LAB REPORT # 7

STUDY OF TWO STROKE DIESEL ENGINE

The two stroke diesel engine is very familiar to gasoline engine in working because
it completes its cycle in two strokes. Diesel engine use diesel cycle and the first diesel
engine was made by Rudolf Diesel in 1892. The main difference in the working of diesel
engine is that the fuel is ignited on every stroke of piston.

Fuel system:
In the fuel system of 2 stroke diesel engine a small amount of fuel is injected into
each cylinder. The ratio of air fuel mixture may be 40 to 1. In gasoline engine the ratio is
18 to 1. As power increases the amount of injected fuel increases. The amount of air
remains same at any amount of fuel.
Fuel injection system:
The fuel injection pumps and fuel injectors are in it. Fuel injection pump produces
the necessary high fuel pressure. When the pressure is applied to the fuel then the
injectors open and spray fuel into the cylinder. Fuel injectors are used to inject the
measured amount of fuel. On injection of fuel the order of pressure to effect the pressure
inside the combustion chamber must be 1000 psi (during combustion). If pressure is
least than the pressure inside the combustion chamber, then the fuel does not inject
instead the pressure would leak from combustion chamber to injector nozzle.
Fuel injectors have 2 main uses. First it must inject the fuel towards the cylinder and
second is it must control the limit of fuel injectors. Power of engine depends on fuel
amount injected.
Fuel arrangement injection:
The fuel injection pump and injectors must not completely separate.
They can be arranged in three different ways;

1. Multiplane system
2. Unit injector system
3. Distribution system

Multiplane system:
In this system the separate pumping unit (plunger) and separate injectors for each
cylinder. Plungers are the part of fuel injection pump. Cam shaft inside the pumps
control the action of plungers. Fuel line connects plungers to injectors. Amount of fuel is
controlled by fuel injection pump.
Unit injector system:
The injection pump and injectors are same combined into one unit and can be
driven by camshaft. Plunger is a part of injector. Penalization, timing and metering of fuel
take place in it.
Distribution system:
In this system the single injection pump supplies fuel to the distribution unit.
Distribution directors fuel to the injectors in right firing order.
Fuel injection system operation:
Diesel engine uses several different injection systems. Operating systems are
same. Multiplane contains both high and low pressure fuel system. Low pressure consists
of fuel pump, lines and filters. These parts give fuel from tank to the fuel injector pump.

Different Parts of Engine

The parts of engine are same as the 4 stroke engine but there are some parts
which have different functions. The main parts are given as;

Crank shaft
Cam shaft
Piston
Ports

Connecting Rods
Fuel Injectors
Fuel Pump

Glow plugs:
When there is no spark efficient to start ignition mostly in cold weather the glow
plugs are used. They have a small wire that gets red hot when connected to electrical
sources. It helps in ignition to start.

Air blowers and turbo chargers:

The 2 stroke diesel engine requires blowers. Blowers force the air to cylinders.
Some 4 stroke diesel engines have a special type of blower called turbo chargers. These
chargers consist of air impeller and exhaust turbine connected to a shaft. This provides
higher compression.
Deflector:
In the 2 stroke petrol engine, the head of the piston is designed in the mountain
shape. This shape is called deflector and is used to minimize the loss of air fuel mixture.

Working of 2 stroke diesel engine

In 2 stroke diesel engine the cycle completes in 2 strokes or in one complete
revolution of crank shaft. In this engine the intake and compression stroke occur at same
time and exhaust and power stroke occur at same time. Ports are used instead of valves.

Suction stroke:
In this stroke the air is come in through intake port. The piston moves from TDC to
BDC and at this time the air above the piston is compressed.

Compression stroke:
In this stroke the piston moves from BDC to TDC due to which the air in the
cylinder is compressed.

Power stroke:
The temperature and pressure of air at the TDC is very high. At the same time fuel
is sprayed by the fuel injector, Ignition with the help of fuel injector takes place and
mixture burns with a blast and the piston moves TDC to BDC.

Exhaust stroke:
When the piston moves downward intake port is closed and the air inside the
crankcase is compressed and through transfer port, it is transferred to the cylinder due
to push of air burnt gases is escaped out from the cylinder through exhaust port. Again
the piston moves from BDC to TDC and the air gets compressed when the both the
exhaust port and transfer ports are covered and the air enters in the crank case and the
cycle repeated again.

Working cycle for Two Stroke Diesel Engine: