Professional Documents
Culture Documents
WAtntfies
PA6: 1
FowerPlant
71 - I0
cxne:
[f[
coflPRE550R
T i r c d : v c l o p r rt n t o f t h c g a s t u r t > i n c n g i n c a s
an aircra[r pc)wcrplant lras bccn so rapid that it
(.-_
is difficult to app::ecia(6
that only thirry yearsago
---=
very fi:w people had heard of t.hismerrod of aircraft
p r o p u l s i o nT
. i r c p o s s i b i l i t yo l u s i n g a r c a c t i o nj c r
h a d i n t e r c s t c ca i r c r a l ' t d r : s i g n c r sf o r a I o n g t i n r e ,
b u t i n i t i a l l y t h c l o w s p c , : d so f , : a r l l r a i r c r a i r a n d
t l t c u n s u i t l b i l . t vo l ' : r p i s r o n c n g i n c l o r p r o r J u c i n g
t h c l a r c c a i r f i o r v n c c c s s a : : fy' o r t h c J e t ' p r c s c n t c d
m a n ; ro b s t r c l c s .
A F r c n c h c n g i n c c r , i l . c n c L o c i n , p a t e n t c da j e t
p r o p u l s i o ne n g i n c( l t g l - l ) i n 1 9 1 3 ,b u t t h i s r v a sa n
a t h o dv d
a n c lr v a sa t t h a t p er i o d i m p , r s s i l : l e
t o m r n u f r c t u r e o : u s c , u n d , / c t i . o d c yt l r e n t o d c r r r
r a m j ( : t i s v c r y s i l n i l a r t o L , o r i r r ' ci c n c c p t i c r n .
(t rr,
Clb 't
i e'r-ti9i$e.s'
C O I . ' 8 U S TO N C H A I 1 B E R
l:igrrrr:I
[ - < r; i r r ' s j c t t n g i r rc
corBUiTtoN r:HAfl8il{
==
.-+
__-_____;r-_
/./
/-*
-i-=---)3'
FUELBURIIEA
Figure 2
l e t r t ' r :. . . n c
P R C P L L t t { i :: ' i c r : : - :
'-t '. .
.
z ,, ,'t.e-- n, l)
n \\'hittle-t3-fx: rurtro-je.l enghe
-r
7Z7j---T H T I U R I P . J E T N G : I J EC I V E SA
.
LANCE ACCTLERATION. ,
TO ,\ SH.{LL'r'r'Etc_tl o. eta P-
Figurc -l
9rt .
PowerPlant
+rne,
[f[
71 - B0
REVIEW OF PHYSICS
CONCEPTS
Force
55ibX l0tr=55Ofr-tb
_ l ? 4 . 7 5k 9 x 3 - ' =
orapurwr
,,,,L{:;.':"1:lff"t,lapusr':
:fil:r:d::,1
it [i:'[tr
ri:**1
iix.d#t
A 74.25k5.m1
li
r#iq'
*'ril::i
,tilt".,1
fi,.fIi=
*ii$.,,,i
rr*,.urtr
r,ce6.0,,,i"j1i:.lr'^{:,ff,:,.i;:"n;X1".!j
j
FIG. J-2
1:zf iJ'i""'ga,m/s2)
ffiffiJ::::,1.fi:;T:"a
is
info
W o r k c q u a l s f o r c c t i r r r c sd i s r a n c c .
xru,
ffixi#
;:,yl[
iUfi:i
i:ru:l
,r,.q""ii..?is carcd
;:':t:r,'nT'[i!,:,: co'stant,
the
Work = Fl
= 10ff)x l0
ifz= l1),g1p1fr.lb
[ 1 3 , 5 6 0N . m . ]
,\'{= Y
Power
ilijiilli;it*::;:Jy:ilrl,lir:r,:ll;f
li
f,il:T3lht,iiht
if:ii,Ig**i;ri
forcc x disralrc
I)owcr rinrc
trt
lr =_
Work -.
Mcchanical work
is d , o n c ' r h c n a
,
n o ( t y c ; l u s c si c t o
lrrovc(hrough any .forcc acting on a
Work = force x
disrance
W=Fd
discancc
1fig. :_Zt.
:i,llilffl':l',fiJ.:,"1:i'Iil: :i:,i:
;::u,lli|;1
for* For.cxrrrrfilc,
if :rnobjc:ct
lli.j
trrar p'l
rsIr
o*; "1,i.;
l.Sij
l,l cdas
j''!i:i: 1";,:on".m; il
J I ;; ;;;;,;,, cris
,,,:".,'',:;,.i:,:n:,:,,:;:il'
ra'cc irr ri.ct.
,,r.,.is
c.\cr',rs
fi]JJtjitfi'$,ti.i::g':l
r(xx)
|b<,r
torri3 n,J.Ho,-,
r'uchrvork
l. ii'"* J.'j.1lrilf:il1"
bc lcar.ncd
latcr whcn devclopinga lormula
,^l:^:lll
thru-stro porvcr, po*i, may
:::--t^"ly..,ing
prcsscd
In any orrcof scvcril*rys, i.p.idi,.,g bc c.x_
uponthe
unrrsuscd for rhc forcc,.tn"
alriri.i,'r-na ,1" t_..
Powcr is oftcn cxorcssed
in ,"i"'"il.rl"pn*.r.
On.
norsrpotut'r
is crrurt'ro3l..fip f,:lb/;'i;;s.l
kg. m/minl
s50.fr.lb/s-[69kg.m./sJ,r"
*"r,a-r'r' ,_,ronlo,oi
:: raisc
can
",i.. f,
33,000lb-a disiance
irJ'rni"
" ' ' " ' or 550lb
r d i s r a r r cocf I f t i n I s ( F i g . "il
,J_3i."
r'f)
[.'t)
WA Nctpat
,,u=E:.)
PowerPlant
cxne:
[-f[
1?'1,-B0
En*gy
I ) r o 3 yi s , l c { i n c d , rrsh c c ; . p a c i r {yb r c l o i n g ' * c r k - ' T h c
c x r g y w h i < ; hb o d i c s p o s s c : ;cs; , n b c c l a s s i i i c : i n t r ) ! u ' o
or,:eoncs:
potctttia!,rndlinetir. Porcntialcnc:-ai-rrlr.,, bc
d r r e r r t p o s i r ic n , s u c } a s , " v a t e ri n ; . n
e l e . ; ; i : : : ds r o r a g e
t a n k $ d i s r o r t i r >onf a n c l a r ; r i ct c o d ys u c h
: - si c < i : : . r p r c s s c d
sF,rrll g;.
I l-{o.!:poh/er {0.746 kWl
r^\
D I : -L L.
\'-')
\_--,'
I Seccrnd
(ft'lL'/mrn)
hp
' = Poucr
33 000
Folr(min)
='1
3.1,()00
b p= P w e r ( f i ' l b / s ) '
\ \ l
L
J i r t
- \
r u / r( ) ,
=+4
550
trlr t
,yI1
= .20,000:<5
= 100,000
fr.lb [13,8:;0
krg.rn]
whcrcP-!.= po,.utialenergy,fr.lb
l/ = vreighrof objict, lb
H = h c i g f ror { ' o b i e c tf .r
. K i n c r i ce n e r g y , ,
.
y 'f morir:n. G;ss; srdling
t h c :r u r b i n cr v h J e t, : x hi ,irbg;r, g
liin.,i.-.n.;;;. ;:r,. :;ra:;s
and
s p t : c d, r f a , b o d y a r e k n o r v n , t h e
kinlric i,=.rg1. can be
d c t c r m i n e df r o m r : h ef o r n r u l a
t, r.
I\t.
lvvl
.--
zo
w h c r e I I U= , w e i g h r , l b
/ = , v c i o c i r y f, u s
I = , r c r : c l c r a t i o nd u c t o ,g r : 1 v i i r ,_. - i - 1 , . 1
;._.r:
[ 9 . 8] r n / s r ]
K E = k i n c r i ce n c r g y .f t . l b
N o r i c c r h a r :t h r : k i n e r i , : c n c r g y i s d i r e c t l r
:::c::crrronal
t o b o t h t h c w c i g h t a n d r h r :, ! : r r . . o f
ri.,"'rir,,r.:;;-'"""'
E X A u - i P L . E ' , \ n : r i r p i a n cw . 1 i . g . ! i ! g( i 4 . i o
: r : _ 1 . - . 2l :1g l
In;
o f . 1 0 5n r p r
E\..1,\/PlE:,{- 5000-lb
f,t'r)1::,,'<=:i: i9l.(i
[2250.kg] ' v c i g ; l : ti s l i [ r c d a m / s ).ja. 1F9i n1dt 1t hi rcy k i n , : c i ce n e l g1y 3. 6 0
ouunce
of l0 tr [3 m] :n 2 nrin.H<iwr r r u c hl ) c ' r s c p o w c r
u rcqurrcd?
tl r
I\l=--
lf 1.4
zo
P- : 1
I
= -5in0
- _ x 10
z
= 2:i,000
fr.lb/m:in!ia50kg"m/sl
D
b' o = :'3,@0
=!!,0w
33,000
= 0.75
o.
s/.
x 300,
_ 61^{0
2 x 32.2
= 9,000,0fi)ft'lb
kg.nr]o[-c:-.r:Fv
[1,244,700
L_--
.W Nepat
WAirlines
PowerPlant
cxne:
[f[
71 - B0
Mome-nliim
Speed
M a s s d m c s v c l o c i t y o r M V d c f i n c sm o n o i l u m . l r i s
t h e p r o p e r t y o f a m o v i n g b o d y w h i c h d c r c r m i n e st h e
Thc s;rrcrlof : body irr rnorion is dcfirrcd :s thc
dis
lcngth of rimc requircd to bring it to rest undcr thc
t r n c e i t t r a v c i sp e r u n i t o f t i m e .
action of a consrant force. Largc objects wirh a lot of
massbut very little velociry can havc as much momencllstrnce
\ naPr{
:
tum as low-mass objects with very high velocity. A
nme
b o r t m u s t d o c k v c r y s l o w l y un d c a r c f u l l y b c c a u s ci f i t
t o u c h e st h e d o c k e v e n g e n r l y , i t m a y c r u s h i t . O n t h e
S p c c d u n i r s a r c c o m m o n l y e x p r e s s c di n milespcr
hour o t h e r h a n d , a b u l l e t w e i g h s v e r y l i t r l e b u t i t s p e n e t r a t i n g
o r f c c r p c r s c c o n d I k i l o m c t c r i p c r h o u r or nlctcrs
Pcr p o w c r i s v e r y h i g h b c c a u s eo f i t s v e l o c i t y .
s c c o n d( n r / s ) ] .
Velocity
_ . V c l o c i t yc r n b c d c f i n c d a s s p c c d i n a g i v c n d i r c c t i o n .
T h c s y n r b o l t / i s u s c d r o r c p r c s c n r, r c l o i . i t y .
T h e f u n d a m c n r alla w s o f j c t p r o p u l s i o nw c r c . d c m o n s t r a c c dm a n y y e a r s a g o b y r e c o g n i z e ds c i e n r i s t sa n d
Acceleration
cxperimentersT
. h e s e l a w s , a n d t h e e q u a t i o n sd e r i v e d
f r o m t h e m , m u s t b e d i s c u s s e di n o r d e r t o u n d e r s t a n d
The atceleration
of a body in morion is defined as
thc t h e o p e r a t i n g p r i n c i p l e o f t h e g a s t u r b i n e e n g i n e .
rerc of vclociry changg. The dcfinition
L no, bascd on F o r c m o s ta m o n g t h q s es c i e n r i s t sw a s S i r l s a a cN c i t o n
thc distrncetra.,cled,"
by; .;; ii"'ilrr'ii"cctcration) or o [ E n g l a n d . w h o d c r i v e dt h r e el a w s p e r t a i n i n gt o b o d i c s
gain (accclerarion)
of velocitywith time.at rest and in motion. and the forccs acting on rhese
bodies.
.
..A
l. Ncu,ton's
frl larl starcsrhat
body (mass)rn I sotr
Acceleracion ch:ngein motion
.
of
rcst
tends
to rcmain 2r rcsr.rnd r tody in motim
unit of timc
tcnds to continuctr
- - finalwlociry minusinitialvelocity
='
Vt-V,
quanciry
of matrer
is
ll:iELrlg.oi anui, *"igrrill-"iry
or
-qg:lrrirv marrcr.
n n obJecrthat weishs 36 lb
[lZ.z.FB-]orl;rrffilil
6lrb.12..7
kgl o-nrhe.moon. yct th? massis
exacrly
::igh
rhesame.Mass,thcn,is derived
by dividinf;h;;;Jh1
of rhc objccr by thc,cc"t crr ti oi ;ir"-;;
;1,;:i, :
ili,it:
staredis equatro 3Z.21tls,"ie.At
n/s2lon
::.f;:"'""r,y
P r= !
A=-
whcrco = accclcrrtion
F = forcc._
ll/ = mrss
A b:rll throwrr rvitlr z forcc th:t accclcratcs
it at rhc r:rc
of 5() frlst {15..24-nrk:J will need
doublc thlr-for.. to
:ccclcr:ic thc brll to 100ftlsr
[30.4g m/s:]. On thc orhcr
hrnd if thc m:ss of the bali is
auubtcd, it""r.,. or
rccclcr:ti<rr wotrlcl bc halvcd.
