v(t) = Ri(t) where R is a positive constant and
v(t) and i(t) are also related by the passive
sign convention (this second requirement is
implicitly built into the Ohms Law equation)
8:43 PM
-2 V
2.6 The Resistor
i(t)
1V
+ vz
8:43 PM
The resistivity () is material dependent

(in m)
The length (L) is in m.
The cross-sectional area (A) is in m2 .
See Text Example 2.4 (p. 30) for an
application
+
v(t) = Ri(t)
L
8:43 PM
41
8:43 PM
42
2.7 Source modeled via

ideal source & resistor
2.7 Voltage and Current Sources

In circuit analysis, the ideal source concept is fundamental
The ideal voltage sources terminal voltage is independent
of the sources current
The ideal current sources current is independent of the
voltage across it
General: v s(t) or is(t)
b
+
i(t)
v s(t)
DC:
v s(t) = V or is(t) = I
i s(t)
p(t) delivered = vs(t)i(t)
(voltage source)
p(t) delivered = v(t)is(t)
(current source)
Ohioa Universitys
8:43 PM
43
8:43 PM
+
v
8:43 PM
12 v./Rs
Rs
12 v./Rs
44
Rsi
+
v
Rs
+
v
(t)
=
12 v.
s
Slope = Rs
RL
n
12 v./Rs
12 v./Rs
Rs
i
45
8:43 PM
2.8 Signal waveforms
+
v
v/R s
RL
46
2.8 Signal waveforms cont.

Sinusoid:
DC: x(t) = X (constant)
x(t) = Asin( t + ) (periodic)
Amplitude
t
Saw tooth
Slope = Rs
RL
v(i) vs. i
RL
v(i) vs. i
The preceding source transformation

analysis should be committed to memory,
according to the text!
The above current equation corresponds to KCL at

node n in the circuit shown below
v
v/R s
+
v

v = 12 v. Rsi can be solved for

i = (12 v./Rs) v/Rs (linear equation)
12 v.
12 v.

Rsi
Rs
+ vs(t) = 12 v.
i(t) = i s(t)
v(t)
KVL: 12 v. Rsi v = 0 v. or
v = 12 v. Rsi
(linear equation)
+ v ba(t) = v s (t)
a
b
An actual source can be modeled using ideal circuit

elements (e.g., ideal source & resistor see below)
T
Period
x(t) = x(t nT) (periodic)

t
t
T
n = 1, 2, 3, (integer)
T = Period (in sec.)
f = 1/T Frequency (in Hz.)
8:43 PM
Radian frequency
47
8:43 PM
Phase angle
48
Waveforms can be numerically compared

(as opposed to visually compared) by way
of numerical attributes which measure
some meaningful waveform property
Average value is intuitively appealing (it
measures a waveforms DC content)
The RMS (Root-Mean-Square) value measures

a periodic waveforms average power
RMS values of sinusoidal voltages and currents
are the vernacular of the electric power industry
t+T
xAVE = 1T x()d
xRMS =
t
(Where T is x(t)s period)
8:43 PM
49
8:43 PM
+
v
PAVE = R
Ri ()d
2
1
T
+
v
= I2RMS
t+T
i ()d
PAVE = RI 2RMS
8:43 PM
A voltage signals RMS value is a measure of

t+T
its average power
1
PAVE = T p()d
t
t+T
t
t
t+T
2
RMS
t+T
v ()d
2
PAVE = V2RMS / R (QED)

51
8:43 PM
52
Moral: A periodic signals RMS value measures

how powerful the signal is
See text p. 38 for a sample RMS value calculation
Another important RMS result (see text p. 39) is
that the RMS value of the general sinusoidal
waveform x(t) = Asin(t + ) is A/2 0.707A
Ergo, it is easy to program meters (e.g., VOMs,
DVMs, etc.) to display the RMS values of the AC
(sinusoidal) waveforms encountered in the
electric power industry
v ()/Rd = V
PAVE = 1R 1T
(QED)
8:43 PM
PAVE = 1T
50
A current signals RMS value is a measure of

t+T
its average power
1
PAVE = T p()d
PAVE = 1T
t+T
x2 ()d
t
(Where T is x(t)s period)
1
T
53
Example 2-2
The resistance space heater (of constant resistance RH )
when supplied by a 170 sin(120t) V. (t in seconds)
sinusoidal (AC) voltage source takes 5 minutes to raise
a rooms temperature 3 F. If the same heater is
supplied by a 48 Volt (DC) voltage source, how long
will it take (in minutes) to do the same job?
+ Voltage source
(AC or DC)
8:43 PM
RH
Space heater
54
Example 2-2 cont.
Exponential waveform: x(t) = Ae -t/ (t is in seconds)
+ Voltage source
(AC or DC)
RH
Time constant (parameter) is (also in seconds)

Captures transient behavior of many physical
phenomena (e.g., radioactive decay, mechanical
motion, electrical transients, etc.)
Space heater
Ae-t/
E AC = Energy for AC case = P ave. T AC = [(VRMS )2/RH] 5 Min.

