SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION ENGINEERING

1.

Explain briefly limitations of Rational formula and Cooks method for runoff
assessment

2.

Describe what are Land capability classes. Describe briefly characteristics of

classes 1to IV.(2times)

3.

For a location, rainfall erosivity factor is 31, soil erodability factor is 0.1
tonnes/ha, slope length 100m, steepness of slope 0.2%, cropping factor is o.1 and
conservation practice factor 0.6. Estimate soil loss. If soil loss is to be reduced to
half, what will be permissible slope length.

4.

Explain Simpsonis method for computing storage of a farm pond.(2TIMES)

5.

Explain the method for estimation of runoff based on recharge capacity of

watershed.

6.

Estimate the peak runoff rate for 10 years frequency from a watershed of
500mx400m, having 5ha under grass cover (c=0.65) and 15ha under cultivation
(c=0.80). The watershed has uniform slope of 2 percent along the longest side
with a cross slope of 1 percent intensity of rainfall for different duration for the
location is given below:
Duration (mm)
5
15
30
60
90
Intensity (mm/hr)
250
190
145
90
86

7.

For a given location if rainfall erosion index R=310, K=0.1 Ltr/ha, L=1.00.,
S=1.2%, C= 0.18. For given 1,s. LS=3.2, Pc= 0.6. Find Soil loss from Universal
soil loss equation (USLE).

8.

What are the major sources of sedimentation of reservoirs. Describe in brief

various measures to prevent sedimentation in reservoirs.

9.

When and why do you prefer the construction of drop spillways over other soil
conservation structures?

10.

Draw a typical stage discharge relationship for the entire range of flow through
drop-inlet pipe spillways. What major purposes this structure serves.

11.

List the components of a drop spillway. Which of these are to be hydraulically

designed? State the functions of each component.

12.

What are the generally recognized stages of gullies development? Discuss briefly.

13.

Which are the major functions served by soil conservation structures?

14.

Calculate the capacity of a pond, given the area enclosed by different contours at
the site as follows: (2times)
SI. NO.
Contour value(m)
Area enclosed(m2)
1
250
220
2
251
290
3
252
340
4
253
370
5
254
480
6
255
550
7
256
620

15. Write short notes on the following:

I) Time of concentration
II) Water harvesting
III) Rill erosion
IV) Silt sampler
V) Broad base terrace
15.

Describe the procedure for development of unit hydrograph for an isolated single
peaked storm.

16.

Describe the effect of watershed improvement measures on hydrologic response

in sloping lands with regard to floods. Ground water recharge and agricultural
production.

17.

Determine the height of a shelterbelt requires when the distance of full protection
is 200m and the minimum wind velocity at 15m height to move the most erodible
soil fraction is 32km/ hr. and actual wind velocity at the same height is 48km/hr.
The angle of deviation of prevailing wind direction from perpendicular to the
shelterbelt is 45 degrees.

18.

What is the significance of Land use capability classifications? Describe

important features of class II, IV, VI lands.

19.

Discuss various factors which at fact the runoff from a basin.

20.

Explain, why the rainfall intensity only for the time of concentration is considered
in rational method of estimating runoff?

21.

Describe soil particle movement by Suspension, Saltation and Surface creep.

22.

Differentiate between broad base and bench terrace and give the conditions where
these are adopted. Also give its salient design features.(2 times)

23.

Under what conditions Drop spillway and drop in-let pipe spillway structures are
recommended.(2times)

24.

What is integrated watershed management and how it can be achieved?

25.

Name various types of bench terrace and describe the conditions under which
these are preferred. What are the factors which affect the design of bench terrace?
Discuss Design elements of bench terrace.

26.

Explain the process of runoff. How rainfall and watershed characteristics affect
the rate and volume of runoff at the outlet.

27.

If the soil loss was 16 metric- tones/ha/year at a location for k=0.1, l=20m, s=8%,
c=0.2 and corresponding terrace spacing are needed to reduce the soil loss to the
terrace channel to 7 metric- tones/ha/year.

