New Jays Int Cert Revision Book Week 1 and 2

Nebosh International General Certificate
Revision Book IGC1 and IGC2

Revision Book Contents
IGC1:- Management of Health and Safety
Pages
Element 1:- Foundations in Health and Safety

Element 2:- Policy
Element 3:- Organising for Health and Safety
Element 4:- Promoting a positive health and safety
culture
Element 5:- Risk Assessment
Element 6:- Principles of Control
Element 7:- Monitoring, Review and Audit
Element 8:- Incident and accident investigation and
reporting
Practice examination papers IGC1
2 to 5
6 to 8
9 to 12
13 to 23
24 to
27 to
32 to
36 to
26
31
35
39
40 to 44
IGC2:- Controlling Workplace Hazards

Element 1:- Movement of people and vehicles - hazards
and control
Element 2:- Manual and Mechanical Handling Hazards
and control
Element 3:- Work equipment hazards and control
Element 4:- Electrical hazards and control
Element 5:- Fire Hazards and control
Element 6:- Chemical and biological hazards and control
Element 7:- Physical and psychological health hazards and
control
Element 8 :- Construction activities hazards and control
Practice examination papers IGC2
45 to 50
51 to 56
57 to
61 to
65 to
71 to
78 to
60
64
70
77
88
89 to 96
97 to 101
IGC1 Element 1:- Health and Safety Foundations

Accident Definition:- An unwanted, unforeseen, unplanned event which results
in a loss of some kind
Incident/Near miss:- An unwanted, unforeseen, unplanned event that had the
potential to result in a loss
Acute:- resulting from a single or short-term exposure, producing an immediate
effect, which is usually reversible, e.g. intoxication by solvent vapours leading
to suppression of the nervous system, e.g. car spraying
Dubai Integrated Safety Solutions Center (DISSC)
Page 1

Chronic:- resulting from prolonged or repeated exposure producing a gradual

effect that may be unrecognised for a number of years and is often
irreversible, e.g. the long-term effects of exposure to asbestos causing
Asbestosis
Hazard:- Something with the potential to cause harm
Risk:- The likelihood that harm will occur and the severity of the harm
HIDDEN COSTS OF ACCIDENTS
Accident investigation;
Payments for non productive time (injured persons);
Payments for non productive time (witnesses, First-aiders investigators,
clearing up etc.);
Replacement labour (probably less effective);
Training for replacement labour
Business interruption/disruption;
Loss of reputation;
Damage repair;
Replacement plant;
Compensation payments;
Legal costs and fees;
Insurance.
Page 2

BENEFITS OF GOOD HEALTH AND SAFETY PRACTICE are (also benefits of a

positive safety culture Element 4):
Increased levels of compliance with rules and procedures

Improved production
Improved staff morale
Improved company reputation
Reduced accidents
Reduced ill health
Reduced damage to equipment
Reduced staff complaints
Reduced absenteeism
Reduced staff turnover
Reduced insurance premiums
Reduced fines and compensation claims
Law:- Civil and Criminal

Aims:Civil:- The aim of civil law is to compensate an injured party for loss as a
consequence of an accident or ill health
Criminal:- The aim of criminal law is to punish and deter
individuals/Organisations from behaving in a way that society has decide is
unacceptable and is considered a crime against society and is prosecuted by the
state.
Fault Liability
There was a duty of care owed to the injured party.
The duty of care was breached (Negligence)
The breach caused the injury or loss
Employer to provide
Safe plant and equipment
Safe systems of work
Competent staff
Adequate supervision
Adequate instruction
Safe buildings
Safe environment
Variation of Legislation between countries caused by:Different legislative systems
Powers granted to the Enforcing Authority
Funding, number and authority of Enforcing Authority
Ability and knowledge of the Enforcing Authority
Page 3

Level of reporting to enforcing Authority
Different penalties for breaches
Religious beliefs and cultural issues
Public reaction and interest
Political pressure
SOURCES OF INFORMATION
INTERNAL
Risk assessments
Policies
Inspection reports
Medical records
Health and safety committees
Plant registers
Safety advisors
EXTERNAL
Government bodies
National safety organisations
Suppliers and manufacturers
International standards
Consultants and specialists
Insurance companies
SUCCESSFUL MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
1) Policy:- Health and safety aims of the organisation, health and safety
objectives and management commitment
2) Organising:- Clear roles and responsibilities, Competence, commitment
and control, Co-operation, Communication
3) Planning and Implementation:- Identify hazards, assess risks, and decide
how risks can be eliminated or controlled. Sets standards against which
performance can be measured
4) Measuring performance:- Be used as a means of determining the extent
to which health and safety policy and objectives are being implemented
and should be both reactive and proactive
5) Reviewing:- Analysing data gathered through monitoring to see whether
performance is adequate
6) Audit:- Systematic critical examination of each stage of an organisations
management systems and procedures
IGC1 ELEMENT 1 QUESTIONS

1
2
Outline the possible benefits to an Organisation of achieving good

standards of health and safety..
Replacement and retraining of staff is a cost that an Organisation
may face following a workplace accident.
Page 4
(8)

List EIGHT other possible costs to an Organisation when an
Employee has been hurt in such an accident.
3
(8)
Replacement or repair of damaged plant and equipment is a cost

that an Organisation may face following a workplace accident.
List EIGHT other possible costs to an Organisation when an
Employee has been seriously injured in such an accident.
(8)
Outline the main components of a health and safety management

system.
(8)
It is generally accepted that, following a workplace accident, the

hidden costs (usually uninsured) greatly exceed the more obvious
costs which are usually covered by insurance.
Outline FOUR of these hidden costs, giving examples in each case.
(8)
List the sources of information that may be consulted when dealing

with a health and safety problem at work
(8)
IGC1 Element 2:- Setting Policy for Health and Safety

PURPOSE OF A SAFETY POLICY
Set out the Employers/Management commitment to safety

Set out the organisation and arrangements for controlling work
related hazards
Protect people from injury and occupational ill health
Comply with legal requirements and avoid prosecution
Manage health and safety on a cost effective basis
THREE ELEMENTS OF A POLICY
STATEMENT OF INTENT:- A statement establishing the importance of health and
safety in the organisation and providing targets and objectives for improvement
ORGANISATION:- The roles and responsibilities of everyone in the organisation
ARRANGEMENTS:- The arrangements for effective planning, organisation,
control, monitoring of the organisations health and safety
CONTENTS OF ARRANGEMENTS SECTION
Risk assessments
Fire policy
Evacuation procedures
Safe systems of work
Permits to work
First aid policy
Display screen policy
Manual handling policy
Page 5

Hazardous chemicals policy
Fork truck policy
Contractor policy
Noise policy
Drugs and alcohol Policy
WHEN DOES POLICY NEED TO BE REVIEWED
Accidents/incidents
New equipment/New staff
New technology
New premises
Changes in legislation
Accident investigation
Enforcement action
Prosecution
Compensation claims
Periodic review
COMMUNICATING THE POLICY
Displaying it on notice boards

Introducing it at induction and subsequent training sessions
Considering it at team briefings or tool box talks
Using newsletters
Inserting parts or summaries in wage slips
Use of posters
Incorporating it into safe systems of work or codes of practice
Asking Managers, Trade Union Safety Representatives to stress particular
point discussions with the Workforce.
WHY ARE TARGETS IMPORTANT:- Gives evidence of Management commitment

and motivates staff by giving them something to aim for
TYPES OF TARGETS
Reduced/zero accidents
Zero prosecutions
Reduced sickness absence
Reduction in compensation claims
Improve reporting of near misses
Improve reporting of minor accidents
Improve audit scores
ISSUES TO BE LOOKED AT WHEN BENCHMARKING
Existence and quality of safety policy
Accident/ near miss records
Staff roles and responsibilities
Documented health and safety plans measured
Quality of risk assessments
Page 6

Type and quality of training
Level of monitoring whether pro-active or reactive
INNEFFECTIVE SAFETY POLICIES
No commitment or leadership
No annual objectives
Health and safety not given enough priority
Insufficient resources provided
Personnel do not understand the aims
Too much emphasis on employee responsibility
No measurement of performance
Management unaware of their role
No training of management in their responsibilities

1
a)
b)
c)
2
3
Explain the purpose of EACH of the following sections of a health and

safety policy document:1) Statement of intent
(2)
2) Organisation
(2)
3) Arrangements
(2)
Outline the issues that may be included in the arrangements section

of a health and safety policy
(8)
Outline the circumstances that may give rise to a need for the health
and safety policy to be revised
(6)
Outline the issues that are typically included in the arrangements

section of a health and safety policy document.
(8)
A medium sized engineering organisation intends to benchmark its

health and safety with similar organisations.
Page 7

Outline the health and safety management issues that could be used
to benchmark with the other organisations.
4
a)
b)
(8)
Explain why it is important for an organisation to set targets in terms

of health and safety performance
(2)
Outline the various targets that an organisation might set for health
and safety issues
(6)
Page 8

IGC1 Element 3:- Organising for Health and Safety
EMPLOYERS RESPONSIBILITY
Safe plant and equipment
Information, Instruction, Training
Supervision
Safe place of work and access and egress
Safe environment and Welfare facilities
Safety policy
Consult and inform employees
Risk assessments
Effective H & S Management Arrangements
Competent health and safety assistance
Health surveillance
Serious and imminent danger
Do not charge employees for health and safety measures
THOSE NOT IN EMPLOYERS EMPLOYMENT:
Contractors
Visitors
General public
Other employers Employees
Trespassers.
PRECAUTIONS FOR SAFETY OF VISITORS:
Signing in
Providing identification badge
Providing PPE
Site induction e.g. fire precautions etc.
Escorting visitor to area of work
Remaining with visitor or regular monitoring
Escorting back to reception area
Signing out visitor and removing badge.
Duties of Employees
Page 9

The duty to take reasonable care for the health and safety of himself and other
persons who may be affected by his acts or omissions
If there are duties placed on their Employer the Employee should co-operate with
his employer to meet these requirements
Not to intentionally or recklessly interfere with or misuse anything provided in the
interests of health, safety or welfare e.g. removing a guard from a machine
Employees should follow health and safety instructions and training that they have
received
They should inform their Employer (and other Employers) of any dangers or
shortcoming in the health and safety arrangements.
Duties of Designers, Manufacturers and Suppliers
Ensure equipment is safe and without risks when being used
Ensure substances are safe and without risks when being used
Carry out any necessary tests
Provide information
Take reasonable steps to provide further information if new serious risks appear
SELECTING A SUITABLE CONTRACTOR
Experience of the type of work and industry
Suitable references
Enforcement record
Safety management such as Policy, risk assessments etc.
Accident and ill-health data
Membership of trade/professional bodies
Competence and training of employees
Arrangements for selection of sub-contractors
Arrangement for ongoing liaison with clients
Safety Representatives rights (ILO Convention) C155
Have access to all parts of the workplace
To be able to communicate with workers
Protection from dismissal
Protection from other prejudicial measures
To contribute to the decision making process
Free to contact enforcement agencies
Contribute to negotiations in health and safety matters
Given appropriate training
Given reasonable time to exercise their health and safety functions
Informing:- Suggests a one-way process of providing information to an
employee
Consulting:- A two way process in which the employee receives information
and provides feedback, taking into account the views and issues of the
employees.
MATTERS ON WHICH EMPLOYEES SHOULD BE CONSULTED
Introduction measures that affect their health and safety
New processes or technology
Page 10

New organisation of work patterns
New personal protective equipment
Planning and organisation of training
SAFETY COMMITTEE AGENDA
The study of accident/notifiable disease statistics so that recommendations can
be made
Examination of Audit Reports
Analysis of reports provided by Inspectors
Consideration of reports by Safety Representatives
Development and monitoring of work safety rules and safe systems of work.
Constant appraisal of effectiveness of safety training
Monitor the adequacy of health and safety communications
Establish a link with the appropriate enforcing authority.
FACTORS TO MAKE COMMITTEE EFFECTIVE
Clear Terms of Reference.
Balanced representation.
Actual influence in decision making.
Respect of management and workforce.
Commitment from committee members.
Good leadership and Chairmanship.
Good communication channels.
Access to relevant information and specialist advice.
Formalised procedures with agendas.
Relevant and non trivial agenda items.
Agenda not led by Industrial Relations.
Obviously an ineffective Committee is the opposite of the above.
1
2
Outline the checks that could be made in assessing the health and
safety competence of a contractor
(8)
a) To whom does an employer owe a duty of care to other than his

employees
(2)
b) What precautions should employers take to protect visitors to

their premises
(6)
a) Outline the key health and safety responsibilities of employers

which are common in many countries.
(4)
b) Outline the key health and safety responsibilities and rights of

employees which are common in many countries.
(4)
List the factors that might be considered when assessing the

health and safety competence of a contractor
Page 11
(8)

5
6
7
Outline the topics that may need to be included on the agenda of

a safety committee
(8)
Give reasons why a health and safety committee may be

ineffective
(8)
a) Explain the difference between Informing and consulting
(4)
b) Outline the health and safety matters on which Employers should

typically consult their employees
(4)
Page 12

IGC1 Element 4:- Promoting a Positive Health and Safety Culture
Indicators of positive or negative culture
Attitude/Morale
Accidents/Absenteeism/sickness rates
Staff turnover
Compliance with rules
Complaints about working conditions
Factors that can cause the culture to decline
Lack of effective communication
Perception of growing blame culture
Lack of leadership and commitment
Lack of monitoring
Failure to implement remedial action
Lack of consultation and employee involvement
Poor working environment
External influences
Health and safety seen as low priority
Lack of supervision
Reorganisation and uncertainty
The safety culture of the organisation can be improved by:Senior management commitment
Ownership of health and safety at every level
Effective communication and consultation
Training for all levels of employee
Shared perception of risks
Standards of acceptable behaviour
Learning from experience through monitoring and review
Balance between health and safety and production
BENEFITS TO EMPLOYER OF A POSITIVE CULTURE
Increased levels of compliance with rules and procedures
Improved production
Improved staff morale
Improved company reputation
Reduced accidents and reduced ill health
Reduced damage to equipment
Reduced staff complaints
Reduced absenteeism
Reduced staff turnover
Reduced insurance premiums
Reduced fines and compensation claims
WHY A PERSON MAY FAIL TO COMPLY WITH SAFETY PROCEDURES
Lack of motivation
Unrealistic working procedures
Page 13

