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U,,
4,
U,, and load currents
[ ::] [
=
[:I
588
1 -112
0 &I2
1 -112
0
a12
-112
-&I21
-112
-&/2]
[ ::]
[?]
ia
'C
power source
[ :] [ ::, I: [ :1
p . = jj,
PI
= PI
+ FI
(3)
vaia
Vdid+vqiq.
vbib
Vci,
(4)
- vq
id.
IC3
PI = P1 +61,
a+
GA(s)= 1 - G'(s),
4,
I
~.
:I-'[
P'
+*' Pa"
(9)
,: [=I:[
control
parameters
ijl,
switching table
I + L
Application purpose
(6)
41,
(5)
Therefore, the calculation method defined by the definition of tranditional reactive power is can not for instantaneous power calculation especially for reactive compe
nents.
Using the instantaneous power theorem to nonlinear
load, the components of fundanmental real and reactive
power and the components of harmonic real and reactive
power can be obtained at any instant. Comparing its
voltage and current, the harmonic current can be resolved
into two components, one is active current and the other
is reactive current. Therefore, p~and ql in Eq. (3) can be
decomposed into:
q1
p i v qt calculation
(8)
589
Eqs. (13) and (14) show that only two current elements are independent to meet
i,
+ ib + i , = 0 .
Thus the current in any phase is completely determined by controlling the current in the other two phases.
The switching conditions of each leg is shown as:
According to the instantaneous power theorey, the artive filter requires no capacitor for energy storage. Whereas, it is necessary for the active filter with a capacitor to
maintain the voltage of dc bus in order to force the line
current in the desired direction.
In the field application, a control circuit to control
the voltage of dc capacitor is proposed for compensation
the voltage drop during the operation losses of the active
filter, and to suppress the voltage fluctuation without increasing the capacitance of the de capacitor.
The presented dc control algorithm shown in Fig. 1
is adopted to regulate the average voltage of V, to the
reference value VL. The value of VL must be high enough
than the peak value of load voltage and the voltage drop
of switching devices.
fm=
The characteristics of operation and inherent limitation in the active filter are important in various operation
conditions, especially the behavior of current mode control in the active filter. A simulation referring to Fig. 1
with some ideal conditions is carried out.
Fig. 2 is the voltage and current waveform of the simulated load which contain harmonics and reactive compments.
The simulation results in Fig. 3(a) is the hysteresis
control for Case 1. In this case the hysteresis band specified the maximun ripple current. Fig. 3(b) shows that
the error current of Case 2 is double to the error current
of Case 1, because the sum of the reference current of
three-phase is zero in Case 2. Since the current ripple
is specified by the hysteresis band, the inverter switching
frequency will vary over a fundamental inverter period.
It is more difficault to trigger the switching devices when
switching frequency is not fixed.
With the ramp comparison control, the inverter is
switched at the frequency of the triangle wave and its
output current containing well-defined harmonics. There
is an inherent magnitude and phase error between the ac-
Ed
-.2Ll*
590
From simulation results, implementation of the hysteresis control in Case 1 is the simplest amomg all casea.
The ramp comparison control has the advantage of limiting the maximum inverter switching frequency and prducing well-defined harmonics, but its controller requires
a larger gain and additional compensator to reduce the
current errors.
i,
-5
( a ) Case 1, G(s)=3
A
2.
-lot
0
0.
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
ms
0.b2
0.b5
0.b3
( b ) Case 1, G(s)=lO.
A
5.
ms
-5
0.
ms
0.b2
e.bs
0 . h 5
0 . 25
5,
if
0.425
i,
ms
-5
ms
o.bz
i,
-5
0.
( c ) Case 2, G(s)=3.
( a ) Case 1.
5 .
0.
O.b3
0.
0. 3
( d ) Case 2, G(s)=lo.
( b ) Case 2.
591
i.
if
u
(a)
0 . b2
0.425
u
I
-1 2
ms
-5
0.b3
25
50
rns
6Ab
(a)
-51
0
6A(
10
30
20
rns
-6A
I
10
30
20
rns
20
0.0
40
60
ni s
90/06/01
0.000
19:09
BRND:5
KHz
KH z
592
0. References
5. Conclusion
Since an active filter is used for the harmonic compensation and the static VAR control, it is important to
achieve an optimal design of various parameter which influences the performance. In this paper, a simulation p r e
gram is developed, which relates the current controllability to various design parameters for any arbitrary harmonic current. A phase- leading compensator is also has
designed to improve the system performance. A laboratory experiment system is established to verify the proposed design. From the simulations and experimental results, the following conclusions can be obtained.
Based on instantaneous power theorey, an inverter o p
erates as an active filter to filter harmonics and compensate the reactive current is proven. The compensation
harmonic and reactive current considered together will
become an appropriate choice for power system.
Essentially, the hysteresis control is better than the
ramp control for current mode control operation. But
higher switching frequency is required in hysteresis control. The ramp comparison control result in magnitude
error and phase-lagging to the reference current. In order to reduce the magnitude error and phase-lagging, a
phase-leading controller is proposed to improve the dynamic characteristics. From the simulation results and
bread-broad exeriment , the proposed controller can truly
reduce those errors.
The experimental results verifie that proposed control
scheme possesses good performance. For load current containing lower order harmonics, the proposed compensator
operates an excellent performance. However, it becomes
performance poor to compensate the higher order harmonics. In fact, the experimental results show the difference between the actual current and the reference signal.
some higher order harmonics do also exist in the source
current.
monic Power Filter, IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference RECORD, pp. 1151-1159, 1988.
3. L. Gyugyi, Reactive Power Generation and Con-
465, 1986.
8.
F. Z. Peng, H. Akagi and A. Nabae, A Study of Active Power Filters Using Quad-Series Voltage Source
PWM Converters for Harmonic Compensation,
IEEE Power Electronics Specialist conference Re
cord, pp. 240, 1987.
and Design of an Active Power Filter Using QuadSeries Voltage Source PWM Converters, IEEE
Transactions on Industry Applications, Vol. 26, NO.
1, pp. 93-98,1990.
10. M. Takeda, K. Ikeda, A. Teramoto and T. Aritsuka,
Harmonic Current and Reactive Power Compensation with an Active Filter, IEEE Power Electronics
Specialist Conference Record, pp. 1174- 1179,1988.
5 93