Meccanica (2013) 48:739752

DOI 10.1007/s11012-012-9628-0

Effects of the moving speed of a rigid stamp on contact

behaviors of anisotropic materials based on real
fundamental solutions
Yue-Ting Zhou Kang Yong Lee

Received: 27 December 2011 / Accepted: 8 October 2012 / Published online: 23 October 2012
Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2012

Abstract The paper studies contact problem of a rigid

stamp moving at a constant speed over the surface of
anisotropic materials. The solution method is based on
Galilean transformation, Fourier transform and singular integral equation. The stated mixed boundary value
problem is reduced to a Cauchy type singular integral
equation based on real fundamental solutions, which
is solved exactly in the case of a rigid flat or cylindrical stamp. Explicit expressions for various stresses are
obtained in terms of elementary functions. In particular, explicit formula is derived to determine the unknown contact region for the cylindrical stamp. For a
flat stamp, detailed calculations are provided to show
the influences of dimensionless moving speed on the
normal and in-plane stress. For a cylindrical stamp, the
effects of dimensionless moving speed, the mechanical loading and the radius on the contact region, the
normal and in-plane stress are analyzed in detail.
Keywords Anisotropic materials Moving contact
Moving speed Real fundamental solutions Exact
solutions
Y.-T. Zhou K.Y. Lee ()
School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University,
Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea
e-mail: KYL2813@gmail.com
K.Y. Lee
State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis for Industrial
Equipment, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Dalian
University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P.R. China

1 Introduction
Anisotropic materials are widely used in many structures, including jet engine turbine blades, in MEMS
and NEMS [1]. For anisotropic materials, the out-ofplane displacement is in general nonzero even if one
assumed a two-dimensional deformation. Thus, investigation of the associated problems for anisotropic materials became one active research area [27].
Lekhnitskii [8] introduced two complex stress
functions to analyze general anisotropic materials.
This approach breaks down for orthotropic materials
and requires a special treatment [9]. Strohs formalism, which was originally used to study dislocation
[10, 11], provides an approach of getting the general
solutions for two dimensional problems by the means
of introducing a stress vector to replace the stress tensor. Strohs formalism has no limitations except possibly for the degenerate materials in which the eigenvalues of the elasticity constants have a repeated root
such as in isotropic materials. To address the problem of repeated eigenvalues, Barnett and Lothe [12,
13] introduced three real matrices, which can be determined directly through employing the integral formula given in Ref. [12] in which one doesnt need to
compute the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of elasticity
constants, to express anisotropic elasticity solutions.
Strohs formalism is proved to be an elegant and powerful approach for treating general problems of linear
anisotropic elasticity. Much progress has been made
by Strohs formalism in the fields of the steady state

740

wave problems [14], uncoupled quasi-static thermoelastic problems [15], and anisotropic piezoelectric
problems [16]. Recently, Ting [17] presented governing equations for an anisotropic elastic layer that can
be employed to derive effective boundary conditions
at an interface between a thin anisotropic elastic layer
and an anisotropic elastic solid. Steady waves propagating in an anisotropic elastic layer that is attached
to an anisotropic elastic half-space was studied in [18]
in which both Love waves and Stoneley waves were
concerned.
Indentation techniques, which need the solutions of
contact mechanics [1922], are often implemented on
elastically anisotropic materials in order to determine
their elastic properties. Willis [23] first performed an
analysis of the three-dimensional problem of frictionless contact and impact of anisotropic solids, in which
the functional form of the pressure distribution between the bodies was found explicitly but a complete
solution was not obtained. Self-similarity and similarity aspects of the three-dimensional Hertz problem
of contact between two nonlinear elastic anisotropic
solids were considered [24] under various boundary conditions: frictionless, adhesive and frictional.
The indentation moduli were calculated for arbitrary
anisotropic solids and results for solids with cubic
crystal symmetry were presented [25]. In particular,
the indentation moduli of differently oriented surfaces
of both cubic and hexagonal single crystals were measured by using a Nanoindenter [25]. Taking advantage
of a formalism developed in [13], Swadener and Pharr
[26] obtained simple expressions for the indentation
modulus for spherical and conical indenters. Applying theorem that the solution of the contact problem
is the one that maximizes the load on the indenter for
a given indentation depth, Vlassak et al. [27] considered the contact of an indenter of an arbitrary shape on
an elastically anisotropic half space. It is well known
that even the displacements produced by a concentrated normal load on an anisotropic half-space cannot be found analytically [23]; correspondingly, it is
unreasonable to expect the complete analytic solution
to the anisotropic contact problem and only numerical results were presented [2327]. In addition, in the
contact problem studied in [2327] the punch was in
stationary state. To the authors knowledge, the exact
solution to the anisotropic moving contact problem has
not been reported.