, t;iJr;1?.;;'-rr;.
lf
c;rclrsirlc of thc cquetiorris nrutriplica
lV rfl, ,i,."
F = Itla
,rcEi
Wtr Nepat
PowerPlant
Hfuntnes
cxae'
fiffi
YCIOL'lt!'i
!t{1Vr= 11'"Y,
l 5 ox , : 7 ! ) v '
32.2 32.2
Vz = 4 ftls [1.2.2m,,sJ
M0tion
Concustron
cho,rbar
llrrusJ
Bof r,:l
"t
,/,'t'""";"
'-l
::=:1j!u'r
frn,s31 /
l.t*
| |(
'\
',lr '
/l'r-
rtF-l/=.a-Jrn,u
_-:ao-_lj
ltl,-
\,lJrotto. I I
/lt,thoh
, r l' \
|
|
I'
-J+:-_
L;;\
Thtust
|
|
.)
-,J
bUrn.
Th. acr,ing..forc,z l.Jcwton,s rhird
law. le:!ru to is
^,
-thar
the-a,:celc:ration
of rhc er;caping.ir f.o,riii= re:r c,f rh:
ballo,rn. Thc reacdon t,, tLi, ".,r..t"r.,ion
is a fi:rcc in
the.oppor;icedirecdon. In addirjon,
t1r" l*.=n, oi forc,:
ar:ri4gon the balloon is thc produ.,
;a;i;; :n:ss <>iair
b,:ing accrleratedtimes thc actel,xaciti
,ri*.,, :ir. liirrcr:
thc fcrrcesalvraysocc-urln pairs, ic
en be s:jC th::: iil-it
t:kcs. z ccrt:irn io... to ..a.,|.r.t.
, -.rr-.I::-*zri,
rht:
reaction to rhis forcc is tnrust in rfr.
oppori,= dire=ion.
Lown sDtinllrr
71 -.BCt
Force = thnrst
Acrion = rcar:tion
'
Power
eran:[l[
Fhtt
llEridl
97111*a
ranmi
+-
(r,
71 - 80
grtt!6a
lhr!
(hgadl
rt ,c6ov.d
\1-----J
eecs: $
Fhqhr ol borl6
F'ehrot boroo.
trvlEi
Pilant
iPourer
cx,re,
fiffl
71,- 8,C)
ilsnliomll, si TilicRil1
2t
l i o . . ; t 5 i ; i 1 1 , 1 . ,s.t e t c < l , S r l r n o u l I i r s
thec,ren
sr.lrs tlrrb rrlren n f:ril or fluid
is f1c,wing tnrclutir a rcctricted
are&, as irr a
nc!x:l e or .rctrtl'f-j- r ij$ s.pecd wiLl_ irrcr.e'
ns;c an<l itr: tcr rlcr.r.tru.c trnd_!rSESl,Ig
vlil*-6E?re.rse--The
ar,:a .iJincrea
secl
a:i--:[fr- a cij-_.i-ir5er, t]re rel/erse
is t rue .
\+--i--
\ r r.t, t-.tr ) .
f r.
nlny pc'uncis
c,cntinug t;o
t rrough. the
crln do th:Ls
A diffrlse::
per se.cond,
flow at the
nozzle . llhe
is to speed
will
dc,
,th.e op;:c:ite..
T ) e u s b y v : r r y i n g t h . e e r r e , a c ,j t i r e p j . l . e ,
velocit'/
can be ch.ani:ed i::::
l.-:'es:;ure, ar.d llrer3sure into vel.:cil-;.
T)re jet enqine is just
suci ;l !:ip!f
with changing area6 Hhere ::e a:r
p:essure ernd velocity
are csn:;tanlj-;
br?ing changed to achi-eve cesi.:-ei
rr:suIts.
El{ect of a rlolzle
or. pretture and velocity
{,5,
U,
E f f r : c to l r d i l f u r e r
o n p r e s s J r cr n d v r r l o c i t y
St.rticfrresirrre
= 2 0 t b [ 8 9N l
| |
Statrc prerlure
l-\
\
\,-/
-l\
=lolbl44sNl
!-'n J/
__.__Jt___
- I
)K
qr
ll
S l a t i cp r c r : u r r r
= l O t b 1 4 4 . 5N l
__
'l'otal
Presr;ura
=.30,b[t33.sNl
/'-11--
a , . u r . H i g h - v o l o c i t y _ fl r r w
*dynamicrrre:3ure
[ -, J
= ?o tu [89 Nl
Low'vclocity-flon'
o r d y n o r r r i cp r ? j t u r o
= ro rbr4 4 .sN r
+ il:j::,.
!.1 -
liotal pras.
Ewe,= 3O tt:
:1:i3.5 Nl
High-vrlocity-
llow or dynamic
pr?stur! =: 2Olb
18
19 Nl
F l o wo r
dynamicprerrura
Lo'*vctocirr-.
flo,r or dyn:rric
prcrture = fO rb 144.5 Nl
\#
Nepat
Erunrnes
PowerPlant
Thrust cornputation
Using Ncwton's sccorrd.larv
solurionof the simplcproblcm of nrotionpermitsrhc
that follows.
EXA^IPLE
How much
force would be
accctcrarc
anobicct
rareof l0 ft/st
::lgFr'iu;il'b;;T;'::rJ:
[5.05 nus.1r
F=lda
rvhcrc F = forcc
wcight of the object
,";_
a c c e l c r a r i o no f e r a v i w
a = changein .r.loc"irv ,
_
cxae:
[J[
71 - BO
F.=Fr-F,
psinc inlct air velocity timcs the massof airflow
is the
i a i t i a lm o m e n t u n . T h i f . r r . . t t . - . i r p i r . l "
go.r, tt.
STerterthc initial momcnrum :nd the lcss tf,c engine
crn chrngethis momcnrum.
LI\
- MV1 = the
accelerationof gascsthrough rhc
cngine
w h c r c M V l r g r o s 3t h r u s t o r
momcntum of
cxheust gascs
MV1 = ram drag or momentum of incoming
a i r d u e t o a i r p l a n cs p e e d
, f
l-=-Xa
161
=;:: x l0
JZ.Z
= 50lb
[22.68kgJ
The sameformula applics
to rhejet engine.
A targe
jct ensjne
handlcs
t00lb [4s.36
,Trlllllt!:
KgJ
ot arr per sccond.
is',iJih;;;iir.ffi.r
F : .t/u
Usingrhesameengine
andvalues
shown
?K::LMPLF:
E rne
p r e v r o u sp r o b l e m ,
Nct rhrust= Ma
=Y v, - v,)
2
whcrci/2 = vdocity of air jt
thejet nozzlc,ft/s
rz, = velociryof rhc a.irplane,
trls(220mph =
. 332 ft/s = ram drag)
[35a.0S't<mnr
iOa.f
r./r) I
tIl
=3x,
I
t00
=;;; x 966
JZ.Z
= 3000lb
kg] = thrust
[1360.8
F r o m r h e p r c c e d i n re x a m p l : ,
if a
- 3 0";i
0 G . l bf o r c e o r a c i o n
go6
ri'
r;
; ;v -!:l e.'. i
iffi':$r';-:' "' o,r.i
rcrcrion; ;' ;h;, :no.:'
j:"*ja;i
;' *,,i'oI I ?j,.; : T :,,..,
e"'d
ngtne.
C-ompleting
theJet Engine Equation
addssome massto rhc air flow.ing
**:l
fl1tr"y
the.engine,thc samcformulamusr be applicE
:Tgh
o tie wcight
:l ih. fuel as was.appliedto rh. ,rlighi
d theeir, and
rhis must bc addci'ro the basicthrusr
,oEution
,/
to. ' TW
( Vr .r.--v , ) + - ( vl,V) ,
tg
;f,fie ltl, = wcighr of fuel
I{ = velociry of fuct
iNoti.e-th.t
pt,IiL.. i,
Wtr Niepat
PowenPlanI
EigAi,iines
CHAP:
ATA
'71 -
EO
n[-FrcTritcT
i:]
n
=.------.-
1..:
t h r u s t a ' c S u r n s 4 o c l o: - u ( t E t t + k . : )
fuel r,er ltoltr r which.engi:re ir; t:::
nost cffi.cient ?
, /:\/ [',
wl
ilflililla
lUll
( : i , r: ;; l i ; ; ; i T I C i l
2'CO
I;.,! I.'IIRLIST
rn /\n
iv\/v
:T
v . . /
t ' )
hour
- , r^: t-
nnrr-ri
PUrrll\r
v6 f r
!Il
E):,\i.lirl:: a t)1OO-1'.r-b
lirust (;'+O
r 95rl-ii)
r n ( L n e c o : t ; i ' j . : c :?; : 1 1 - r l ' l o n s (r 'm
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71-'8O
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c u t i ) { -t l r c p r o l t c l l i r t r l t t t i z - z l c: r t l r v c l o c i t l ' t r l l t o 2 . 0 0 0
l c c t : ' : r s c c o n c lo r a b o u t 1 , 4 0 0d r i l c s l l c r l l o t r r . O r r i t s
r v : r _ trl.r r o u g h t h c c n g i n c . t h c a i r c i v c s u p s o n r c o f i t s
cncr-1)'arrd tlotnct)tult'l to drivc tlre turbirrc that
tlo',,.'.rstllc co nl prcssor.
T l r c n r c c l t l u t i c tl t lr r a n g c r t t c notf t l t c u l r sL t : r l l i n c
c : l r : i : i ci s s i r r r I l c ,l o r i t c o n s i s i so f o r r l Y t t t ' t ) t t t l t i r t
l t r t c ia t u r b i n c
r c r ; i i i n g i l u f t s ,a c o l n l ) r c s s o r
c
o
t
r
r
b
u
s t i oct ti t l r t t r b c r s
t
t
t
t
l
t
t
b
c
r
a
o
f
a n d o r t co r
'l
----:--------:-7-:-
r u r L . i n cc r t g i r t c iss ' s l t o r v ri ln { i g . l - 9 .
'fhis
sinrplicity,
i l r . r r . j v c r . c i i r c s r r c r (: t 1 . 1 > i{v. o a l l a s i r c c t s o f t h c c r r g i n c .
f , . r : : s , i r : s . ' t ' i l l c :itrl r s t t b s c t l t t t : t t[ t) : t r t s t i t c l l t t : r t l t ',ll':l tt tt t' t) l'
: r , ' t , r . i t ' r t : t l r t Ii r t' t r l ) l ( ' l l t :sl l t : : ; r t t t t c t t ' l l :ct to l t t i r l t : r .
r c s r r i i l l ( ) r t r t l r c l r i i l l r c r P c r l r t i l l f L. c t l l l ) c t : t t t t t c st l l ' t l t c
c c r i rr u s t i o n c l t u r l t i : c r s a n d t u r - b i n c , t h c c { i c c t s o l vrr','ing flo*'s across thc colllprcssor ltnd ttrrbinc
b i : r i i c s . a n d t l t e d c s i g n o f t l t c c . x l t a u s ts ) ' s t c r n t h r o u g l t
. . v i r i c ht i r c g a s c s a r c c j c c t c d r o { - o i r n - t h ep r o p t r l s i v c . j c t .
OXYGEII
SE
ruEL INJECTO
COHOUSTION
CHAHEER
IJO:ZLE
!
I
I
I
t
T
II
I
I
I
,
I
I
I
I
It
Figurc
A rocket cnginc
pl,GE:.l ji
FrowerPlanl'
;Z'1- 130
orne,[J[
\\zt=A==ttffii1-*---_f
fiSinr-ui4-----'i
,--4+-,"'lf
H
,*__
lUltgLv')"-=
:-1
.)i.,,:
'l'URE,O
PllC Pl:Lt.E:l
'-1, i
TwlN.
5PO()L
Cr
- )"'',
li.a'(
AXIAL
FLC,\^/ TURB()-PRoPELLER
,l
('*!:
_----t\-.------
,.\
-\-
E$sseErolffiirl:lr
I
.!,
--)=
."t'
7i)
.: :'.'j
':*.
i _ ,'.il
i
.,...l-14"..
L9:
T w t N - s p o o Ls y - p A s s' r u R B o - J r : T
(l,rw
y - p a s sr a t i o )
B,is7
Figure l-9
:rrrangcmcnt
of gasturbineengine;
l\1e'chanicrl
rnc[:
I \B# Nepat
I Gnirlines
Power Flant
cHAP:
ATA
71 - 80
T l r c t r r l b o / r . r r rj cr t c r r J i i r r(cf i C . l _ l l ) c o r n b i r r c s
..., .
tur_Dojctcngrr)c(,@
:l:c.
T l t c c r r g i n ci s s u r r . o u r r < j cbdy a d u c t t h a t i t a s a
v a r i a b l c i n t a k c a t t l r c l r o n t a n d a n a f t c r b u r n i n gj c t
p i p c r v i t ha v a r i a b i cn o z z l ea t t h c r c a r . D u r i n g t a k c _ o f f
and accelcratio
sustltiucd
highlr,llchnumbcrcruiseconclitiorrs
wircrc
thccngincopcratcs
in thc ramjct modc.