Lack of management commitment
Over familiarisation
Repetitive work leading to boredom
Peer group pressure
Inadequate supervision
Fatigue and stress
Lack of information, training and consultation
Job insecurity
REASONS WHY HAZARDS MAY BE UNDERESTIMATED
Over familiarity & complacency
Lack of instruction, information & training
Lack of experience,
Sensory impairment
Some hazards may be invisible &/or intangible
Routine, repetitive tasks can lead to lack of attention
Inadequate design
MOTIVATION:- Motivation is the driving force behind the way a person acts in
order to achieve a goal
What motivates people
Incentives
Recognition
Job satisfaction/Personal achievement
Team spirit
Peer approval
Realistic goals
Committed management/involvement in decisions
Safe environment
Threat of Discipline
EMPLOYERS CAN MOTIVATE THEIR WORKFORCE BY
The recognition of good health & safety performance
Disciplining employees who choose to ignore safe working procedures
Involving employees in carrying out risk assessments etc.
Demonstrating a high level of management commitment;
Ensuring a good working environment;
Providing training and ensuring good communication.
Setting a good example
Realistic goals
ATTITUDE:- The tendency to respond in a particular way in a given situation
Factors that affect attitude
Background
Personality
Experience and Training
Competence
Peer group pressure
Page 14

Management actions
Culture of the organisation
PERCEPTION:- The way that people interpret and make sense of presented
information
Factors which may affect perception
Sensory input
Personal protective equipment
The nature of the hazards
Previous experience
Over familiarity
Feeling of being in control
Level of training
Peer group pressure
Confidence in others ability
Personal characteristics
Personal factors that might place an individual at greater risk of harm while at
work
Poor attitude to work
Low motivation
Physical capabilities
Poor perception of risk
Drugs or alcohol problems
Age related factors and medical problems
Levels of training and experience
PRACTICAL MEASURES A MANAGER CAN DO TO IMPROVE HEALTH AND SAFETY
involving employees in:- risk assessments; accident investigations;
The development of safe systems & procedures;
encouraging hazard-spotting & the reporting of defects;
setting up suggestion schemes;
organising training courses & information programmes;
supporting active involvement in safety committee meetings;
Accompanied by employees on safety tours & inspections;
Giving employees responsibilities for mentoring young workers
Human Error causes
Slips
Lapses of attention
Mistaken actions
Mis-perceptions
Mistaken priorities
Wilfulness
Inadequate design
Inadequate information
Violations
REDUCING HUMAN ERROR
Page 15

Skilled competent workers
Well motivated employees
Clear roles and lines of responsibility
Adequate levels of supervision Clear information and instructions
Drug and alcohol prevention policies
Good environmental conditions e.g. lighting, noise etc.
Avoiding monotonous work
Breaks to avoid fatigue
Barriers to written communication
Illiteracy
Competence
Level of written material
Presentation
Quality of information
Quantity
Attitude
BARRIERS TO VERBAL COMMUNICATION
Hearing defects
Speech defects
Noise
Distance
Language (Jargon)
Lack of knowledge
Attitude
Speed/duration
WHY USE A VARIETY OF METHODS TO COMMUNICATE
People respond differently to different stimuli
That variety prevents over familiarisation with one method and helps to
reinforce the message
The need to overcome language barriers and the inability of some employees to
read
The need to motivate, stimulate interest and gain involvement and feedback
The acceptance that different types of information require different methods
of communication
COMMUNICATIONS WITHIN AN ORGANISATION
Meetings
Team Briefings
"Tool Box" talks
Policy, procedures, rules, standards etc
Training
Safety and health reports.
Posters
THE HEALTH AND SAFETY INFORMATION ON A NOTICE BOARD
Information for Employees Regulations poster
Health and safety policy
Page 16

First aid arrangements
Contact details for safety representatives
Targets set for reduction of accidents
TO MAXIMISE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF NOTICE BOARDS
Locate in common/prominent area
Dedicating board to health and safety matters
Information displayed relevant and current
Keep information in a neat and orderly state
Make notice boards eye catching by use of colour and graphics
ADVANTAGES OF POSTERS
Low cost
Flexibility
Brevity
Reinforce verbal instructions
Constant message
Involve Employees in selection
Graphic message
DISADVANTAGES OF POSTERS
Need to be changed on regular basis
May become soiled
May become defaced
May become out of date
Over reliance
May appear to trivialise important matters
Easy way to discharge Health and Safety responsibilities
Safety Campaigns
TO ENSURE SAFETY CAMPAIGNS ARE UNDERSTOOD BY EMPLOYEES
Everyone within the organisation knows the part they have to play
Clear aims and objectives and targets
Key responsibilities for aspects of the campaign are allocated
Ensuring that the workforce are made fully aware of the campaign by means of
tool box talks, team briefings, meetings, training sessions and notice boards
Use of clear language (no jargon etc.) to help understanding.
Provide feedback to check employees understanding of the campaign
Show that management is totally committed to the campaign.
Giving ample time to ensure that everyone within the organisation is fully
aware of and understands the needs for the campaign
FACTORS OTHER THAN COMMUNICATION THAT COULD AFFECT CAMPAIGN
Lack of management commitment
Production or other pressures take priority over health and safety
Insufficient time, funds and resources are made available
A general poor safety cultural
Poor working conditions create lack of interest among employees
Page 17

Poor industrial relations and lack of confidence in managements ability
Work patterns (e.g. shiftwork) could mean some sections of the workforce are
not considered or supported due to lack of key staff
When is training needed
On recruitment (Induction)
Before starting work (Job specific)
Refresher training
New equipment
New technology
New systems of work or system changes
Promotion
INDUCTION TRAINING PROGRAMME CONTENT
Management commitment to safety
Health and safety policy
Consultative procedures
Roles of safety representatives
Emergency procedures
First aid arrangements
Welfare and amenity provisions
Specific hazards
Health surveillance procedures
What accidents to be reported
How to report accidents
Drink and drugs policy
ADDITIONAL TRAINING MAY BE REQUIRED
Increase in accidents/incidents
As a result of an accident investigation
A reported dangerous occurrence
Introduction of new technology/processes
Job change/promotion/refresher
Changes in working procedures
Changes in work patterns
Enforcement action
Result of risk assessment
Results of audits/inspections
Insurance company requirements
YOUNG PERSONS AT RISK BECAUSE
Keen to learn and be over enthusiastic
Have no experience comparisons
More likely to take risks
Open to influence and peer group pressure
Body not fully developed
PRECAUTIONS FOR YOUNG PERSONS SHOULD INCLUDE:Provide suitable work equipment
Page 18

The organisation of work and processes
Health and safety training
Mentoring
Supervision
Limiting hours of work
Levels of Supervision
The age of the employee
His/her experience of work in general & of the task to be performed in particular;
The nature & complexity of the task & its inherent risks;
The persons skills & qualifications for the work;
His/her attitude & aptitude;
The systems of work & any specific safety requirements applying to the task;
The employees communication skills & any special needs that he/she may have.
Benefits of training to employee
Reduces personal suffering and pain
Increases the opportunity for full life style
Increases job satisfaction/earning capacity
Allows employee to reach experienced worker standard more quickly
Increases flexibility of staff
Improves safety Attitude
Benefits of training to Employer
Reduces accidents
Reduces absenteeism
Reduces claims and insurance premiums
Reduces the chance of prosecution/enforcement notices
Improves moral
Less product damage
Greater productivity/improved efficiency
Factors to consider developing health and safety training programmes
What employees need to know with what they do know
Employees responsibilities
Activities carried out
Risks associated with activities
Actions required by Employees to minimise the risks
Employees existing knowledge and previous experience
Type of training already received
Different requirements for various levels of staff
Numbers involved
Resources needed (Cost, time, facilities)
Competence of own staff to deliver training/External sources
Communicating to employees and getting their commitment
To assess the effectiveness of the training post training evaluation by:The Trainers
The delegates
Page 19

Their Supervisors
Accident rates
Sickness absences
Compliance with procedures
Concerns raised by employees as result of training
Results of attitude surveys
Quality of suggestions made
COMPETENCE:- Sufficient Knowledge, Training, experience and any other
qualities to carry out their functions
Knowledge of limitations
Checks to assess Competence
Qualifications
Level of training
Membership of professional/trade organisations
Undertaking written or practical assessments
References or recommendations
Page 20


1
2
3
4
5
6
8
9
10
11
Outline the methods by which the health and safety culture of an

organisation may be improved
(8)
Outline the factors that might contribute towards a positive safety

culture within an organisation
(8)
Outline the practical means by which a manager could involve

employees in the improvement of health and safety in the
workplace
(8)
Outline the personal factors that might place an individual at a

greater risk of harm while at work
(8)
Outline the ways in which employers might motivate their

employees to comply with health and safety procedures
(8)
Explain the meaning of EACH of the following terms:1) Motivation

2) Perception
3) Attitude
(3)
(3)
(3)
Outline ways of reducing the likelihood of human error in the

workplace
(11)
Outline the reasons why employees may fail to comply with safety
procedures at work
(8)
Describe the types of human error that can lead to an accident at

work
(8)

workplace.
(8)
Give FOUR reasons why the seriousness of a hazard may be

underestimated by someone exposed to it.
(4)
Outline ways in which managers can motivate employees to work

safely.
(8)
Explain why it is important to use a variety of methods to

communicate health and safety information in the workplace
(8)
Outline the reasons that may prevent a verbal instruction being

clearly understood by an employee
(8)
Page 21

12 a) Identify Four types of health and safety information that might
usefully be displayed on a workplace notice board
b) Explain how the effectiveness of notice boards as means of
communicating health and safety information to the workforce can
be maximised
13
Outline FOUR advantages and FOUR disadvantages of using posters

to communicate health and safety information in the workplace
14
Following a significant increase in accidents, a health and safety

campaign is to be launched within an organisation to encourage
safer working by employees.
(4)
(4)
(8)
15
16
17
a) Outline how the organisation might ensure that the nature of the
campaign is effectively communicated to, and understood by the
employees.
(8)
b) Other than poor communication describe the organisational factors

that could limit the effectiveness of the campaign.
(12)
Outline the main health and safety topics to be included in an

induction training programme for new Employees
(8)
Outline reasons why an employee might require additional health

and safety training at a later stage of employment within an
organisation
(8)
Identify the factors that place young persons at greater risk of

accidents at work
(4)
Outline the measures that could be taken to minimise the risk to

young persons
(4)
18 a) Explain the meaning of the term Competent Person.

b) Outline FOUR checks that could be made to help assess a persons
competence.
Page 22
(4)
(4)

IGC1 Element 5:- Health and Safety Risk Assessment

Hazard:- Something with the potential to cause harm
Risk:- Likelihood that harm will occur and the severity of the harm
Suitable and Sufficient
Be proportionate to the level of risk
Ensure that all aspects of work activity are covered
Take account of the way the work is organised
Identify the significant hazards and risks
Evaluate the risks
Identify control measures
Enable priorities to be set
Residual risk low
Competence of Risk Assessor
Experience and training in risk assessment techniques
Knowledge of process or activity
Technical knowledge of the plant or equipment
Good communication and report writing skills
Ability to interpret legislation and guidance
Possess right attitude
Knows limitations
5 STEPS TO RISK ASSESSMENT
Identify the hazards
Decide who might be harmed and how
Evaluate the risks and the existing precautions
Record the findings
Review the assessment and revise if necessary
IDENTIFYING HAZARDS
Workplace inspections
Talking to the workforce
Noninspection techniques
Examination of documents
Combined techniques
Accident and ill health data
Near miss reports
Hierarchy of Control:- Definition:- A preferred series of measures to control
risks in order of priority starting with elimination and ending with discipline
(ERIC Prevents Death)
Page 23

HIERARCHY OF CONTROL
Eliminate
Reduce
Isolate
Control
PPE
Discipline
WHEN ASSESSMENT SHOULD BE REVIEWED
After an accident/incident
New equipment
Changes to equipment, plant, process
Changes in personnel
Result of monitoring or audit
Action by enforcing authority
New information becomes available
FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED WHEN CARRYING OUT RISK ASSESSMENT
The hazards involved
Likelihood and severity of harm
Number of employees involved
Frequency of exposure
Competence of persons carrying out activities
Competence of person carrying out risk assessment
Evaluation of existing control measures
Risks to New and expectant mothers
Ergonomic
Manual handling
Extremes of temperature
Radiation
Chemical agents
Biological hazards
Working conditions
Risks to disabled workers
Reduced mobility for access and egress
Ability to access welfare facilities
Reduced sensory ability e.g. speech, hearing or eyesight
Reduced ability to lift, carry or move objects
Ergonomic hazards
1
Outline the factors that need to be considered when carrying out a

risk assessment
Page 24
(8)

2
A factory manager intends to introduce a new work process for

which a risk assessment is required.
a)
b)
c)
3
4
a)
b)
5
6
(8)
Explain the criteria that must be met for the assessment to be

deemed suitable and sufficient
(4)
Identify the various circumstances that might require a review of

the risk assessment.
(8)
Outline the specific factors that should be considered when

assessing the risks to employees working on night shifts.
(8)
In relation to risk assessments explain the meaning of the term

Suitable and Sufficient.
(4)
Outline the changes in circumstances that may require a risk

assessment to be reviewed.
(4)
Outline the factors that may increase the risks to pregnant women
a)
Explain the meaning of the term hazard
(8)
(2)
b)
Outline the main hazards that may be present during the

demolition of a building
(6)
7
8
Outline the factors that should be considered when carrying out

the risk assessment
Outline a hierarchy of control measures for controlling risk and give

examples of EACH
(8)
a)
(2)
b)
Outline techniques for identifying hazards in the workplace
(6)
Page 25

IGC1 Element 6:- Principles of Control in Health and Safety
General Principles of Prevention
Avoid the risk e.g. eliminate the hazard or task
Evaluate risks which cannot be avoided
Combat risks at source
Adapt the work to the individual
Adapt to technical progress
Replace the dangerous by the less dangerous
Develop a coherent prevention policy
Give collective measures priority over individual measure
GENERAL HIERARCHY OF CONTROL
Eliminate:- Remove trailing cables
Reduce:- Use low voltage electrical equipment
Isolate:- Cover dangerous machinery with guards
Control:- Limit time and frequency of exposure
PPE:- Issue safety footwear
Discipline:- Enforce rules and procedures
Safe Systems of Work:- A step by step procedure for carrying out a task safely,
identifying the hazards, assessing the risks and the precautions needed to
eliminate or reduce the risks.
FACTORS IN DEVELOPING A SAFE SYSTEM OF WORK
1) Select the task to be studied
2) Identify the hazards
3) Develop the safe system looking at:Materials/Equipment/Environment/People
4) Implement system
5) Monitor the system
PERMIT TO WORK:- Is a formal written procedure requiring written
confirmation that certain actions have been carried out to eliminate or control
risks before a specific high risk activity is carried out
WHERE PERMITS NEEDED
Confined spaces
Electricity
Hot work
Cold work
OPERATION OF PERMIT TO WORK