28.

Discuss major constraints in watershed development and rain fed technology

transfer.

29.

Briefly discuss the reclamation methods for ravine and swampy areas.

30.

Prove that the critical depth of flow in rectangular channel selection is,
dc=3Q2/b2g

31.

A dam 4m high 1m wide at the top and 3m wide at the base has a vertical water
face. Calculate the maximum and minimum stresses at the base when the
reservoir is full. Density of masonry is 2000kg/m3

32.

List the Rational formula for runoff estimation. How do the climatic factors
influence runoff from a watershed?

33.

Define time of concentration. How can it be estimated if overland flow and

channel flow are defined separately?

34.

Preparation of an integrated watershed development plane is essentially a multidisciplinary effort comment.

35.

What functions do the command area development Agencies perform?

36.

What is the Land capability classification? Discuss briefly the USDA-SCS

classification.

37.

Explain briefly limitations of Rational formula and Cooks method for runoff
assessment.

38.

For a location, rainfall erosivity factor is 31, soil erodability factor is 0.1 tones/ha,
slope length 100m, steepness of slope 0.2%, and cropping factor is 0.1 and
conversation practice factor 0.6. Estimate soil loss. If soil loss is to be reduced to
half, what will be permissible slope length?

39.

What are ill effects of water erosion? Describe in brief the various forms of water
erosion.

40.

A fourth order watershed with a bifurcation ratio as 5 has a total area of 500km 2.
Considering the average length of 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th order channels as 200m,
300m, 400m and 500m respectively. Calculate its drainage density and stream
frequency.

41.

Define unit hydrograph. Describe the limitations and assumptions of unit

hydrograph theory; write step by step procedure to derive a unit hydrograph for a
watershed as a result of complex storm.

42.

Classify soil conservations structures with various categories. Draw a neat

diagram of a drop spillway, level its various structural parts and describe their
functions in one or two sentences each.
Describe the Swedish slip circle method of stability analysis of earth dam.

43.

44.

Explain the SCS curve number method for determining the runoff.

45.

Draw a map/sketch of a watershed depicting various soil and water treatments

including arable land treatments, non-arable land and drainage line treatments.

46.

Differentiate between the approaches of universal soil loss equation and modified
universal soil loss equation, and write about their ranges of utilities.

47.

Defining unit hydrograph and instantaneous unit hydrograph explain the

differences between them. Also explain the procedure to develop unit hydrograph
for any area.

48.

Write short notes on: 1. USRB-IV stilling basin 2. Synthetic hydrograph

49.

What is curve number, what it is used for, what are its theoretical limiting values
and what do they imply about the characteristics of the watershed?

50.

A basin has an area of 26560km2, perimeter 965km and length of 230km.

Determine (i) Form factor (ii) Compactness factor and (iii) elongation ratio.

51.

Explain how a unit hydrograph is derived from a direct runoff hydrograph and
what are the uses of a unit hydrograph?

52.

What are gullies? Give reasons for gully formation and explain how they may be
reclaimed.

53.

Describe the S-curve method developing a 6-hour unit hydrograph by using a 12hours unit hydrograph of the catchments.

54.

What is rainfall erosivity and how rainfall erosivity can be estimated by using
EI30 Index method?

55.

The velocity at a point in a modal of a spillway of a dam is 1.5 m/sec. for a ratio
of prototype to modal of 10:1, what is the velocity at the corresponding point in
the prototype?

DRAINAGE ENGINEERING
1. Define Saline and Alkali soils
2. Derive ellipse equation for spacing of drains under steady state conditions(2times)
3. Calculate the drain spacing for steady state condition for subsurface drain to be
installed in a irrigated semi-arid region for the following
The depth of the drain from soil surface
= 2m
Out side radius of the drain
= 0.15m
The minimum ground water table depth
=1.0m
Depth of impermeable boundary from the drain
=10m
Maximum evapotranspiration rate
=8mm/day
Leaching fractions
=0.05
Irrigation efficiency
=75%
Hydraulic conductivity of the soil
=1.0m/day
4. Discuss the method of measuring hydraulic conductivity by single auger hole
method. Primarily what directional conductivity it represents.
5. List important measures for reclamation of waterlogged and saline lands.
6. Ina drainage survey, hydraulic conductivity and bulk density were measured at 10
uniformly distributed spots in a 25ha fields. The observed values are tabulated
below.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Hydraulic conductivity 10
3
2.5
4
5
5.5
12
3.5
In m/day
Bulk density in gm/cm3

16

18

1.5
1.4
1.4
1.42 1.45 1.47
1.55 1.56
Compute representative values of the above parameters of the field.

1.51

1.42

7. A water logged land is drained by parallel open ditches at a distance, s, a part. The
water table is in equilibrium with the steady rate of recharge, R. Derive an
equation for the drain spacing in terms of other hydraulic parameters to control
the water table. How is this theory applicable in drainage design?
8. Define the following terms:
Alkali soils, Alkaline soils, Saline soils, Saline sodic soils, Sodic soils, Sodium
absorption ratio, Leaching requirement.(2 times)

9. Describe briefly the method of hydraulic conductivity by a single auger hole

method. Under what conditions the auger hole and the piezometer method are
used?
10. Derive Hooghoudts equation for spacing of drains. How will the depth of
impervious layer influence the drain spacing?
11. List all the important information required to be collected during pre drainage
investigations for the design of sub-surface drainage system. Briefly discuss the
roll of each information in the context of drainage system design.
12. List the assumptions used in the derivation of Hooghoudts drain spacing formula.
Why is it called ellipse equation? What are its semi-major and semi-minor axes?
13. What are saline and alkali soils? Discuss briefly their reclamation procedure.
14. Define drainage coefficient. Discuss the elements which effect drainage
coefficient. Explain the consecutive day rainfall analysis approach for estimating
drainage coefficient for an area.
15. Derive from first principle the Hooghoudts equation for sub-surface drainage
system under steady state conditions. How the equation can be used for layered
soils?
16. Write step wise, the procedure to reclaim alkali soils.
17. Write the salt balance equation in crop root zone knowing the inputs outputs of
water and salt, and on the basis of this briefly write about leaching requirement of
salt effected soils.
18. Enlist different types of drainage methods. Explain procedure for designing a
grassed waterway.
19. Explain the working principle of variable head permeability
20. The discharge of one lateral tile drain in a network of parallel drains spaced 50m
apart and having a length of 100m for each lateral is 5 lps. What is the drainage
coefficient in mm/day?
21. Crops which can tolerate 6 ds/m conductivity in the drainage water are to be
grown in an area of 1200ha. The consumptive use of the crop is 100cm
water/year. The winter rainfall is 15 cm/years. There is no other rain during the

years. The conductivity of irrigation water is 2ds/m. what is the leaching

requirement and the quantity of water that must be drained from the area?
22. Differentiate between Interceptor drain and relief drain
23. What shape of initial water table is assumed while deriving Glover Dumm
equation for drainage equation?
24. Give drainage criteria for unsteady state ground water condition.
25. State the location where flattering of gradient of lateral drains may be must
dangerous.
26. What is the purpose of French drains
27. What are the maintenance requirements for mole drains
28. Write down major sources of salts in irrigated soils.

WELLS
1. A well having a radius of 30cm penetrates fully a homogeneous aquifer having a
permeability of 40m/day. The saturated thickness of aquifer is 15m. What is the
drawdown in the well when pumped at the rate of 100lpm? What will be the
drawdown if only the bottom half of the aquifer is screened? Assume radius of
influence as 300m.
2. Explain the causes of corrosion and incrustation of well screen.
3. Explain Ground water pollution and its control.
4. Calculate the discharge from a well sunk in confined aquifer. While pumping
drawdown measured at radial distance of 20m and 50m from the centre of the
well are 0.6m and 0.2m, respectively. The aquifer thickness is 15m, hydraulic
conductivity is 2.5x10-4 m/second and radius of influence is 500m. Also determine
the specific capacity of the well.
5. What are different methods of well development? Explain one of them.
6. Explain the drilling procedure in alluvial soil.
7. Write short notes on (1) Well log (2) Well screen losses (3) Gravel pack ratio
8.

A 25cm diameter well is pumped at a uniform rate of 3000 l/min. the drawdown
observed at 1m and 100m distance from the centre of the well are 8m and 0.4m,
respectively. Determine the hydraulic conductivity of the water bearing strata,
assuming the thickness of the saturated part of the aquifer as 25m.

9. What are dupuits assumptions for steady-state ground water flow in confined
aquifer? A 20cm diameter well is pumped at a uniform rate of 4500 l/min. the
draw downs observed at 10m and 100m distance from the centre of the well are
10.2m and 0.6m, respectively. Determine the hydraulic conductivity of the water
bearing strata, assuming the thickness of the saturated part of the aquifer as 30m.
10. Describe the various methods for artificial ground water recharge.

11. Define the following terms: (1) uniformity coefficient of aquifer material (2)
hydraulic conductivity (3) Storativity (4) Specific yield (5) soil moisture
characteristics.
12. A fully penetrating well in a confined aquifer was pumped with a constant
discharge, Q. The unsteady state drawdown in a piezometer at a radial distance r
was observed. Describe the procedure for determining the hydraulic properties of
the aquifer employing theis equation. (2 times)
13. A well penetrating an aquifer which is underlain and overlain by impermeable
layers was tested with a uniform discharge rate of 1000 l/min. the steady state
draw downs measured in two observation wells which were at 1m and 10m radial
distance from the centre of the pumped well are 13.4m and 4.2m, respectively.
Using Dupuit theiem equation Determine the Transmissibility and hydraulic
conductivity of the saturated thickness is 10m.
14. State the advantages of gravel packing. Describe the procedure for designing
gravel pack for a tube well. How will you determine the slot size opening for a
gravel pack tube well?
15. What are the purposes of well screens and gravel packing. Explain the procedure
for designing gravel pack foe a tube well.
16. Define the following. Indicate under what condition each of them are
valid/applicable:
(1) Transmissibility (2) coefficient of storage (3) specific yield (4) specific
capacity (5)specific storage (6)leakage factor
17. Derive Thiem equation for steady-state flow to wells in unconfined aquifer.
18. Differentiate between specific yield and storage coefficient
19. List any three coefficients which define hydraulic properties of aquifer.
20. Write down the basic flow equation for unsteady state flow in an unconfined
aquifer
21. What is cavitation
22. Write three basic requirements of any well screen

1.

PUMPS
Under what conditions would be use a centrifugal pump? Write down procedure
for selection of centrifugal pumps by matching pump characteristics and system
head curves.(3 times)

2. Define specific speed of a centrifugal pump. What are the advantages of

centrifugal pump over a propeller pump?
3. A centrifugal pump draws water at ordinary temperature through a 15m long and
150mm diameter G.I. suction pipe which is fitted with one 90 0 bend. The
maximum capacity of the pump is 75 lit/sec. determines the static suction head.
Assume the maximum vacuum as 5.5m of water. Loss in the bend may be taken to
be 8 cm of water. Friction coefficient may be taken as 0.006.
4. Write the characteristics difference in the principle of operation of turbine, mixed
flow and propeller pump.
5. Draw the line diagram of volute type and diffuser type centrifugal pumps and
state the difference between them.
6. A centrifugal pump is designed to deliver water at the rate of 0.32 cumec against a
monometric head of 45 m at a rotor speed of 1440rpm. The results show that head
loss due to fluid resistance and vane effectiveness in the pump is 0.05 c2 2 meters,
where c2 is absolute velocity of at the outlet in m/sec and the area of the outlet
impeller is D2/20.8 sq.m. Where D is diameter of impeller in meters. If the water
enters impeller with out whirl calculate (i) diameter of the impeller, (ii) outlet
vane angle , take manometric efficiency as 80 percent
7. Draw a typical characteristics curves for a propeller pump
8. How do the pump speed and impeller diameter influence the pump performance?
9. What procedure should be taken while installing a centrifugal pump.
10. define:
(I) Specific speed (ii) NPSH (iii) Cavitation (iv) Total head in a pump