Meccanica (2013) 48:739752

Fig. 1 Geometry of the moving contact problem for anisotropic

materials under (a) a flat stamp, (b) a cylindrical stamp

Motivated by above-mentioned reasons, the present

paper performs an exact analysis of moving contact problem of anisotropic materials indented by a
rigid stamp, which occupies a flat or cylindrical profile. Galilean transformation, Fourier transform and
singular integral equation method are employed. An
eigenvalue analysis is detailed for the characteristic
equation related with the anisotropic governing equations and real fundamental solutions are presented.
A Cauchy type singular integral equation is obtained
for the stated problem and is solved analytically. The
exact solution of the singular integral equation enables
one to get explicit expressions for various stresses
in terms of elementary functions. For the cylindrical
stamp, the unknown contact region can be determined
by explicit formula. Numerical results are presented to
show the effects of various parameters, such as dimensionless moving speed, the mechanical loading and the
radius on contact behaviors.

2 Problem statement and formulation

The problem under consideration is described in
Fig. 1. The medium placed in xoz Cartesian coordinates system is a semi-finite anisotropic material,
which is indented by a rigid stamp with either a flat or
a cylindrical foundation. The stamp moves smoothly
to the right at a constant speed V .
A generalized deformation field for a two-dimensional anisotropic problem can be expressed as

Meccanica (2013) 48:739752

741

u = u(x, z, t),
v = v(x, z, t),

(1)

w = w(x, z, t),
where t denotes time.
The constitutive equations for two-dimensional
anisotropic materials can be written as

C11 C13
xx
0
0
2C16
zz C13 C33
0
0
2C36

yz = 0
0
2C44 2C45
0

xz 0
0
0
2C45 2C55
xy
0
0
2C66
C16 C36

Sxx
Szz

(2)

Syz
Sxz
Sxy
where ij stand for the components of the stress, Ckl
are the elastic coefficients and the strain Smn are given
by


1 um
un
.
(3)
Smn =
+
2 xn
xm
Here for convince, um (m = x, y, z) denote, respectively, u, v and w.
Equilibrium equations of free body force are given
as follows:
xx
xz
2u
+
= 2,
x
z
t
yz
xy
2v
+
= 2,
x
z
t
xz zz
2w
+
= 2 ,
x
z
t

(4)

where represents mass density.

Substitution of the constitution equation (2) into
Eq. (4) produces governing equations for anisotropic
materials as follows:
C11

2u
2u
2v
2v
+
C
+
C
+
C
55
16
45
x 2
z2
x 2
z2

+ (C13 + C55 )

2w
xz

2u
t 2

(5)

2u
2u
2v
2v
C16 2 + C45 2 + C66 2 + C44 2
x
z
x
z
+ (C36 + C45 )

2w
2v
= 2,
xz
t

(6)

2w
2u
2v
+ (C36 + C45 )
+ C55 2
xz
xz
x
2
2
w
w
+ C33 2 = 2 .
(7)
z
t

(C13 + C55 )

To make the present time related problem tractable,

Galilean transformation is introduced
x = X + V t,

y = Y,

z=Z

(8)

with (X, Y, Z) being a translating coordinate system,

which is attached to the stamp. Since the stamp moves
smoothly as mentioned above, it is assumed that the
moving of the stamp has prevailed for such a long time
that there are local deformations only inside the contact region as given in Eq. (13) later and no local deformations outside the contact region. In the coordinate
system (X, Y, Z), the problem is in the steady state,
and can be treated symmetrically.
Taking into account Eq. (8), one can rewrite Eqs. (5)
(7) as follows:

 2u
2u
2v
C11 C66 c2
+
C
+
C
55
16
X 2
Z 2
X 2
2
2
v
w
+ C45 2 + (C13 + C55 )
= 0,
(9)
XZ
Z

 2v
2u
2u
2v
+
C
C16 2 + C45 2 + C66 1 c2
44
X
Z
X 2
Z 2
2
w
= 0,
(10)
+ (C36 + C45 )
XZ
2u
2v
(C13 + C55 )
+ (C36 + C45 )
XZ
XZ
2
 w

2w
+ C55 C66 c2
+
C
= 0,
(11)
33
X 2
Z 2
which govern the steady state solution of the problem.
Here c = cVB is the relative punch moving velocity and

cB = c66 is the lowest Bulk wave velocity.
To solve partial differential equations (9)(11),
boundary conditions should be equipped. At infinity,
the following conditions should be satisfied:
u(X, Z), v(X, Z), w(X, Z) 0,

X 2 + Z 2 .

(12)

At the interface Z = 0, one has


w0 ,
Flat stamp,
w(X, 0) =
X2
w0 + 2R , Cylindrical stamp,
|X| < a,

(13)

742

Meccanica (2013) 48:739752

3 Solution procedure


2 u
2 v
2
2
1

c
v

+
C

C
66
44
Z 2
Z 2
w
= 0,
(19)
(C36 + C45 )
Z
u
v
+ (C36 + C45 )
(C13 + C55 )
Z
Z


2 w
2 C55 C66 c2 w + C33 2 = 0,
(20)
Z
where u(,
Z), v(,
Z) and w(,

Z) are

u(,
Z) =
u sin( X) dX,
0

(21)
v(,
Z) =
v sin( X) dX,
 0
w(,

Z) =
w cos( X) dX.

In this section, real fundamental solutions will be

given.
Making use of Fourier integral transform to Eqs. (9)
(11) gives rise to a system of ordinary differential
equations

In Eqs. (18)(21), is the transform variable,

which is located in the interval (0, +) due to the
symmetry of the stated problem.
The fundamental solution of Eqs. (18)(20) may be
expressed by

ZZ (X, 0) =

p(X), |X| < a,

0,
|X| > a,

XZ (X, 0) = 0,

(14)

|X| < +,

(15)

Y Z (X, 0) = 0, |X| < +,

 a
p(X) dX = P ,

(16)

(17)

where w0 is a constant, R denotes the radius of the

cylindrical stamp, p(x) is unknown surface contact
stress inside the contact region and P denotes the total
force applied on the stamp along the Z-axis.

2 C16 u + C45


2 u
2 C11 C66 c2 u + C55 2 2 C16 v
Z
2
v
w
+ C45 2 (C13 + C55 )
= 0,
Z
Z

 C11 C66 c2 C55 2


C16 C45 2


(C13 + C55 )

C16 C45 2
C66 (1 c2 ) C44 2
(C36 + C45 )

u(,
Z) = e Z ,

(18)

v(,
Z) = e Z ,

(22)
w(,

Z) = e Z .
Substitution of Eq. (22) into Eqs. (18)(20) produces the following characteristic equation:



(C13 + C55 )

 = 0.
(C36 + C45 )

C33 2 (C55 C66 c2 ) 

3.1 Eigenvalue analysis

By expanding Eq. (23), it can be found that the characteristic equation is a sextic equation with all terms
being even powers of . Thus, eigenvalues n and
n (n = 1, . . . , 4) emerge simultaneously. Moreover,
if there were complex eigenvalues for Eq. (23), they
must occur in conjugate pairs. In the view of mathematics, the eigenvalues of Eq. (23) related to governing equation of anisotropic materials are of the following cases:
(A) three pairs of opposite real eigenvalues;
(B) a pair of opposite real eigenvalues and two pairs
of complex conjugate eigenvalues (no purely
imaginary eigenvalues);

(23)

(C) two pairs of opposite real eigenvalues and a pair

of purely imaginary eigenvalues;
(D) a pair of opposite real eigenvalues and two pairs
of purely imaginary eigenvalues;
(E) three pairs of complex conjugate eigenvalues including only one pair of purely imaginary eigenvalues;
(F) three pairs of purely imaginary eigenvalues.
For commercially anisotropic materials, there are
generally no repeated eigenvalues and no repeated
eigenvectors. In addition, the regularity conditions
given in Eq. (12) indicate that the purely imaginary
eigenvalues should be omitted. Then, there are only
two possible cases for eigenvalues, i.e., Case A and
Case B.

Meccanica (2013) 48:739752

743

3.2 Real fundamental solutions

For the Case A, there are three pairs of opposite real
roots
1 = 6 = 1 ,
3 = 4 = 3 ,

2 = 5 = 2 ,

(24)

where j > 0 (j = 1, . . . , 3).

Noting that real eigenvalue always yields real
eigenvector and considering the requirements at in-

finity given in Eq. (12), one can readily obtain real

fundamental solutions n = [1n (, Z) 2n (, Z)
3n (, Z)]T (n = 1, . . . , 3) as
n = en Z [ 1 ]T

T
= en Z 1 q1 (n ) q2 (n ) ,

(25)

where the superscript T denotes transpose of a vector,

q1 (n ) and q2 (n ) are

 


 (C11 C66 c2 C55 2n ) (C13 + C55 )n  
C16 C45 2n
(C13 + C55 )n 



,
q1 (n ) = 
(C16 C45 2n )
(C36 + C45 )n   C66 (1 c2 ) C44 2n (C36 + C45 )n 

 (26)



C16 C45 2n
C16 C45 2n
(C11 C66 c2 C55 2n )  
(C13 + C55 )n 

q2 (n ) = 
  C66 (1 c2 ) C44 2 (C36 + C45 )n  .
(C16 C45 2n )
C66 (1 c2 ) C44 2n
n

For the Case B, there are a pair of opposite real

roots and two pairs of complex conjugate roots
1 = 6 = 0 ,
2 = 5 = + i ,
3 = 4 = i ,

(27)

where i 2 = 1, 0 > 0, > 0 and is a real number. Complex eigenvalue produces complex eigenvector. Since complex conjugate eigenvalues emerge simultaneously, their corresponding eigenvectors occur
in conjugate pairs. Thus, there are a pair of real eigenvectors and two pairs of complex eigenvalues, which
have the same forms given in Eq. (25) after replacing
j by j . Since 2 and 3 are complex eigenvectors,
the second and the third components of Eq. (25) are
complex. With consideration of the following Eulers
formula:
ei Z = cos( Z) + i sin( Z),

where



j = Re qj (2 ) ,
(j = 1, 2)