Identify the task (Where and when)
Page 26

Identify the hazards
List the precautions to eliminate or reduce the hazards
Additional precautions
Time limits
Issue by competent person
Receipt by person in charge of work
Completion
Cancellation
Confined Space:- Is any space where there is a specified risk of serious injury from
hazardous substances or conditions within the space
What are the hazards in a confined space
Fire or explosion
Loss of consciousness due to increased body temperature
Loss of consciousness due to asphyxiation
Drowning
Asphyxiation due to free flowing solids
Confined space examples:- Cellars, Excavations, Sewers, Silos, Tanks,Vats
Avoiding entry
Modify confined space so entry not required
Have work done from outside
Precautions for working in a confined space
Permit to work
Competent staff
Appoint a supervisor
Isolate
Ensure suitable size of entry
Gas purging
Ventilation
Regular testing of the atmosphere
Special tools and lighting
PPE
Communications
Limit working time
Benefits of PPE
Often low cost
Can be used as short term measure
Portable for worker away from base
Disposable PPE reduces risk of infection
Page 27

WHY PPE USED AS LAST RESORT
Does not eliminate or reduce the hazard
Only protects the wearer
Always fail to danger
May introduce new hazards
Relies on worker to use it
May not be worn correctly
It may be uncomfortable
Worn for only part of task of shift
Wrong size
Used when damaged
Not properly maintained
Management may not enforce wearing
SELECTION OF PPE
What are the hazards
Type of equipment
Made to suitable standards
Comfort
Compatibility
Storage
Training
Cost
Factors affecting the wearing of PPE
Fit
Health of worker
Period of use
Comfort
Maintenance
Training
Interference
Management commitment
Peer pressure
Safety Signs
Prohibition (Circular, Red, white background)
Warning (Triangular, Yellow black edging)
Mandatory (Circular, Blue white symbols)
Safe Condition (Green, White symbols)
LONE WORKER (Working Alone) FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED
Work location
Type of work
The equipment
Manual handling
Sex of the worker
Emergency facilities
Lack of Training
Lack of Supervision
Page 28

Limited communication
PRECAUTIONS FOR LONE WORKERS
Information on hazards
Training to deal with hazards
Regular contact
Supervisors regularly visiting
Automatic warning devices
Check the worker has returned home
PPE
Emergency action if worker becomes ill
AIMS OF FIRST AID:- aim is to preserve life, prevent deterioration and promote
recovery
ASSESSMENT FOR FIRST AID REQUIREMENTS
The nature of the work and the size of the organisation
Past history and accident type
The nature and distribution of the workforce
Remoteness of site from emergency medical services
The needs of travelling, remote or lone workers
Employees working on shared sites
Absence of first aiders due to holidays etc.
Compliance with legal requirements
Factors to be considered in drawing up emergency procedures:Type of emergency (Fire, Bomb, Chemical spillage) etc.
Type/location of workplace
Emergency service contact and response time
Appointed persons to deal with the emergency
Communication systems
First Aid/medical facilities
Effects on surrounding community
Post emergency action e.g. repairs, media, investigation
IGC1 ELEMENT 6:- QUESTIONS

1
2
3
Outline the factors to be considered when developing a safe

system of work
(8)
Identify EIGHT sources of information that might usefully be

consulted when developing a safe system of work
(8)
Define a Permit to Work

Outline THREE types of work situation that may require a permit
to work system giving reasons in EACH case.
Page 29
(2)
(6)

Define the term permit to work

Explain the operation of a permit-to-work system for entry into
confined spaces
Outline the factors to be considered when selecting personal eye

protection for use at work.
6
7
8
9
(2)
(6)
(8)
Identify FOUR different types of hazard that may necessitate the

use of special footwear explaining in EACH case how the footwear
may afford protection
An organisation uses various types of personal protective
equipment (PPE). Outline the general issues relating to the
requirements, benefits and limitations of PPE
(8)
Outline the factors to be considered in the selection and use of

personal head protection
(8)
(8)
State the shape and colours of the following types of safety signs
and give a typical example of EACH:
1)
2)
3)
4)
10
11
Prohibition
Warning
Mandatory
Emergency escape and first aid
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
Identify the factors to be considered to ensure the health and

safety of persons who are required to work on their own, away
from the workplace
a)
b)
Identify the TWO main functions of first-aid

Outline the factors to consider when making an assessment of
first-aid provision in a workplace
IGC1 Element 7:- Monitoring, Review and Audit of Health and Safety
Performance
The reasons for monitoring

Identify substandard H & S Practices
Identify Trends
Compare actual performance against targets
To Benchmark
Identify use and effectiveness of control measures
Make decisions on suitable remedial measures
Set priorities and establish realistic timescales
Assess compliance with legal requirements
Provide information to Board, Committees etc.
Page 30
(8)
(2)
(6)

REACTIVE MONITORING
Accidents
Incidents
Ill-health statistics
Near misses
Dangerous occurrences
Complaints by workforce
Enforcement action
Prosecutions
Civil claims
SAFETY AUDIT
A safety audit is a thorough, critical examination of an organisations safety
management systems & procedures. It is normally a lengthy process carried out
by a trained auditor, often someone from outside the organisation. It is a
structured way of assessing the H&S performance of an organisation by
supplying answers to a series of questions, & often involves a scoring system
such that improvements can be made
DOCUMENTS LOOKED AT DURING AUDITS INCLUDE:Safety policy
Risk assessment procedures
Safety monitoring procedures
Maintenance records
Accident and incident reports
Health surveillance records
Safety committee minutes etc.
Training records
Statutory inspections
Previous audit reports
WORKPLACE INSPECTIONS
A safety inspection involves the straightforward observation of a workplace
&/or the activities or equipment within it. A safety inspection, usually carried
out by a manager or employee representative & often aided by the use of a
checklist, may be carried out routinely & has the aim of identifying hazards &
assessing the use & effectiveness of control measures
Limitations of inspections
Some hazards are not visible
Some hazards not always present
Unsafe practices not seen
Types of inspections
General workplace inspections
Statutory inspections
People who carry out inspections
Page 31

Managers
Supervisors
Health and Safety advisors
Employee safety representatives
Enforcement agencies
Inspection Checklist
Condition of processes and plant
Contractors
Electrical
Environmental conditions
Fire protection
First aid
Hand held tools
Hazardous substances
Housekeeping/cleanliness
Lifting equipment
Manual handling
Machinery guarding
Noise etc.
STRENGTHS OF CHECKLISTS
Enables prior preparation and planning so inspection is more structured and
systematic
Reduces the chances of important areas or issues being overlooked
Provides an immediate record of findings
Ensures
consistent approach
Provides easy
method of comparison and audit
WEAKNESSES OF CHECKLISTS
May lead to blinkered approach meaning significant risks might be missed
May not be reviewed or updated to take account of changes in work processes
etc.
Become
routine with no follow up questions
Too
objective and restrictive no scope for peripheral issues
Procedure
subject to human error or abuse
SAFETY SURVEY
Focus on particular activities e.g. major key areas revealed by safety audits and
may be carried out by specialists
SAFETY TOURS
An unscheduled examination of a workplace to look for acceptable standards. A
tour can be carried out by a Manager and demonstrates commitment to safety
SAFETY SAMPLING
A random exercise in which assigned observers walk in allotted timescale
noting incidence of health and safety defects on pre-prepared sheets
Benchmarking
Page 32

Takes key performance indicators and compares them externally with similar
organisations or industry standards
1
Outline the methods that may be used to assess an organisations

health and safety performance.
(8)
2 Exp Explain how the following may be used to improve safety

performance within an organisation:(4)
(4)
1) Accident data
2) Safety Inspections
3
4
5
6
7
What areas should be looked at when undertaking a safety

inspection
(8)
Outline FOUR proactive monitoring methods that can be used in

assessing the health and safety performance of an organisation
(8)
Outline the reasons why an organisation should monitor and review

its health and safety policy
(8)
State EIGHT measures that can be used to monitor an organisations

health and safety performance
Explain the main features of:a) A safety inspection
b) A safety audit
(8)
(4)
(4)
A production manager intends to implement a programme of

regular workplace inspections.
a) Outline the factors that should be considered when planning the
inspection programme
(6)
b) State the main health and safety issues that might be included on
the inspection checklist
(8)
c) Other than inspections, outline THREE proactive methods of

monitoring health and safety performance
(6)
Page 33

IGC1 Element 8:- Investigation, Recording and Reporting

of Health and Safety Incidents
ACCIDENT DEFINITION
An accident is an unplanned/unpremeditated event caused by unsafe acts or
conditions which results in a loss.
NEAR MISS(INCIDENT)
A near miss is an unplanned/unpremeditated event that has the potential to
cause injury to people or damage to property.
Immediate/direct causes
The immediate/direct cause is the unsafe act or condition that results in an
accident or incident.
Root/underlying cause
The Root (Underlying) cause is the failure of procedures, management systems that
have resulted in the unsafe act or condition.
Principal causes of accidents
Attitude
Unsafe Acts
Unsafe Conditions
BENEFITS OF COLLECTING NEAR MISS DATA
To Identify underlying causes which may allow preventative action to be taken
before something more serious occurs
Gives message to workforce that all failures are taken seriously not just those
leading to injury
Generally accepted near misses greatly outnumber accidents and can
therefore produce more data from which a greater understanding of the
deficiencies in management systems can be identified and rectified.
THE AIM OF ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION IS:To determine cause to prevent a recurrence
Identify weaknesses in management systems
Identify weaknesses in risk assessment procedure
Demonstrate management commitment
To comply with legal requirements
To provide information for any subsequent criminal/civil action
Provide information to insurance company
IMMEDIATE AND LONGER TERM ACTION AFTER AN ACCIDENT

First Aid for Injured Party
Page 34

Calling Medical assistance if necessary
Isolation of the Accident Scene
Report to relevant enforcing authority if necessary
Identification of witnesses
Setting up Investigation Team
Full Investigation to determine root cause
Making Recommendations
Implementing Corrective Action
Preparation before investigation
Who should be involved
If possible the accident scene is left untouched
Collating relevant existing documents
Identifying who are witnesses
Check that legal reporting requirements have been met
What equipment is needed
The style to be adopted
The style of report and who should receive it
The depth of the investigation
INVESTIGATION TEAM
Line Manager:- He has knowledge of the processes involved
Supervisor:- also has knowledge of the process
Safety Representative:- has legal right
Safety Practitioner:- to advise on health and safety implications
Engineer:- to advise on technical matters
Senior Manager from different department:- Unbiased
INVESTIGATION REPORT
Who the injured person
When Date and time
Where Location details
What Type of accident and nature of injury
How Detail of events
Why Analysis of cause
Recommendations
Documentation
Reference to possible breaches of law
Page 35

Reasons for reporting accidents

Implement initial controls
Monitoring Health and Safety performance
Starting point for investigation
To comply with legal requirements
To prevent recurrences and further injuries/losses
To provide information for any subsequent civil claim
Review of Risk Assessments.
Accident Data can:Show patterns and trends
Identify weaknesses in procedures and policies
Prioritise safety measures
Identify areas for improvements
Set targets for reduction
Employees can be discouraged from reporting accidents because of:Ignorance of procedures
Peer pressure
Retribution by Management
Preserve Departments safety record
Over complicated reporting procedures
Lack of Management response to reports

Page 36

1
Outline the reasons for reporting accidents at work.
(8)
Outline the immediate and longer term actions that Management

should take following a serious injury at work.
(8)
Outline the information that should be included in an accident

investigation report
(8)
a) Explain why an organisation should have a system for the internal

reporting of accidents
(6)
3
4
b) Give TWO reasons why one department may have more reported
accidents than another department over a specified period of time
(2)
5
a) Give FOUR reasons why an organisation should have a system for

the internal reporting of accidents
(4)
b) Outline factors that may discourage employees from reporting

accidents at work
(4)
A driver of a fork truck has been seriously injured after the vehicle
overturned.
a) Outline the possible immediate causes of the accident in terms of
BOTH the behaviour of the driver AND the conditions of the
workplace and work equipment
(4)
b) Describe the underlying factors that may have led to the unsafe
acts or conditions identified in a)
(4)
An employee has been seriously injured after being struck by a

reversing vehicle in a loading bay.
a) Give FOUR reasons why the accident should be investigated by the
persons employer
(4)
b) Outline the information that should be included in the investigation

report
(8)
c)
Outline FOUR possible immediate causes and FOUR possible

underlying root causes of the accident
Mock Paper P1 a
Page 37
(8)

1
a)
b)
c)
2
3
a)
b)
5
6
a)
b)
(4)
(4)
Explain with an example the meaning of the term risk

Outline the key stages of a risk assessment
(2)
(6)
Outline the items that may be included in the arrangements

section of a health and safety policy
(8)
Explain the health and safety benefits of restricting smoking in

the workplace
Outline the ways in which an organisation could implement an
effective no smoking policy
Explain the meaning of the term competent person

Outline the organisational factors that may cause a person to
work unsafely even though they are competent
11
Outline EIGHT sources of information that might usefully be

consulted when developing a safe system of work
a)
(8)
Outline the Main features of:a) A safety inspection

b) A safety audit
Replacement or repair of damaged plant and equipment is a cost

an organisation may face following a workplace accident.
List EIGHT other possible costs to and organisation when an
employee has been seriously injured in such an accident
10
(4)
(8)
Explain why an organisation should have a system for the internal

reporting of accidents
Identify the reasons why workers might not report accidents at
work
(8)
Outline the measures that an employer might consider to

minimise the risk of violence against workers
Outline a procedure designed to ensure the safety of visitors to

work premises

workplace.
Give FOUR reasons why the seriousness of a hazard may be
underestimated by someone exposed to it.
Outline ways in which managers can motivate employees to work
safely.
Mock Paper P1b

Explain the purpose of EACH of the following sections of a health
and safety policy document:
1) Statement of intent
Page 38
(4)
(4)
(8)
(4)
(4)
(8)
(2)
(6)
(8)
(2)

2) Organisation
3) Arrangements
Outline the items that may be included in the arrangements
section of a health and safety policy
Outline the circumstances that may require a policy to be revised
(2)
(2)
(8)
(6)
2
3
4
(8)
Outline the information that should be included in an accident

investigation report
(8)
a) Explain the meaning of the term Hierarchy of Control

b) Outline with examples the standard hierarchy of control to be used
for controlling risks in the workplace
5
6
7
9
10
11
a)
(2)
(6)
List EIGHT sources of information that may be consulted when

dealing with a health and safety problem at work
(8)
Outline FOUR proactive monitoring methods that may be used to

assess health and safety performance of an organisation
(8)
Identify FOUR types of health and safety information that might

usefully displayed on a workplace notice board
Explain how the effectiveness of notice boards as a means of
communicating health and safety information to the workforce can
be maximised
Outline the factors to considered when developing a safe system of

work
(8)
An employee has been struck by a fork truck in the workplace.

Outline FOUR possible immediate causes and FOUR possible root
causes of the accident
(8)
Outline ways in which the safety culture of an organisation may be

improved
(8)
Outline the reasons/benefits to the employer of maintaining good

standards of health an safety in the workplace
(8)
List the factors to consider when assessing the health and safety
competence of a contractor
(8)
Mock Paper 1c
Explain the difference between the objectives of a criminal law
system and a civil law system
Outline the typical actions that might be brought against an
employer who has breached criminal law in relation to health and
safety
Page 39
(2)
(6)

Outline the three standard conditions that are usually required to
be met to prove a case of alleged negligence against an employer
Explain why health and safety legislation might be enforced to
different standards in different countries
2
a) Give FOUR reasons why accidents should be reported.

b) Identify reasons why employees might not report accidents at
work
Identify TWO main features of first aid

Outline the factors to consider when making an assessment of first
aid
Outline the practical means by which a manager could involve

employees in the improvement of health and safety in the
workplace.
5
6
7
10
11
1
a)
b)
c)
a)
(4)
(2)
(6)
(8)
(8)
Explain why personal protective equipment (PPE) should be used

as a last resort in the control of occupational hazards
(8)
Outline the issue that should be addressed in a training

programme for employees on the emergency action in the event of
fire
(6)
(4)
Outline how an organisation can ensure that safety campaigns are

effectively communicated to and understood by employees
Give TWO situations where permit to work systems should be used

and give reasons why
Explain the operation of a permit to work system
(6)
(2)
(6)
(8)
Outline the main components of a health and safety management

system
(8)
Outline the factors that can cause the safety culture of an

organisation to decline
(8)
Identify the factors to consider for employees who are required to

work on their own away from the workplace
(8)
Mock Paper P1d
Explain the benefits of the training of staff to the employer
(4)
Outline reasons why employees might require additional health and
safety training at a later stage of employment within an
organisation
(8)
Outline the main health and safety issues to be included in an
induction training programme for new employees
(8)
Explain why it is important for an organisation to set targets in
terms of health and safety performance
Page 40
(2)

b)
Outline the various targets that an organisation might set for health
and safety issues
(6)
Outline the factors that may indicate a need for health surveillance
of employees in the workplace.
(8)
List the written information that is likely to be examined during a

health and safety audit.
(8)
Explain the purpose and benefits of collecting near miss data
(8)
Other than poor communication, describe the organisational factors

that could limit the effectiveness of safety campaigns
(8)
Employers may have requirement under health and safety law to

involve their employees in health and safety matters
Explain the difference between consulting and informing.
Outline the health and safety matters on which an employer should
consult his employees.
(8)

assessing the risks to employees working on night shifts
(8)
3
4
8
9
a) Explain using an example the meaning of the term risk

b) Outline the factors that should be considered when selecting
individuals to assist in carrying out risk assessments in the
workplace
(2)
(6)
10
Give reasons why a verbal instruction may not be clearly understood

by an employee
(8)
11
Outline the key points that should be covered in a training session

for employees on the reporting of accidents/incidents
Mock Paper P1e

An employee has been seriously injured in an accident with a
vehicle in the workplace.
a) Outline the immediate and longer term actions that should be
taken following the accident
b) Giving reasons in EACH case identify FOUR categories of persons
who may be considered a useful member of an internal accident
investigation team
c) Identify the measures an employer could take in order to ensure
that the drivers of internal transport are, and remain competent
(8)
(8)
(8)
(4)
Page 41

2
Outline the factors to consider when assessing the risks to a long

distance lorry driver
(8)
Outline FOUR advantages and FOUR disadvantages of using posters

to communicate health and safety information to the workforce
(8)
Outline the topics that may be typically included on the agenda of

a safety committee
(8)

Outline techniques for identifying hazards at work
(2)
(6)
Explain the reasons why young persons may be at greater risk of

accidents in the workplace
Outline the measures that could be taken to minimise the risks to
young persons
(4)
3
4

assessing the risks to employees working on night shifts
(4)
(8)
Explain how accident data can be used to improve health and

(4)
safety performance within a organisation
Outline TWO proactive methods that can be used when assessing an
organisations health and safety performance.
(4)
Identify EIGHT measures that could be used by an organisation in

order to monitor its health and safety performance
(8)
10
11
Outline the strengths and weaknesses of using a checklist to

complete a health and safety inspection of the workplace
(8)
Explain why it is important to use a variety of methods to

communicate health and safety communication to the workforce
(8)
IGC2 Element 1:- Movement of People and Materials

The factors that contribute slip, trip accidents are:The floor surface:- Slippery surface, holes, uneven surface etc.
Contamination:- Spillages, Leaks etc.
Obstructions:- Rubbish, Trailing cables, Rugs etc.
The Task:- Carrying loads, space to work
Environment:- Lighting
Footwear:- unsuitable footwear
The People:- Unaware of the dangers
Precautions be taken to prevent slips and trips should include:The design and layout of the workplace, with designated walkways and non-slip
floors
Page 42

Maintenance procedures to ensure quick repair of floor defects such as holes and
bumps
Procedures to avoid spillages and deal quickly with them if they occur
The provision of adequate lighting and highlighting strips if necessary to warn of a
difference in levels
Good housekeeping including the suitable management of cables etc.
Procedures for reporting defects and incidents.
Eliminate need to carry loads
Make employees aware of the hazards and provide footwear
THE HAZARDS OF STAIRS ARE:Inadequate design (dimensions, treads, no handrails)
Poor Housekeeping (obstructions, trailing cables)
Poor lighting
Slippery surfaces (Oil/water/Ice) or unsuitable footwear
Damaged flooring or coverings
Manual handling
Hurrying on stairs
ACTION NEEDED TO PREVENT ACCIDENTS ON STAIRS
Adequate width of walkways/stairs and handrails fitted
Remove obstructions/trailing cables
Improve lighting levels and install emergency lighting
Non-slip surfaces/spillages procedures/covered walkways
Maintain/report and repair defects
Use lifts for loads/sites rules
Employers who have employees who work at height should ensure that:All work at height is properly planned and organised
Those involved in work at height are competent
The risks are assessed and appropriate work equipment is selected
The risks from fragile surfaces are properly controlled
Equipment for work at height is properly inspected and maintained
A suggested hierarchy of control for working at height is:Avoid working at height wherever possible
Use work equipment or other measures to prevent falls where they cannot avoid
working at height
Where they cannot eliminate the risk of falls use work equipment/other measures
to minimise the distance and consequences of a fall
Poor housekeeping can cause:Someone could slip or fall
Increased risk of fire
Fire exits could be blocked
A risk of infection where chemicals are being used
Infestation
Vehicle collisions if traffic routes are blocked
Falling materials
Page 43

PRECAUTIONS FOR VEHICLES AND PEOPLE

Segregated systems for vehicle and pedestrian traffic, barriers etc.
Appropriate road markings,
Maintaining good visibility (mirrors, transparent doors, provision of lighting etc)
and audible warnings on vehicles.
Drawing up and enforcement of site rules,
The provision of refuges, (Safe places)
The wearing of high-visibility clothing,
Good standard of housekeeping,
Training of and supervision of all concerned.
Reversing of Vehicles
One-way systems
Drive through systems
Turning circles
Separation of vehicles and pedestrians
Suitable workplace design
Audible reversing alarms
Mirrors on blind corners
Adequate lighting
Use of banksmen (men guiding the lorry when reversing)
High visibility clothing
Site rules
Training
Driver Selection
Reliable and mature
Subject to Pre-employment medical check
Physically fit
Routine medicals e.g. every 5 years or if suffering from:- Limited limb movement,
Heart problems, Vision difficulties, Hearing problems
Licensed
Trained and competent
Supervised and monitored
Given refresher training
Training programmes for drivers of vehicles in a workplace:Personal responsibilities
Safe working load estimation
Pre-use vehicle inspection and maintenance
Safe parking and security of vehicle
Speed restrictions
Safety rules and signs sounding horn/no passengers etc.
Floor conditions pot holes/housekeeping etc.
Vehicle reversing audible warning/banksmen etc.
Hazards of Battery Charging
Release of Hydrogen gas during charging (Fire and explosion)
Electrical short circuits
Page 44

Corrosive and burning effect of battery acid
Manual Handling of batteries etc.
Precautions for charging batteries should be:Well ventilated area to prevent build up of hydrogen
No sources of ignition near refuelling/recharging points.
Suitable PPE (Acid resistant gloves, eye protection etc.
Insulated tools/procedure for connecting charger
Lifting equipment for removing batteries
OFF SITE VEHICLES
The Job, The Driver, The Vehicle, The Load
Hazards of fork trucks
Overturning
Overloading
Loss of loads
Collision with other vehicles
Collision with pedestrians
Explosions and fire
Why can trucks overturn
Travelling on gradients that are too steep
Travelling forwards when descending slopes
Overloaded or unevenly loaded
Travelling over soft or uneven ground
Travelling over slippery surfaces
Travelling too fast
Striking kerbs or other edges
Not suitable for the task
Carrying loads at a dangerous heights
Pre-use check on fork trucks
Condition and pressure of tyres
Functioning of lights, horns, brakes
Warning devices working
Suitable mirrors
Engine for oil leaks
Water leaks
Seat securely fixed and suitable restraints where fitted
Signs of damage to bodywork and lifting mechanisms
Security of equipment fitted i.e. LPG tank
PARKING OF FORK TRUCKS
Put in neutral
Put on handbrake
Switch off engine
Remove key
Give key to appropriate person
Forks on floor
Page 45

Mast slightly forward
Parked in suitable location
No blocking of exits
Page 46

1
2
3
4
5
Outline measures to be taken to prevent accidents when

pedestrians are required to work in vehicle manoeuvring areas.
8)
Outline the factors that should be taken into account when

planning traffic routes for internal transport.
(8)
a) Identify the types of hazard that may cause slips or trips at work
(4)
b) Outline how slips and trip hazards in the workplace might be

controlled
(4)
Outline the precautionary measure to be taken to avoid accidents

involving reversing vehicles within the workplace.
(8)
List Eight design features and /or safe practices intended to

prevent to reduce the risk of accidents on staircases used as
internal pedestrian routes within a work premises.
(8)
Outline the precautions that may be needed to ensure the safety

of pedestrians in areas where fork-lift trucks are operating.
(8)
8
9
Outline the health and safety considerations when a fork-lift truck

is to be used to unload palletised goods from a vehicle parked in a
factory car park.
(8)
Outline the hazards and corresponding precautions to be taken

when charging batteries for fork lift trucks.
(8)
Diesel powered fork-lift trucks are used in a wide range of

organisations and can introduce additional hazards into the
working environment.
Identify FOUR hazards associated with such vehicles that may pose
a risk to the health of drivers.
(4)
10
Describe the various circumstances that may cause such a vehicle

to overturn.
(8)
Outline the precautions that may be needed to ensure the safety

of pedestrians in areas where fork-lift trucks are operating.
(8)
List EIGHT rules to follow when leaving a fork-lift unattended in

the workplace.
(8)
Page 47

11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Outline the main precautions to be taken to ensure the safe

transport of hazardous substances by road.
(8)
Outline the factors to consider when assessing the risks to a long

distance delivery driver.
(8)
Outline the precautions that might be needed to ensure the safety

of pedestrians in vehicle manoeuvring areas in a busy distribution
depot working a 24 hour operation.
(8)
A fork-lift truck has overturned in a busy warehouse. Identify

EIGHT ways this may have occurred.
(8)
List EIGHT items to be included on a checklist for the routine

inspection of a fork-lift truck at the beginning of a shift.
(8)
Outline the possible causes of a dumper truck overturn.
(6)
Identify TWO design features of the vehicle intended to minimize

the consequences of an overturn.
(2)
Outline the precautionary measures that may be needed to

prevent slip and trip hazards in an office environment
(8)
Outline the factors to consider when assessing the risks to an

overnight delivery driver.
Page 48

IGC2 Element 2:- Manual and Mechanical Handling Hazards
MANUAL HANDLING INJURIES
External:- Cuts, bruises, abrasions, crush injuries
Internal:- Strains, Tears, Hernias
LOAD
Weight
Size
Shape
Rigidity
Difficult to grasp
Unstable
Sharp, hot, cold etc.
INDIVIDUAL
Sex
Stature
Individual capability
Training
Persons assessment of own capability
TASK
Holding away from trunk
Twisting
Stooping
Reaching upwards
Large vertical movement
Long carrying distances
Strenuous pushing or pulling
Unpredictable movement of loads
Repetitive handling
Insufficient rest or recovery
Work rate imposed by the process
ENVIRONMENT
Constraints on posture
Poor floors
Variations in levels
Hot/Cold/ humid conditions
Poor lighting
PRACTICAL MEASURES TO AVOID MANUAL HANDLING INJURIES

Avoid manual handling
Page 49

Risk reduction
Automation and Mechanisation
Team handling
Training
Smaller lighter loads
Selection
Good environmental working conditions
CORRECT KINETIC HANDLING TECHNIQUE
Assess the load
Position feet as close to load as possible
Bend the knees and keep back straight
Secure grip
Lift using thigh muscles
Load close to the body
Avoid jerking make a smooth movement avoid twisting
Put down slide to desired position
Types of Cranes
Mobile
Tower
Gantry
Overhead
SAFE USE OF MOBILE CRANES
Suitable crane
Suitable ground conditions
Use of outriggers
Avoidance of obstructions
Care near overhead power lines
Designated and protected area
Suitable and tested lifting tackle
Correct slinging technique
Competent personnel
Load near ground if travelling
Good visibility
Good communications
Suitable storage for fuels etc
Cranes may fail because of
Overturning
Overloading
Unsuitable support or inadequate bases for crane
Loss of load
Failure of load
Lack of maintenance
Failure of load bearing part
High winds
EMPLOYEE SAFETY DURING LIFTING
Page 50

Not exceeding safe working load
Trained personnel (Crane operator, Slinger, Banksman(Signaller))
Good communication between all operatives
Properly maintained equipment
Equipment has undergone statutory inspections
Correct lifting accessories free from defect
Ensuring load is secure
Warning of lift taking place
Ensuring load is secure
Path free from obstacles
Avoid overhead power lines
All personnel clear of the load
Load lifted vertically
Lifted to correct height
Moved at appropriate speed
Put down in a safe position and tension released
Safety helmets
.
Precaution when using Accessories
All accessories properly certificated and tested
Properly inspected by a competent person at regular intervals
Safe Working Load (SWL) clearly marked
Inspection prior to use
No repair to accessories on site
Not used be used purposes not intended
Packing between accessory and load
Properly stored after use
Training provide for staff in safe use
The hazards of hoists are: Failure of the chains, slings etc.
Being struck by moving parts of the hoist
Being hit by materials falling from the platforms
Falling down the hoist way from a platform
Striking against landing levels riding goods hoists
Precautions when using hoists
Controls only operated from one position

Clear visibility of landings
Clear signals
Secure objects being carried on goods hoists
Do not overfill items being carried on goods lifts
Do not carry loose items on goods lifts
No passengers on goods lifts
Safe working load clearly marked
Hoist properly examined and tested
Page 51

Suitable fencing and gates at all levels

Training in use of hoists
Conveyors
Hazards
Trapping in drive mechanisms
Traps, Nips, Drawing in
Sharp edges
Items jamming conveyor
Falling objects
Riding or crossing conveyor
Impact with objects
Noise
Manual handling
Electrical hazards
Precautions
Guards, No loose clothing
Pop out rollers, nip guards
Edge protection, eliminate edges
Adequate design
Edge guards, barriers
Bridges, complete enclosure
Helmets, padding
Hearing protection
Mechanical handling
Suitable electrical equipment

1
Outline a procedure for the safe lifting of a load by the use of a

crane having ensured that the crane has been correctly selected and
positioned for the job.
(8)
Outline the precautions that should be taken when using mobile

cranes.
(8)
Outline the factors to be considered when undertaking a manual

handling assessment of the work undertaken by baggage handlers at
a large, busy airport
(8)
With respect to manual handling operations:Identify ways in which the nature of the load may present a risk of
injury
(4)
State FOUR factors relating to the individual that may increase the
risk of injury
(4)
In an assessment of manual handling operations, outline the factors

that should be considered when assessing:a) The task
b) The load
(4)
(4)
6
7
Outline the factors that should be considered in an assessment of

manual handling activities
Outline the issues to consider when undertaking a manual handling
assessment of a task that involves lifting buckets of water out of a
Page 52
(8)

sink
8
9
10
11
(8)
A storeman is required to place boxes of metal components by hand

onto shelved racking.
List FOUR types of injury to which the employee may be at risk
when carrying out this task
(4)
Outline the factors in relation to the task and the load that will
affect the risk of injury
(10)
Outline a good manual handling technique that could be adopted by

the employee when required to lift one of the boxes from ground
level
(6)
Outline FOUR hazards and the corresponding precautions when

using conveyor systems for moving materials within a workplace
(8)
An office employee is required to replace 20 litre (20Kg) water

bottles located on top of water coolers
Identify FOUR factors specific to the employee that might increase
the risk of injury when carrying out the task
(4)
Outline a good handling technique that could be used when lifting a

full bottle from the floor
(4)
Outline the precautions to be taken to prevent accidents to

employees working at ground level in a workshop where heavy loads
are lifted and transported by means of an overhead gantry crane
(8)
Page 53

IGC2 Element 3:- Work Equipment Hazards and Control
Factors to consider prior to installing new machinery
What are the hazards i.e.

1. Are there heat or cold problems
2. Chemicals
3. Biological
Is it suitably guarded
The location of the equipment
Is it capable of being Isolated/locking off
Is there safe access and egress
Are personnel trained and competent
Any other Specific Risks
The Hierarchy of Controls for Machinery Guarding

Fixed enclosing guards
Other guards or protection devices such as interlocked guards and pressure mats
Protective appliances such as jigs, holders, push sticks, etc.
The provision of information, instruction training and supervision
Mechanical Hazards of Machinery
Entanglement
Traps
Impact
Contact
Ejection
ENTICE
NON MECHANICAL HAZARDS OF MACHINERY
Electricity
Hot surfaces
Dust and fumes
Fire/explosion
Noise
Vibration
Biological
Hazardous chemicals
Radiation
Access and egress
Obstructions and projections
Manual handling
Noise
Splinters
FIXED GUARDS:- A physical barrier not connected to machine controls which
has no moving parts and requires a tool to remove it
Page 54

FIXED GUARDS
Advantages
Minimal maintenance
Only defeated by deliberate act
Only visual inspection
May protect against other hazards
e.g. noise, dust, ejection of
materials
Disadvantages
Not linked to machine controls
No protection when removed
Access to dangerous parts when
removed
More difficult to remove not
practical when frequent access
required
Tends to be left unfixed when
frequent access required
May hamper visibility
Interlock Guard:- Linked to the machine controls so that when the machine is
in a dangerous condition the guard cannot be opened or opening the guard
causes the machine to become safe
Interlock Guard
Advantages
Allow safe access for feeding
materials
Convenient to use
Less likely to be deliberately
defeated
Speeds up operations
Disadvantages
Increase the complexity of the
machine
Difficult to test and maintain
May need a brake or time delay
Components could fail in service
Regular maintenance required
May not fail to safety
Pedestal drill
Mechanical hazards
PEDESTAL DRILL
Entanglement with hair, clothing, jewellery etc.
Contact (Stabbing/puncture)
Impact from an unsecured workpiece
Cutting from swarf
Ejection of a broken bit or materials
Precautions using portable power tools

Never carry a tool by the cord or hose
Never pull the cord to disconnect it
Keep cords and hoses away from heat
Page 55

Disconnect tools when not in use
Keep observers at a safe distance
Secure work with clamps
Avoid accidental starting
Use RCDs etc.
With electrical tools
Ensure good footing
Wear appropriate PPE
Maintain tools
Regular inspection and defect reporting
Remove damaged tools from use
Hazards of machinery
Unintentional starting of machinery
Release of stored energy e.g. pressure, electricity.
Movements due to gravity
Residual high or low pressure
Restricted access/egress
Residues e.g. Toxic, Flammables, Corrosives
Mechanical hazards
Heat or cold
Biological hazards
CONTROL OF MAINTENANCE HAZARDS
Isolate Electrical power
Permit to work
Isolate pipelines
Allow hot machinery to cool
Release loads
Provide barriers
Provide adequate lighting, means of access etc.
Provide suitable PPE
Ventilate work area
Competent staff
Segregate
Page 56


1
Provide sketches to show clearly the nature of the following

mechanical hazards from moving parts of machinery.
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
Entanglement
Cutting
Drawing in
Stabbing/puncture
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
Outline the sources and possible effects of FOUR non-mechanical

hazards commonly found in a woodworking shop.
(8)
Identify FOUR mechanical hazards presented by pedestal drills and

outline in EACH case how injury may occur.
(8)

mechanical hazards from moving parts of machinery
5
6
7
a)
(1) Entanglement
(2) Crushing
(3) Drawing in
(4) Shear
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
Outline the practical precautions that might need to be taken

prior to the repair of a large item of process equipment
(8)
Outline the practical precautions that to be taken prior to the

maintenance of machinery
(8)
A company is to carry out essential repairs to a large item of

process machinery. Outline the practical precautions that should
be taken prior to commencement of the work.
(8)
Outline the precautions that should be taken in order to ensure

the safety of employees undertaking maintenance work in an
underground storage vessel
(8)
Outline the principles of the following types of machine guard:1) A fixed guard
2) Interlock guard
b)
(2)
(2)
Identify TWO advantages and TWO disadvantages of a fixed

machine guard
IGC2 Element 4:- Electrical Hazards and Control
Page 57
(4)

Main Hazards of Electricity

Electric shock
Arcing
Fire/Explosions
Burns
Factors Influencing severity of electrical shock
Current in amperes
Length of contact time
Current path through the body
Conductivity/resistance of the body
The voltage
Conductivity of the environment
The nature of the contact
Age and health status of the victim
Action on finding someone in contact with electricity
Isolate the supply if possible
Summon help
Give first-aid if capable
Remain with casualty until emergency services arrive
Causes of Electrical Fire
Inadequate circuits
Overloaded circuits
Incorrect fuses
Damaged wiring and insulation
Loose connections
Overheating of cables on coils
Overheating due to thermal insulation
Overheating due to lack of ventilation
Flammable materials too close to electrical equipment
Health effects of Electricity on the body
Damage to nervous system
Irregular heartbeat (Fibrillation)
Internal burns
External burns
Muscular contractions
Stopping breathing
Stopping of the heart
Secondary Effects of Electricity

Thrown backwards
Falls from height
Unintentional movement of machine
Page 58

Fuse:- A weak link designed to melt, breaking the circuit at excessive currents
Circuit Breakers:- Electromagnetic device which perform the same function as
fuses i.e. break the circuit at excessive current although slightly faster
Earthing:- Electricity will always try reach earth and earthing means providing a
path to earth lower than the human body
Isolation:- The disconnection and separation of the electrical equipment from
every source of electrical equipment in such a way that the disconnection and
separation is secure
Reduced voltage systems:- By reducing the voltage present system the
consequences of electrical shock can be greatly reduced
Residual Current Devices (RCD):- It compares the current flowing into the
system with the current flowing out. When the level differs by a preset value
the RCD will open rapidly and interrupt the supply
Double Insulation:- Covering live parts by two separated layers of insulation
Safety of Portable Electrical Appliances
The appliance:Battery operated
Checked before use
Suitable selected equipment
Properly maintained equipment
The Lead:Ensure not run over by vehicles
Dragged over rough services
Trapped in machinery
Exposed to hot surfaces or corrosive chemicals
Continuous flexing
Joints, Connections and plugs:Makeshift temporary connections
Leads getting pulled out
Poor made connections
Fuse being replaced
Battery operated
The precautions required when using portable equipment are:Reduced voltage operation
Use of residual current circuit breakers
Apparatus and cables should be protected against overload
All cables should be insulated and protected against mechanical damage
Sufficient socket outlets to minimise the need for trailing cables
The use of cable drums wherever possible
Correct maintenance and repair
Correct connections
Page 59

Regular inspections and checks to remove damaged equipment
Properly trained operators
User checks
Equipment is of an approved standard
Wiring and casing are free from damage
Cables are correctly routed
System not overloaded
Correct fuses
Plug properly wired and gripped
Competent users
Using reduced voltage in wet conditions
Using RCDs
ELECTRICAL SAFETY IN OFFICE ENVIRONMENTS
Equipment manufactured to appropriate standards e.g, BS/EN
There is a means of isolation and system protected by RCDs
System of pre use checks on leads, plugs etc for damage
Equipment positioned close to suitable sockets
No extension cables which can cause tripping hazards
Avoid multi-socket extension boards which can lead to overloading
Control private electrical equipment brought from home
System for reporting defective and damaged equipment
Disconnect or switch off electrical equipment overnight
Test appliances at regular intervals
Safety precautions for working on live electrical equipment
People who are properly trained and competent
Accompanied by another person
Provision of adequate information
Suitable insulated tools
Insulated barriers and screens
Suitable instruments and test probes
Personal protective clothing
Rubber mats
Permit to work
Restricted access
1
a)
Outline:(1) The effects on the human body caused by electric shock

(4)
(2) The emergency action to take if someone suffers a severe
electric shock.
(4)
b)
Outline practical measures to reduce the risk of electric shock

when using portable electrical appliances
(12)
Page 60

In relation to electrical safety, explain the meaning of the

following terms:
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
Isolation
Earthing
Reduced low voltage
Over current protection
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
Outline the measures that should be taken to minimise the risk of

fire from electrical equipment.
(8)
Outline the practical measures to reduce the risk of injury from

electricity when using a portable electrical appliance on a
construction site.
a)
Describe the function and limitations of a fuse as an electrical

protection device.
b)
Explain ONE advantage that a residual current device (RCD) has

over a fuse
(2)
a)
Outline the dangers associated with electricity
(4)
b)
Outline the emergency action to be taken if a person suffers a

severe electric shock
(4)
Outline a range of checks that should be made to ensure

electrical safety in an office environment
(8)
a)
Describe the possible effects of electricity on the body
(4)
b)
Outline FOUR factors that may affect the severity of injury from
contact with the body.
(4)
7
8
(8)
IGC2 Element 5:- Fire Hazards and Control

The fire triangle:- Fuel, Source of ignition, Oxygen
SOURCES OF IGNITION
Naked flames
Electricity (Overheating/Arcing)
Smoking materials
Hot work (welding, burning)
Chemical reactions (Giving off heat)
Heating appliances (Hot surfaces)
Friction (Inadequate lubrication)
Static electricity
Page 61
(6)

Lightening
Improper Storage of Flammable Materials
Lack of Inspection and Supervision
Ways in which persons can be harmed in fires are:being burnt
Inhaling toxic fumes
Affects of smoke
Depletion of oxygen supply
Collapse of the building
Getting crushed or suffering some other type of injury in attempting to escape.
Flash point:- The temperature at which a vapour given off by substance will
ignite when brought to a source of ignition
PRINCIPLE CAUSES OF THE SPREAD OF FIRE
CONDUCTION:- Heat travels within a solid material from hotter to cooler parts
CONVECTION:- Hot air rises in currents causing the build up of hot and unburnt
gases under ceilings etc. and allows fire to spread from one room to another.
CONVECTION:- Hot air rises in currents causing the build up of hot and unburnt
gases under ceilings etc. and allows fire to spread from one room to another.
DIRECT CONTACT:- The flame and a combustible fuel are in direct contact and
the fuel heats up and eventually ignites.
Causes of fire
Deliberate (Arson)
Electrical faults
Misuse of electrical equipment
Smokers materials
Smoking in prohibited areas
Loss of control over the firing of rubbish
Oil/gas heating equipment and portable heaters
Unsafe storage of materials
Use of flammable liquids or gases in unsuitable areas
Welding/hot work
Mechanical heat (Sparks/friction)
Classes of fire
A
Combustible solids (Coal, paper etc.)
B
Flammable liquids (Alcohol, Petrol)
C
Flammable gases (Butane, hydrogen,propane)
D
Metals
F
Cooking media (Vegetable oil or animal fats)
To minimising the risk of electrical equipment starting fire
Pre-inspection by users
Suitability of equipment for task
Frequent inspection and maintenance by competent persons
Avoid misuse of equipment
Prevent overloading of circuits
Page 62

Correct design and rating for tasks
Isolate if not in use
Improved means of protection, e.g. RCD
High standards of housekeeping
Staff awareness training
Fire Risk Assessment
Identify the Hazards:- The hazards are the three elements of the fire triangle the
fuel, ignition and oxygen sources.
Identify who could be harmed and how:- Who are the persons at risk and consider
especially vulnerable people such as the disabled
Evaluate the risks and the adequacy of the control measures:- This should
consider the prevention, protection and precautions measures.
Record findings and actions
Review:- If no longer valid
factors to be considered in fire risk assessment