11. Find out the size of a electrical motor of a directly coupled pump with static head
5 meter of suction and 10m of delivery. Pump has an efficiency of 60%. Water is
to be pumped at the rate of 90 ha-cm over 12 hr day.
12. Write down an expression for calculating pump efficiency.
SPRINKLER IRRIGATION
1. Explain various types of uniformity coefficients used in sprinkler irrigation.
2. Determine required discharge capacity for a sprinkler system to apply water at a
rate of 1.0 cm/h. there are two lateral pipe lines 150m each, spaced at 15m. There
are 15 sprinklers at a spacing of 10m on each lateral line.
3. A sprinkler system is to be designed to irrigate 10 ha of vegetable crops in deep
silt loam soil in hot and humid climate. Assuming a root zone depth of 60 cm
with available water holding capacity of 9 cm per meter depth,
(i)
Net depth and gross depth of irrigation application
(ii)
Irrigation frequency
(iii)
System capacity
(iv)
Pumping capacity (lps) if system is to be operated for 12 hrs a day
4. Calculate the friction loss for a total pipe length of 325m made of the following
two sections:
Section
Length (m)
Diameter (mm)
Discharge (lps)
1
175
100
10
2
150
75
5
Ten sprinklers on each section are provided with each discharging 0.5lps. Assume
that the first sprinkler is located at one sprinkler spacing from main line. Assume C=120
DRIP IRRIGATION
1. Define chemigation and discuss different fertigation equipment available for use
in a drip irrigation system
2. Briefly discuss the functions of different components of a drip irrigation system
3. What type of information is required for the design of drip irrigation system?
How this information is helpful in the design?
4. The discharge value of a different drippers measured along a drip laterall line in
20 minutes is:
Dripper No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Discharge (lit)
2.6
2.9
2.4
2.3
2.2
2.4
2.2 2.1
2.0
2.0
Calculate:

(i)
Discharge rate of each dripper (lit/hr)
(ii)
Average discharge, lit/hr
(iii)
Coefficient of variation of dripper discharge
(iv)
Coefficient of uniformity
5. List any three preventive measures to check emitter clogging
HYDROLOGY
1. Describe briefly Zone of aeration, aquifer, aquitard, aquiclude, aquifuge?
2. What are the factors that influence the selection of site for a stream gauging
station? Describe.
3. Determine the value of K and n of infiltration equations Ic= Kt from the
following observation:
Elapsed time,t (minute)
0 5
10
15
30
45
60
90
120
Accumulated infiltration, Ic 0 1.20 1.80 2.40 3.55 4.25 4.90
6.15 6.80
(cm)
4. Explain the bottlenecks of penmans equation of evapotranspiration.
5. Explain how the stage- discharge rating curve for a stream gauging station is
prepared? Sketch a typical rating curve. What are the sources of errors in getting
the discharge from the rating curve?
6. Describe the working of the stage recorder for measuring runoff.
7. What is meant by frequency of rain fall and recurrence interval
8. A rainfall event of certain high intensity is expected to occur once in 20 years.
What is its chance of occurrence in any year? What is the probability that it may
occur in next 12 years and it may not occur in next 8 years?
9. Define infiltration with reference to water and soil system.
10. Determine the peak rate of runoff from a 8 ha of terrace during a 30 min. storm
that gave the following amounts of rain during successive 5-min, periods; 3, 8, 15,
15, 8 and 3 min. the time of concentrations for the watershed is 10m. the runoff
coefficients for 2ha are 0.2 and o.4 for remaining 6 ha.
11. Estimate the rainfall and runoff erosivity index (EI) of a storm having the
following intensity and depth of rainfall relations;
Rainfall intensity
Amount
(mm/hr)
(mm)