(30)

Here, Re[ ] and Im[ ] denote, respectively, real part

and imaginary part, and the functions qj ( ) are defined
in Eq. (26).
3.3 General solution
The general solutions of Eqs. (18)(20) may be given
in terms of real fundamental solutions

T
u(,
Z) v(,
Z) w(,

Z)
=

(28)

one can obtain the real fundamental solutions j =

[1j (, Z) 2j (, Z) 3j (, Z)]T (j = 1, . . . , 3)
as

1
1 = e0 Z q1 (0 ) ,
q2 (0 )

cos( Z)
2 = e Z 1 cos( Z) T1 sin( Z) ,
(29)
2 cos( Z) T2 sin( Z)

sin( Z)
3 = e Z T1 cos( Z) + 1 sin( Z) ,
T2 cos( Z) + 2 sin( Z)



Tj = Im qj (2 ) ,

3


An n (, Z)

n=1

3



An 1n (, Z)

2n (, Z)

3n (, Z)

T

n=1

(31)
where An (n = 1, . . . , 3) are unknown coefficient
functions.

4 Contact analysis
Next, the general solution in Eq. (31) is used to analyze the contact problem depicted in Fig. 1.

744

Meccanica (2013) 48:739752

Employing inverse transform to Eq. (21) and then

substituting Eq. (31) into it yield

3
2 
u(X, Z) =
An 1n (, Z) sin( X) d,
0
n=1

3
2 
An 2n (, Z) sin( X) d, (32)
v(X, Z) =
0
n=1

3
2 
An 3n (, Z) cos( X) d.
w(X, Z) =
0
n=1

Substitution of Eq. (32) into Eq. (2) in view of

Galilean transformation given in Eq. (8) leads to

3
2 
XX =
0n (, Z) An cos( X) d,
0
n=1

3
2 
1n (, Z) An cos( X) d,
ZZ =
0
n=1
(33)

3
2 
2n (, Z) An sin( X) d,
XZ =
0
n=1

3
2 
3n (, Z) An sin( X) d,
Y Z =
0
n=1

where known functions mn (, Z) (m = 0, . . . , 3, n =

1, . . . , 3) are given in Appendix.
Substituting the second, the third and the fourth
equation of Eq. (33) into Eqs. (14)(16) and employing inverse transformation yield
3

n=1
3


1n (, 0) An = F0 ,
2n (, 0) An = 0,

(34)

n=1
3


3n (, 0) An = 0,

n=1

where

F0 =

where the kernel K0 (X, ) is given as

K0 =

3

1n
.
(1)n+1 3n (, 0)

(38)

n=1

It can be checked that K0 is independent on .

Thus, Eq. (37) can be rewritten into the following singular integral equation:

w0 (X)
1 a K0
p() d =
.
(39)
a X
X
In addition, to make the stated problem complete,
one should consider the equilibrium equation (17).
In the following, exact solution of integral equations (39) and (17) will be given in cases of a flat and a
cylindrical stamp profile. Then explicit expressions of
various stresses will be presented.

5 Exact solutions for a flat stamp

In this case, differentiating the first equation of Eq. (13)
yields
w0 (X)
= 0.
(40)
X
Thus, the exact solution of integral Eqs. (39)
and (17) [28] takes the form
P
, |X| < a.
(41)

a 2 X2
The stress intensity factor at the end of the flat
stamp may be defined as follows:

(42)
KI = lim 2(a X)ZZ (X, 0).

p(X) =

Xa

p() cos( ) d.

(35)

Solving Eq. (34) arrives at

An =

Substituting Eq. (36) into Eq. (32) and then differentiating the third equation of Eq. (32) give rise to
 
1 a
w(X, 0)
K0 (X, )p() cos( )
=
X
a 0
sin( X) d d,
(37)

(1)n
1n F0

(n = 1, . . . , 3),

(36)

where is the determinant and mn (m, n = 1, . . . , 3)

are complement minors of a matrix coe given in
Appendix.

In view of Eq. (41), Eq. (42) can be simplified as

follows:

1
P.
(43)
KI =
a
Substituting Eq. (41) into Eq. (36) yields the following expression for An (n = 1, . . . , 3):
An =

(1)n 1n
P J0 ( a),
2

(44)

Meccanica (2013) 48:739752

745

where J0 () is the 0-order Bessel function of the first

kind.
Substituting Eq. (44) into Eq. (33), one can obtain
the following explicit expressions of various stresses:
(f )

0n (X, Z)
XX
(f )

3
(X, Z)

ZZ
P

1n
n

(1) 1n (f )
,
XZ =
(X, Z)
n=1
2n

Y Z
(f )
3n (X, Z)
(45)
(f )

where known functions mn (X, Z) (m = 0, 1, 2, 3,

n = 1, 2, 3) are given in Appendix.

