BE: Yklemde fiil yoksa veya yor varsa Benin almlarndan biri

kullanlr.
Am is are
Was were

di-du

Have been has

been

Had been

di-du

Am I nervous?
You werent nervous last week.
Prices have been rising.
He had been walking for hours.

FOR: DIR, DUR

FOR TWO HOURS

I have been studying for two hours.
FOR THREE MONTH
I have been in Japan for two months.

SINCE: DEN
BER

SINCE LAST YEAR

Prices have been rising since last year.
FOUR OCLOCK
(We have been at the meeting since two oclock)

For ve Since have-has-had been Yardmc fiileriyle kullanlr.

ING / YOR
ing fiil ise yor anlamna gelir her zaman BEnin almlarndan biriyle kullanlr

We were watching tv last night

My friends are talking
I have been crying.
He had been writing a letter.
V3
(m)
A:
have/Has
V3
- ?
Do
Did
(m)
B: Had V3
Does
v1
(mt)
He sleeps late every night.
He doesnt sleep late every night
Does he sleep late every night?
Doesnt he sleep late every night?

V1

V2
(d)

WILL BE - HAVE
I will be at work (ite olacam)
I will have learned (renmi olacam)
I will be speaking (konuuyor olacam)
I will have been speaking for 5 hours at 5 oclock (saat 5te be saatir konuuyor
olacam)

1|English Grammar

(WOULD) RATHER

vs

(WOULD) PREFER

PREFER: Genel olarak hayatta neyi tercih ettiinizi ifade ederken "prefer" kalb
farkl ekilde kullanlabilir
WOULD PREFER (I'd prefer) genel tercihelirimiz deil, belirli bir durumda neyi
tercih ettiimizi ifade ederken kullanlr.
WOULD RATHER (I'd rather)
"would rather" ve "would prefer" kalplar arasnda anlam olarak fark yoktur.
Sadece kullanmda yapsal olarak aadaki fark vardr.
- would rather do
- would prefer to do
"would rather" kalbndan sonra dorudan fiil gelir ve ek almaz.

At the moments (v1)

Tom would rather speak French.
Would you rather stay here?
What would you rather do?
I would rather starve than steal.
Would you rather come with us?
I would rather have tea than coffee.
Would you rather be rich or famous?
Would you prefer tea?
I would prefer an honorable death.
Would you prefer to speak in English?
I would prefer to not leave tonight.
If you had to choose between piano and violin, which would you prefer?
Perhaps you would have preferred a French dish.

Generally (V ing)
Gentlemen prefer blondes.
I prefer modern furniture.
I prefer cats to dogs.
I prefer walking to riding.
I prefer spring to autumn.
I prefer history to geography.
He preferred studying at night.
I prefer riding to walking.
I much prefer working at night.
I preferred to write in English.

2|English Grammar

A KUME DI- DU VARSA

WAS WERE
DID V2
HAD V3
COULD
WOULD
USED TO

BE KUME DI- DU YOKSA

AM IS ARE
DO DOES
WILL
HAVE HAS V3
CAN-MIGHT-MUST-SHOULD

Balal cmlelerde birden fazla

fiil olduunda nce gerekleen
fiilde had v3 kullanlr. Daha
sonra gerekleen fiilde ise v2
kullanlr.

Yklemde d-du yoksa cmledeki

btn fiiler v1 veya Ving olmak
zorundadr.

CONJUNCTIONS
Before: meden nce
After: dktan sonra
By the time: ene kadar
As soon as: irer irmez
He had sold his house before he bought a car
Before he bought a car he had sold his house
We went out after the lesson had finished
I had prepared my suitcase by the time I got my visa
By the time I got my visa I had prepared my suitcase
As soon as he had gone to the office he called his friends
He called his friend as soon as he had gone to the office
I will call you after I spoke to Ahmet
After I speak to Ahmet I will call you
I have to study before I have an exam
Before I have an exam I have to study
By the time they discuss this subject I may wait out
I my wait out by the time they discuss this subject
As soon as he makes a mistake they should warn him
They should war him as soon as he makes mistake
We will leave as soon as he comes.
It rained as soon as he got home.
I came as soon as I found out.
By the time I arrived, he had already left.
Tom had died by the time the paramedics arrived.
By the time you come back, I'll be gone.
Ps:

Please do it as soon as possible.