E A C = [(170 V./2)2/RH ] 5 Min.
E DC = Energy for DC case = P DC T DC = [(V DC
E D C = [(48 V.)2/RH] T D C
)2/R
H]
A(1-e-t/ )
A
0.86A
T DC
0.63A
0.37A
Then: EA C = [(170 V./ 2)2/RH ] 5 Min. = [(48 V.)2/RH] T DC = E DC

which yields T DC 31 Min.
8:43 PM Ohio Universitys Russ College of Engineering & Technology 55
0.14A
8:43 PM
Example 2-3
Example 2-3 cont.
An ideal exponential voltage source of 120et V. supplies power

to a 5 resistor. Calculate the following quantities for the time
period 0 t < : the total energy (in Joules) absorbed by the
resistor, the total charge (in Coulombs) that flows through the
resistor, the average voltage (in Volts) across the resistor and the
time it takes an AC, 120 V. (RMS), 60 W., incandescent lamp to
consume the same energy as the resistor.
+ v(t) = 120et V.
56
i(t) = v(t)/5 = 24e t A.

Power: p(t) = v(t)i(t) = 5 i2 (t) = v2 (t)/5 = 2880e 2t W.
+ v(t) = 120et V.
Charge:
8:43 PM
57
8:43 PM
Example 2-3 cont.

5
The average voltage is: V ave.= W/Q = 1.44 kJ./24C. = 60 J/C

Vave.= 60 V. (in what sense is this the voltages average?)
24 C.
1 x ix
vx = 2 x ix
59
3
1
Ergo, Tlamp = 24 Seconds

58
Single-loop circuit analysis involves several

applications of Ohms Law (1 x ix , 2 x ix and
3 x ix (note use of passive sign convention on
schematic)) and ...
One KVL: 2 x ix + 1 x ix + 3 x ix +10 V. = 0 V.
which has solution ix = 5/3 A.
3 x i x +
Equating the lamps energy to the resistors energy yields:

Plamp Tlamp = 1.44 kJ. = W 5 (where Plamp= 60 W. = 60 J./Sec.)
8:43 PM
2.9 Analysis of Simple Circuits
+ v(t) = 120et V.
Q = i()d = 24e
Energy: WR = p()d = 2880e 2 d = 1.44 kJ.
8:43 PM
ix
+ 10 V.
2
N.B.: See text Problem 2.31, p. 54.
60
2.9 Analysis of Simple Circuits cont.
Single-node-pair circuit analysis involves several

applications of Ohms Law (vx / 2 and vx / 3)
note use of passive sign convention on schematic
and ...
Source transformations (described earlier and repeated

below) can be used to convert some circuits to either a
single-loop circuit or single-node-pair circuit which
can then be analyzed as described earlier
One KCL (at node n or m): 3 A. + vx / 2 + v x / 3 = 0 A.

which has solution vx = 3.6 V.
+
3 A.
vx
vx / 2
vx / 3
+ V = IR
I = V/R
m
8:43 PM
61
8:43 PM
Example 2-4 cont.

Step 1: Create single-node-pair circuit using
source conversion
Find i x and vx
+
ix
6 A.
vx
n
2.5 A.
8:43 PM
vx / 3
2.5 A.
6 A.
3
m
8:43 PM
vx
64
Step 3: With vx now known, solve the original

circuit for ix
KCL at node n: ix (3.4) A. 6 A. = 0 A.
Which has solution ix = 2.6 A.
ix
vx
(3.4) A.*
5 V.
6 A.
m
..:
8:43 PM
6 A.
Example 2-4 cont.
Step 2: Solve the single-node-pair circuit for vx

KCL at node n:
2.5 A. + vx / 2 + v x / 3 + 6 . = 0 .
Which has solution vx = 10.2 V.
n
63
Example 2-4 cont.
vx / 2
vx
6 A.
5 V.
2
5 V.
Example 2-4
62
65
8:43 PM
vx = 10.2 V.
(10.2 V. / 3) = 3.4 A.
66
Example 2-5 cont.
Example 2-5: Find Ix and Vx

1
b
5
6 A.
Ix
6 A.
10 A.
8 V. 2
Ix
a
+ iac
8 V. 2
Vx
10 A.
3
Vx
Ohms Law: iac = 8 V. / 2 = 4 A.