Fig. 2 The distribution of the normalized surface normal stress

ZZ /0 (0 = P /(a)) under a flat stamp
(c)

6 Exact solutions for a cylindrical stamp

where known functions mn (X, Z) (m = 0, 1, 2, 3,

n = 1, 2, 3) are given in Appendix.

In this case, differentiating the second equation of

Eq. (13) leads to

7 Numerical examples and discussions

w0 (X) X
= .
(46)
X
R
The exact solution of the singular integral equation (39) [28] is obtained as

a 2 X2
p(X) =
, |X| < a.
(47)
K0 R
Substituting Eq. (47) into equilibrium condition
(17) arrives at the following relationship between the
half-width a of the contact region and the indentation
load P :

2P K0 R
.
(48)
a=

Inserting Eq. (47) into Eq. (35), one can simplify

Eq. (36) as follows:
(1)n a 1n
J1 ( a),
2 2 K0 R
(n = 1, . . . , 3),

An =

(49)

where J1 () is the 1-order Bessel function of the first

kind.
Substituting Eq. (49) into Eq. (33), one can obtain
the following explicit expressions to determine various
stresses:

(c)

0n (X, Z)
XX

(c)
3

1n (X, Z)
ZZ
a
n
,

(1) 1n (c)

XZ K0 R

(X,
Z)

2n
n=1
Y Z
(c)
3n (X, Z)
(50)

For further investigation, the anisotropic material is assumed to be Aragonite [29]. The elastic constants are
C11 = 160 GPa, C13 = 1.97 GPa, C16 = 36.6 GPa,
C33 = 85 GPa, C36 = 15.9 GPa, C44 = 41.3 GPa,
C45 = 15.9 GPa, C55 = 25.6 GPa and C66 = 42.7 GPa.
Here since the coefficients C16 , C36 , and C45 could not
be found in the open literature, the values are assumed.
7.1 Contact behaviors under a flat stamp
The distribution of the normalized surface normal
stress ZZ (X/a, 0)/0 (0 = P /(a)) is drawn in
Fig. 2 by using either Eq. (41) or the second equation
of (45), which shows the correctness of the derivation
of explicit expressions of various stresses in the case
of a flat stamp. It is seen that there is a serious stress
concentration at the edge of the flat stamp. The dimensionless moving speed has no effects on the surface
normal stress ZZ (X/a, 0)/0 (0 = P /(a)).
Figures 3 and 4 show the distribution of the normalized normal stress ZZ (X/a, Z/a)/0 (0 = P /(a))
in the direction either parallel to the surface (Fig. 3)
or vertical to the surface (Fig. 4) with various values of the dimensionless moving speed. Different
from the surface normal stress ZZ (X/a, 0)/0 , which
is discontinuous, the normal stress ZZ /0 inside
anisotropic materials is continuous. The normalized
normal stress ZZ (X/a, Y/a)/0 tends to a limiting
value as the magnitude of either X/a or Z/a becomes
bigger. Inside anisotropic materials, the dimensionless

746

Meccanica (2013) 48:739752

Fig. 3 Influences of dimensionless moving speed c on the normalized normal stress ZZ /0 (0 = P /(a)) in the direction parallel
to the surface under a flat stamp, (a) Z/a = 2, (b) Z/a = 4, (c) Z/a = 8, (d) Z/a = 16

Fig. 4 Influences of dimensionless moving speed c on the normalized normal stress ZZ /0 (0 = P /(a)) in the direction vertical to the surface under a flat stamp, (a) X/a = 0,
(b) X/a = 0.25

moving speed has significant effects on the normal

stress, which is quite different from the case at the

surface where the dimensionless moving speed has no

effects on the surface normal stress ZZ (X/a, 0)/0
as mentioned above.
Furthermore, Fig. 3 indicates: (i) the normal stress
ZZ /0 in the direction parallel to the surface reaches
its maximal magnitude at the flat stamp center, and
the maximal magnitude increases with the dimensionless moving speed c escalating; (ii) as the dimensionless moving speed c becomes bigger, the normal stress
ZZ /0 in the direction parallel to the surface tends to
the limiting value more quickly; and (iii) The jump between the maximum magnitude and the limiting value
of the normal stress ZZ /0 decreases with the magnitude of X/a increasing.
Figure 4 also demonstrates that in the direction
vertical to the surface, the magnitude of the normalized normal stress ZZ /0 decreases from its maximum value at the surface to a limiting value. Inside
anisotropic materials, the magnitude of the normalized normal stress ZZ /0 in the direction vertical to
the surface increases with the dimensionless moving
speed c escalating. It may also be seen that ZZ /0 is
compressive when c 0.6
Figure 5 shows the distribution of the normalized surface in-plane stress XX (X/a, 0)/0 (0 =
P /(a)). It is shown that the surface in-plane stress