Ltfen bunu en ksa zamanda yapn.
Always come by the time promised.
Her zaman sz verilen zamanda gel.
3|English Grammar

WHEN: (V1-2-3 Dnda, d zaman, nca) (iken + be family)

WHILE iken (Be, Ving)
You must listen to him when he talks to you
You had to listen to him when he had spoken to you
I was playing the piano well when I was twelve
I wont bother her while she is watching TV
May he ask a few question when he learns English
When he learns English may he ask a few questions
She started to cry while she was listening to the song
You were cooking meal when you were at home at two
Go when you want.
Call me when you get settled in.
The dew evaporated when the sun rose.
She cried when she heard the news.
Send me a letter when you arrive.
It was snowing when I woke up.
He sang while working.
Do not read while walking.
We were eating while weeping.
I got hurt while running.
It's been a while since I've done anything like this.
I talked to Tom and Mary while I was waiting for John.

2 fiil yanyana olduunda arada to kullanlr.

Zamadan etkilenen fill her zaman cmledeki ilk fiildir. 2. Ve 3. Fiiler v1

olmak zorundadr.

4|English Grammar

PASSIVE VOICE
BE+V3
Will ve tm modal verblerde passive yaplrken BE direct olarak kullanllr.

Passve cmlede YOR eki varsa bunun karl BEINGtir. Lakin BEING sadece am, is,
are, was ve were ile kullanlr. Baka yerde kullanlamaz.

Need passive yaplrken zne cansz ise:

Cansz zne + need + ving
The chair needs repairing.
The students need to be appreciated
The e-mail was read
Difficult questions will be asked
The invitation had been published
Can English be learned easily
The is being drunk
The walls must be painted tomorrow morning
These subjects werent being talked
A new car was bought for my sister
My father may be offered a job

Tense

Active

Passive

Once a week, Tom cleans the house.

Once a week, the house is cleaned by

Tom.

Present
Continuous

Right now, Sarah is writing the letter.

Right now, the letter is being written by

Sarah.

Simple Past

Sam repaired the car.

The car was repaired by Sam.

Past
Continuous

The salesman was helping the

customer when the thief came into the
store.

The customer was being helped by the

salesman when the thief came into the
store.

Many tourists have visited that castle.

That castle has been visited by many

tourists.

Simple Present

Present Perfect

Present Perfect Recently, John has been doing the

Continuous
work.

Recently, the work has been being

done by John.

Past Perfect

George had repaired many cars before

he received his mechanic's license.

Many cars had been repaired by George

before he received his mechanic's license.

Past Perfect
Continuous

Chef Jones had been preparing the

restaurant's fantastic dinners for two
years before he moved to Paris.

The restaurant's fantastic dinners had been

being prepared by Chef Jones for two
years before he moved to Paris.

Simple Future
will

Someone will finish the work by 5:00

PM.

The work will be finished by 5:00 PM.

5|English Grammar

Simple Future
be going to

Sally is going to make a beautiful

dinner tonight.

A beautiful dinner is going to be made by

Sally tonight.

Future
Continuous
will

At 8:00 PM tonight, John will be

washing the dishes.

At 8:00 PM tonight, the dishes will be

being washed by John.

Future
Continuous
be going to

At 8:00 PM tonight, John is going to be

washing the dishes.

At 8:00 PM tonight, the dishes are going to

be being washed by John.

Future Perfect
will

They will have completed the project

before the deadline.

The project will have been

completed before the deadline.

Future Perfect
be going to

They are going to have completed the

project before the deadline.

The project is going to have been

completed before the deadline.

Future Perfect
Continuous
will

The famous artist will have been

painting the mural for over six months
by the time it is finished.

The mural will have been being

painted by the famous artist for over six
months by the time it is finished.

Future Perfect
Continuous
be going to

The famous artist is going to have been The mural is going to have been being
painting the mural for over six months
painted by the famous artist for over six
by the time it is finished.
months by the time it is finished.

Used to

Jerry used to pay the bills.

The bills used to be paid by Jerry.

Would Always

My mother would always make the

pies.

The pies would always be made by my

mother.

Future in the
Past
Would

I knew John would finish the work by

5:00 PM.

I knew the work would be finished by 5:00

PM.

Future in the
Past
Was Going to

I thought Sally was going to make a

beautiful dinner tonight.

I thought a beautiful dinner was going to

be made by Sally tonight.

6|English Grammar

RELATIVE CLAUSES

Who: ahs tanmlarken

Which: cansz ya da hayvan
That: ahs, cansz, hayvan
Whom: hem sandaki hem de solundakini tanmlarken
Whose: sahip olunan eyi tanmlarken
Where: Yer tanmlarken
When: Zaman tanmlarken

1. D dn
2. Dklarn, duklarn (they)
3. Eceini, acan

Balatan sonra zne kullanlmaldr.

