1) An autotransformer has a single winding with two end terminals

and one or more terminals at intermediate tap points or it is a

transformer in which primary & secondary coils have part of or all
of their turns in common. Primary voltage is applied across two
terminals and secondary voltage taken from two terminals, almost
always having one terminal in common with primary voltage.
Primary and secondary circuits thus have a number of windings
turns in common. Since volts-per-turn is same in both windings,
each develops a voltage in proportion to its number of turns. In an
autotransformer, part of current flows directly from input to output
and only part is transferred inductively, allowing smaller, lighter,
cheaper core to be used and requiring only a single winding.
However, voltage and current ratio of autotransformers can be
formulated same as other two-winding transformers.
(0< V2<V1)
One end of winding is connected in common to both the voltage
source and the electrical load. Other end of source and load are
connected to taps along the winding. Different taps on winding
correspond to different voltages, measured from common end. In a
step-down transformer, source is connected across entire winding
while load is connected by a tap across only a portion of winding.
In a step-up transformer, conversely, load is attached across full
winding while source is connected to a tap across a portion of the
winding.
As in a two-winding transformer, ratio of secondary to primary
voltages is equal to ratio of number of turns of winding they
connect to. For example, connecting load between the middle and
bottom of autotransformer will reduce voltage by 50%. Depending
on application, that portion of winding used solely in higher-voltage
(lower current) portion may be wound with wire of smaller range,
though entire winding is directly connected.
If one of the center-taps is used for ground, then the
autotransformer can be used as a balloon to convert balanced line

(connected to two end taps) to an unbalanced line (side with the

ground).
Applications:
Power transmission and distribution:
Autotransformers are used in power applications to interconnect
systems operating at different voltage cases, for example 132kV to
66 kV for transmission. Another application in industry is to operate
on a 600 V supply. They are also used for providing conversions
between UK 400 kV and 275 kV Super Grid networks are three
phase autotransformers with taps at common neutral end.
On long rural power distribution lines, spectral autotransformers
with automatic tap-changing equipment are inserted as voltage
regulators, so that customers at far end of line receive the same
average of autotransformer compensates for voltage drop along
the line.
A special form of autotransformer called a zig zag is used to
provide grounding on three-phase systems which otherwise have
no connection common to all three phases (zero sequence
current).
Audio system: In audio applications, tapped autotransformers are
used to adapt speakers to constant-voltage audio distribution
systems and for impedance matching like between low-impedance
microphone and high-impedance amplifier input.
Railways:
In UK railway applications, it is common to power trains at 25kV
AC. To increase distance between electricity supply Grid feeder
points, they can be arranged to supply 25-0-25 kV supply with third
wire out of reach of trains overhead collector pantograph. The 0
volt point of supply is connected to the rail while one 25 kV point is
connected to overhead contact wire. At frequent (about 10 km)

intervals, an autotransformer links contact wire to rail and to

second (anti-phase) supple conductor. This system increases
usable transmission distance, reduces induced interference into
external equipment and reduces cost. A variant is seen where
supply conductor is at a different voltage to the contact wire with
autotransformer ratio modified to suit.
2) Servo motor is a type of motors whose output shaft can be
moved to a specific angular position by sending it a coded signal.
Servo motor will maintain position of shaft as long as one keeps
applying coded signal. When one changes coded signal, angular
position of shaft will change. A common type of servo provides
position control. Servos are electrical or partially electronic in
nature, using electric motor as primary means of creating
mechanical force. Other types of servos use hydraulics,
pneumatics or magnetic principles. Positioning servomechanisms
were first used in military fire-control and marine navigation
equipment. Today, servomechanisms are used in automatic
machine tools, satellite-tracking antennas, remote control airplanes
and antiaircraft-gun control systems. Other examples are fly-bywire systems in aircrafts which use servos to actuate aircrafts
control surfaces and radio-controlled models which use RC servos
for same purpose. Autofocus cameras also use servomechanism
to accurately move the lens and adjust the focus.
Types of Servo Motors:
Standard servo motors have three wires, which are for power (4-6
V), ground and control. Size and shape of servo motors are
dependent on this application. RC servo motor are common type of
servo motors used in robotics and hobby applications due to their
affordability, reliability and simplicity of control by micro-processors.
RC servo motors are low power servos which can be powered from
small batteries and other DC supplies in range of 100 mA to 2
amperes. There are also high power servo motor types which are
powered from AC supplies are used in industrial applications.

Servomotors are used in applications like robotics, CNC machinery

or automated manufacturing. Applications like laser cutting
machines may be offered in two ranges, low-priced range using
stepper motors and high-performance range using servomotors.