LAB REPORT # 6

STUDY OF FOUR STROKE DIESEL ENGINE

Diesel Engine:
In this type of engine blast is produced in the cylinder by the compression of fuel to ignite it which is
present in the combustion chamber. While in the petrol engine this ignition is produced by the help of spark
plug which ignites the air fuel mixture in the cylinder.
There are two types of diesel engine
a) Four stroke diesel engine

b) Two stroke diesel engine

Four Stroke Diesel Engine:

This type of engine is different from the 2 stroke engine on the bases of its working. The 4 stroke engine
completes its cycle in four different processes like intake or suction stroke, compression stroke, power stroke
and out take or exhaust stroke. The ignition is produced by the compression heat of working fuel instead of
spark plug. The fuel is sent to the crank case with the help of fuel injector. The cycle completes in two
revolutions of piston. This engine does not base on real engine but in generally it is representative of real
engine.

Important parts of Four Stroke Diesel Engine:

The main parts of 4 stroke diesel engine are given below;
Piston

Exhaust Valve

Crank shaft

Inlet Valve

Cam shaft

Water Jacket

Connecting Rod

Cylinder

Piston Rings

Fly wheel

Exhaust Valve

Crank Case

Diesel Filter

Self-starter motor

Valve Filter

Fuel lifting pump

Air Filter

Fuel injector

Fuel Injection Pump

Glow pump

Lubricating oil pump

There are two types of parts:

Moving parts:
In the engine the moving parts are came shaft, crank shaft, piston, valves, fly wheel, connecting rod
and rings.
Stationary parts:
The stationary parts in the engine are sump, cylinder block, cylinder head, cylinder and gudgeon pin.

Real Cycle of Diesel Engine:

The working cycle of 4 stroke diesel engine is shown in the fig. But we see that the actual cycle of
engine is quite different from the ideal cycle as there is no process which is complete ideal. In the cycle of 4
stroke engine there are different processes occur and they can be given as;

1-2: process is isobaric intake stroke

2-3: process is compression stroke

3-4: process is power or expansion stroke

5-1: process is isobaric exhaust stroke

In this cycle the processes are occurred at different times and there are some terms are used in the cycle and
they can be described as;
TDC: top dead center

BDC: bottom dead center

EVC: exhaust valve closed

EVO: exhaust valve closed

IVO: inlet valve open

IVC: inlet valve closed

FVO: fuel valve open

FVC: fuel valve closed

Ideal Cycle for Diesel Engine:

The ideal cycle is quite different from actual cycle and this ideal cycle is called as constant pressure
cycle as the expansion in this cycle is produced at constant pressure and the cycle is also named as Diesel
cycle. The different processes in this cycle are stated as;

1-2: isentropic compression process

2-3: constant pressure heat addition process

3-4: isentropic expansion process

4-1: constant volume heat rejection process

Fuel injection system:

The basic difference b/w diesel engine and petrol engine is that in diesel engine there is a fuel injector
instead of spark plug. There is only air which is sent to the combustion chamber through inlet valve and every
cylinder is filled with air and then the fuel is ejected in the chamber with the help of fuel injector. The power
produced in the engine is controlled by the amount of fuel ejected in the chamber. The basic and different parts
of diesel engine are fuel injection pump and fuel injector. The fuel injection pump produces a high pressure fuel
and when the needed pressure is produced then the hole of injector opens and a needed flow of fuel is injected
in the cylinder. The arrangement of fuel injection pump and fuel injector can be set by three alternative ways as
given below;
a) Distributor system

b) Multiple plunger system c) Unit injector system

Working of 4 Stroke Engine:

The 4 stroke diesel engine completes its cycle in four different strokes like compression, intake, power
or expansion stroke and exhaust stroke. In one cycle of diesel engine the crank shaft completes two revolutions.
The cycle starts at TDC when the piston is at the farthest position from the axis of crank shaft.
The four different strokes of diesel engine are given in details below;

Intake stroke:
In the intake stroke the piston moves from TDC to BDC producing a vacuumed in the cylinder or
creating low pressure area then the outside air with larger pressure enter inside the cylinder when inlet valve is
open. The volume of air enter in the given space of the cylinder relative to the volume of cylinder is called as
volumetric efficiency of engine.

Compression stroke:
In this stroke the piston moves from BDC to TDC and in this way the air in the cylinder compressed of
combustion chamber. During this process the both valves of engine are closed. Due to compression the
temperature and pressure of the gas increased. The compression rate is 14:1 or 25:1. The compression ratio is
22:1 in the engine.

Power stroke:
In this stroke, both valves are closed. This is the start of the second revolution of the engine. While the
piston is close to TDC, the compressed air in a cylinder is ignited by the spray of injector due to its high
temperature. The resulting massive pressure from the combustion of the compressed fuel-air mixture forces the
piston back down toward bottom dead center.

Exhaust stroke:
In this stroke the piston again moves from BDC to TDC and push the exhaust gasses to escape out of
the cylinder. In this stroke the exhaust valve is open and the all burnt products escape out from exhaust valve.
After this the cycle again returns to its own initial position.