Construction and use of building
Flammable materials
Sources of ignition
Work activities generating heat
Methods of control
Means of fire detection
Means of raising alarm
Means of fighting fire and maintenance of equipment
Evacuation routes/Protection of evacuation routes
Numbers of persons/Specially at risk
Fire prevention training/Fire drills
PREVENTION OF FIRE
Eliminate or reduce the storage of flammable materials
Control of ignition sources
Control smoking and smoking materials
Good housekeeping (Preventing accumulation of rubbish)
Lubrication of machinery to prevent friction
No overloading of electrical systems
Regular inspection of electrical systems
Ventilation outlets not obstructed
Controlling hot work with permits etc.
Proper storage of flammable liquids
Segregation of incompatible chemicals
Security to prevent arson
Regular inspection and supervision
Page 63

Storage of flammable gases and liquids
Minimum quantities (50 litres maximum in workrooms)
Suitable fixed storage tanks
Keep upright in well ventilated storage area
Clear marking of containers
Clearly marked storage area
Spillage controls
Adequate ventilation
Suitable fire fighting equipment
Trained competent staff
Adequate Warning signs
The main requirements of a safe means of escape will be:If necessary 2 routes in opposite directions
Fire resistant walls & ceilings
Adequate size relative to numbers of persons
Within travel distance guidelines
Clearly marked/direction arrows
Emergency lighting
Exit route free from obstructions
Final exit door opening outwards
Fire/smoke doors on route/self closing
Fixed stairs to upper floors
Exit to safe place/assembly point
A FIRE TRAINING PROGRAMME FOR EMPLOYEES SHOULD INCLUDE
Means of raising alarm/sound of alarm
Contact the emergency services
Fire evacuation routes/Fire evacuation signs
Who are and the role of fire marshals
Assembly points/Places of safety/role call
When not to tackle fire
Types of fire extinguishers to be used to maintain escape
Prevention of spread of fire/fire doors/close windows
Not to use lifts
Evacuation in orderly manner/no running
Prevention of return/Disabled evacuation procedure
REGULAR FIRE DRILLS SHOULD BE UNDERTAKEN TO
Satisfying a legal requirement, or one specified in a fire certificate Checking
that the alarm can be heard in all parts of the premises;
Testing the effectiveness of the evacuation procedures
Familiarising employees (particularly those new to the undertaking) with the
alarms, evacuation procedures, escape routes & assembly points so that, in the
case of a real emergency, they would know the actions to be taken;
Providing an opportunity for fire wardens & others with specific functions to
practice their designated roles
Page 64


1
2
3
Explain the methods of heat transfer that can spread fire in a

building.
(8)
Outline the main requirements of a safe means of access from a

building in the event of a fire.
(8)
a) Identify FOUR different types of ignition source that may lead to a

fire in the workplace.
(4)
b) For EACH type of ignition source identified in a), Outline the

precautions that could be taken to prevent a fire starting.
(4)
Outline reasons for undertaking regular fire drills in the workplace
Outline the issues that should be included in a training programme

for employees on the emergency action to be taken in the event of
fire.
(8)
(8)
6
a) With reference to the fire triangle Outline TWO methods of

extinguishing fires.
(4)
b) State the ways in which persons could be harmed by a fire in work

premises.
(4)
a) Explain with a suitable sketch the meaning of the term Fire

triangle.
(4)
b) List FOUR types of ignition source that may cause a fire to occur
giving an example of EACH type.
(4)
a) What are the principal reasons for the spread of fire in buildings?
(6)
b) Explain the mode of operation of:

1) A dry powder fire appliance: and
(4)
2) A foam appliance
(4)
Page 65

c)
What practical measures must be taken to ensure a safe means of

escape?.
(6)
List EIGHT ways of reducing the risk of a fire starting in a workplace

(8)
10
Give reasons that may delay the safe evacuation of employees from a
workplace during a fire
(8)
11
Identify the FOUR methods of heat transfer and explain how EACH
can cause the spread of fire
(8)
Outline TWO advantages and TWO disadvantages of using hose reels

as a means of extinguishing fires
(4)
Outline the main factors to consider in the siting of hose reels
(4)
Outline the requirements to ensure the safe evacuation of persons

from a building in the event of fire.
(8)
In relation to the classification of fires, give an example of a

material (Fuel) that falls within EACH of the classes A, B, C, D
(4)
Identify TWO methods of heat transfer and explain how EACH

method contributes to the spread of fire.
(4)
12
13
14
Page 66

Element 6:- Chemical and biological health hazards and controls
Classification of Hazardous Substances
Irritant:- Non-corrosive substances which through immediate, prolonged or
repeated contact with skin or mucous membrane may cause inflammation e.g.
Petrol
Corrosive:- Substances which on contact with living tissue may destroy it by
burning e.g. acids
Harmful:- Substances which if swallowed, inhaled or penetrate the skin may
cause damage to health
Very Toxic:- A poisonous substance which in low quantities may cause death,
acute or chronic damage to health
Toxic:- A poisonous substance which in low quantities may cause death, acute
or chronic damage to health
Carcinogenic:- Substances which cause disorders to cell growth that may lead
to cancer
ROUTES OF ENTRY INTO BODY
Inhalation
Ingestion
Absorption
Direct entry
Injection
ACUTE EFFECTS DEFINITION:- Adverse health effects resulting from single or
short term exposure which is usually reversible
ACUTE EFFECTS OF EXPOSURE
Headaches
Dizziness
Nausea
Inflamation
Eye irritation
Unconsciousness/Death
CHRONIC EFFECTS:- Adverse health term effects resulting from prolonged or
repeated exposure leading to a gradual often irreversible effects e.g. liver
disease caused by Alcohol
Target Organs:- A part of the body which sustains an adverse effect when it is
exposed to or by contaminated by a particular harmful agent
Examples:- Mercury, Lead the brain, Asbestos, Ammonia the Lungs
ASBESTOS
MAIN TYPES:- Blue, Brown and White
DISEASES:- Asbestosis, Lung cancer, Mesothelioma
Page 67

USES
Pipe lagging
Wall and roof panels
Ceiling tiles
Textured coatings
Insulation materials
Gaskets
Brake linings
Health hazards Organic solvents
irritation of the eyes, skin, throat, and lungs.
Headaches
nausea and dizziness
loss of consciousness (narcosis) and even death.
Dermatitis Symptoms:inflammation of skin, usually on the hands, wrists and forearms. The skin turns
red and in some cases may be itchy.
Dermatitis can be prevented by:Substitution/change process
Clean working conditions and properly planned work systems
Careful attention to skin hygiene principles
Prompt attention to cuts, abrasions, and spillages onto the skin
Use of protective equipment
Barrier cream can help
Pre-employment screening for sensitive individuals
Control measures for Biological Hazards
Cleaning and disinfection
Water treatment
Vermin control
Containment of the biological agent
Avoidance of sharp implements
Proper disposal of contaminated waste
Immunisation
Personal hygiene
PPE
Total inhalable dust is defined as:- The total dust that will enter the nose and
mouth and lungs during breathing.
Respirable dust is defined as:-Airborne dust of such a size that it is able to
enter the lungs during normal breathing.
Dust can cause respiratory diseases such as Asbestos, Silicosis, Asthma,
Bronchitis, Lung Cancer, Farmers Lung
BODIES DEFENCES AGAINST DUST
The hair and wetness of the nose
Page 68

The change of direction of the larynx
Sneezing and coughing
The hair cells in the respiratory tract
Tears and blinking of the eyes
INDICATION OF DUST PROBLEM
Visual signs of dust
Complaints by employees
Monitoring
Health problems possibly detected by health surveillance
Equipment problems such as blocked filters
TO ASSESS LEVELS OF DUST
Carry out visual examination
Use a dust lamp
Measuring levels of dust using:- Sampling:- Personal or Area sampling.
CONTROL MEASURES FOR DUST
Eliminate source e.g. outsourcing
Substitution e.g. pellets instead of powders
Change process
Use liquid process as opposed to dry/damping down
Enclosure of the process
Local exhaust ventilation
Vacuuming instead of sweeping
Limiting time of exposure
Limiting numbers exposed
Respiratory protective equipment
Ensuring suitable maintenance
INFORMATION ON MANUFACTURERS SAFETY DATA SHEETS
Identification of substance/preparation
The manufacturer/supplier
Health effects
First Aid measures
Fire fighting measures
Accidental release measures
Handling and storage
Personal Protective Equipment
Environmental/Disposal considerations
Hazardous substance risk assessment 5 steps as normal
Control of health hazards
Eliminate
Reduce by substitution
Isolate:Total Enclosure
Segregate the people
Page 69

Control
Engineering Control (LEV)
Maintenance of controls
Change the work pattern or method
Hygiene and housekeeping
PPE/Discipline
Emergency Procedures deal with emergencies:First aid facilities
Relevant safety drills and warning devices
Suitable training for staff
Availability of personal protective equipment
Provision of emergency showers and eye-wash facilities;
Spillage and leakage procedure
Evacuation procedures.
Warnings to other people
Procedure to deal with a major spillage:Isolation of the area
Evacuation of employees at risk
Issue of appropriate PPE to those dealing with the spillage
Provision of spillage booms and absorbent materials
Contact with emergency services
The safe disposal of the spilled substance and absorbent material used.
Main Parts of LEV:- Hood, Ducting, Filter, Fan, Exhaust (Draw it)
LEV becomes inefficient because of:Hood positioned to far away from contaminant
Hood incorrectly positioned
Increases in level of contaminant
Broken or blocked ducting
Filters blocked or wrong filters used
Wear or corrosion of fan blades
Lack of maintenance
Unauthorised alterations
Incorrect setting
Operators failing to use it correctly
USER checks on LEV
Checking hood positions and repositioning if necessary
clean of ducting
Check the condition and correct installation of filters
Examine fan blades to ensure there is no build up of contaminant
Tightening and cleaning of drive belts
General lubrication of moving parts.
Repair physical damage;
Grab Sampler (Chemical stain detector tube) (Draw it)
Advantages
Disadvantages
Page 70

Low cost
Takes little time
Immediate result
Little training
Information during spillage
Good for coarse indication
Inaccurate
Positioning of tube
Only a snap shot
Inefficient
Chemical use only
Substance specific
WASTE STORAGE
Storage area of a sufficient size
Storage area suitable located away from drains etc.
Storage area clearly labelled
Individual containers clearly labelled
Different types of waste stored separately
Incompatible wastes never stored together
Appropriate containers for type of waste
Storage of waste kept to a minimum
Protect waste from the elements if necessary
If necessary protect storage area with bunds etc.
Do not dispose of hazardous waste in general waste skips
Ensure storage area is secure
Page 71


1
a) List THREE respiratory diseases that could be caused by exposure to

dust at work.
(3)
b) Describe the bodies respiratory defence mechanisms against

atmospheric dust.
(7)
c)
Outline with practical examples where appropriate the control

measures that may be used to reduce levels of dust in a workplace.
(10)
State the effects on the body of the following types of hazardous

substance giving a relevant example of EACH
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
5
6
Irritant
Corrosive
Toxic
Carcinogenic
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
a) Define the term Target Organ with the context of occupational

health.
(2)
b) Outline the personal hygiene practices that should be followed to

reduce the risk of ingestion of a hazardous substance
(6)
a) State TWO respiratory diseases that may be caused by exposure to

asbestos.
(2)
b) Identify where asbestos is likely to be encountered in a building

during renovation work.
(6)
List FOUR classifications of dangerous substances and sketch their

associated warning signs.
(8)
a) List FOUR respiratory diseases that could be caused by exposure to

dust at work
(4)
b) Identify the possible indications of a dust problem in a workplace
(4)
a) Define the term Target Organ within the context of occupational

health.
(2)
b) Describe the bodies respiratory defence mechanisms against

atmospheric dusts.
(6)
a) Describe the aid of a labelled sketch, a chemical indicator (Stain

detector) suitable for atmospheric monitoring.
(4)
Page 72

List the main limitations of chemical indicator (Stain detector)

tubes.
a) Give TWO examples of a disease resulting from biological hazards at
work.
(4)
(2)
b) Outline the control measures that could be used to reduce the risk of
infection from ONE of the biological hazards given in (a).
(6)
10
Outline with examples, the appropriate control measures for dealing

with exposure to a hazardous chemical, ranging from the most
effective to the least effective.
11 a) Explain the term respirable dust
(8)
(2)
b) Outline methods for measuring airborne dust in the workplace
(6)
12 a) Identify possible routes of entry of biological organisms into the body (4)
Outline the control measures that could be used to reduce the risk of
b) infection from biological organisms
(4)
13
14
15
Identify the information that should be included on a manufacturers

hazardous substance safety data sheet
(8)
List TWO substances that can cause occupational dermatitis and

describe how this occurs
(4)
Outline specific measures designed to prevent the occurrence of

occupational dermatitis.
(4)
State the principles of EACH of the following methods used to

control airborne contaminants at work.
1) Dilution ventilation
2) Local exhaust ventilation
(1)
(1)
Draw a labelled sketch of a local exhaust ventilation (LEV) system

clearly showing the main components
16
Outline the factors that may reduce the effectiveness of a local

exhaust system
(6)
8)
IGC2 Element 7:- Physical and psychological hazards

Frequency:- The number of wave fronts assign a point in one second measured
in Hertz
Intensity:- The loudness of the noise
Page 73

Decibel:- The sound pressure level

A Weighting:- A filter in the noise meter that equates the noise to how the
human ear perceives the noise
Hearing Damage
Acute
Stress
Temporary threshold shift
Temporary tinnitus
Blast deafness
Chronic
Noise induced hearing loss
Permanent threshold shift
Permanent tinnitus
Prebyacusis
Noise Control
Practical measures to reduce noise at source on plant
Tighten loose guards and panels
Maintenance with regular lubrication for both oil and grease
Eliminate unnecessary compressed air and steam leaks
Machinery properly adjusted
Use damped or rubber lined containers for catching components
Switch off plant not in use, especially fans
Use rubber or plastic bushes in linkages, use plastic gears.
Path
Moving the source away from the noise sensitive area.
Enclosure
Silencers
Absorption
Damping
use of rubber/cork, springs etc in noise path
Isolation
sound proofed rooms
Lagging
Screens
Person/Reciever
issue hearing protection
limit the time of exposure.
Practical measures to reduce exposure to excessive noise:Lubrication and maintenance
Change the process
Reduce energy
Isolation
Silencing
Enclosure
Insulation
Absorption
Page 74