0.25
30
25.50
25
50.75
15
>75
10
12. What is flood routing? What are its different components? How does stream flow
routing differ from reservoir flood routing? Explain with the help of curves the
graphical method of flood routing.
13. Following velocities were recorded in a vertical strip of unit width of a stream
with a current meter.
Vertical depth
Above bed (m):
0
1
2
3
4
Velocity (m/sec)
0
0.5
0,7
0,8
0,8
Find the discharge per unit width of stream near the point of measurements. Depth
of flow in the unit strip was 5m.
14. List different methods foe calculation of the average method of rainfall over a
watershed having 4 rain gage stations and describe in brief the isohytal method.
15. Compute the intensity of rainfall resulting in to peak rate.
16. Using a 30 years data and Gumbels method, the magnitudes for return periods of
100 and 50 years are found to be 1200 and 1060m 3/s respectively for a river in a
central India. The values of reduced mean and standard deviation for give N are
equals to 0.536 & 1.112 respectively. Determine (i) the mean and standard deviation
of the data used and (ii) the magnitude of flood with a return period of 500 years.
17. Differentiate between Aquitard and aquiclude and potential evapotranspiration
and reference crop evapotranspiration and Isobath map and Isobar map

UTILIZATION OF WATER RESOURCES AND IRRIGATION DEVELOPMENT

1. List the important on-form-water management activities undertaken by command
area and land development borders.
2. List the important methods of determining consumptive use. What are merits and
demerits of each of these methods?
3. An establishing the water demand of any irrigation scheme what are the two
important components of demands estimation are needed and also for what
purpose these are needed?
4. Why CADA was established and what are its main activities? To what extent it has
improved on Form water management?
.5. Discuss major constrains in command area development programme in the
country. Make suggestions for improvement if form water management in command
areas.
6. . Explain the contents in Indian context:
(1) Water laws
(2) Water right
(3) Role of water users association in irrigation management.
7. Describe the important canal water distributions followed in India.
8. What is Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)? Write steps of EIA.
9. Give full form of RUSLE
10. What are the different methods of irrigation and indicate their merits and
demerits. Discuss their suitability with reference to crops and available water
resources.
11. Discuss the different components of water use efficiency and the methods by
which they can be improved.
12. Discuss the importance of crop water improvement in water management. How
will you estimate the crop water requirement of a common crop in a research form?
13. Describe the methods of estimating the following

(i) Moisture-tension curve

(ii) Permanent wilting point by biological method
(iii) In-situ hydraulic conductivity
(iv)
Seepage loss in an irrigation canal.
14. Write short notes on the following
(v)
Profile moisture content
(vi)
Critical stages of plant growth
(vii) Darcys law
(viii) Critical water table depth
LAND LEVELLING AND GRADING
1. What is the land grading in unirrigated areas? List and discuss factors
influencing criteria for land grading.
2. What is meant by land leveling and grading. Briefly explain the factors
governing land leveling
3. List the land leveling design methods. Discuss the adaptability,
advantages and limitations of any one of them.
4. Describe in briefly laser land leveling, its merits and operation procedure.
.5. The elevation in meter at 9 grid points formed by the intersection of 3
east- west lines and 3 north-south lines in a rectangular field are as
follows:
East West lines
A1
A2
A3

North South lines

B1
B2
B3
100.70
100.00
100.20
101.30
100.00
100.50
100.60
100.30
100.00

Find the maximum cut and the minimum fill if the field is to be
perfectly leveled and identify the grid points of maximum cut and
minimum fill.

