LAB REPORT # 3

Study of Internal Combustion Engine & its components

Engine:
A machine which uses heat to convert the chemical energy of a fuel into
mechanical force and motion is called engine.
Due to construction and working there are two types of engines.
1. Internal combustion engine
2. External combustion engine
Internal Combustion Engine:
The engine in which combustion is produced with in the working substance is
called as internal combustion engine. Petrol engine, Diesel engine and Gas engine
are all internal combustion engines.

External Combustion Engine:

The engine in which the combustion process does not take place within the
working substance is called as external combustion engine. Steam engine and
locomotive engine etc.

Main Parts of I.C Engine:

Crank Shaft
Cam Shaft
Piston
Piston Rings
Connecting Rod
Cylinder
Cylinder Block
Cylinder Head
Inlet and Outlet Valve
Sump

Sump
Gudgeon pin
Crank pin
Governor
Carburetor
Fuel pump
Scribing rings
lubricate rings
Spark plug
Fuel injectors

Crank Shaft:
A crankshaft related to crank is a mechanical part able to perform a conversion between reciprocating
motion and rotational motion. In a reciprocating engine, it translates reciprocating motion of the piston into
rotational motion; whereas in a reciprocating compressor, it converts the rotational motion into reciprocating
motion. In order to do the conversion between two motions, the crankshaft has "crank throws" or
"crankpins", additional bearing surfaces whose axis is offset from that of the crank, to which the "big ends" of
the connecting rods from each cylinder attach.

Cam Shaft:
Cam shaft is also an important part of engine. It is simply a rod which has many
cams on it. It has a main role to open and close the inlet and outlet valves which
are responsible for the correct mixing of air and fuel in the internal combustion
cylinder. Cam shaft open and close the intake and exhaust valve indirectly by
pushing the pushrods and rocker arms or directly.

Piston:
Piston is must for the working of I.C engine. It is connected with the crank shaft
with the help of connected rod and transmit the energy or force produced by the
compression of gas in the cylinder to the connected rod. Piston movement is up or
down or to and fro not rotatory. Due to piston the reciprocating motion of crank
shaft change into rotatory motion.

Piston Rings:
Piston rings are simply split rings which are fitted on the outer groove of the piston
in an engine like in steam engine or petrol engine. There are three functions of
piston rings.
1: compressive ring which seal the combustion and expansion chamber.
2: wiper ring
3: oil ring

Connecting Rod:
It is simply a connection between piston and crank shaft in the engine. It transmits
the energy of the piston to the crank shaft and also responsible in the conversion
of linear motion of piston into rotatory motion of crank shaft.

Cylinder Block:
Cylinder block is a main part of I.C engine and it contain many parts in it like
piston, intake and out take passages and many mountings for different parts e.g.
for fuel pump, distributor, oil filter and water pump etc.

Cylinder Head:
It is also a main part of engine. It is fitted over the cylinder block and form a
combustion chamber in which compression and expansion of fuel and gas is
performed. This chamber contains many cylinders in which entering and exhaust of
gases continues.

Inlet and Outlet Valves:

In the engines there is a pair of valves which are known as inlet valve and outlet
valve. The inlet valve or intake valve is used to come in the fuel and air into
cylinder and exhaust valve or outlet valve is used to escape out the exhaust or
burnt gases. Each valve opens only once in a cycle and those which are moving
very fast are controlled by springs which are running with camshaft rotating with
crankshaft. In engine working when one valve is open then second should be
closed.

Sump:
It is simply called as oil tank or oil storage in the I.C engines. Basically it is the base
of an engine.

Gudgeoned Pin:
Gudgeoned pin is very small but important part of engine. It is used as a
connection between connecting rod and piston.

Crank Pin:
It is also very small component of engine but of very importance. It is used to join
the connecting rod to crank shaft.

Spark Plug:

Spark plug is used to ignite the compressed air/fuel mixture in the engine cylinder.
Basically it gives a high voltage about 40,000 to 100,000 volts to compressed
air/fuel mixture due to which a spark is produced in the cylinder which ignite the
mixture and combustion is started and the pressure of gases increased to a high
level.

Fuel Injector:
Fuel injectors are used to supply the pressurized fuel to the combustion chamber.
In working the difference between carburetor and fuel injectors is that the
carburetors simply supply fuel by compressing it while the fuel injectors send fuel
by pumping it which supplies a pressurized fuel which is ignited very early.

Carburetors:
Carburetor is the basic part of internal combustion engine. It is used to mix the air
and compressed fuel
in proper ratio and send it to the cylinder for combustion.

Governor:

Governor is basically the controlling portion of the engine and controls the different
process in the engine. It controls the mixing of air and fuel in proper ratio and send
the proper amount of mixture to the cylinder as the load in engine required.

Different Engine Terms

TDC and BDC
Swept Volume
Clearance Volume
VVTI
CDI
IDSI
SOHC
DOHC
TDC and BDC:
TDC stands for top dead center and it means that the maximum point at which
the piston can reach and at this point the air is in fully compressed state. BDC
stands for bottom dead center and in engine terms it is called a minimum
point at which the piston can reach and at this stage the intake process is
completed.

Swept Volume:
The volume between TDC and BDC is called as swept volume and it is also simply
called as stroke of engine.

Clearance Volume:
The over the TDC is called as clearance volume.
VVTI:
Stands for variable valve Timing Intelligence. It is the system which varies
the timing of the intake valves by adjusting the relationship b/w the cam drive and
intake shaft.
CDI:
Stands for capacitor discharge ignition This system uses a capacitor with
step up transformer. This transformer step ups the voltage of battery from 12V to
11000V and capacitor stores it. Capacitor gives the current to the spark plug in the
form of pulse
IDSI:
Stands for intelligence dual sequential ignition system. It is used to burn
the fuel more efficiently. The dual sequential ignition system optimizes the timing of each
spark plug based on engine speed and engine load. The intake side plug ignites first,
then as the flame propagates, the exhaust side plug is fired (before top-dead-center),
and the flame expands rapidly into the whole area to achieve complete

SOHC:
It is the abbreviation of single overhead camshaft. It means that there is
only one camshaft per header. For a SOHC engines there are usually two valves per
cylinder.

DOHC:
It is the abbreviation of double overhead camshaft
It means that there are two camshafts per header. For a DOHC engines there are
usually four valves per cylinder.