Damping
PPE
Reduce time of exposure
Radiation
Non-Ionising
Type
Infrared
Lasers
Microwaves
Ultra-violet
Use in Industry
Heating and brazing
Cutting, Bar code readers
Food preparation, Signal transmission
Welding
Health effects
Burns
Reddening of the skin
Cataracts
Arc eye
Temporary sterility
Ionising Radiation
Type
Alpha
Beta
Gamma
X-Ray
Neutron
Use in Industry
Smoke detectors
Thickness testing
Non-Destructive testing
Medical
By product nuclear fission
Acute effects from high dose

Reddening of the skin
Radiation sickness, Nausea,
Vomiting, Diarrhoea
Hair loss
Death
Chronic Effects
Cancers
Sterility
Hereditary defects
Effects on unborn children
Death
CONTROL MEASURES FOR IONISING RADIATION

Time
Distance
Shielding
PPE
Environmental and personal monitoring
Correct disposal of radiation materials
Good hygiene practices
Training and supervision
CONTROL MEASURES FOR NON-IONISING RADIATION
Page 75

Shielding
Distance between source and the person
Reducing duration of exposure
Protective creams
Health effects of poor lighting
Eye strain/Headaches
Poor posture
Tripping over unseen objects
Increased likelihood of human error
Increased time to vacate work area
Factors to consider when assessing adequacy of lighting
The tasks being undertaking
The size and layout of the work area
The equipment used
Availability of natural light
Shift times/work patterns
Suitable number of artificial light
Contrast levels
Glare
Areas in shadow
Need for localised lighting
Maintenance of lighting
Adequate emergency lighting
Work in a Hot Environment
Health effects
Skin burns
Cataracts
Dehydration
Heat cramps
Headaches
Fainting
Precautions
Medical pre-selection
Acclimatisation
Limit time of exposure
Cold drinks
PPE
Work in Cold Environment
Health effects
Hypothermia
Loss of concentration
Shivering
Frost bite
Precautions
Page 76

Medical pre-selection
Acclimatisation
Limit time of exposure
Hot drinks
Insulated clothing
HEALTH EFFECTS OF BEING SEATED FOR LONG TIME
Vertebral and muscular damage
High blood pressure
Circulation problems
SUITABLE SEAT FOR SEDENTARY WORKERS
Good lumbar support
Good width and depth
Ability to adjust seat back and height
Stable base
Ability to swivel
Provision of arm rests
Welfare
Sufficient toilets and washing facilities
Eating and changing facilities
Clothing storage
Seating
Rest areas
Arrangements for non-smoker
Working environment factors that can cause stress
Inadequate lighting
Cramped/dirty working conditions
Untidy working conditions
Poor layout leading to lack of privacy or security
Problems of glare
Extremes of temperature/humidity
Inadequate ventilation/stale air
Noise
Vibration
Inadequate welfare facilities
Bad weather conditions
Ergonomics
The study of the relationship between workers and their environment, work
equipment and work task.
Symptoms of WRULDs
Numbness in fingers
Pains in hands or arms
Restriction of joint movement
Soft tissue swelling
Page 77

Activites causing of WRULDs

Repetitive finger, hand or arm movements
Twisting movements
Squeezing
Hammering
Pushing, pulling or reaching movements
Control Measures (Precautions) for WRULDs
Identify job involving frequent hand and arm movements
Reduce the force required and the frequency and duration
Design or redesign the task.
Design or redesign the equipment.
Design or redesign the work station.
Automate or mechanise the process.
Job rotation.
Regular breaks.
Training employers in correct use of tools.
Training workers in safe postures
Medical surveillance.
Assessment of individuals for task.
Display Screen Equipment (DSEs) Health effects
Upper limb pains and discomfort
Eye and eyesight effects
Epilepsy
Radiation effects on pregnant women
Fatigue and stress
Workstation requirements
Good lighting with Adequate contrast, no glare or distracting reflections
Distracting noise minimised
Leg room and clearances to allow postural changes
Window covering if necessary to minimise glare
Suitable software appropriate to the task
Screen:- stable image, adjustable, readable and glare free
Keyboard:- usable, adjustable, detachable and legible
Work surface:- Space for flexible arrangement of equipment/documents
Chair:- Stable and adjustable
Footrest if user needs one
Suitable environment e.g. temperature
Hand-Arm Vibration
Health Effects
Tingling in the hands and extremities
Numbness and blanching of the fingers
Swollen painful joints
Reduction in manual dexterity
Reduction in the sensation of touch
Page 78

Control Measures
Elimination
Reduce the degree of vibration
Select low vibration equipment
Select ergonomically designed equipment
Maintenance of equipment
Reduce grip and push force with work equipment
Reduce the time workers exposed
Introduce health surveillance
Gloves and heated pads
Information and training on the nature of risk
Stress
Physical Effects
Headaches
Dizziness
Aching neck and shoulders
Skin rashes
Prone to infections
Panic attacks
Raised heart rate
Increased blood pressure
Heart disease
Stomach ulcers
Psychological effects
Increased anxiety
Reduced concentration
Irritability
Sudden mood changes
Inability to cope
Reduced work output
Increased use of alcohol, etc
Poor sleep patterns
Causes of Stress
Culture
Demands
Control
Relationships
Change
Role
Individual
Environment
Control measures for stress
Selecting suitable employees
Training
Clearly defined roles
Clearly work objectives
Comfortable working environment
Good lines of communication
Realistic work schedules
Employee involvement
Grievance procedure
Impartial investigation of stress
Page 79

Management support
Violence at work
Occupations at risk
Taxi drivers
Hospitals
Schools
Cash transactions
Delivery/collection of money
CONTROL MEASURES FOR REDUCING VIOLENCE

Video cameras, alarm buttons, visible security staff
Protective screens and coded security locks
Wider counters and higher floor on staff side
Queue Management and information
Change the job to give less face to face contact
Use cheques, credit cards, tokens instead of cash
Check identity of clients and suitability of meeting locations
Avoid lone working in high risk areas
Call in system for lone workers
Arrangements to get staff home if working late
Training employees to deal with aggression
Changing public waiting areas
Provide staff at risk with escape routes

1
What THREE main factors must be considered when protecting a

worker from the effect of a noise environment?. Use typical
practical examples to explain your answer.
(8)
A pneumatic drill (chisel) is to be used during extensive repair work

to the floor of a busy warehouse.
Identify by means of a labelled sketch, THREE possible transmission
paths the noise could take
Page 80
(3)

Outline appropriate control measures to reduce the noise exposures

of the operator and warehouse staff
(5)
3
a)
Explain the meaning of the following terms in relation to noise:1) Frequency

2) Intensity
b)
4
Outline TWO acute and TWO chronic health effects from exposure
to noise
(4)
Explain the meaning of the following terms in relation to noise

control:1)
2)
3)
4)
(2)
(2)
Silencing
Absorption
Damping
Isolation
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
A pneumatic drill (chisel) is to be used to remove a concrete wall

located within a factory.
Identify by means of a labelled sketch THREE possible transmission
paths the noise from the chisel could take.
(6)
Outline the means by which noise exposures of both chisel operator

AND factory employees might be minimised.
(8)
Explain the limitations of personal protection used in these

circumstances.
(6)
a)
Identify TWO workplace sources of ionising radiation.
(2)
b)
Describe the effects of Ionising radiation on the body.
(2)
c)
Outline the measures that may be used to protect workers from

exposure to Ionising Radiation.
(4)
a)
For EACH of the following types of Non-ionising Radiation

identify a source and state the possible health effects on exposed
individuals.
(1) Infrared Radiation
(2) Ultraviolet
(2)
(2)
Page 81

b)
a)
b)
9
10
11
Identify the general methods of protecting people against

exposure to Non-ionising Radiation.
(4)
Outline the possible health risks associated with working in a

seated position for prolonged periods of time
(4)
Outline the features of a suitable chair for sedentary work
(4)
Outline EIGHT factors in the physical environment that may

cause a person to feel stressed at work
(8)
Identify the possible effects on health that may be caused by

working in a hot environment such as a foundry.
(4)
Outline the measures that may be taken to help prevent the

health effects identified in a)
(4)
A group of production line workers are required to check the

operation of padlocks manually as the last stage of a
manufacturing process. A number of cases of work related upper
limb disorders (WRULDs) have been reported amongst the
employees.
1) Identify the typical symptoms that the affected employees
would have shown
(4)
2) Outline the specific causal factors that may have

contributed to the condition
(4)
3)
Outline the measures that should be considered in order to

minimise the risk of WRULDs to these employees
12
Outline the factors to be considered when assessing risks to the

health of a user of display screen equipment
13
Outline the possible risks to health associated with the use of

display screen equipment (DSE)
(12)
(4)
Identify the features required for a suitable chair for use at a DSE
workstation
(4)
14
15
Outline the measures an employer might consider to minimise

the risk of violence to employees
(8)
State the health and safety risks associated with welding

operations
(8)
Page 82

16
A glassworks produces covers for streetlights and industrial

lighting. The process involves molten glass being blown by hand
and shaped into moulds.
Identify FOUR health effects that may be caused by working in
the hot conditions of the glass factory
(4)
Describe measures that could be taken in order to minimise the

health effects of working in such hot environments
(6)
Outline the factors relating to the task and the load that may
affect the risk of injury to an employee engaged in stacking the
finished product on to racking
(10)
Page 83

IGC2 Element 8:- Construction Activites Hazards and Control
SITE PRECAUTIONS FOR CHILDREN
Fencing,
Hoardings,
Warning Signs
Security Patrols,
Visiting schools,
Viewing panels.
Covering or fencing excavations
Removing ladders
Immobilising plant and machinery
Locking away chemicals and tools
Reducing the height of materials
Isolating services
Clearing away rubbish and debris
The main hazards associated with roof work include:Fragile roof materials
Roof edges
Slippery sloping roof surfaces
Materials falling from roof
Contact with overhead electricity cables
Manual handling
PRECAUTIONS FOR PITCHED ROOFS
Carry out roof survey prior to work starting
Safe means of access to roof
Roof edge barriers
Roof ladders or crawling boards provided
Identifying and covering roof lights
Facilities to raise and lower materials safely
Protection for persons below
Provision of safety harnesses if necessary
Avoid working in severe adverse weather conditions
Competent workers and supervisors
Flat roof precautions As above plus:Safe use of bitumen boilers
Safe use of burning gases
Training in manual handling
Ladders main hazards in use
Over-reaching from ladder
Un-secured/unstable ladder
Ladder at wrong angle
Ladder not extended above step off point
Using a damaged/worn ladder
Metal ladder contact with overhead electrical cables
Falling material being carried up ladder
Page 84

Vehicle collision with base of ladder
Manual handling carrying out and erecting
HAZARDS OF LADDERS CAN BE MINIMISED BY:The ladder is of the correct length/type
It is in good condition (e.g. not painted or damaged).
The ladder must be placed the right way up
Ladder rested on a firm level base
Use of stabilization devices or otherwise footed
Correct angle 75% or 1:4 ratio.
Tied off at top to avoid over-reaching
Extend suitable distance above step off point (1.05metres min)
The top of the ladder should be rested against a solid surface
Use wooden ladders near overhead power lines
Protect the base of the ladder from collision with vehicles
Provide equipment to raise materials
Provide holsters to carry tools
Only one person at a time on a ladder
Users of the ladder should have suitable footwear
Rungs should be clear of grease, oil or other slippery substance.
Use of ladder by only trained users
Assistance when moving/erecting ladder
Inspection and maintenance of ladders/ladder register
Precautions when using stepladders
Suitable for task
No work carried out from top step
Workers maintain three point contact
Step ladder in good condition
Properly erected and legs fully extended
Positioned on even ground
Close to work avoid overreaching
Not overloaded
Footed if necessary
Scaffolding
Draw and label key parts of an independent Tied Scaffold
Inspection checking the above are correct Plus
Staggered joints
Not overloaded
Suitable access
Show how scaffold is attached to the building
When should scaffolding be inspected
After erection and before use
Every seven days
Page 85

After adverse weather conditions
Being struck by vehicle
After substantial alteration
Reasons for scaffolding collapse
Wrong materials
Unstable foundations
Improperly designed
Improper erection
Overloading
Modified incorrectly
Undermined by excavations
Hit by machinery
Excessive winds/Rain
Carrying out scaffolding inspection
Base Firm ground and sole plates
Line of standards and ledgers
Spacing of transoms to support boards
Boards good condition
Guardrails and toeboards
Bracing
Means of access
Ties number and position
Correct couplers
Joints staggered
PRECAUTIONS USING A MOBILE TOWER SCAFFOLD
Only to be used on firm, stable level ground
To be moved only by pulling or pushing at the base.
Working platforms should be clear of men and materials when being moved.
Wheels should be turned outwards to provide maximum base dimensions
Wheel brakes must be on and locked when the scaffold is being used.
Correct height to width ratio
Diagonal bracing
Working platform properly boarded and evenly supported
Working platform properly fitted with guardrails and toeboards
Not overloaded
Properly secured access extending above landing place
Account taken of overhead obstructions/power lines
Correct fittings and materials used and inspected every 7 days
Precautions using MEWPs
Competent staff
Guard rails and toeboards
Erected on firm level ground
Not overloaded
Clear of obstructions
Work area is cordoned off
Outriggers are extended
Procedure if machine fails
Good lighting
Page 86

Precautions for suspended access cradles and platforms

Regular inspections
Safe working load
Competent staff
Safety equipment working
Platform edge protection
Adverse weather rules not used in strong winds
Guard rails and toeboards fitted
Protected electricity supplies
Safety harnesses worn
Communication
Excavations main hazards
Undermining existing foundations
Collapse
Underground services
Persons falling in
Vehicles close to edge
Access and egress
Hazardous atmospheres
Flooding
Contamination
Type of soil
Removal of soil/type of soil and conditions
HAZARDS OF DEMOLITION
Falling debris, masonry.
Premature collapse of building.
Falls from a height or on the same level.
Services (electricity, gas and water).
Explosion and fire.
Chemical contamination e.g. splash, dust, fumes.
Asbestos.
biological e.g. weils (stagnant water); hepatitis (syringes).
Manual handling e.g. strains fractures.
The use of explosives.
Collisions with heavy plant, plant toppling over.
Noise e.g. heavy plant, pneumatic drills, power tools.
Construction health hazards
Noise
Vibration
Dusts
Asbestos/Lead/Silica/Sawdust
Cement
Solvents and cleaners
Biological hazards
Page 87