Meccanica (2013) 48:739752

Fig. 5 The distribution of the normalized surface in-plane

stress XX /0 (0 = P /(a)) under a flat stamp

XX (X/a, 0)/0 is unbounded at both edges of the flat

stamp, which may indicate the in-plane stress has a key
role in the surface damage of materials indented by
rigid stamps. As the flat stamp moves faster, the magnitude of the surface in-plane stress XX (X/a, 0)/0
intensifies when beneath the flat stamp.
The distribution of the normalized in-plane stress
XX /0 (0 = P /(a)) in the direction parallel to the
surface and vertical to the surface with various values of the dimensionless moving speed is plotted in
Figs. 6 and 7, respectively. It can be seen that the normalized in-plane stress XX /0 inside anisotropic ma-

747

terials is continuous, which is quite different from the

surface in-plane stress having singularity at both edges
of the flat stamp. It seems that the normalized in-plane
stress XX /0 is always compressive. The normalized
in-plane stress XX /0 tends to a limiting value and
the stress jump between the maximum and the limiting
value of the in-plane stress decreases with the magnitude of either Z/a becoming bigger (Fig. 6) or X/a
decreasing (Fig. 7).
In addition, Fig. 6 illustrates that the normalized inplane stress XX /0 in the direction parallel to the surface gets its maximal magnitude near the stamp edges
when Z/a 0.1, while at the stamp center when
Z/a = 1. The maximal magnitude of the normalized in-plane stress XX /0 in the direction parallel to
the surface increases with the flat stamp moving faster.
When Z/a = 0.01, meaning closer to the surface,
the normalized in-plane stress XX /0 is insensitive to
the variation of the dimensionless moving speed when
|X/a| > 1. Otherwise, the magnitude of the normalized in-plane stress XX /0 in the direction parallel to
the surface increases with the dimensionless moving
speed increasing.
Figure 7 shows that the magnitude of the normalized in-plane stress XX /0 in the direction vertical to
the surface gets its maximal value at the surface and in-

Fig. 6 Influences of dimensionless moving speed c on the normalized in-plane stress XX /0 (0 = P /(a)) in the direction parallel
to the surface under a flat stamp, (a) Z/a = 0.01, (b) Z/a = 0.05, (c) Z/a = 0.1, (d) Z/a = 1

748

Meccanica (2013) 48:739752

Fig. 7 Influences of dimensionless moving speed c on the normalized in-plane stress XX /0 (0 = P /(a)) in the direction vertical to the surface under a flat stamp, (a) X/a = 0,
(b) X/a = 0.6

creases with the dimensionless moving speed increasing.

7.2 Contact behaviors under a cylindrical stamp
As afore-mentioned, the contact region between the
cylindrical stamp and the surface of anisotropic materials is unknown before-hand, which can be determined from Eq. (48). Figure 8 illustrates the effects of
dimensionless moving speed c, the mechanical loading P and the radius R on the contact region of the
cylindrical stamp. The contact region for the cylindrical stamp may become wider through each of the following ways: (a) escalating the moving speed of the
stamp, (b) enhancing the mechanical loading P , and
(c) widening the radius R of the cylindrical stamp.
Since the mechanical loading P and radius R have the
same contribution on determining the contact region
for the cylindrical stamp as seen from Eq. (48), the
curves in Fig. 8(b) and (c) remain the same shapes.
Figures 9 and 10 are plotted to examine the influences of dimensionless moving speed c, the mechanical loading P and the cylindrical stamp radius R on
the distribution of surface contact stress ZZ (X, 0)

Fig. 8 The half-width of contact region for a cylindrical stamp

under the action of: (a) the dimensionless moving speed c when
R = 0.1 m, (b) the mechanical loading P when R = 0.1 m,
(c) the radius R when P = 3 106 N / m

and surface in-plane stress XX (X, 0). Figures 9

and 10 clearly illustrate that the surface contact stress
ZZ (X, 0) and surface in-plane stress XX (X, 0) are
zero at both edges of the cylindrical stamp.
In addition, Fig. 9(a) shows that the maximum magnitude of the surface contact stress ZZ (X, 0) emerges
at the center of the cylindrical stamp and decreases as
the cylindrical stamp moves faster. With the mechanical loading P increasing (Fig. 9(b)), the maximum
magnitude of the surface contact stress ZZ (X, 0) is
greatly enhanced. As the radius R becomes wider,
the maximum magnitude of the surface contact stress
ZZ (X, 0) can be relieved.