8:43 PM
67
8:43 PM
Example 2-5 cont.
5
6 A.
Example 2-5 cont.
8 V. 2
6 A.
10 A.
3
6 A.
8:43 PM
8 V. 2
70
5 14.
6 A.
+
R
Vx
Example 2-5 cont.
10 A.
+
R
8 A .
I X = 8 A.
69
vdb = 8 V. +
KCL at node b: 6 A. 14 A. IX = 0 A.
Example 2-5 cont.

b
10 A.
8 V. 2
Vx
Ix
iba= 14 A.
a
+
KCL at node a: ib a 4 A. 10 A. = 0 A.
iba = 14 A.
8:43 PM
b
Ix
ib a
a
+ 4 A.
68
8 V. +
E +
a 14.
+
8 V. 2
Vx
Ohms Law: vdb = 1 [( 8 A.)] = 8 V.
10 A.
3
Vx
KVL (Top-right mesh): 5 14. + 8 V. E = 0 V.

E = 78 V.
8:43 PM
71
8:43 PM
72
Example 2-5 cont.

1
6 A.
10 A.
8 V. 2
8 A.
5
6 A.
Example 2-5 cont.
10 A.
8 V. 2 V
R
Vx
3 +

c
3
2 A.
Vx

i dc
KCL at node d: 10 . + (8 A.) idc = 0 A.
Ohms Law: V3 = 3 2 . = 6 V.
idc = 2 A.
8:43 PM
73
8:43 PM
Example 2-5 cont.
We welcome your
questions with
Enthusiasm!!
78 V. +
6 A.
10 A.
8 V. 2 6 V. +
c
3
Vx
2 A.
KVL (Bottom-right mesh):

8 V. + 78 V. VX 6 V. = 0 V.
VX = 80 V.
8:43 PM
75
74

Chapter 02

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Microsoft PowerPoint Presentation Graphics for

EE 313: Basic Electrical Engineering I

Microsoft PowerPoint Presentation Graphics

Prepared by Brian Manhire, Ph.D.

Stocker Center, home of Ohio Universitys

1992, McGraw-Hill, Inc.

Ohio Universitys Russ College of Engineering & Technology

Chapter 2: Circuit Elements and Laws

Introduction to Electrical Engineering

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Chapter 2: Introduction (pp. 9-10)

Chapter 2: Introduction cont.

In electric circuit analysis the most fundamental

Ohio Universitys Russ College of Engineering & Technology

Ohio Universitys Russ College of Engineering & Technology

2.1 Charge and Electric Forces (pp. 11-13)

See Example 2.1 (pp. 12-13) for application

2.2 Voltage cont.: Example 2-1

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2.2 Voltage cont.: Example 2-1 cont.

Text Problem 2.7 (p. 49)

Where w ba is the work done

See Example 2.2 (pp. 15-16 for application)

Ohio Universitys Russ College of Engineering & Technology

Ohio Universitys Russ College of Engineering & Technology

Ohio Universitys Russ College of Engineering & Technology

2.2 Voltage cont.: Example 2-1 cont.

2.2 Voltage cont.: Example 2-1 cont.

The net force opposing the movement of Q is

Which for the given charge values yields:

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2.2 Voltage cont.: Example 2-1 cont.

2.3 Current and Magnetic Forces

Then the work done in moving Q is:

Current is a measure of the rate of flow of (net

Which yields Wba = 5.25 J

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Units: i(t) is in Amperes when q(t) is in Coulombs

2.4 Lumped-Circuit Elements

2.3 Current and Magnetic Forces cont.

Macroscopic (big picture) treatment of

Lumped Circuit Element

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i(t) = Current through element

Lumped Circuit Element

v(t) = Voltage across element

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Given the passive sign convention shown below ...

Voltage units are Joules / Coulomb

Lumped Circuit Element

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Passive Sign Convention

Voltage-Current Power Relationship

i(t) = Current through element

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Power Supplied vs. Power Absorbed

The amount of energy (in Joules) that each

Voltage Polarity Meaning

One Coulomb of charge

Less energy here

Ohio Universitys Russ College of Engineering & Technology

Ohio Universitys Russ College of Engineering & Technology

The behavior of electric-circuit currents and

2.5 Kirchhoffs Voltage and Current Laws