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2 guerra mundial; Nacional Socialismo; Holocausto; Iusnaturalismo; Positivismo; Tribunal de Nuremberg.
Gua de lectura
1.
Lea atentamente el material propuesto y subraye las idea
principales. 2. Ubique en los mrgenes del texto los temas que considere ms relevantes segn su criterio. Explicite o explique el criterio que ah utilizado para realizar la seleccin. 3. Tomando en cuenta el texto dado responda a las siguientes consignas. a) Identifique el objeto de la polmica. Indique y fundamente la posicin de los jueces Sempronio-CayoTicio. b) Identifique cuales son las tesis sobre la relacin entre el derecho y la moral que se discuten en cada una de las posturas. c) Fundamente la siguiente afirmacin la polmica Iusnaturalismo vs positivismo no se trata solo de una discusin terica. Muchas veces la posicin que se adopte determina la decisin de condenar o absolver d) puede identificar en que otros casos pblicamente conocidos se podra dar esta controversia? e) Qu sucede con esta polmica luego de la constitucionalizacin de derechos?
Glosario
a) El motivo que da origen a la segunda guerra mundial es la
reparticin territorial del planeta en funcin del enfrentamiento entre idolologas que amparaban
sistemas polticos-econmicos enfrentados, entre ellos el
nazi-fascismo y el comunismo sovitico. b) Es una doctrina poltica e ideolgica de carcter totalitario, nacionalista y expansionista; Defendan una combinacin de prejuicios como el anti-marxismo en base a polticas de halagos o falsas promesas y la imposicin de la dictadura como forma de gobierno. c) Es una gran matanza de personas, especialmente lo que tiene como fin exterminar un grupo social por motivo de raza, religin o poltica. d) Es una teora tica con un enfoque filosfico que postula la existencia de derechos del hombre fundados o determinados en la naturaleza humana; es decir, que se entiende que hay principios universales, de moral y justicia validos y que pueden conocerse a travez de la razn o de algn mtodo cientfico. e) Es una corriente de pensamientos jurdicos, es la separacin entre moral y derecho, lo que rechaza toda vinculacin entre ambos. Se considera normas (leyes), validas evitando interpretaciones morales; es decir, se opone en parte al pensamiento iusnaturalista, hace mencin a .si existe estos principios universales de moral y justicia, no sera posible conocerlos a travs de la razn. f) Es un acontecimiento histrico en el que se juzgaba a los principales culpables del crimen que atentaban contra la humanidad, la paz y los crmenes de guerra. Gua de lectura:
3. a) El objeto de la polmica que se identifica en el texto, lo
hace en referencia a la postura que debe tomar cada juez desde su punto de vista particular con respecto a la ley injusta y si debe ser incluida la moral para resolver este tema. Por un lado est el juez Sempronio, el cual tiene una postura Iusnaturalista, que sostiene que hay principios morales y de justicia universalmente vlidos e inmutables relacionados a la verdadera naturaleza del hombre, y que estos tienen que ser respetados por las leyes positivas dictada y no contradecirlos. Por este
motivo l decide que deben ser procesados ya que el sistema
jurdico nazi no respetaba a los derechos naturales de las personas. No siendo las regulaciones del rgimen nazi verdaderas normas jurdicas, ellas son inoperantes para legitimar los actos ejecutados de conformidad con las mismas. Por el contrario, tales actos constituyen violaciones groseras de las normas ms elementales del derecho natural, que es un derecho que exista tanto en el tiempo en que tales actos fueron ejecutados, como existe ahora y existir eternamente. Por otro lado est el juez Cayo, de ideologa positivista, el cual plantea todo lo contrario: La idea que existe un derecho natural inmutable y universal asequible a la razn humana es una ilusin. l piensa que el sistema jurdico debe reflejar las pautas morales de cada sociedad, pero considera que para juzgarlo no se debe concordar con los principios morales y de justicia que cada uno considere vlido. Por lo tanto el piensa que todos los actos llevados a cabo por el rgimen nazi fueron jurdicamente legtimos y no pueden ser penados, decidiendo as absolverlos. A lo ltimo se encuentra el juez