Yklemde d di varsa: v2 veya v3 ilk eylem iin had v3
Yoksa v1 v2 veya have has v3 kullanlr. Have has nce gerekleen eylemde
kullanlr.
V1 ve v3 mtemadiyen gerekleen fiilerde kullanlr.
Whose sadece en an anlamna gelir.
Ol grdmz her yerde Benin almlarndan birini kullanmak zorundayz.

The woman whom I meet at the party she had been working as a manager in MS for
years.
relative
pronoun

use

example

subject or object pronoun for people

I told you about the

woman who lives next door.

which

subject or object pronoun for animals and

things

Do you see the cat which is lying

on the roof?

which

referring to a whole sentence

He couldnt read which surprised

me.

whose

possession for people animals and things

Do you know theboy whose mother

is a nurse?

whom

object pronoun for people, especially in

non-defining relative clauses (in defining
relative clauses we colloquially
prefer who)

I was invited by the

professor whom I met at the
conference.

that

subject or object pronoun for people,

animals and things in defining relative
clauses (who or which are also possible)

I dont like the table that stands in

the kitchen.

who

7|English Grammar

relative
adverb

meaning

use

example

when

in/on which

refers to a time expression

the day when we met him

where

in/at which

refers to a place

the place where we met him

why

for which

refers to a reason

the reason why we met him

IF CLAUSES
TYPE 1. Gerekleecek eylemin anlatmnda kullanlr. Fiil gerekleme srecinin
iindeyse kullanlr.
TR: SE SA
IF CLAUSE
AM IS- ARE
DO - DOES
AM IS ARE VING
HAVE HAS V3

MAIN CLAUSE
WILL
IMPERATIVES (EER CMLES)
CAN, MAY, MUST, SHOULD.
COULD WOULD USED TO MIGHT HAR

If I learn English I will be accepted for the job

If he comes here, I may give him gift
He will fell well f he memorises the word
He cant go anywhere f his father doesnt let
TYPE 2: Farazidir varsaylan eylemler zerine kullanlr.
TR: ERSA ERSE
IF CLAUSE
MAIN CLAUSE
WERE WAS
COULD
DID
WOULD
WAS WERE ING
MIGHT
If he learned French he would attended the meetings
If we sold the products we could produce the new one
I might not teach this subject so f I were a teacher
If they were warned the something wouldnt be repeated more

8|English Grammar

IF CLAUSES
TYPE 3: Gemiteki fiilleri anlatmak iin kullanlr. Ana cmleciin gereklemesi
IF cmleciine baldr.
TR: SEYD SAYDI
IF CLAUSE
HAVE BEEN
HAD V3
HAD BEEN V3

MAIN CLAUSE
COULD HAVE 3
WOULD HAVE V3
MIGHT HAVE V3

If I had gone to France, my relatives would have been visited

If you had waited for me, I might have told you everything
If he kept his promise, everybody would have become happy

Type

long forms

short/contracted forms

If I study, I will pass the exam.

If I study, I'll pass the exam.

If I study, I will not fail the exam.

If I do not study, I will fail the exam.

If I study, I won't fail the exam.

If I don't study, I'll fail the exam.

If I studied, I would pass the exam.

If I studied, I'd pass the exam.

If I studied, I would not fail the

exam.
If I did not study, I would fail the
exam.

If I studied, I wouldn't fail the exam.

If I didn't study, I'd fail the exam.

If I had studied, I would have

passed the exam.

If I'd studied, I'd have passedthe

exam.

If I had studied, I would not have

failed the exam.
If I had not studied, I would have
failed the exam.

If I'd studied, I wouldn't have

failed the exam.
If I hadn't studied, I'd have
failed the exam.

II

III

9|English Grammar

UNLESS
Unless, IF NOT demektir. IF CLAUSESin sadece type 1inde kullanlabilir.
Unless not ile kullanlmaz kendisi olumsuzdur.
Unless you study you may not learn
Unless he listen he cant understand

f you dont study may not learn

If he doesnt listen he cant understand

The jacket will be changed unless t is liked - The jacket will be changed f t isnt liked

He never speaks unless spoken to.