Meccanica (2013) 48:739752

Fig. 9 Distribution of surface contact stress ZZ (X, 0) under a

cylindrical stamp with various values of: (a) the dimensionless
moving speed c when P = 3 106 N / m and R = 0.1 m, (b) the
mechanical loading P when c = 0.1 and R = 0.1 m, (c) the radius R when P = 3 106 N / m and R0 = 0.1 m

749

Fig. 10 Distribution of surface in-plane stress XX (X, 0) under

a cylindrical stamp with various values of: (a) the dimensionless
moving speed c when P = 3 106 N / m and R = 0.1 m, (b) the
mechanical loading P when c = 0.1 and R = 0.1 m, (c) the radius R when P = 3 106 N / m and R0 = 0.1 m

8 Conclusions
Figure 10 indicates that the surface in-plane stress
XX (X, 0)is compressive beneath the cylindrical stamp.
As the magnitude of X increases, the surface in-plane
stress XX (X, 0) increases. Beneath the cylindrical
stamp, the maximum magnitude of the surface inplane stress XX (X, 0) can be relieved by each of the
following ways: (a) lowering the moving speed of the
stamp, (b) reducing the mechanical loading P , and
(c) widening the radius R of the cylindrical stamp.

The present paper concerns the moving contact problem of anisotropic materials indented by a moving
rigid stamp. The Cauchy singular integral equation
based on real fundamental solutions is derived for the
mixed boundary value problem. Exact solutions to the
reduced integral equations are obtained for the rigid
stamp with a flat or cylindrical foundation. Explicit expressions for various stresses are obtained. Numerical
results are also presented, which show:

750

Meccanica (2013) 48:739752

1. For the flat stamp, the dimensionless moving speed

has no effects on the surface normal stress, while
greatly affects the distribution of surface in-plane
stress beneath the flat stamp.
2. The surface in-plane stress is unbounded at both
edges of the flat stamp.
3. The dimensionless moving speed has a significant
effect on the distribution of the normal and in-plane
stresses inside anisotropic materials indented by a
flat stamp.
4. The contact region for the cylindrical stamp can
become wider through each of the following ways:
(a) escalating the moving speed of the stamp,
(b) enhancing the mechanical loading P , and
(c) widening the radius R of the cylindrical stamp.
5. The surface contact stress and surface in-plane
stress are zero at both edges of the cylindrical
stamp.
6. With the mechanical loading P increasing, the
maximum magnitude of the surface contact stress
and surface in-plane stress beneath the cylindrical
stamp are greatly enhanced.

For Case B
m1 (, Z) = m1 e0 Z ,

m = 0, . . . 3,

m2 (, Z)

 (C)
(S)
cos( Z) m2
sin( Z) e Z ,
= m2
m = 0, . . . , 3,

(A.7)

m3 (, Z)

 (S)
(C)
cos( Z) + m2
sin( Z) e Z ,
= m2
m = 0, . . . , 3,

(A.8)

where m1 are the same as those given in Eq. (A.2)

(C)
(S)
with 1 replaced by 0 , m2 and m2 are given as
(C)

02 = C11 + C16 1 + C13 ( 2 T2 ),

(S)

02 = C16 T1 + C13 ( T2 + 2 ),

Appendix
1. Expressions of mn (, Z) (m = 0, . . . , 3, n =
1, . . . , 3) appearing in Eq. (33)
For Case A
mn (, Z) = mn e n Z ,

(A.1)

where mn (m = 0, . . . , 3, n = 1, . . . , 3) are given as

follows:
0n = C11 + C16 q1 (n ) + C13 n q2 (n ),
n = 1, . . . , 3,

(S)

12 = C36 T1 + C33 ( T2 + 2 ),
22 = C55 ( T2 ) + C45 ( 1 + T1 ),

(A.11)

(C)

32 = C45 ( 2 ) + C44 ( 1 T1 ),
(S)

32 = C45 ( T2 ) + C44 ( 1 + T1 ).

(A.12)

2. Matrix coe appearing in Eq. (36)

11 (, 0) 12 (, 0) 13 (, 0)

coe = 21 (, 0) 22 (, 0) 23 (, 0) .
31 (, 0) 32 (, 0) 33 (, 0)
(A.13)
(f )

3. Known functions mn (X, Z) (m = 0, 1, 2, 3, n =

1, 2, 3) appearing in Eq. (45)
For Case A
 (f )
1n (X, Z), m = 0, 1,
(f )
mn (X, Z) = mn
(f )
2n (X, Z), m = 2, 3,
(A.14)
where

n = 1, . . . , 3,


2n = C55 n q2 (n ) + C45 n q1 (n ),

(A.3)

n = 1, . . . , 3,


3n = C45 n q2 (n ) + C44 n q1 (n ),

(A.4)

n = 1, . . . , 3.

(A.10)

(C)

22 = C55 ( 2 ) + C45 ( 1 T1 ),

(A.2)

1n = C13 + C36 q1 (n ) + C33 n q2 (n ),

(A.9)

(C)

12 = C13 + C36 1 + C33 ( 2 T2 ),

(S)

Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank the

anonymous reviewers for their helpful suggestions to improve
this paper. This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (10962008, 51061015 and
61063020).