Storage of Flammable Materials
Keep quantities to a minimum
Secure storage areas
Storage area properly ventilated
Containers and cylinders returned to storage at end of day
Prohibit smoking and other ignition sources from storage area
Suitable and properly labelled containers for decanted materials
Protection of storage area from vehicle impact
Inspection of gas cylinders to ensure valves fully closed
Correct and right number of fire extinguishers
Precautions using Skips
Obtained from reputable supplier i.e. licensed if necessary
Hazardous wastes stored separately
Skip in good condition i.e. no holes
Skip not overloaded
Skip properly sited on level ground
Adequate room for delivery and removal
Chutes for filling
Netting or sheeting for removal
PPE for staff
Suitable precautions using electrical equipment on site:Ensuring suitable equipment
Using reduced voltage 110V supply.
Extra low voltage for wet locations
Use of RCDs
Double insulated tools
Battery operated tools
Suitable connections
Pre-use inspections
Regular maintenance and frequent testing
Avoid working in wet conditions if possible
Competent staff.
Precautions for underground services
Plan job
Locate cables
Avoid cables
Safe digging procedures
Page 88

1
Mobile tower scaffolds should be used on stable, level ground.
a)
List EIGHT additional points that should be considered to ensure

safe use of a mobile tower scaffold.
(8)
What are the main hazards connected with the use of ladders at
work.
(3)
Explain how such hazards can be avoided.
(5)
Outline the precautions to be taken when using a mobile elevated

work platform (MEWP) to reach a high point such as a streetlight.
(8)
4
5
6
7
8
9
Outline the hazards and corresponding precautions when working

on the flat roof of a building.
(8)
Outline FIVE factors that may contribute to the collapse of an

independent tied scaffold
(5)
Outline precautions that could be taken to prevent materials falling

from a scaffold whilst work is being carried out.
(3)
Outline the main dangers and the corresponding precautions that

should be taken with the use of ladders.
(8)
Outline the precautions that might be taken to reduce the risk of

injury when using stepladders
(8)
Describe options for reducing the risk of electric shock when using
a portable electric drill on a construction site.
(8)
Outline the precautions to take to protect against electrical

contact when:1)
10 a)
Excavating near underground cables
(4)
2) Working in the vicinity of overhead power lines
(4)
(2)

(6)
Page 89

11
12 a)
b)
13
Outline EIGHT precautions that may be taken to ensure the safety

of children who might be tempted to gain unauthorised access to a
construction site.
(8)
Outline four ways in which a person may be injured when using a

ladder at work
(4)
List the precautions that should be taken to ensure the safe use of
ladders
(4)
A contractor is to be selected to drain and clear a section of canal.

Identify the information that might be required to establish the
suitability of the contractor.
(4)
Describe the hazards associated with the draining and clearing
operation.
(8)
Outline suitable controls to minimise the risk from the hazards
(8)
14
15
16
17
18
19
Outline the precautions to be taken when carrying out repairs to

the flat roof of a building
(8)
Identify ways in which accidents may be prevented when using

ladders as a means of access.
(8)
Outline the possible risks to health and safety associated with

laying paving slabs in a busy high street
(8)
Outline the precautions to be taken to reduce the risk of injury

when work is carried out on a pitched (sloping) roof
(8)
Outline the main precautions to be taken when carrying out

excavation work
(8)
Outline the main dangers associated with excavations on a

construction site.
(8)
Page 90

1
a)
b)
c)
2
3
Outline the factors that may lead to unacceptable levels of

occupational stress amongst workers
a)
b)
a)
b)
5
6
7
a)
b)
8
9
Explain with a suitable sketch the meaning of the triangle of fire

List FOUR sources (types) of ignition that may cause a fire to occur
giving a typical workplace example of EACH
a)
10 a)
b)
(4)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(4)
(4)
For each of the following types on non-ionising radiation identify an

occupational source and state the possible ill-health effects on
exposed individuals
1) Infra-red radiation
(2)
2) Ultra-violet radiation
(2)
Identify the general methods for protecting against exposure to
non-ionising radiation
(4)
Outline the particular hazards that might be encountered by staff
working in a busy kitchen
(8)
Outline a range of checks that should be made to ensure electrical

safety in an office environment
(8)
Outline the principles of the following types of machine guard

1) A fixed guard
2) An interlocking guard
Identify TWO advantages and TWO disadvantages of a fixed
machine guard
Outline the factors to be considered in the selection and use of
personal head protection
b)
11
Practice Examination Paper P2 A

Battery powered fork lift trucks are used to move palletised goods
within a warehouse.
Describe FOUR hazards associated specifically with battery
powered for lift trucks
Outline the precautions that may be needed to ensure the safety of
pedestrians in the areas where the fork lift trucks are operating
Outline Eight rules to follow when a fork lift truck is left
unattended
List TWO types of injury that may be caused by the incorrect

manual handling of loads
Outline a good manual handling technique that could be adopted
by a person required to lift a load from the ground
Identify ways in which accident may be prevented when using
ladders for means of access
Page 91
(2)
(2)
(4)
(8)
(2)
(6)
(2)
(6)
(8)

Page 92

Practice Examination Paper P2 B
Employees working for a specialist shoe manufacturer are engaged
in trimming soles by hand prior to using a solvent based adhesive to
glue them on to the shoes.
a)
b)
c)
2
a)
b)
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Describe FOUR possible adverse health effects that may be

experienced by these employees
Identify the information that should be included on the
manufacturers material safety data sheet that has been supplied
with the adhesive
Outline measures to minimise health and safety risks both from the
trimming and gluing operations
In relation to the ill health effects from the use of vibrating hand
held-held tools:Identify the typical symptoms that might be shown by affected
individuals
Outline the control measures that may be used to minimise the
risks of such effects
(4)
(8)
(8)
(4)
(4)
A storeman is engaged in placing boxes of metal components by

hand onto shelves:
a) Outline FOUR types of injury to which the storeman may be (4)
at risk whilst carrying out this operation
b) Outline the factors in relation to the task that will affect the
risk of injury
(4)
a)
b)
Describe the possible health effects of electricity on the body

Outline four factors that may affect the severity of injury from
contact with electricity
Outline the measure that should be taken to minimise the risk of
fire from electrical equipment
Identify the possible indications of a dust problem in the workplace
Describe how the body may defend itself against the harmful
effects of airborne dust
(4)
(4)
(8)
(4)
(4)
Outline measures to be taken to prevent accidents when

pedestrians are required to work in vehicle manoeuvring areas.
(8)
Outline the measures and employer might consider to minimise the

risk of violence against workers.
(8)
Identify FOUR mechanical hazards presented by pedestal drills and

in EACH case outline how injury may occur
(8)
Outline the requirements to ensure the safe evacuation of persons

from a building in the event of fire
(8)
Outline a procedure for the safe lifting of a load by the use of a

crane having
ensuredSafety
thatSolutions
the crane
has
been correctly
selected
Dubai Integrated
Center
(DISSC)
Page 93
and positioned for the job.
(8)

Page 94

Practice Examination Paper P2 C
A group of production line workers are required to check the
operation of padlocks manually as the last stage of a manufacturing
process. A number of cases of work related upper limb disorders
(WRULDs) have been reported amongst the employees.
a)
b)
c)
2
3
10
11
(8)
(8)
(8)

mechanical hazards from moving parts of machinery:
a) Entanglement
b) Crushing
c) Drawing in
d) Shear
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
Outline the factors that may affect the risk from manual handling
activities in relation to:
a) The load
b) The individual
(4)
(4)
(8)
A large item of process equipment is being cleaned manually with a

flammable solvent before being partially dismantled for repair
a)
b)
(4)
Identify FOUR methods of heat transfer and explain how EACH can
cause the spread of fire
Outline with practical examples where appropriate the control

measures that may be used to reduce levels of dust in a working
environment
Identify the typical symptoms that the affected employees would

have shown
Outline the specific causal factors that may have contributed to
the condition
Outline the measures that should be considered in order to
minimise the risk of WRULDs to these employees
Identify FOUR possible health effects from exposure to the solvent

Outline the safety precautions that should be taken when using
such solvents
A computer user has complained of neck and back pain.
Outline the features associated with the workstation that might
have contributed towards the condition
a)
b)
Describe the possible health effects of electricity on the body

Outline the emergency action to be taken if a person suffers a
severe electric shock
(4)
(4)
(8)
(4)
(4)
Outline FOUR types of engineering control that may be used to

reduce noise exposure in the workplace giving an example of each
(8)
Outline the precautions to be taken when repair work is being

carriedDubai
out on
a sloping
roof
Integrated
Safety
Solutions Center (DISSC) Page 95
(8)
List EIGHT ways of reducing the risk of a fire starting in the

workplace
(8)

Practice Examination Paper P2 D

A contractor is to be selected to drain and clear a section of canal.
a) Identify the information that might be required to establish the
suitability of the contractor
b) Describe the hazards associated with the draining and clearing
operation
c) Outline suitable controls to minimise the risk from the hazards
(8)
(6)
(6)

mechanical hazards from moving parts of machinery
a) Entanglement
b) Cutting
c) Drawing in
d) Stabbing/Puncture
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
Outline EIGHT precautions that may be taken to ensure the safety

of children who might be tempted to gain unauthorised access to a
construction site.
(8)
Outline the possible health and safety risks associated with welding
operations
(8)
Outline the precautionary measures to be taken to avoid accidents

involving reversing vehicles within a workplace.
(8)
Outline reasons for undertaking regular fire drills in the workplace
(8)
Outline the precautions to be taken to ensure the safety of

employees carrying out maintenance work on process equipment
(8)
4
5
10
11
An essential raw material for a process is delivered in powdered

form and poured by hand from bags into a mixing vessel.
Outline the control measures that might be considered in this
situation in order to reduce employee exposure to the substance
(8)
Outline the issues to consider when undertaking a manual handling

assessment of a task that involves lifting buckets of water out of a
sink
(8)
Outline the practical measures to reduce the risk of injury from

electricity when using a portable electrical appliance on a
construction site.
(8)
Identify the possible effects on health that may be caused by

working in a hot environment such as a foundry.
(4)
Page 96

Outline the measures that may be taken to help prevent the health
effects identified in a)
Page 97
(4)

1
a)
b)
c)
2
3
4
Practice Examination Paper P2 E

mechanical hazards from moving parts of machinery:
(i) entanglement
(ii)crushing
(iii)drawing-in.
(iv)Shear
Outline a hierarchy of measures that may be used to eliminate the
risk of injury from dangerous parts of machinery.
Identify FOUR non-mechanical hazards to which woodworking
machine operators may be exposed & outline the possible health &
safety effects in EACH case.
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(4)
(8)
Outline the precautionary measures that may be needed to prevent

slip and trip hazards in an engineering factory
(8)
Outline the factors that could contribute towards the development

of work-related upper limb disorders
(8)
A company is to carry out essential repairs to a large item of

process machinery. Outline the practical precautions that should
be taken prior to commencement of the work.
(8)
Outline the precautions that should be taken when using mobile

cranes.
(8)
Outline the possible effects on health from exposure to high levels

of noise
(8)
Describe the differences between acute and chronic health effects
(4)
b) Identify the factors that could affect the level of harm

experienced by an employee exposed to a toxic substance
(4)
a)
Outline the issues that should be considered by an organisation

when developing a system for the safe collection and disposal of its
waste
(8)
Outline the factors that that may reduce the effectiveness of a

local exhaust ventilation (LEV) system
(8)
10
11
In relation to occupational dermatitis

(i) Identify TWO common causative agents
(ii) Describe the typical symptoms of the condition
(iii) State the sources of information that may help identify
dermatitic substances in the workplace
Outline the possible health risks associated with working in a
seated position for prolonged periods.
Outline the features of a suitable seat for sedentary work.
Page 98
(2)
(3)
(3)
(4)
(4)

Page 99

New Jays Int Cert Revision Book Week 1 and 2

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

New Jays Int Cert Revision Book Week 1 and 2

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Nebosh International General Certificate

Revision Book IGC1 and IGC2

Element 1:- Foundations in Health and Safety

IGC2:- Controlling Workplace Hazards

IGC1 Element 1:- Health and Safety Foundations

Nebosh International General Certificate

Chronic:- resulting from prolonged or repeated exposure producing a gradual

Dubai Integrated Safety Solutions Center (DISSC)

Nebosh International General Certificate

BENEFITS OF GOOD HEALTH AND SAFETY PRACTICE are (also benefits of a

Increased levels of compliance with rules and procedures

Law:- Civil and Criminal

Nebosh International General Certificate

IGC1 ELEMENT 1 QUESTIONS

Outline the possible benefits to an Organisation of achieving good

Nebosh International General Certificate

Replacement or repair of damaged plant and equipment is a cost

Outline the main components of a health and safety management

It is generally accepted that, following a workplace accident, the

List the sources of information that may be consulted when dealing

IGC1 Element 2:- Setting Policy for Health and Safety

Set out the Employers/Management commitment to safety

Nebosh International General Certificate

Displaying it on notice boards

WHY ARE TARGETS IMPORTANT:- Gives evidence of Management commitment

Nebosh International General Certificate

IGC1 ELEMENT 2 QUESTIONS

Explain the purpose of EACH of the following sections of a health and

Outline the issues that may be included in the arrangements section

Outline the issues that are typically included in the arrangements

A medium sized engineering organisation intends to benchmark its

Nebosh International General Certificate

Explain why it is important for an organisation to set targets in terms

Dubai Integrated Safety Solutions Center (DISSC)

Nebosh International General Certificate

PRECAUTIONS FOR SAFETY OF VISITORS:

Dubai Integrated Safety Solutions Center (DISSC)

Nebosh International General Certificate

Nebosh International General Certificate

a) To whom does an employer owe a duty of care to other than his

b) What precautions should employers take to protect visitors to

a) Outline the key health and safety responsibilities of employers

b) Outline the key health and safety responsibilities and rights of

List the factors that might be considered when assessing the

Nebosh International General Certificate

Outline the topics that may need to be included on the agenda of

Give reasons why a health and safety committee may be

a) Explain the difference between Informing and consulting

b) Outline the health and safety matters on which Employers should

Dubai Integrated Safety Solutions Center (DISSC)

Nebosh International General Certificate

Nebosh International General Certificate

Nebosh International General Certificate

Nebosh International General Certificate

Nebosh International General Certificate

Nebosh International General Certificate

Nebosh International General Certificate

Nebosh International General Certificate

Dubai Integrated Safety Solutions Center (DISSC)

Nebosh International General Certificate

IGC1 ELEMENT 4 QUESTIONS

Outline the methods by which the health and safety culture of an

Outline the factors that might contribute towards a positive safety

Outline the practical means by which a manager could involve