V A R I A S , L EN O Z Z L E ( L i r t c : r c r )
V A R I / \ E L EN O Z Z L S ( S m r l l r r c r )
V A F , I A 6 L I N T A K ( S m : i l r r o )
t{tcil
F i-g' t r r cl - l I
l.tAcil t{uHnER
A1.t7 r r r l x r / r : r jrcr r( c n g i n c
'lb
pnGe:11'
PowerPlant
qm,e:
[J[
r-I
vr'.RtAoLE
r NT K I :
A T TI R I ] U P , I Ii N G
IA
I --=t=-.
i
,-'-)'/^-t
| .-''
l\---
I---i-\
I
I
-\
=_/
\ \-;
/-^
-/---
_r
L___
COI,IBIJ5TIOII CHAHBEI.
FUEL I}URNERS
-)==------ir
71 - 80
OXYGEN AI.ID
TUEL SlJPPLY
\
Irigurc l-l.Z
, \ t u r l x r - r r r c k c (c n g i r r e
Nepal
PowerPlant
tirlines
n:s','*
t*
!'n(<
--.'--_
,/--
i)
71 - BO
cHae,
[J[
CgRE TNGINE :
4l
|/Fr1;;
rautu+-4,v,
GAS GENERATOR
lt_
4cs.it Gr C-*,,..
4 A.; *
\L^n,-:---
I U I I B OEJT
;U;i3OPIiOP
TIJIlBOFAN
fa^
T Y P T S O F T U R BI I , I T E I ' I 6 I N E 5
engrnes
Turbine
fied
into
three
1.
2.
3.
Turbojet
Turboprop,/
Turbo fan
CORE ENGlNE.
can be
types;
Turboshaft
cfassi-.
T,,rl-,ni^+
IUIUUJUL
The turbojet
i s d g . c 1 st u r b i n e
in which
the turbine
extracts
only the power
required
to drive the compressor and
accessorres necessary for continuous
cperrltion.
ThO highrvelocit.y
imparted
t-o Lhe exhaust lerses by the exhausc
nozzle provjdes t.he thrust for prop u I s i o n - A prp r o x i rna t ol y_ jlp_gI
e e_!_t__g-f
--\i_
fl)e developerl energy is used to drive
percenF-is
-
available
for
oro-
'
lnc='19
cxrre:
flJfi
71 - BO
FowenFlant
9 O XT H R U S T
THRUST
Tur-boslral'tTur-bc,p
rop
Q,+1]a;i
'lt'
l-lr -orrolr
i f:t
L . !
g ,
* ]
9 L g
(to^.-lrnw
Fn
t.ts
L.
n l r , - r r r t - lr !C
oercr:nt
y!.
200
o
[b//l
I
c
100
G
l??(tl
ih
'Ihe turltoshafL
engi.ne in which. ttie ouLc
l
r
i
v
e
s
a prope.LJ-er is r:eferrcd
1:ut'sha.fL
l-o as a tut:bo'grop. In thLs type of
proprrls.i.on system t.he prr>peller glro<luces
. r r ' r ) r ( ) ) : i r n . r t : r : l y9 0 p c r : < - - t , : nol -F l - h e l h r : u s t _
v . ' l ir i r .
300
[10161
peIIer
rlr ;iotor hleide:;. 'furbos:haf t
eng.ines ar<: used primarily
in he-licopter
q- r i! u, t- d^ -! -
thrus;8.
rs
c l c - v r : l o p c : db y , e j e c t i n g l : h r r g a s e s t : h r < > u g h
l:lre exhaust: nr:zzIe. Mirny of todal"s
slr,:rl- h.huI an<l stnall t:ransp,3;g ai.rcr:afl. _ r r : 1p. o w e i e c l b l r t u r b o p r o p
sn,3ines..
1,
0
400
ti00
1600
" l - o t a I t e m r r e r a t u . e "R
12Cr0
on curvr:s
F I , G .3 - 2 3 C o n r P r c s s i o rrrn d cxl)ll-lsl
:i)00
,. PAGE: 20
Bt$trNepat
PowerPlant
=fur!ines
, ,
Tr,rI?uoFAil -F'',\^l
'5
en;iue
lr.r.l-ho
'rl.sesa fan
tufitine
to
increase
71 - BO
cxae:
[J[
CC],D AIN;-NEAII
itOll AIiiritRilAJl
,5;.-C(i:DAi?i:
AfR
jifrIrrffi
f:-r;r",'r'.,; L--"*^*J. - .
with a srrpersonic
.Ililitary aircraft
dash capability
and a requireme-I-for
woulC have r'o uje
6 1 o o ds u b s o n i c s . f . c .
a much smaller by - pnss ratio, pcrhapc
.9*foQ*-to keep the frontal area do.,rn.
Short haul
a.s critical
ding s.f.e.
wouLd be in
eommercial aircraft
are not
as long haul aircraft
regarand a by - pass ratio of ?-i
orCer.
\HZ Nepal
PowerPlant
:rg1
4tirnrres
tl,l^
I ll*--ta^.t
: L , ' ,1 2 e [ . C
It
was nentioneC
elrr-I:-er that,
nf
tg ht l rL 4i rr .
r . a ! d r
n o d r t c n rv l\ ( _
rnr,-n
iol-
. l v ,
cFrAP:
ATA. 71'
becattse
rre'l nni|-
. ----'l--
.irrr-r::
IAi\A
H T G I { B Y ; P A S SV S . L C i / B ' T P A S SE ] : C T ] I I ]
The irigh byp.ss eng;in'-", due tc, the
1ar6er mass of air be.ing pumped, hat3
a }o'rer nozzle e::i1: v,llocity
than tl-re
-;-.provra].ng
oef,rcr' |r:oprllslen_g$!"_Lencnrna Uetter f:ue:a*r-r*ry than ttr,r
r._---
.l.ow oyFlss
englne.
A c o m b i r L e d t r r r b i n e - llan is rn,,;-:
c l o t . r n s t r e ' a mo f t h e p : a s g e : : l e r a i : . : : ' f ' t t . ] r
:.Two majc,r proh)-cr'nsa r i - s e w i t h : '
eonf igurat :Lon.
i -r--
'bladir:g
Firstl;r, the
<>f the t'-:::.::re
fan unit rnust be de,sir;ne'1to r::';e t.u::b i n e b l : . d e s e , c t i o n . s rf o r t h e h r : : s : i . e ? t :
and compressor blade sections icr the
cold stream. 'Ihis c'bvi.ously 1::ats t;o
bladin6 of hi;h ccsrt etnd, bec;r-::se i;he
entire t,lacie must t'e naC,e fron th:: tur.bine mater:lal, of high weight.
Th,e other i:roblem is t;hat of s;eali:between the t,.ro streans.
It is unlike).'y that the aft - fan
confi6uratj-on wilL be widely u-.e,i i.n
ttre f utrrre.,
,. ?ACE:2?_
6wer Plan
71 - BO
cxae'
fiffl
Tur bofan conf g ur a t iorts
;
1.
AFJ T.,i1IIIICIIIN
AFT FAN E N G i N E :
Fan ____*
i
.
{-
Turbine
\-
mL
Aft-fan configuration
L O N YP R C S S U R E
cosln
r9scrl
,l
'l_
F
LT F t l
J
:.
.f+tr^
TA}I INI.IT
?nGfc:23
\W
Ne,pat
P'owerFlant
EiAir:iines
qr,re,
,[J[
71 -'i3C]
CCI:|'P.[SSOR
T[{F.OUC]ii?IDUCl'IOIIGIiARBOX
, ' A N- R E t ) U C - T | O f \Li O \ d - F t E D i J C T t O
CN
OtulpRES;SOF
AlFirNr.AKr:
,n*--'
7'
:'9'1#,-:'jYFE
cotulPREs;soF
<:l-:--J*=;:.=.;;Zt$:i',ri:;r.'
t-I=;=::=
'
I
liii,/
iAAx
j.. ]===-I
,rx,{;?i,inti-rltr
-{hP$ffi
lr+g+$*$
#Wffi
,,iA -[>Fil;t*
';)yl,'h4' nJlt"i-;,="7:;:'-!'il#n
#,trfr,J:,l'frD;
'l i5l= .t-tt',
." t,d;
fi
-:-===/
(- =-- i4'111-:-=i'ijff3
\ L " t '--__
J.--"/'
- --
--\-
-\
.
,'
1.
::
\--\
exirAu:;r
[ ' O V / - P R E S S U ? ET U R t i l i ' J E
--<-
_-1--11Ti',i-i#*,zzt
ncr:essonv.iEC;TtOt\
\_
nccessony_DRtVEpol/JEft_TI,KEOFFSHAE_r.
. A N G L EO R I V ' EG I : A R B O X
Hplrptl.pt E
luol
,__-_-l l l . r l
'---.-]'-l--l-_-----+=-l
lll
(----i
I
ir
n->
n{
I i /==>
I ;,:"tD-=.*r=Ef,--l
.-\7
i _t, f_i==ll
lj
t-{----1
-__
ib1sl
R0m( llr
c_"
pace: 24
Nepat
W
gArnrnes
llcefrr'l
rr
a'
cxae:
[J[
below Propulsive
In figure
f an, &.jet
ncy oi turbo-ProP
6irsPeedo
against
ptLttea
f f:c i encY
Pr o o u I s i r g - !
'(
PowerPlant
Power
P r- o-o=u- -l -s i v e
TotaI
Power
Ne t Forward
Input
thrus tx
Total
InPut
Power
Note
Aircraft
folIowing:
efficienqv
2.The propulsive
-d--g
IY s-bove
t
3-EO--* p h d ue to d i s !u rF-en-c-e---ot-th e
'a
a;Tl o w c.aJis-i-.-ri--by- --t-h e-h ig h'-bla d-e-eJ-Ie-r.
f :.-p-F e e A= o i|-$g--p-rop
2V1
V2+V1
JJp=
-z'
1+V2
3. Turbofan
comparative
velocities
in-
llote:
1 . Propuls ive
also caIled
efficieare
sPeeds beLow
1. At aircraft
turbo-jet
450 mph,the
approximately
e
t
h
at
is Iess efficient
enqine
turbo-prop.
-- Jvuls-I-J-bJ[L -Yu
Y2(&ae
/ ) (vi -v'' )
larger
deal with
engines
and lower jet
airflows
engine'
than the turbojet
Froude
above
sPeeds increase
4.As flight
gains
e
n
g
i
n
e
t
u
r
b
o
j
e
t
t
h
e
Mach 1.0
m
o
r
e
b
e
c
o
m
e
s
a
n
d
in thrust
means of propulsion'
advantageous
the
71 -80
4 . N p i s z e r o w l r e n V 1= 0 ' t h e n
thrus t is maximum.
5 . Ve
qh
Vf
be
rn
.
.(l?..:,
-/
\o
6
j
( ; 1 r ! ' 1 >t ^ f
,I
| | h-t-,'/
{
.t
i
rl
360
-9
la 1'"t
Cul'P"'k .i qo
.4ch-.,o( l'*,rDr""'t- o
l|2t-.-,t:,.( ?l*u
t20
,': t-c.)Li: !-tL +tF*&-{'
\r/{.
r
._
,'r
200
400
600
11251
[2sol
l3;sl
Airspeed,mph I km/h|
)h,rrl 4y;[;c
T<FC
Y-at
800
1000
tsool
t62sl
.
h.Ctf
/ AXH
Cno,ttn"}>i'-4"
Comparison of the propulsivicfficicrrcyof thc ttrrbojct, trrrbofrn (bypess),and ttrrboprop rvith ctrangirrgrirspccd.
cH^P:
ATA,' 71 ;8Ct
I , I O R K i IC
{ GY I ] L EO [ : A I ' I S T O NT N G
] N E , / T U R E O JFlS
E TI I{E
. . 1
; \
$.
.:.1,'-
fl
,/,/,
/tl
.\s
ti !:'t;;:ii*i
o
(:olrfRts9toX
co|rBUsTl{)N
tntarmllltnl
AIIT IIJTA (E
colltnetslon
cotr!usnoN
IUL
Co.ttnbu!
EXHAUST
\ /rt(c
trrcr
EXHALNTT
t6pol*r
trtd
?