Ticio, encuentro a este de tener una ideologa positivista pero el cual entra de acuerdo con el Iusnaturalismo al reconocer la importancia que tiene la moral en el Derecho: Aun cuando adoptemos una concepcin escptica en materia de tica no podremos eludir la formulacin de juicios morales; y si formamos juicios valorativos como lo hace el juez Cayo adoptamos una posicin moral y estamos comprometidos a actuar en consecuencia. Este indica que al reconocer un sistema como jurdico se deben aceptar sus normas como obligatorias y que las acciones llevadas a cabo en conformidad con estas son legtimas, lo cual provoca que los jueces se vean obligados a tomar sus decisiones con respecto a estas, aqu es donde l est en desacuerdo y fundamente que si se quiere sostener la obligacin de obedecer las normas jurdicas hay que preguntarse de dnde aparece esta obligacin, y siendo la respuesta otra norma jurdica, tendramos que seguir
preguntndonos hasta tener que llegar as a las normas
intrnsecamente obligatorias, dando as paso a la validacin de los derechos naturales, demostrando una contradiccin en lo que dice el juez Cayo. De esta forma acusa a los nazis de haber violado valores morales importantes de los individuos como el de la vida, integridad fsica, igualdad de todos los seres humanos, etc., los cuales no pueden ser justificados de haber sido llevado acabo tan solo porque se encontraban autorizados o prescriptos en el derecho nazi, y como expresa No puede dejar impunes a los personeros de un rgimen que se burl brutalmente de esos valores, como nunca antes haba ocurrido. Esto implica dejar de lado principios jurdicos normalmente valiosos, como los que alega la defensa. Debemos asumir plenamente esta consecuencia desgraciada como un mal menor. Tras esto, l decide que deben ser procesados. 3.b)En el texto las tesis sobre la relacin entre el derecho y la moral que se discuten son: o Los jueces aplican en sus decisiones no slo normas jurdicas sino tambin normas y principios morales. o Los jueces deben negarse a aplicar aquellas normas jurdicas que contradicen radicalmente principios morales o de justicia fundamentales. o Si una regla constituye una norma de un sistema jurdico ella tiene fuerza obligatoria moral, cualquiera que sea su origen y contenido, y debe ser aplicada por los jueces y obedecida por la gente. o Para identificar a un sistema normativo como un orden jurdico o a una regla como una norma jurdica no basta verificar que el sitema o la regla en cuestin satisfacen ciertas condiciones fcticas, sino que debe determinarse adems su adecuacin a principios morales y de justicia; un sistema o una regla que no se adecuen a tales principios no pueden ser calificados de jurdicos.
3.c) Esa afirmacin se puede justificar poniendo como ejemplo a
los jueces Sempronio y Cayo. Sempronio, de posicin Iusnaturalista defiende que lo que hicieron los nazis violaba los derechos naturales de las personas y que por lo tanto deban ser procesados. Por otro lado Cayo, de ideologa Positivista, defenda que lo que hicieron, fue realizado bajo las normas vigentes en ese momento para ellos y que por lo tanto todas las acciones fueron legtimas lo cual causaba que no pudieran ser juzgados, deciendo as absolverlos. 3.d) Otro caso relacionado es la dictadura militar que tuvo lugar en la Argentina durante los aos 1976 a 1983, y los posteriores juicios que se llevaron acabo, siendo el primero el Juicio a las Juntas en el ao 1985, donde se juzgaron a las primeras tres juntas militares que gobernaron. 3.e)Con el comienzo del Juicio de Nremberg, los autores y jueces que se haban creado bajo el Positivismo se vieron desarmados para poder juzgar a los nazis, por lo que tuvieron que decidir de renacer las ideas Iusnaturalistas, las cuales le daban un margn para poder juzgarlos. Esto fue un punto histrico que dio paso a la creacin de la Declaracin Universal de los Derechos Humanos en 1948, donde en un texto positivo se incluyen todos los derechos naturales mas reconocidos para pasar a ser una parte importante de los textos constitucionales de los diferentes pases que la aceptaron, dando lugar a que en un caso de polmica como en el anterior, los jueces tuvieran una fuente escrita para poder juzgar aquellos casos en que una ley viole los derechos o garantas.