OPEN CHANNEL HYDRAULICS

1. Water is being discharged from a lined open channel to the adjoining fields with the
help of 10 siphon tubes, each of 5 cm internal diameters. The water level elevation in
the channel is 98.85m and height at the discharge point is 98.55m. Compute the
following:
(1) Discharge from all the siphon tubes
(2) Area irrigated in 10 hours assuming the depth of irrigation to be 8 cm.
2. Prove that a trapezoidal section is most efficient when it is half of a hexagon
3. A trapezoidal channel of 0.5m bottom width, 1:1 side slope is carrying water at a
depth of 0.4m. if the channel slope is 1 in 400 and roughness coefficient is 0.02, find
the mean velocity.
4. The flow area of an open channel is 1.2m . For three equal horizontal segments of
flow area of 0.4m2 each, the representative flow velocities are 0.5 m/sec, 0.7 m/sec
and 0.2m/sec. if the mean velocity of flow is 0.5 m/sec, calculate the value of energy
coefficient.
40. A two dimensional flow is described by; u=-y/b 2, v= x/a2. Verify if this is a flow
of an incompressible fluid and also verify if the ellipse x 2/a2 + y2/b2 = 1 is a stream
line.
41. List any three permanent structures to control erosion in irrigation channels.
UNDERGROUND PIPE LINE SYSTEM
1. Determine the discharge capacity of an underground pipe line system
when pipe dia is 15cm, length of pipe line 150m, head of 2m.
2. Why stand pipes are used in underground pipe line system? Also, name
two types of control devices for overflow stand pipe.
3. . List the advantages of underground pipe line system over open channel
conveyance of irrigation water.
4. Mention three important locations where air vents must be installed in an
underground pipe line system.

MEASUREMENT OF IRRIGATION WATER

1. Velocity measurements are to be made at a vertical in a stream. At what height or
heights from the bed will you make the measurements to determine the mean velocity
in vertical strip by
(2) One point method and
(3) Two point method
2. Derive from first principle an expression for discharge through a notch. Using
this expression derive formulae for discharge through (1) rectangular weir, and (1) a 90 0
V notch.
3. Water flows through a contracted rectangular weir 129cm long to a depth of 30
cm; it then flows along a rectangular channel 165cm wide and over a second weir
which has its length equal to the width of the channel. Determine the depth of
water over the second weir.
4. Compare the discharge of a rectangular weir 45cm long with a head of 12cm,
under the following condition
(1) With no end contractions
(2) With one end contractions
(3) With two end contractions
5. Water flows through a cipoletti weir 1.5m long to a flow depth of 0.35m, it then
flows along a lined covered rectangular channel of 2m width and then flows over
a second rectangular weir, which has its length equal to 3/4 th of the width of the
rectangular channel. Compute the depth of flowing water over the second weir.
6. Given: Weir dimentions, L=6M, h=1.5m and crest elevation=213.25m
H1/H2=
R
=
WHERE, H1
approach, H2
discharges.

0.47
0.98
is the
is the

0.52 0.58 0.66 0.77 0.82 0.89

0.97 0.95 0.93 0.86 0.82 0.89
upstream head on the weir with negligible velocity of
submergence and R is the ratio of submerged and free

Find: (i) Discharge capacity of the weir operating under free flow conditions with
a free board of 0.15m and
(ii) Discharge capacity of the weir operating under conditions when tail
water elevation is 214.15m and the free board of 0.15m

7. Give discharge (l/sec) formula for a 900- V notch weir

SOIL PLANT- MATER RELATIONSHIPS

1. Define and differentiate following pair of terms:
(1) Soil texture and Soil structure
(2) Porosity and Void ratio
(3) Volume witness and Mass witness
(4) Adhesion, Cohesion and Surface tension
(5) Saline and Alkali soils
2. For a soil intake rate cm/hr, I= 0.3t -0.6. Where t is in minutes. Determine
accumulated depth of infiltration relation.
3. Define bulk density of a soil. From first principle derive a relation
between the soil moisture content on volumetric basis and weight basis.
4. Define the following terms:
Conveyance efficiency (ii) application efficiency (iii) distribution efficiency
(iv) Gross command area and (v) culturable command area
8. Determine the water application efficiency and the uniformity coefficient if a
stream of 85lit/sec is delivered to the field for 2 hours, runoff averaged 42lit/sec
for 1 hour and the depth of penetration of the varied linearly from 1.68m the
upper end to 1.06m at the lower end of the field. The root zone depth is 1.68m.
9. If the average infiltration rate (Ir, ave) of a soil is 1cm/hr and having 50%
porosity, then to irrigate a crop having root zone depth of 20cm;
(1) How much time it will take if the soil is perfectly dry?
(2) How long it will take if the initial soil moisture content is 5%( on dry weight
basis)and as ( apparent specific gravity) is 1.34 of the soil?
7. find out the time required to irrigate an area of 8m (wide) by 15m ( long, water
flowing in the length direction) of having the soil with average infiltration
capacity(rate) of 1cm/hr and irrigation supply source of 15lit/sec under an average
driving head of 10 cm.
8. A stream of 135lps was derived from a canal and 100lps were delivered to the
field. An area of 1.6 ha was irrigated in 8 hrs. the effective depth of root zone was
1.8m. the runoff loss in the field was 432cu.m. the depth of water penetration varied
linearly from 1.8 at the head end of the field to 1.2 m at the tail end. Available
moisture holding capacity of the soil is 20 cm per meter depth of soil. Determine the