&tl6az--nGas l-ttt-b
I tle
l , l o r ^ k i nC
g ycle
u,cEet
C.x^bovf;'r,
Thel w<>rking cyclr: o f the gas; tr:r:i: i::::
c r r ciJn r : i s s i m i . l a r : t - r . >L h a t o { : t n t :
f<;trr-ritrr)ke pistc:n 13ngin,. Howr:..,r:r, irr
'i'lre gi:s t:urbine
t h e g t r s t u r b i n . e < : n gi n e , c o m k l u st j - o n
e r r r g . i . n ri :s e s s e n t j - e . L I . 1
; r l r r . a t - .( l n g i n e u s i l r q . l i : : a s a w c , r k i . n g
o c c u r s t a t a c c r n s l : a n L ,p r e s s u r : e , v r h e r i : a s
f L i r i c i t - o ; r r , r v i - c l e t l r y r r s r - -. f o a c h i e r , , e
in tlre pi_ston engin,: it. ccctrrs trt a
<:orrsttrnt volume. Bol_h enginer c.r.(:les
[ l r i r ; , f l i o a i r p , a r : ; s i . r rJr -; ] r r e u q l rt ] r e
: : l t ( ) \ ' /l . l l ; r l - . i r t e , a c i r i t r s t _ u l r c ; r lt : l r r t r . _ ri =
C)ffjtrle l: t:, l{' [)r] ,tr'.:r'l,.r.tlt.,l: tlri:,,
t ; t i ' X n : ; l - l t . r L ' .l ' l r r t y e l r ) r . : i l : - . r c r r - k i t t e t j . C
i r r < l r r c l -oi n , c o r n p r e : s si _ o n, , , ^ o r n l ) ub st . c n
1 ' 1 1 , ' 1 - q r1. ,; f ' l - t e a i - r : i : , ; i r r c r 3 . - r s l t l . , 1 . < : ,
; r n c l e : < h a , r s t - .I n l : l t e p i s t c n e l n g i n e t r : l r i r b u
r : l r l ; t i r r t . l ri : : i r r r . r r . i l r ; c , ', l ' l t r . [ t r 0 T ; S r r r - r r, ., . n - hre turb i:rrz
5 ;I j s 6 i : ; i . n t , e r . r r i i t _ t e n" f T
j
1
1
r
.
:
r
,
.
1
a
S
r
.
t
l
,
l
:
,
.
l
i
t
.
;
l
,
r
l
1
r
)
n
o
i
n
e
in cclnttast,has
a ccnt"inLr
..rl
"r'rJ)'
, r l - t tL l ( , ) \ ' / { ' ( .l 1r \ ' , r , l . i i t i o r ' ' , , 1 ' l r , r . - r l -i .r 1 1 r - r - c 1 y ,
0us; combu.sti.on.
l ) , . 1 r ) r ' r ' . I ' i r r , tL c : r r r v r : r : .i . o r r l i , r c . k t . c l k i r r '
'the
',
and
con tin uous comb us tion
r . l i r ' r ' r r , ' t r l ) ' i t t t - l r r . .[ . ( ) ] ' r , rt . ) 1 .; t l t i < 1 ] r
a
b
!
'
e
n
c
e
o
r
:
e
c
i
p
r
o
c
a
t
i
n
g
t,.
Pa.rt:ss"'
1 . . ' l r , r .j l f
,t,
ir,,, r'l-tltr:<.
,' ''.
i:
eng+nte
qirre a smt:othen !unning
Encl enablr: more entsrgy to ,!.b.,..
for e given engilF,*,*ize.
released
Nepat
*funtnes
t
-
Power Planl
cxnr'[f[
o
c
lrj
s.+
c
'
.9,
,o
q
f
o
Q)
a,
E
6
.;
T!"J
!= EHu..lT: i
;iA;
ssig
iii.
8st
Eil
- b E .. I
(J
71 ;80
;1s*fii
r
pAAEzT6
gI frrtg
Q6
X*
t,
U
I
()
rF
; f [:{ i5A6E
a
t
ur{
r'E F i:
9c;:
u8;g;
(,
}
(,
IJ
i EgEI
Srnssa/d
ot
o
lrj
u)
5ggE*;i*
sF
cl
iii{iEsi
i:igia
d
-x
:o
It,
.YL
co
9*
so
x]
lrJ O
c)
f
o
c
gE
aO
aE
=o
EU
o
(JE
o
;f?
,:iit
i igJg
!
is
rU8C O
.tc
, g H *E*,
F;j ;{,:li: I
;iEE
}j Ei[A
oE
u
- !,)
iqr;
e . | n t 3a , t d
o
o
E;.59
{i
c l4
I }^i
5J
$*isg
o\
rl
lJ.
pac* 2.2
PolverPlant
cxae,
[Jf\
F ress urr:, TemJe r:a t ure, \/alocity
-fg_lbi're
EIoine
c h an c e :in G.,:
Comores:jor_
Pressure :: Decre,3sEls
Tempereture : Der:rE:BSes
VeIoci ty:l Decre as:s
Note:
in
tho
r - ^ m n r o^ _ s : j o r
volr.rme
a5
of
;tLl:
,air
]-s
rerirrneq
lence
tlre
ection
This
city
is
T ur b i n r : _ { J : q I
(A-tl)
PresEurr::
Increases
Te mpe ra ture : I n c:'e ase:j
Ve ]ocit,,r : Cons r;arrt
compresi:eci,
But
the
comp:tessor
grad uerlly
( : r c ts s :cecluced
Ncte:
T l ' er t u r b : i . n e h a s t w 6 c o m p o n E r nr e :
(sLat;or)
I'Jozzle guide'vances
Turbine blade:s tiRctor)
(C-D') ,velor:ity
In the s'tator
i n c r e a s e s a t t h e r : o st o f p r e s s u : e
(D,-D) v'eloc.it5',
In the rotcr
pressure
& tempe rittLr re dec:;ease.
!c zzle
(ll-EL
P r e s s u r e i E e' c r e a s e s
Temperature : Decreaseg
Velocity:
Increases.
Note:
C o m bu s t i o n
takes placr: at
constant
pressrlre
in tht:
t h e r :r e t i c a l I 5 r .
c o m bu s t , : r
cD,
/./,.,1
7t -'t]Cr
I-i-,
/,
E#d Nepat
-ate'F
,.
PowerPlant
WAirlines
nnct' 28
CHAP:
ATA 71 - B0
Pl
rl
?5
Pa
Tr
r5
fj
,l
17
lj--T--I,l
il'
-lirinm
rJ_
{
\
Po To AFINFNT
Pr ll
T ( r n g t N N f R y
Pr lt
lt.rLt
P5 r'
F2
L O \ r /P R t s s u R
Pr Ts
c o f { P R t s s o Rg t L r v e r v
Pf ft
l{rcH fRtssuRt
c o f l P R E S S OOBt U V E t Y l a T 8
r) Tl
LOw PRESSUR
TUiBINE Exrl
txHAUtT
PnoPELLtNc t{ozzL!
?
1
Arrrhrcrrt
I ' r r l r r r cl r r l c l
I r r r l ' l ! ( l t \ p . r \ \ ) 5 t r c r r r rl r r l r r
-' i
lC
l.J
[ : r f l l l r r h ( l ] , r o { r c r ). s t r c r n r l n l c t
Fan Drschlgc
2 C l l l C o r n p r c s v rl n
r let
I l l ' C r r r r r p r c s r[r)ri v : l r e r g e
_l.(.r l l l ' l r r r b r r r cl s t S r a g eN o r r l e l n l c r ( ! V / 0 C o o l i n gF l o w )
4 ll[' furbrne Roror Inlcr (W/ Coolint Flow)
l l P T u r b r n cD i s c h a r g e
(WlO Coolint Flow)
5 . 1 l l P T u r b r n eD i s c h : r g e( W C o o l i n 3F l o w )
5 . 4 l f T u r t r r n et n l e r ( W / C o o l i n gF l o w )
5 . 5 l-P Turbrne Dirchergc(WO Cooling Flow)
5 . 6 I.P Turbine Dircharge(W Cooling Flow)
8 f , i n r : ' y J c r ) , l o r z l eT l r r o r t
9 l ' n n r a r y J c r N o r z l e E r , i t ( C o m p l e r cE x p r n s i o n )
\ts/ Nepal
Flower Frlant
flniriines
c'rAP:
ATA 71 - 8iO
-I-URBOFAII
JT3D-38
P { t E S S U RlEi l .l D
S Tti'lPEltATUttES
I NTEII\AL
L_=_-
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ld
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7
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"W NePal
t-
PowerPlant
Airlines
71 - 80
cgne'[J[
C O M B U S T I Ot H
nf,t8tR
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COMPRTSSOR
TUNBIHTINLTT
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URBIN
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NH O U S I N G
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wl(,E:31
lPourerPliant
pfffl 71 - BO
cunr,,
-/-,
EifgLEEIlDtrllE'Sr^-';:ir
A l t h o u g l r r h : i r r l c rd u c t i s n r : r d cb v r l r cr i r c r : : r fn( r r r r ,L,rfr...lt! ,r ,L' i^l(. r , .( 'J1U, r,l.i il -g- {l ll l;g^lll t , [ ) C f
f,tlOn,
i c [ l r . ' c o r r r cv sc r y i r r r p o r t r n tt o t l r c r : v c r r l l i c t c r r t i n c
p c r l i r r r r r s r c r n d r v i l l g l r c : rl yr i : r { l r r r _ . rj rccr cc r r g i r r cr l r i r r s r j!,gf.*l.6.ffiffiilr
-l*
rh,,,:,"
o u t p r . l rT
. l r c f - : r s t ct rl r c : r i r p l l r r , g_ c. , c s ,r h c r r r o r cc r i t i c ; r l v c ' ; o c i t yi s s l o r v l v a r r c ls r r r o o r h l v d c l c r c";t1,.:
; s i n q ,, r . i r i l c : l - . c
r h c ' d r r c r ,d : ' s i q n b , : c o r r r c s .
r ; i : n p r c s s l r r ci s s l c > r v l , , . a n sdr n o o r h l v r : s i n g i
r r g j r . r!l ! ' ! . ! . l l b c ! 1 ! g l r
( ) l l t V l [ i l l c l n l ( . t ( 1 u c t i u [ ] l ) .l tE
c s t l r c c r r r l i r r c r v i t l t t l r -c r r : _
[ r i l c t d r r , : t s: l r c r . : 1 r c (ilr r r r v , : \ \ , , 1 ] , sr: i : c j u , : : p . . r a . . , . .
_
c l t r c l c ! r c yr l ( r o a l r c i ( l r c r : r n r r c . c o v c r vp c l i r r t . - f j r c c u c :
-. 1r il r t ' r fl rr t l . r - r r ;r. .til r c I i i c h ( . sr p 6 s si [ r lc : ] i . r r . ,r . l . ' '
T l r e ' - i r r l cd
t r r c r r r r r r s ro P " r . i " f r o r r r s r ; r t i r g: r r : t r r r r r. ti r ,
l ) r ( : s s u r cc l f i c i r : r r c l r a t i o i : , d c f i r r c Ca s r : r c J b r , : : . , , c , i : i t c
u p r o h i g h a i r c r a [ : l v l : r c h n r - r n r b c r sr v i c l r ; r *l r i , , h . i , , , - t g g c t t c ' c o n \ ' ( ' r r q h c k i I c r i :
ot. d,,.,rjii? c[lr-acricf\
. i t l . i . n c r l i r a l l : r l r : i r t r c i c:sr,t r i r u d c r ,. , . , J 'n i - i , , t ' ; r J ; i ;
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c
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n ) 1 , - 'ot f t h c c o r r r p r r _ ' s s owr : c l l o u t a l o s s l n r o t a l - : l c i s , - i . .
l r r r c q r . r i i c cbll l t u r b l j c t c r r u i r r ci s : r l , p r , r s i r r r e r c l r0. .
t i r r r c so r n r o r c r h a r rr h l t o I a p i s t o n c n g i r r co r i c o , r , p , , _
rrblcsizc.
p r c s s u r cr i s c . i s: r c c o r n p l i s l r , :rdv i t h s m a l l l c s s c s _T ] s : : . : . , r .
I r r l c td u c : s s l r o r r l lb c a s s r r r i g h ra n c ls r r r o o t ha s . p o s , _ r c c o v c r ) , _ p c i r ri st r h a r
e i r c r r [ r s p c , c dr r cr v h i c : : : h c r r : ; : r
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s h l p c , : r : r d p l l , : c n r r . n ro i i h c C i i c r i s d i r c r n r i r r c d
str}sorr-ig_glr
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ro r
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,
t h c p r o p c r -r i r f l o r r ' . b t r - :i t r r r u - sbt .i s l r . l r c j ' c o r r c c t l l , ' 1 6
.lcl!r !! q!ri._1ir-,:o_-rlrc
t'rrrrr!*!,t_t.!1.:
._orirtr:srt',r,w:ir:ir-rrr
I. Srrbsrrrrie,.ltrc.t;
cv cn,f rcssrrrc rlisrri brr!i!rrr.l)rrcr :ri1
i J . S , r P t ' r s o r r ti l, r. r' c t s
g;
.;r1r{-yrllql
11i15511,ic
i t r ' , i i s t r i [ . r r r i , r. n
, t i l r c i 1 . ] y 1, r11r l : cc . r : l r r r I r . g 5i ls] r; l. y) rr c s u , r
i r r c o l n p r c i s s so r a l L
;;;;;;;*
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li.ri
id.'11,
Iil','-1,fr *:]!-l];.:
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4,, rrroc,rr
d?(r.rt,^1
( a ) N o r r r r : r l; r r r c(i l l ) r l i s t r r r t r . ,f .l o
l r i t l r r o r r , ; l r . r ri r r l e tt | r t t . l ) i s t r r r t c r lf i < l w
i s t l r c r r ' s r r l t r l -r r r r r r s r rl:lri lq l r r . r t r i r r r t l rosr i t . c t r r r i , l r r pr: i r r p r o [ r l r ' n t i s r ' s p , - c i r l l v
critit::rlr,,'ith:;lrrrrrtlur.'ts.
i :revcrtheles:;,
to avoid
air
dist:or:__c)n .rt
sl-anclard
nruLt-icngj.nc,
cj-.rr
subsoni.c
coml)ressor
C)r tatr
face.