(A.6)


(f )

1n (X, Z) =

(A.5)

2 X2
2n

,
2 2
2n
1n

2
X 2 1n
(f )
2n (X, Z) = sgn(X) 2
,
2
2n 1n

(A.15)

Meccanica (2013) 48:739752

751

1

(X + a)2 + (n Z)2
2

(X a)2 + (n Z)2 ,
1

2n =
(X + a)2 + (n Z)2
2

+ (X a)2 + (n Z)2 .

1n =

where sgn() is the sign function.

For Case B
 (f )
11 (X, Z),
(f )
m1 (X, Z) = m1
(f )
21 (X, Z),

(A.16)

m = 0, 1,
m = 2, 3,
(A.17)

(A.18)
(f )
m3 (X, Z)

(S) (f )
(C) (f )

m2 11 (X, Z) + m2
12 (X, Z),

1 m = 0, 1,
=
(S) (f )
(C) (f )
2

m2 21 (X, Z) + m2 22 (X, Z),

m = 2, 3,

(A.24)

(A.25)

X2 = Z X.

(A.26)

(c)

where
(n = 1, 2) are the same as those in
(f )
Eq. (A.15) with 1 replaced by 0 , and kl (X, Z)
(k, l = 1, 2) are given as follows:
(f )

M1n (X, Z) =

(A.20)


2 X2 + Z
2n
n

,
a 
2
X sgn(X) X 2 1n
a

(A.28)
,

where 1n and 2n (n = 1, 2, 3) are given in Eq. (A.16).

For Case B

= m1

(c)
11
(X, Z),

m = 0, 1,

(c)
21 (X, Z),

m = 2, 3,

(A.29)

(c)

2 X2
n2
n

, n = 1, 2,
2 2
n2
n1
(A.21)

2 2
X
n
n1
(f )
M2n (X, Z) = sgn(Xn ) 2
, n = 1, 2,
2
n2 n1
with
1

(X1 + a)2 + (Z)2
2


(X1 a)2 + (Z)2 ,

(c)

2n (X, Z) =

(c)
m1 (X, Z)


(f )

1n (X, Z) = Mn1 (X, Z) + Mn2 (X, Z)

(n = 1, 2),
(f )
(f )
(f )
21 (X, Z) = M21 (X, Z) M22 (X, Z),
(f )
(f )
(f )
22 (X, Z) = M11 (X, Z) + M12 (X, Z),

(A.27)

1n (X, Z) =

(f )
n1 (X, Z)

(f )

4. Known functions mn (X, Z) (m = 0, 1, 2, 3, n =

1, 2, 3) appearing in Eq. (50)
For Case A
 (c)
1n (X, Z), m = 0, 1,
(c)
mn (X, Z) = mn
(c)
2n (X, Z), m = 2, 3,

where

(A.19)

11 =

X1 = Z + X,

(A.23)

(c)

(f )

m2 (X, Z)
(C) (f )
(S) (f )

m2 11 (X, Z) m2 12 (X, Z),

1 m = 0, 1,
=
(C) (f )
(S) (f )
2
 (X, Z) m2 22 (X, Z),

m2 21
m = 2, 3,

(f )

1

(X1 + a)2 + (Z)2
2


+ (X1 a)2 + (Z)2 ,
1

21 =
(X2 + a)2 + (Z)2
2


(X2 a)2 + (Z)2 ,
1

22 =
(X2 + a)2 + (Z)2
2


+ (X2 a)2 + (Z)2 ,

12 =

(A.22)

m2 (X, Z)
(C) (c)
(S) (c)

m2 11 (X, Z) m2 12 (X, Z),

1
m = 0, 1,
=
(A.30)
(C) (c)
(S) (c)
2

21 (X, Z) m2 22 (X, Z),

m2

m = 2, 3,
(c)

m3 (X, Z)
(S) (c)
(C) (c)

m2 11 (X, Z) + m2 12 (X, Z),

1 m = 0, 1,
=
(A.31)
(S) (c)
(C) (c)
2


(X,
Z)
+


(X,
Z),

m2 22
m2 21

m = 2, 3,

752

Meccanica (2013) 48:739752

(c)

where n1 (X, Z) (n = 1, 2) are the same as those in

(c)
Eq. (A.15) with 1 replaced by 0 , and kl (X, Z)
(k, l = 1, 2) are given as follows:
(c)

(c)

(c)

1n (X, Z) = Mn1 (X, Z) + Mn2 (X, Z)

(n = 1, 2),

(c)
(c)
(c)
21 (X, Z) = M21 (X, Z) M22 (X, Z),
(c)
(c)
(c)
22 (X, Z) = M11 (X, Z) + M12 (X, Z),
(c)

M1n (X, Z) =

(A.32)


2 X 2 + Z
n2
n

, n = 1, 2,

(A.33)
2 2
X

sgn(X
)
X
n
n
n
n1
M(c)
, n = 1, 2,
2n (X, Z) =
a
where kl (k, l = 1, 2) and Xk (k = 1, 2) are given,
respectively, in Eqs. (A.22)(A.26).
a

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