Unless it rains, I will go, too.
I'm not going to do that unless you help me.
Don't stay in bed, unless you can make money in bed.
Unless it rains in Ethiopia soon, there could be severe drought problems.
Tom says that he can't sleep unless it's completely dark
I won't divorce you unless you give me a legitimate reason.
Unless there is reliable evidence for it, we should not believe anything
I don't want to buy it for you unless I'm sure you want it

WISH CLAUSE
1 MDK ZAMANA AT DLEKLER
I YOU WE THEY HE SHE IT
2 GEM ZAMANA AT DLEKLER
I YOU WE THEY
HE SHE IT

+wish zne + did v2 / were (was yok)

+WISH +OZNE+HAD V3/ HAD BEEN
WISHES+OZNE+HAD V3+HAD BEEN

1
I wish my father lived in England
My sister wishes she passed the universty exam (2.)
Is only my sister passed the university exam
I wish I could speak for languages
You wish you worked in the same company with him
2
We wish we had gone to Germany for the fair last year
I wish I had been there two hours ago
He wishes this subject hadnt been spoken last night
I wish I hadnt been punished because I wanted not to be accused yesterday
I wish you would let Tom go with us.
I wish you had said something to us before.
I wish you'd tell me what really happened.
I wish you had told me about it sooner.
10 | E n g l i s h G r a m m a r

CORRALATIVE CONJUNCTIONS
1.
Bothand.
Either. Or.
Neither.nor.
Not only.. but (also)

Hem Hem de .
Ya . Ya da..
Ne. ne de..
Sadece.. deil ayn zamanda..

Toplant da hem Franszca hem de ngilizce konuulacak

Both the French and English will be spoken at the meeting
Babam hem kzkardeimi hem de annemi Antalyaya gtrd.
My father took both my sister and my mother to Antalya
Ya Cemil ya da Selim ihaleye katld.
Either Cemil or Selim attended the bid.
Ya onunla kalacak ya da benimle geleceksin.
You will either stay with him or come with us
Ne Muharrem ne de Ahmet soru sormak istedi.
Neither Muharrem nor Ahmet wanted to ask question
renciler ne retmeni dinledi ne de alt.
The studenst neither listened the teacher nor studied
Sadece babas deil annesi de onunla konumak istemedi.
Not only his father but mother wansted to talk him.
Ben sadece araba deil ev de almadm.
I am not only bought a car but (also) house
2.
FORML: TOO+SIFAT+TO V1
TR: Emeyecek, ilmyecek, nmayacak kadar.

ay iilmeyecek kakdar scakt.

The tea was too hot to drink.
Adnan konuulmayacak kadar kaba
Adnan is too rude to speak
Franszca renilmeyecek kadar zor mu?
Is French too difficult to learn
Film izlenmeyecek kadar skc myd?
Was the film too boring to watch?
anta satnalamayacak kadar pahal olamaz.
The bag may not be too expensive to buy.

11 | E n g l i s h G r a m m a r

CORRALATIVE CONJUNCTIONS 2
FORMUL: SIFAT+ENOUGH+TO V1
TR: Ebilecek ilebilecek nabilecek kadar

Bulmaca zbilecek kadar kolay myd?

Was the puzle easy enough to solve?
Anakara gidilebilecek kadar yakn m?
Isnt Ankara close eonough to go
Konu anlalabilecek kadar basit olmal
The subject must be simple enough to understand
Bu ev satnalnabilecek kadar ucuz.
This house is cheap enough to buy
Futbol izlenebilecek kadar elenceli mi?
Is football funy enough to watch
Tom neither reads nor writes.
Neither you nor I are mistaken.
I have neither time nor money.
Choose either one or the other.
You're either with us or you're against us.
You may take either the big box or the small one.
I'll either write to you or phone you next week.
Eat not only fish, but also meat.
Lisa speaks not only English but also French.
She is not only beautiful, but also gentle and, furthermore, intelligent
Not only were we hungry, but we were also suffering from thirst
Not only were there strong winds yesterday, but also it rained heavily
Not only she but also her parents were invited to the party.

REPORTED SPEECH
STATEMENT: zneyle balayan olumlu-olumsuz cimele.
Fiil: say-tell
Bala: that (d zorunlu deil)
Fatma, Mehmete babasnn ona izin vereceini syledi

Fatma told Mehmet his father would let him

Annem bana gitmek istediini syledi.

My mother said to me my mother had wanted to go

2.AUXILLARY VERBS: YF ile balayan olmulu olumsuz soru cmlesi.
Fiil: ask, inquire(soruturmak), wonder (merak etmek), want to now, want to learn
Bala: IF veya whether (ipmedik)
Ben Kbraya iki dil konuup konuamadn sordum.
I asked Kbra if she spoke two languages
Muharrem Rabiya arkadann babasn ikna edip edemeyeceini sordu
Muharrem asked Rabia whether her friend could convince her father or not.