,.)
Q,a
w
w
' Nepal
'Airlines
eace: J2
PowerPlant
71 - BO
cgne,
[f[
Illow-Irr Iloors/SecorrrJary
Al r
Inlaf
TIIJ,UL
f)nnrn
UUTJI J
The single
entrance duct.s for some
engines, particularly
modern, high bypass ratio
turbofans,
are often provided
with blow-in doors. The oerimeter nF t-).n
inlet
F=-:-
oerlver
=
--+
of
the face of
the
rowairspeed,,ffi'
caKeott.The ports
'hlfrCA;-pring-loaded a r e e q u i p p e d w i t h
covers, or doors.
o
p
e
n
'
a
u
t
.
o
m
a
ticaIJ.yat_ lorv air_
Bg_9gor.
srySgl9 permit more air to enter the
,a-_-=:-.-
+nsiae of
creasesr rd.rnair
.doors, .;d;"ing
flight
operating
StCOf.JDAXY AIR
pressure closes
t.he ducr to irs
configuration.
lhe
normal,
'h,,l't
f
nilaT
I
ENGIIIE
INGI
Btz-?
PeCr.:3i
Ne,pal
\#
=lAinines
Fower Plant
cxoe,
[J[
71 -i3C)
[ 1 aoj r E n gI t t e S e ' : t : . o t l sI
r-INTERMEDIATECASE
ar ucrFtr NDucr s
zAs^'\.:'..
,-,i.-l
f'rrni\\1t'l;'.' JS);i\i
\\:9,1,;
LU\t.\i
\'$$$l
"\\
\s-l
\$K$ijil
,.rn'
'u
\\
\\:
A\':
,1
\\
HIGH.PRES;L'FiE:
COI\IPFES,SO!1
<,1
1.il
Irtt
t\',\ U
RY
I\CCFST;O
GEARBO]{
t\ \)/
t\
L>
:ssJuljl cJ,$E_
c-"*"
at
r'*1u'
D I F F U S E I laorr\
*<
atr^-!
i,
?**
L O h ' . P F I E S S UEI ]
T'URBINJE
HIGH.PRESSTJRE:
TUNBINE
FAN ]'UBBII'JE
EXIJAUSC
T ASE
Nepat
PowerPlant
Earnrnes
qrne,[fA
71 - 80
vanes.
Tlrev se!ve
to
npq
p
qnoai:
e v t / ! v 4 q 4 4 l
I I rr
l-ho
I ,ararpr
A I R I N L E TC A S E
dir:cct:
into ttre
On rrrost
nneq
fL r lr rL o
will be
ide vanes are hollow.ft
shoi"n in thE
ect ion
that. the DurDose of this feature
is Lo
dnabfE hotir,
taken from inside the
r\rr,rirrrr
t-n lra
ffi.-^t-a,
s . . v
ci rculaLcd,
Y e - v
wltctt
noer'.:,i.'rrv
;";;;";;.";;;''
Iubricat_i_nq oil
to
l r t . ri r t l l c a r i n r r
t.he
o F
and from
eltq ine
the
front
fl,
i
rtrl/t'l'Fr
^,,L)
uide vanes are not required for rr,.rodynamic purposcs. 'I'herr eliminaL i on
fe^+
?tob
qr)r\roc
tg_vn
onoine
inlal-
rr as .u] ,u, sa nr j
both
i
.n .n _
- se
engine
v r r :i g l r t :
anri
ex;e;i,->
FrcrurerF!lant,
cr'an'
ff-l'[
fv -r /rrl lirll l- l - rl| . O
earll-C
\,JU\/t
'l
tl''r-l'
Thr:;r: rr.e
Lw'3
1? -\ ,' F
. ^Uo5c
n
I
U F
''z't
fL' .^O- .m l - r I .
t:-
at
f.Ior,r is
qc-rq.
1. Cenr:r.if uqal
2.,\rral
7'1- X)
radiarl.
I n A ; < i a Ir f l o w c c im p r e s s n r ,
at
and ilt exit
tlrc flow i.:; ;rxial_
a l o n 1 1.
,'t -l o tv
f-low
in cen';rifuE,:1
florv compressor,
a t , e n t r - y t h e f - L o r n 'i s , : x j . a l b u t
o-
-l
-LL
-'
l
r I i I F UG A L C r J t . l ptRS S 0 R
C Fi-r T
C 0 , 1 5f R L T CI T
0i'{
A XI A L F L C l ^Cl O I 4 P R T S S O R
The t:entrifLrgi:1
of
an ip'lPiLLtR
compre:jsc,r
ccnsi
ernci a lJlFFU5tR.
r:f
ci:3c with
irrtr:cr.al
Sfr;iirrhi
vanes;.
r_nu o,=_J=;;"-;;:;;;;"
. a-;--:--
a fo::er:
r=ir=-l
e,-r.r :i=i.i
...--
1 r { t n r ti rh- c
ax.ia-- tr: t}rr: ::aCial::.rt,::
-_rtir:rr.
T l r e { : u r : v e c j s e r 3l . - i . s n s f l c r
D11
1L n t e r l r i i l
witir
tfre recii,a-l- v.,i.L:-""
C E i ' ] TTPI.JI G A L
COiIPRESSOR
peli^y
5\'.*e.
it
$.'rr):L,"
ii .t
,i
f-
],O AURNER
r \ i r r rL L r n
-/-
't,
Q^,, K(.
orrruqrn
c Gf
,n f 55on
MA'ttFoLo
Nepal
\#
Fower FEant
ffi8Airlines
ENI'ltYI i"lPtl-l
u 0 u t i L t I N T l { YJ l ' 1 1 ' I i - l . t - t (
e v r : -
d@tG-eniry,jmPeI
cr
off-se
Ti:is acivantace
is partially
in
invoLved
by the complicaiicns
inr l = 1 i r r er i n n e i :
from i,he enoine
f ace of the'
duc'. to the rear
i=t
s
-:_:-:--:--
1-nc
!L:
'---
--.+.^=_._r_-
._
;on
:il7u-clR
T h e i j "f f u s e i
i^+-^--
IaaUUlirdr
or
casino
assarnbly.
^6-+
L/E.j-U
assenrbly may be an
^F
Ul
fUhl ol E
geperateiy
--mnrpcqn:
LUlllH!LrJU!
at'-ached
The ciiffuser
of a nu$consists
l
a
r
ctential
f
o
r
m
e
C
v
a
n
e
s
ber of
T
h
e
v
ane passai
m
o
e
l
l
e
r
.
t,c the
t
j
.
d
v
e
rgen .
ogs a:e
D O U B L E E N T R Y I I . I P E I L T RA I R F L O W
I
PltNUn
cH^H8tr
1,11621)','
\gEz Nepal
El$rAirl;ines
Fow,erPlant
'r,,n,'l\TA 7t1- B0
UPE.RATION
i i,r. o
ha.lf
c o m Fr e s s B ^ r u a = e s e d e , s : L tl're !r=ssu:t:
about half
"s11rs
the
in
jn-.t,GE'Eff;l=;adi.ff11ser"
k"W Nepal
ffiryAirlines
il'o'tz
PowerPlant
: A lR
cot'tPRESsoR
cEI{TRIFUGAL
'rap,ATA 71 - B0
fdi
perler
..
and
ll
cas j'nrl ;
the
tir j s
i5
TIP CLEARANCE
I]IJAL STAGE COI4PRESSOR
T?
D U A LS T A G IC O I ' i ) P . E S S O R
MulListage
consisL of
pre!;sors
compressors
centrifugal
two , or marJ2, single com-
mottltt'-erl
'I'lrr: ai r,
s r l r , rf l - - .
f-ts
point
o[
i-lt
f.;rclnttt otl
conrfrressetl
bv
Lhr:
the
s'tme
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ent
r*Gr.-:1')
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crrne'
[Jl,
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.,,,*,f-\=-)wr+fsr'u'r
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A typicalcentrifugalflow compressc,r
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[J,{
COI'IPRESSOR
"/
ROTOR
STATOR
Axlal FlorvConrpressor
STATOR
Construction
The axiaL
up r:{
\1/
tf1
u:lries
callec
flow
meice
)g-sfsJ ionnerf;
er
t_e+_i_!lrilL,1s
Z
c a . l - - l - r : d5 f n T
- -v a n e s .
..h
_ .+.,s:
The entire
of a series
anC statcr
rItP
is
cf rotatinq
- . , .a, iJr -f 'o" i l s
R0TCti blacres
t-
fblL a c i " =
compressor
na:jsaoe
compressJr
is made up
of aLternatino
rotor
stages._
I
a*"
4\i'filtl W
Y '\:'.J
ROTORx(
-},},*{,,$j
i'.,ir,/ ,t 1,'h
lIN$
The detaiLs
o : ths ccns truction
of
rotor
a n C s t. a t o r
witl
b
e
d
i
s
c
u
s
s
e
C
later.
SIATOR
l->'t
71 - BO
p;ice:4I
lrower'l]lant
CPIR,\T10N
Tlre:ictor
f.r,
ilre
sn
that
i.nduced
cont:i.nuouslv
--mn
art hi3h
is: turnecl
tu r sr r rh u; n- e- r t ' : L
aif
into
speeC
iS
t l ' re
aFqqrrr
As tlre
1 ' l c w s ---titrcuqlr
air
(- tl"e_ _ : :b- t : t w
- ' . t' -:' e n
-
l:o
" +" ^
"
F l:roc
_-":'_:::'
:Tr tlte
ses
at
;ts;
increasr:.
Thtis the
-'ncrr.asos
static
in
- * ' , ' | ,r
n rt m n
"J_:
ther passa-
e q q n
prrrssure
st.3ge
"vcry
r:f
rrf
vel-O-
ii1ii1
11i1ii
\thi1e
l-ncre
air
tlre
lllill
As prsssure
of eir
elso
ilil11i,+t'i"'.-
5 !^ r/-
ffIit^fi-,r__,.
[:uw--
C<-r
The :;t:.tor
r/anes a..Is!) correct
tite
r i e f I , - . c t i o n --- r t i v e n t r : t h e a i r b v t h e
r o + - o r b l a d e : ; e r n d n ' r e s ;p n t t - i C e L l : _
anole to the--rr-::xt
at. tlrc cnrrerJ:
-
"
, ,
steo.
. -
* u
nf
Ll Jd
ro[nr
hl:r1es--
l ;'t
ili]l'
,!,1,1
IIi
ir,creas?s;,
tenper;,ture
in evrry sta
ircreel:esi
a Y',
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C O I ' l I T J S l I O NC A S I :
I l O U I I T I N ( 3F L , \ N G E
,/
-,-- \ - -
\
rr.{rr
/-\
,l55l
n7ll
1,:l*--1'r
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.\:
t\
'l',
A s i n g l e - s E , o o l . c ( ) m p r e s s o r c < > n s _ i s t : ;o f
one rotor
a B s r n l b - L y , r n ds t a t _ c ) r s w i i : h a s
m a n ) ' s t a J e s a s - _ D O C e : t S a r tyo a c i r i e , r e
it
t n e_ de=si rec pr e s,;u;li ?,m";;*l.-u
-_r-ill.
arr:f Icw--fiOm-'EFe inr=k3 ;;-Es
Ltrr:ou,Jh
:.:, c l l e c S m p r e s s o r .
'llre
u r - r I t i _ - s p o o l c : o l n r ) r e : s s o rc o n s ; i s t : s r : f
trvo otr m()re rotor a:;sernblies, racll
driven blr tlreir crwn tu_:bine aC an
optlmum s;peed to achierre lriglier pres:jure
t - a C i o r ; a n d , 3 1 v e g r r _ . e , t e to: t - ; c r l r t i r r t l
Flpvi
lri'l
i rr'
part
of
the
fan
anil
klto.;n
a.s .iire
-F,-^^uL)L :;
L.ream r pd:ise s thrc,ugit Lhe: cc:n_press()rs wherr iL is furt.he.r ccropre:;s;ej
bcl.or<: p,assincr inLo the c,omllust:icn
mGE: Itit
\,Ml Nepal
&ffiAirlines
PowerPlant
cHne:
fiffl
71 - BO
CLrJ'.iSTiIUCTICN
D i i U i . l - T Y PREO T O R
Tl.e construction
of
ssol
ceni.res arounci
=c.omh'l
',
=nri
D I S C . T Y PREO T O R
the
ihe
comprerotor
CeSingS.
The rotor
is s.tPPorted in
slraft
It. is
bearings.
b.:-Ll and rolfer
c c u ' - :f e d t n t h e t u r b i n e s h a f t i n
allol^rs for any
e nanner thet
sj-ight
variation
of alionment.
of
The Casinq osirmbIy Consists
Casings,
a nunbcr of cylindricaL
som. cf which are in twc halves
t c f a c i - l - it a t e e n g i n e a s s e m b I y
and in spe:tion
; these are bolto comPIeteIY
tec toqether
hc us e the ro to ro
RJTUfI5
The rotor
assemt lv mav L'e of
DRUIi 0r D i5C tvce" .on!truction.