water Conveyance efficiency, water application efficiency, water storage efficiency,

water distribution efficiency, if irrigation was started at a moisture extraction level of
50% of the available moisture.
9. Establish relationship among delta, duty and the base period.
10. Water evaporates from soil surface steadily. Assuming a water table exist at
100cm depth and that at the soil surface, the soil water suction (h) is equal to 1000cm,
what is the evaporation rate if the hydraulic conductivity and moisture relationship is
expressed as K=e0.1h cm/day.
11. Explain the advantages and limitations of Neutron probe moisture meter.
12.. The field capacity of a soil is 4 cm/m depth of soil. Irrigation of 6cm is applied
on a day when the moisture held is 2cm/m. assuming a root zone depth of 1.5 m, find
the irrigation application efficiency.
13. A small hand pump operates for 5 hours in a day with an average discharge of 2.0
lps. Find the area that can be irrigated in one day if the depth of application is 5 cm
and application efficiency is 75%.
14. A canal is carrying 1 m3/sec flow and the electrical conductivity of the water is
0.2 ds/m. it is proposed to supplement the canal flow by pumping ground water
which has a salinity of 3 ds/m. if the maximum permissible salinity of the mixed
water 0.5 ds/m, find the number of the tube wells that may be commissioned, each
with a capacity to discharge 20l/sec.
15. The bulk density of 1.25 g/cm3 of the 20-30 cm soil layer from the surface
became 1.4 g/cm3 after five years of cultivation. Calculate the change in the porosity
of the soil if the particle density is 2.7 g/cm3. discuss the probable change in the
drainage behavior of the soil.
16. For a crop with effective rooting depth of 140 cm, field capacity is 14%,
permissible soil moisture depletion is 7%, and crop evapotranspiration is 280
mm/month. Calculate irrigation interval in days if (i) there is no rainfall during the
period under consideration; (ii) an effective rainfall of 30 mm occur during the
considered period.
17. Enlist different methods for scheduling the irrigation. Derive expression for
irrigation interval (i) based on average value of evapotranspiration (ETc), volumetric
soil moisture contents at field capacity (MCfc) and at the permissible depletion
(MCpd) for rooting depth of crop D.
18 Write down modified penmens equation for determining reference crop
evapotranspiration. Identify the variables used in it. Why is it a combination method?

19. A tenciometer is installed 100cm above water table level in soil with 600cm of
water suction. If average value of hydraulic conductivity is 10-2 cm/day, calculate
upward flux from water table.

SURFACE METHOD OF WATER APPLICATIONS

1. List the important factors which govern the choice of irrigation methods.
2. Compare the merits and demerits of border strip and check basin method of
irrigation.
3. How will you determine experimentally the hydraulic roughness of a border?
4. Describe various methods used for water management for crops indicating the
specific conditions under which each method is more suited
5. Write the thumb rule used in check basin design.
6. Write any three variables influencing the water advance in furrows.
7. Arrange border, check basin, furrow, sprinkler and drip method of irrigation in the
increasing order of leaching efficiency.