12 | E n g l i s h G r a m m a r

3.WH/HOW QUESTON WORD

Wh ve Howla balayan soru.
Fiil: Ask,Inquire,wonder.
Mstesna Fevziye onun ne hakknda konuuyor olduunu sordu.
Mstesna asked Fevzi what he has talking about
Polis Ahmete kim olduunu sordu
The policeman asked Ahmet who he has?

4.IMPERATIVES: Emir cmlecikleri

FIIL: ask (rica etmek) Tell (sylemek,anlatmak) command/order (emretmek)
Bala: To/Not To

I asked my wife not to bother me

The teacher told the students to study your lesson
+ TO (meyi may me ma)
-NOT (memeyi mamay meme mama)

UNLESS
almazsan renemezsin
Unless you study you may not learn If you dont study you may not learn
Dinelemdike anlayamazsn
Unless he listens he cant understand If he doesnt listen he cant understand
Ceket beenilmezse deitirilir.
The jacket will be changed unless it is liked
The jacket will be changed if it isnt liked.
Szm kesilmezse devam edeceim.
Unless I am interupted will go on
If I am not interupted will go on
Age isn't important, unless you are cheese.
Tom seldom speaks unless he's spoken to.
We won't go out unless it stops raining.
Some people seldom speak unless they're spoken to.
Unless you make a decision quickly, the opportunity will be lost.
I'm not going to tell you unless you tell me why you want to know
It's impossible for someone to be older than his mother, unless he has a time
machine.

13 | E n g l i s h G r a m m a r

CAUSATIVE
TR: Tr-Tir-Tur-Tr
1.Have: para veya rica
FORMUL: Have+biri(ler)ne+v1+bireyleri Have+birey(leri)+v3
2.Get: ikna ederek.
FORMUL: Get+biri(leri)ne+to v1+bireyleri Get+bireyleri+v3
3.Make: sosyal ya da ziksel baskyla
FORMUL: Make+birilerine+v1+bireyleri
Sorular bize zdrdler
The made us solve the questions
Sorular zdrdler.
They had the questions solved
Duvar ne zaman boyatacaksnz
When will you have the wall painted
Telefonumu tamir ettirmem gerek
I should have my phone repaired
Sandalyeleri kime tatm
Who has he got the chairs carried to
Babasna yeni bir araba aldrm myd?
Had he had his father buy a new car
Gmleklerini tletebilecek misin?
Will you be able to have your shirts ironed?
Fax yarn sabaha kadar gndermi olacam.
I will have got the fax sent by tomorrow morning
Annes oluna u anda odasnda ders altryor olmal.
His mother must be getting his son to study in his room at present.

14 | E n g l i s h G r a m m a r

MODAL IN THE PAST

(have+v3 ile modallar gemie alnr.)
Modal verblerin gemi zaman biimleri Can hari tm modal verblerde have + V3
eklendiinde modal verbi gemie alrz.
Must: must +have+ v3: meliydi- malyd
Should: (+have+v3) me gerekirdi.
May: (+have+v3) ebilirdi - m olabilir
Cant: (+have+v3) m olamaz.

Should Have
Use should have to say that a different action was recommended in the past.
If you arrive late to English class, you can say:
I should have left my house earlier.
If you regret an argument, you can say:
I shouldnt have yelled at you yesterday. Im sorry.
You can also use should have / shouldnt have to tell other people that a
different action in the past would have been better. If your son fails a test, you
can say:
You should have studied. You shouldnt have played video games all weekend.

Could Have
Use could have to talk about possibilities if something had been different in the past.
For example, someone who didnt go to college can say:
If I had gone to college, I could have gotten a better job.
When talking about a gymnast who didnt win a competition, you can say:
She could have won the gold medal if she hadnt fallen three times.
Could have is often used with if + had + past participle (If I had gone / if she
hadnt fallen) these if phrases express the imaginary past
situation. However, in some cases you can use could have without the if
phrase. Imagine youre driving with a person who makes a dangerous maneuver
on the road. You can say:
Are you crazy? We could have gotten into an accident.

Would Have
Use would have to imagine a result (if something had been different in the past):
If you arrive late at the airport and miss your flight, you can say:
If we had arrived earlier, we would have caught our flight.
If you forget your umbrella, and it starts to rain, and you get wet, you can say:
If I had brought my umbrella, I wouldnt have gotten wet in the rain.
Would have expresses more certainty about the result than could have:
If I had worked harder, I could have gotten a promotion.
(maybe Id get a promotion but maybe not)
On a test where you need 70% to pass:
I got a 68 on the test. If I had gotten two more points, I would have passed.
(with the two points, passing the test is CERTAIN)

15 | E n g l i s h G r a m m a r