The drum
a one or
to wi,ich
h
l :rr
o c
Consists
of
type roter
foroj-nq on
two-piece
the rotor
are secured
tire
b laCe
"-:_
\&l
,Ne,pitr
ElEiFAiriines
.---*_
'.,
-4j
L_:=,
FA{3E:.+j;
Po'\rue,r
Pfilnt
orAP:
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D I S C - T Y PREO T O F I
il ll-a- | \-.ll
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Fotnl'erF lar"lt
FrOtn
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s h a f L a n , : l t h e , s t _ a r : < > r , 3 n s . .n c g .
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to ma
inl,"-' e* ;;;i
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o
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v Lf
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aS
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t.he
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5,ol;:;lirl.r,, wrllr
l .l r r : a r ; : ; : n J c m e n t b e : i . n r ;
i:rfluenceii ov
m , r n rfra r - _ t u r i n , ; p r o t r l e r r s
,rnd other.
r n e c l ' L aj _n c aL d r : s i g n
fac:t.o::s.
T A PR
I ID
Ta,ToF,
li \ P L ? [ D - l=l|tr-rrlT'r=fi
r-lr i-
i i l t l i l r ; ll ; i l l l ' l l ; l l ' l i l l t l
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C P .SAEI'II]RSTOR
I' APIRED
pace:4E
FowerPlant
cHae'
fiffi
O i . i P R E S SBOL R
A D TI N S T A L L A T i O N
C O I ' I P R E S SBO
RD EI N S T A L L A T I O N
LA
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cgae,
l\ffi
Rotc;r: lades
'1'he
rotor
bl.ade:i a:1-e,:f.,lercfoil
sec:ti"r>n
nn(i ,tl:tr u:irr,tl11, clcs;icJrrcd
to g irr,l 3
l ) r / r : i s r . l r , - , _g. r a c i t e r l . r , e l o n q t ; . h s i _ r I e n g t h ,
tct
ensure,:hat
Llre air m;iinl:aitrs a fairly
r r n i l l , r r - r na r : i - ; r l , , , e l o c i t } . .
i,he lri,qher
-'l A
tr^cctri ^rrc,u
crrtcTror{,_>
ot tr.ow
r r 1 . ' r r . r : r t t . l ro f l : i t r : b L a d e s
v.lfies; fr:om
I r - ' - r r r t t t r r - { , ,}1- , L l r e I r o n L
o r ] _ o r " p, r e s t s u r e
lrl,r,ii.s lroil,.r t ltr. Lonqost-.
'j
l r ' - . i r I . t r l i . : ; ! { r L tts ; l t e r l e s . i - g n e d
Lqtyit.hsl:anl
j'' ^Ilil1,.
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of loTA l roN
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ri
PowerPlant
' i I ) R T S SSOTRA T OVRA N E S
CHAP:
ATA 71 - B0
Stator Vanes
'l'he
sl aLor
varles are
are
secti.on
and
pressor
casing
agaitr
secured
or
into
o f
inLo
sLator
aeroIr'i
the
cottr-
vane
re-
are Eiremselr,'es
The vanes al-o
securbd to the casing.
r > f t r r r r r r r c . r u t r L e tj l n p a c k s i n t ' h e f r o t t t [aining
rings,
whic]r
s t a g e s a n d r n a l z ,b: e . . s h r o u d e d , a L
eheir. t.igi:;
,to.minimize.
the vibrational
effeet
of
f low., v.rria.t',ions
on ,thr: ..Iongcr.. vi-ulrjlj: i l.
is a lso necessary
t o l o c k t h e s t . a t - r :r
vanes in such a manner thaL they will
\\z-i
\tI /
not
r:ota Le around
the
cas inq .
,.
\/,'
8L^DEs
SHROUDED
S TOR
A T OR
VANES
C{ ] I ' l PR T SS
BLADE SIITTENING
80|{Dto
S r i R O U DR | l . r C 5
t;;;::;;;;;
ri0 l . l l ' R t s s 0slli'Al 0 l t vAt'lts
___l
R t T A l r . l t N G5 t T 5 C R [ \ ^ /
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is
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Of
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if
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'1
: ' : r ' ' : t r , t , , , r u L ; e l l O t U t t i ; e i ' S t a . l I . , S L , ) c . . , U C C : I r ) I ' - L e U t ) i .O
; U - - ^ , j 1 , {-, -^- , ,
{ . t . , - : j . , : r i- rl , : t i l l r i i l i , , ; e u , , , i s u f u i . , u ( ) l l i , r ' o s s o r . s i , ; r j . i , u I I L i r e , , " , r i r , r , a . ; $
';
u u l r s i , i , . ; y ' : r i r 1 . i ' , r i t , r , r i r . , e, r . u : . l L e u l _ . i t t : c r t ) s i . - i i , J .
1 r - , r ' is, * . r ' i r : .
I n 'ct<let' Yo
nes uit'hi tr--r,rr.i,-r. .til,:-L -,-.rrf,rodoce hri6lv'-or"rEyvV
"rgi
j . u ! s t r t . c :: : t : - .. rj , , r L [ . r ,ur, - ' . ; r t , ' t i u r l p i . r
l - . : c ( ] t : l r j r ' : , u i i - , ct ti j . , r , ^ c L e ] . i s u i u : ,
L,i-' ,J!-l:r':.-.Le Lll
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tu
t iiirlr
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Lile
gr,.,j-i
ii,'.ir,i
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i. ,-
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. , t t . ' ; - - c O I ' ; , i . U : , . C l t r , r : Li- i i r . L w i , .S
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PAGE:
h-Bg NePal
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trNcRgAsEs
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lacc, 7'
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FowerFEant
Nepal
ffiwA lirlines
t
I
'"- '
: ''
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LLlet'C91
rtil'i'ctii
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reduct'iott
tl !'eii'iLj-ve
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lriLiriir
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..iiil,iu oI .,i,IuEiIcii:..li.iIoi.rirrg uile
v'i:ich
persist's
j-f ,,ite silure low ai,r' i'Ior; concliLion
ri:un,
t icrl.
(rro
crruse.-1Lite i1r.sL sLulI
'ue
, . . i , ' uC t , ' c l e w 1 l - l reiJeaCeu'
,7 -) i iv =, l.r. ,
'/lr1
to
ll3a.u'
iife
tlC
ircit
iv vr r
Lt)e
uirg;itrc spcetl
Uonpression
of
i-u'fi:e
inc
rear
(i"ll
3pucd.
I'Orq5q-
s citoked..
r'l)5ie
ir'oni
'rr
-4,'li'il-t-r*
Svrrl-''l.
ileat,,
rilore'
8 ,l l s e s
e x J ) i - r n dl l l O r e
guioe
:r L:lr'[je volurrtc ul Sat;cs cttoke rtctzzLe
'rrir t'loiu j-n reilr
sLages ciecre":ss '
i.
:.i l-aci' iucreases
rurrgie of
riei.ir stages
'
iorr
air
decreases'
raiio
.,.ir
;: Voiu.riie oi
condi uiotrs
Litutr uesigri
less
o1-lelacitr,; coniit-onS
uotruj-ciun
L_r-,-,-' - -s-i : G I t i . i - ? - r L D
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appi;
alcLuai
c:i:.-.rrl1in
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cHae,
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( ' Ctr )
in
$:;:
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lf,,-,
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cL
l_'.t--.,^.1}.
oi
comoressor
t,
>.,t-+.1
cir'j
!!^,.,, q
..t
l,
qII
r i . ' l' i
r J I l - . - cL i-rl l: u
,)
roor
:Vr .' il _h
U-I ' , 1- : u l _ O n .
er.Eine
r/ qJ-I
Q 'r L-^.', , 7
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r , , . r . i ( ,o r
1t .
j'lapid
, i i r . : l f i u : [ . L t au i o r r .
1,-..
-,,
).
itfi"l oec.:ease
/i
T.
\ii'craLirtn
:?
q
t.
rise
.: ^t,
iri
ilui:tr-Laiion
) .
: : " )i 4 . " e 4 6 A
or
.:-.'ItLcrurr;ic>n.
c a u s , : c r .b ;
Uoughini; cf
comjlressor
pr_risaii:r.
tbr: con,uresscr.
,*
".ttncrr.
,'
(\
\
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! , "-1'
I
i'
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bangs
ci'
var;1irrg
sevel,ity
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L<..,l"u.
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PowerPlant
ffiffiAirlines
cHae,
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71 - BO
C O M P R E S S OSRU R G E
E L E E DV A L V E
Compressor
BIeedValves
Al rf low Regulat
Compressor
lon
Rrr
rrq i no
qnma
maanq
nf
rcorrl
rl-
i na
Y
^v ^v -r u
-
qffi
1;-r";;*;,i1,. lil i r ry
regulated
as a function
of engine speeo
(N2) and compressor inlet
temperature
(CIT), control
the overboard bleeding of
compressor air. .The valves open at low
compression ratios
and close when the
engine is operating
at or near the
design compression ratlo
as determined
by the NZ/ctr
slgnal,e.
4g_edi!s_91_lbe
compressor decreases the airflow
across
alqjlgle
stages
w
!_he :ggr. f.! ,f s-*{e-.!9._r_s
.ac-r o s g- . t_he__Lqndarg_.sJcsgs
chokinq of the rear staqes and stallino
of the forward staqes.
dil;il;;A
lG"Ei"q'-of
compressor air
represents a loss oi air mass and consequent loss of thrust.
When used on a
bypass turbofan
engine, the bleed-off
thrust
loss can be part.lally
regalned
by directing
the bleecl air into the
bypass airflow.
-
-.-4--.*
\@f tvepa,t
EIJAinin'=s
PowerPlant
cH,rn'
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COI'lPRER
S SI O
N T E R I 4 [ D I ASTTI A G B
E L E T DV A L V i S
: YS]EI,1
7r
BLIED O P T INN G : J
\*\
\o,\
\oi
\ \c'
i. \r-
RN
h\
Bt.TED
U s e o f : L n t e l r m r : dai t e s t . a g r b . L e e d v a l v e s
reduces thel e.fecLive pre:ssrrre ratio
of:
t h e c o m r r r e s ; . s c ld- r t r i n o l - h c ' t ' m e t h e
valves arre op(:n.
'I'o avoici unnecessary thrust lo:;s, bleecl
valves erre aci:uaE.ed onJ-y dur:in<; I.cw
speed arrd e.ccr:Ie,rat.ion or dc:ce.Ler.al-ion
condj-tions,
pr:rm.i-t.ti-ng Lhe c:om1:ressor t.o
provide optimum lrerformance at La.keoff
thrust. ernd aIs;o rnaking the c:omltre.ssor
operatic)n compat,Lble al_ lowe:r Lhr':sl
settingsi.
'Ihese o'rerboard
airbleeils
:;ho-rld not :i]
ccnflrsetl with. a:i-rbLeedswh:Lchserve::.
provi-de Iow c,r trigh pres,sut:e ,air f<>r
engine r;ervice llun,:tions; and t.o ooe-'ra:i:
auxi)-ia.ry equ.ipment in t.he aircraf t:.
These sr:rvice b-Leerls aI"o hav,-. ef i)cLs
upon colnpressor su.rge, u,hi<:h Inay ,f(:casionailllr be noted'ahen airllle,:d-ccera;;:d
aj.rcrafl: or eng:-nc equipnrent is i.r us=..
Nepal
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PowerPlant
cxae'[f[
I ; O I ! P R E S SBOLR
EED
V A L V ECONIROLLER
Psv
ACTUAT
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LINE
hnrlL*r,n.
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BLEEO
VALVE
8 L I L U V A LV t C [ ' NR
I UTIS A FUNCTIO
ONF
S I N S EP R E S S U R E
R A T I O ,t . / H I C H
IS
. I-Ot,lAT LOl,/RPH
. H i 6 H A T H I G HR P H
,aV \
OPEN
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PAGE$
71 - BO
pace lj9
\Ezl Ne'pal
ElElfAiriines
Flilnt
F)ovve'r
cHqp,
A-l'A 71 -- tiO
C 0 f ' l P I t t S S 0t _t tl[L[ t r V A L V IC r ) N T t i 0 L t - i l t
ACTUAT
I NG
I-INE
SENS
E
LINIS
CLOS[D
, r:@ Nepal
PowerPlant
tr"WAirlines
, 1 ; .' { v d - \ o b l o
*rae'ffifl
8v4:
71 - BO
t tnl4e)
L | ) C AITO N
Vriti;\iiLI
r\ll'i;:t
VBV
r'',triqc,
',Lf'
V;iLYI
VBVACTUATOR
Ott'j
DELLCRANK
RING
UNISON
r At\
- u u-,(,4
Llr) i--
VBVPOSITIONFTEDBACK
T OI' IAINFUELCONTROL
$t.n3 dr
\/ar-iaDieArea BypassValves(VBV) s p e e d s ,
','Bl.:
a re in ef f ect, comF'ressor bleed
' ; . r' ] , , " ' r r sT. h e s e v a l v e s , c c n s t r u c t e d a s
Ir irrtrr-El tlol;r:;1
c 1 f
located
between
the
is
prevented at
. ! , ! , ' ) ' ,I
Low-
PowrerPlant
,:xne,
f$l\
7'1'- 80
R C I T 0 (R: ) P 0 0 1 )C C t , t P R E S S 0 R
l-OlV PRE$5
UR E COMpRET3SC)R
HI,3H
PRESS,URE
C:OMPRES:;OFt
\H1(JH PRI:SS UR
OR IVE
n"^l
n a -taO
U
U EI - K O
r)
-r l- i r a
t:a:
OR IVE
SHAF-r
S}{AFT
f'.
L,ONIDTESSOr
r-,
_ures,
a du;rl-:3otr:E
corfl_
12RE.ssuRra
COMPRES;SCIR
COMPRI-SS;OR
aow
-^-"-i
' ir_ rLt
r.
-q.+-.r
* lro ug nou t th e . op e ra t in g
11,1_r
rangg of Ehe engine.
'fl)c cc'mpress;or
consist s of: two independenL rot,cr s;ysl:ems, each clrirren by a
separa te tur-bine thrcugh c;o-uxiirl shaf t:;
a n d e a c h f r e : e 1 : o . r o t a t e a t : i L s < > w no p t i - .
qraoril
mrrm
lFra
r
. n:-^::-..r9.ral,r_o,to.E,
...belin<1 t..re
high pressure
(
H
pC), is
c:om.if,ressor
driven by th.e Lrigh pressure t:uri>inr:
(HPT) and is sf)ee(1-g{)verned Lly l:he main
fuel- control
of: the r=ngin". 'Ilh";,,;,r,rrrO
or
roEgr.:
low-,,prressur{},compres;sor:. (LpC)
i s. r dr. i ven,, by r.the{;.Low;j.pres s urt :rtrrrbi ne
(LPT)r.
!
Since less power ::s ::equired to cornpress
cold air
t,o a given 1>re.ssure than t:o
c o m p r e s s r ^ / a r mo r t r o t a i . r t o t h e s a r n e
leveI,
Lhrt low prelssru:e eompressior sp,eed
s;uitable
for
urhere larger:
PowerPlant
ATA 71 8C
II
, ) i , ; j l ri e I r tl e I G ui r : V a i i : . . r . t d
; r : : ? i o t - s( V S V )
i . ' . . i -p L o u e !
operaLion.
i':tCS..oi iras
an axial
f_or..c:..,_
aifflow
for e.;,..,r,
i.iit.hout some means cj
requireC
!:-:ssur-e ratio.
c:nl-::oILi.nq' this
airflow,
this
oDc.Lrnu;
::r::r: t:iorr wili
usuall.y
occur onlv at ;ile
r i , , . st c i n p o r n L
rpm.
FOr
maxi-mum conDressor
angle of r_he
e;;- -crencv,
tlre phvsical
c.::rDl-essor- blades
should
al
crii.n)Lrnr aerociynamic
be such,
angie
of
tha t
aitack
c: :i:e comDressor
blades
exist.s,
through(\'.;': :he err--:re enoine
r-:rn rancll .
i':r. v.rnr)s ancl st--ators ar:e irycirarrlicalli.
. i ( t i : . r L t ' t i l r v L u c l _ _ _ p - r - q s - g u r ea r r C c o n t _ r o I I e c ' j
*,_--*-."_-_=..*,-.,.,
b., i.re
nain
f uel
control
as
:-:"
f u:rci-i nn
-i:!1v_
e-vr'
q r- o o rdi
: nn
r^ i d
-c o m p r e s s o r
a
i-nlet
! : e - - , r D - e , r _ a i uor e
r "as a function
of airflow
t !lrouoh the enqine .
a :<-*
6 : - l n oi n o
o
,%
A i - l - c r ' ,er : t g i n e s p e e d s , t h e v a n e s a n d
':iiiLo:-s are in the closed pcsiticnAs
ihe ensine is accelerated,
they' rctate
as cne unit
towaris
open positj_on and
v.':i-I be in the fuIl
open posi:ion
in the
r - r n qi r ' : e' s h i 3 h s p e e d r a n g e .
3 v- rD--: - o c;;;1.-,.;--;
e r l v c o n -.L r.,..--.--.;*,,-.;."-*;:::"
ollinq
the anole_s of
*"-.t h e ' . ' e r i a b l e I G V ' s a n d . . S t a:*-i-j_-_J
t o r s , h i o,_:_;h
3c;:rp..essor efficiency
is provided cver
i tc
cr
:_lj:_=,!_-_-.
! i na
F i rc
n-or+;.JlJLqu{9-r.3!+Lq_-9:+-
^c
tsl.^
I Ie
^--l
-^
_ fl Q }.il I
a nd
r4p i o,
-s ia I l_f re e_ .9.-c.g-e-!.e
;_a
\BtZ Nepai
.=.!=t--
EEA,ryrnes
llower Plant
ex;e:65
j ,
pfffl, 7t1''- B0
cxar,,
V A R I A t i LSI T A T OVANT
R
ARRANTiEI'1[NT
N 2 n J L E Tc u l b e v A r l E s
5 1 ' HS T A G E
S;TA1'OR
\/ANES
6TH STAGE
7 T HS T A G E
.fr'
ACTUP,TING
RINGS
U N I S CR
I Ni N G S
VarI ab1,:\/anes/Staton;
The verriablc: vtrnes are suF)por:terj t.urnabl-e tretviecr) an outer casi.ng antf a;:r
inner divided s;upcort. They are cor:trtr:t:tec, t.o a Ierrey g;1n, which again is
c ( - . n n { r ct e d t o a n a ( : t . u , rt i n g r i n g , B y
Lnr:ning t-his; ac:tu,lting ring erll varres of'
o r r r r s t a g e w j l .l b e t u r n e C . T h o s e a c . L u a t -i, n g r i n g s c r n r e t : i m t : s, . r e . u j - f . d - i r ; i , ; o n
;lngs;-Th-e
ectlrar fiA .i"s.;=
lr""r*E-up
i,o acLu.ll,or ler,'er or to a bel..lcranl<
r . r ljr c h c a n b e r e r p o : ; i t . i - o n , : c l b y h y c i r a r : l i c
a c f - u a t o r s . F ' r . r e li s ; t h e l y d r a u l _ i c f . L u i C
;rrrrlLhc'acl-uati.on is cont-rolled by t.he
n r . irr r e n r ; i r r e f u e l < : o n 1 : r o l u
. nit-. 'llhe varii l l r l r ' r r " , * r o : ;c - a n b e t : u t : n c r . li n L c a n y 1 ; o s i t .i o r r b e t w , = r : nf u l l
closet-l and ful. I open.
ko Le
Lat t:t / t + ,
:0(...
( c ',*, -,/:t
(to,-t -
(. !'r.".
.-'--u
'r'' - ; '4'' 4-
. o-.
'i: -
(c'Yd?r/
SL'" !^'''':*'+
r.)-,t4-*"
( A'n
l.j'ot.'
4'oCcL.-,, a a,;,*J
? ('.
l,^-l-'l\
-t '- i-
ergu'o
4-._e \>
PAGE:$11
I
PowerPlant
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71 - BO
(r!
r,:nce.:
Wd Nepat
PowerFlant
ffiJfunrnes
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71- BO
LEVE|IARM
I
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3n7
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LEGEI.ID:
I . A C T U A T O FG T ' I D E
?. CLEVIS
3. PU]iHROD
4 . R O D E N )8 [ A R I ] \ G
5 . A C T U A T O RL E V E R
MOUNT
6 . A C T U A I O RL E ! ' E R
7 . F E E D E A ( ] K3 E L L C R , , 6 . N K
8 . N C T U A T O RB R ^ C K C I
9.ACIUATOR
fl
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tt.o.^.8*"F4
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f U I , C O N T R O I .U N I T
CrT - CoilPRESSoR.
tNrT TEHpEe,rrun
STATOfI
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ACTUATOR
pecE:5G
71 - 80
pli(iE::52
lPowerPlant
cxne,
fiJl\
coirril-essor
l,lateri a I s
'71 --
8,C)
Compressor
E;a
I anr:
lng
i . i , t te r i . , r l s ; r r c c i r c s e n t . o r t l r < : i r f a l : . i g u c
'i'lrr,:
b;rlancing of a (:omlrresscr t:c,cc.: or
r : c : r I s t _ ; u ) c e p r - i . : 1 r e r ! i r : s . r L t _ h c :p l : e s : ; u r t - t s
i r n s r e I l . e r i s a n e x . t r e r m e . l yi m p o r i : e n : d ) p e _
. t r r . c it e t i l i ) . . l r . 1L u r : e s _ i n v o L v c < l . I . i g i r L n r y 5 5
611d rat:iorr in it.s manufercture. In vte;
clf
l-hc poss j.bi 1ii-i, ,1; ingesti<_:rr darrlacle
rnust
the,hi.gh roLatj-onal speeds and t;:=:rass;
also bc L.aken in:_o ,:rccount.
o f m a t . e r l . a l : ; , a n y u r r b a . L a n , : ec o u l i
;::.fec;t
( - r ' r r fr - i f r r r r a l r r r r p e il.. t - r s , t r c
usua_i.Lynta<lo
t l r e r c ,t _ a t : i n r l a s s c m b l y b e a r i n g s a : l . t - L ) l tc f l r e l u r n i r : . i u r n a . L l o y f o r g i n g . ,
etrgine oSrertrtion. Be.Iancing of t:-1.=:,-e
,rl t_hcrroir the inIet.
l;ection
mav be of
oarLs is af::ected on a s,pr:ciaI ba.r:::.cirrs
steel
rnaclrine
'l'!r'-r
r,:to:
. r n t l s i - _ ; L t o r .b. L . r d : s o f a n a x i . a _ 1 ,
( r r n u - \ l ' r r : - l : ; ( )1l 1:l - ( t t . r : : u ; t I1 1 , I r n l t r t f
lCt:Ufed _{.fOrrt
a l r r r r r i r rj r r n . - t L k > y , s t - e , e l o r t . , i t - - a n - i u r n ,
clcl.on'i i ncl uron
ti-re I oca{-ittn and maxinrum
r.rorkin.g i:errlrerature
of tirr: blades.
Hcrw_
ni.'e):, or-l solntr' enginc,s,
ca::bon or glas;s
i i.hre conrp():ji l-: n at:e,ri;rl s nta.y also
be
u : . . . r l . i l c r b l , r r l c s i n t h e c o r > . 1 - e . rp a r t s
cf
l "l l ' '
i.()flpI
r:'5:;() t- .
( , s ;: i ( . ) l - ( : a : j t - r t q s a r i _ . u : ; r . t a 1 _ 1 1 ,
tnagttesiuilt
"-)rrll)I
o r , . r l . r r a ri n i r r r r a L J o y a t L l r e f r r > r r L .
anrl
sfrr':i in tltt: r(,ar, and nral.br:
Lincrl rvit.i.r
i)olse ar)sorl)ent: nrater:ial.
l-'-,
3t,'t'
J-:'
l-' -',,u.a
L:.;,)-',u,a
{
Lu'lv
,/)
n'^.ta*ur 1 ,. D t: ,i
L
l;dc',r( J<
-(,u,,f, I
I
y,l-,o,
;-
. -"':r.i
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'-li '
,'.r-e'. r.,'
-.2'
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a1 .21 ?
<?\
l.1t- '-
z'
, : l
,., ^
( !
{'"
,,1: ,t i
/,-a>\
r.,9- i, I ,w.- , 7
ra
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3 -.
'.'/ t c. -)-
i ''^ -<
L, -, .l; a:-,,:.,
t: f .i-"-u'+"
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pnce:66
PowerPlant
cxae,
[f[
ntc
IJIIIL,I 5UI
'l'lrc
air
Cnnl-lnrr
JULLIUII
Dt I I - U S I RC A S t
l.t:av.irrq; ari
axial
<:orrr1>ressor
71 - BO
rrrv
w!L.r
rugr.
A I R B L E EPDO R T S
Thg
i: f f usron process
is assist.ed
bv t-he
coit)'rresscr ex i L. gtridr: vanes which are
Iccaced
inrnrediatelv
behrnC
the last.
s'.a'ge of
Lre
the
ccmpressor.
case
ciifuser
iq
and
tiia
cornbined.
c:qe
On some enqines
case for the
On others
l-lre
trrlit-colF
! 'r \,a
4'Y
,r-
('i'*1
r-'-< ,\
?yS:
F.*
-
L"v*
C--.-b-
!. L';3'i
t,',-.; 7r^:,
t (,
,i,,r,1.
irlr-l'loor{
t1 L I U.i.UUtr
locaccd
bet.weeri tlre
=u:9T!-:=:,.
> udg:>
r F
r(t
Fh^
LllE
'r
t - _i o2h- -
lo.*' and
hiqli
Dres-
or at 4gc{3:93!9rfraq
r _
itrro _
^, _- ln p f
gSSO,r
turbj-ncs
t o c o m f ) r e g s 1 ; ! 1 r 1i 1 1 r 1 h
air
that
is bled from the
engine.
The penal:y
for arr
C.aken ir-cn
the engine before
the air
goes to tlte
burners
is a loss
irr tlirus t_ and drr rrrcrease
in the specifi-c
fueL con:,,_r:l)[lon
(sFc).
fu va
r
yn rr sa vr rsr.:rr C
ColllpfeS:jOr-
SUfge-'J'hiS
overboard bleed,
is called
and must. not
be confus"ffimoved
fronr
tlte eng:-ne to perforin service
functions.
Iiot, high-pressure
air taken at the diffuser is usecl Lo.tccorilPlish ncc-decl:;crvice funcLions strch as antj.-icing
tht:
engine nose cone, tlre inleL duct, and
Che compressor inlet
guide vanes, dethe wings of tlre aircraf t, he.rt-j.ng
icing
the air and maintaining
its pressure in
Elre cabin or cockpit,
startj.ng
other
enginesr and sirnilar tasks.
PowerPlant
T;,
cFLAP:
ATA 7'-T* [JlJ
USTIO]\ CIIAI,IBIIi:
i"'""
II
I
I
t 1on' Iiect'f,iho
Conrbus
'l'ltr: arnount oi
f uel adiled Lo ti,{r "': : ,i j !L
--del:enJ r.rpon Lire max!.puLm l:ernpera::i:,?-rl-se
t.lons.
*d Delive.r thd hot gases to the Eurbine
sectiotr.
: , s v
Nepal
il9
',rrrrrrey
PcwerPlant
cHae,
[J[
71 - B0
crrcrilating
gases h3sten t_heburning
cf
I r : . . ' s ; llry i . n j r l s l c d f r , - - - I
<
j
r
o
p
l
e
t
s
t
.
r
y
ii; t- ir...lr tlr,'. c'rr'.riltrt(-.)t;t;)rn:tSor
ritpidly itringing
ell::Crs;
them to ignitron
ter,,r_
f l ; r : . - - ; , 1 ; i i , 1 1i s, ,tn c : i . ) . t r n i _ , r , t . - l ;
al- a vr:LoCit-y up:
poraturc.
Fuel is sprayed in a conj-cal
t r : l . ( l ( ) f e e f , p c l - : ; r : c : r a r ' l, l - . r ;1
[ecause
form through burners
at
into the center of
t-iti s vi:loc j l_y f lre a i.r speecl
tlte recirculating
is f ar too
a
i
r
.
i t i , , : i t f - e r C o r r d . r r : : 1i r._ , . r r ,t : i : e f j . r s t
t'lr!rrg
1'lris act.ion, together with
the generaJl - i r , - r r l : l t , - r : l r , r r n l - r e rr n r i s : t l c i s
Irrrhrtlence in the primary
to <iiifuse
z
o
ne , grea t11,
it.
i.o.
r i | r . . , , 1 r , r : , . r l ri,t , r r r r i y n . i , s r _ ,
a:;:.i.sts in br:e.:kirrg up
iLs
t
h
e
fr.reI anrl mj.z_
r:l rl ir.' i)l r'::SutJ!,
IIta,-1gr.,
Llfr-r .S[reCfl Of
rrrg .iL v/itjll thc. incorning
air.
1 . " - : . ri r_r-g: r k e r o s i n e a t n o r n r a l m i x t u r e
r \ r r .e . l . e c t r j - c s p a r k f r o r n
in igniter
plug
r'.1t . :r.s i s c.n1y .t Iew f c,et per second
i-nitiat.es conrlcustion and
,
the flame is
tirv f ue L I i L even iri tire dif f used
tlren selfsustainecl .
air
: : I ! - r - , t u r . r i r ri . i r r r r t r vl r ; r s ; : r , r - . l . o cti1 ,
The temperature
of about
of the combustj-on ga.ses
!' , f ee tr !.el: seeoncl rr,ould
,
be blown away .
released by the combusbion
zone ir'"i"ra
A r:rqi,on of lLr\./.aXi.iI velocity
I,800 to. 2,000 deg.C.
has
which is far too
,
i-i,.,:f,.ao lc lre creaLed in the chamber,
hot for entry to the
nozzle guia" vanes
s t r i i r . r t L i r e f l c r m e r , r i _ l . lr e m a i n a l i g h t
of the turblne.
The ai-r not useO fo.
t _ i r r o r ; q h o ' . r Lt i r l : r a n c t e o . f e n g i n e o p e r a t i n g
cornbustion, which amounts
about 75 per
C ' ^ 1 , : j { :j r r n 3 .
cent of the total
a
i
r
f
l
o
w
.
is ilrerefore
I ; : i : - ' r t i t a l ( ) 1 r L - r - , -j .t ct :. i i , f _ i r r . O v e r a l l
introduced
air:/
progrressi.veJ-y into the
flame
jlrt;',i rir_ ic. ol d i:.,.lul.rrl:11..:r:t)
t:ube. Al..,proximaLely hali
clt;rnr[g.; gu1
of this is used
' , ' . 1r ' r : i , . e l - r . , ' e e r rz .5l : I d n c j . 3 0 :
to lower the gas temperature
1 - Kerosine,
before it
l l q r ' . . , ' - . . ' ; r 1l -v,i l . j i _ , rLl r - l r r r r - r r r - , f f i . r : . j
e
nters Lhe turbine
c.rrt-.ly .-rt,
and the other lralf is
.-1- ;)1rc.r l_r), il r,-tiit>
ol, l5:1,
used for cooling
:;o t_hl
the walls of ilre flame
,':r.'l :ii I i. lr,, lrr-n-l.rt.ri
rviitlr ortly. l)art o,:
f"ube. Cornbustiorr should
be complel_r.:rl
r .i ) . 1 . t 1 r - L : n t r . r L - i n g f . l t e
<:lr,rilrltcr in an area
before t.he dilut.ion
air enters-the
flame
. . r l t : , - ' l r i s r , . ai . L e C . r p r i _ n r . i r v c o l r r i : . . r s t i - o n
tnbe, otherwise the incoming
a
i
r
w
i
l
l
: ( r l t r i . i ' l ri _ s i : ; , r c i t i , t v c r l l t ) , r n e a n . so f
cool thc f l-ame and incompteie
a
c
l
r
r
:
b
r
l
s fi.o n
i . l . ' r r r r , t: u L r r : ( c i : ; n b u st i o n I i n c r )
w i . l . _ Ir e s u l - { - .
t_hat has
j
v,rr cus devices f cr nret,eriug t--ire
Tlre des j gn of a conrlcustion
airf low
chanJ:er anrl
, l i . s t r j . b t r L . i - o ra
r long tl-,e clranrher.
t-ire lnet,hod of aclcling
the fuel m.rv vary
, \ : . r - . r - c - . > : i m a - . .2: L5 y p e r c e n t o f t . h e a i r
considerably,
but the airflow
oistribu_
; i ) , r { : s i l l . o r . ri s t a l < e n i n b y t h e e n t r y
tion usecl to effect
sec_
a
n
d
m
a
i
n
t
a
i
n
1 -t o n . I r n r i e C i a l _ e l y d o w n s i - r e a m
cornbustion is always very
of cne
s
i
m
i
l
a
r
to
=/i*r)' sccE.ron are s,,.rtrl-vanes, through
t . h at d e s c r i b e d .
''ririch
air passes in t.o tlre primary
r - c n r b u s tj . o n z o n e . T h e s w j . r l i n g
F L A I ' ISET A B I L I S A T I O N
air indu_
.es a f j.ow upstream of the center
of
t-ire fianre tube and prornot-es the desired
r.cLrculatiorr.
The ajr ncL picked up by
i"lrc entrl' section flows in[o the
VANES
annular.
..r,;l(:e bcLt.recrr t.lr,.l flarrrc tube and
the air
4c, n
-l'lr
C r _ r i t r [L_i'0t itS
t [tt-0clt:;s
s : :
l . y r ,
n a a !
rrtus ii
r.j jacent
the
to
^ -
r/
r,'.rl. I of
tl.re f Iarne t.ube body !r,a,/
tire conli.rr_lstiop zone,
are a \-*_
,r4
J\
N.
T N T R YS E C T I O N
PA.Ga:7.1
$d
Et9
Nepat
r F)la ml:
$)cplle
Airline:;
csAP:
ATI\
A I R iL O r ,TJi l l l 0 t J GAr I
I 0f.{CHAt'iBI
fl
cL}'13US'i-
**'7+{
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f\TrrrTrnt.r
L,,ILJI
iUIl
7nfrtr
LLJI!L
A I R T L O IT. JH R O L I G
AH
C0IlBUS
I 0TN C l ' , A l ' 1 B E R
loxi:
to:( .n
'J,^...,n
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IT--='
\\ [-*
a.trf
r).
,t-ol
.)
iloL
- ' lt * *
OILUTTOX]'OTAL
ccoLlf{c
1'oTr\L
Itx.
,f 1 -'i3cl
pnce:TZ
'\M Nepal
PowerPlant
-WAirlines
' l l r r ' l t - r t r ,L
r ii)n t).l t lrc: t:onrlrusl-i.orr sr-'ct'.i<_trr
i r r r i i r e c l - - 1 i ' b , r l - t " ' r : r - t l tt i r r - ' c o m p r g - : _ s S f - i 11 . i . 1 _
rir.l tu::::ine sectrons.'l'he
combustion
orru,'sud coaxial ry
;;;i-';;"
. . , ' i t i r t - l r o c" ;c; ) n r" ri ;l rt .{ -r "s ; s ( ) i _ t . r . r r b i n c
5eqardlll9
irr
lvlrr',
t:illt,'
,'t Fitrcrtrllt-[lorv
t . l t r : r : l t a l r r l l C f S n t t t : ; t - -b r :
]r..1;i''ir.n
to
frtrrcl:j<tn
r'lliu:i,'l)t-.1 \'.
,.qa3r_nq
0ofr-'1r,'ired
inrleri
71 - B0
cxne,
flJff
i('::-; ('l'
Lin'-l
Eype
type.
t i r . r - , : , r l - r r c i . rr r c n L - 1 - y t l r r c e l - r a s i r : t
' , - ' : i : i . . i . r s t l o cnh a n r i : e r s , v a r i a
r at ito nt os n s w L L i t i n
r l - - l. . c a v c s L l r c c l i f i : u s e r : v a n e s . I L i s t l r t : r - r
a sinrple matter to duct the air frcn the
diffrrser
into the respective
combusticn
r-hamherqv r r q r r r v v r
r r
CAiI-TYPECOi\iBUSTION
CHAI.itsER
-\
/'.:
r|
Ar7:ndori
r:rii:llw
1,4b.n?4'
arortnd
Lhg
_rL
'qt.
'
'
l-i \. Y'J'n
FUL MAI'JIT'Ji.D
\\.-.
rI7
.'
\' 'r.!,
i\\: \
P
II
CO}'EUJTION
CH^'.I BER
Arl c^Slfrc
OAAIN TU}
\
,*,r^.J**r-*
fUEL HANIfOLO
it'-e I nS +q
r t.7lrcct'
s;n c--,1;* , 6';''a
P"'2
., t L: ls#t-,*,
grl t't lh '" cl'ltLae)
'7,
or*
SE Nepat
PowelrPlanl:
cune,
[Jf\
,f1-.i30
encascs
liner.
the frc,nt
or
COI'IBUSTII]N
. BIJRNTRCAN
CHAI'18[.R
F'".ei t;l{' v o L*'*
swtRL VANt,5;
,/,t.i;;-
h.ru
f L A . ' 1 T U B E
AIR Cl\StNr3
FLARE
7z/ .-
O I L U T I O N l t f ; ,F I C ' ! : :
ela**F-+ai__
\J\
c=::...-
{s'@
ta
ga
\
ffi
t"JF*-
:}!\r
EidA.=
t-\.- ''
I
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II
BURNER
5t A L t r J c R I F i G
P R I I l A R ' TZ O N E
IIJTERCONNECTOR
CC}RRLIGA].ED
.IoINT
j
' l
PowerPlant
cHae'
[J[
Can-Anrru
iar conttlrrst
ion Charnber F u e l D r a l f l s g e
71 - BO
"ttaiE.:.?,
lrowerPlant
cnap,
AiJ'l\ 7'1 - tiO
--------'l
- A I { N_UA R
CAN
rlN cllAt'18[
c0l'lBU:;Ti
R
I
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I
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-tr,
.-i'---1
-F*
;;:t
F U E L D R A I N M A I ' I I F O L DJ ,
t}URNEIICANS
I---t,btCshtu
[c^ ^u
/
'l'"L" '
'lTt'rvt't-c'
C|*
F L A I 4 [T U B I S I J P P O R T
COI4BUS
OTNI CHAI"18
ER
OU'I-LETDUCT (Noz
zlr )
pacE:25
NePat
$l
Efuntnes
PowerPtant
cHee'[J[
7i-BO
FLAI'IE
TUBE
BURNIRCAN
INTERCONNECTOR
FUTLNOZZLE
C I N T I RT U B E
It(t j
iffiit
\
AI RFLOI.'
OUTLETDUCT
CENTER
TUBE
Ccrnbuslron Atr
Metol Coofing Arr
Gos Cmhng Arr
lrAGl=-'.'77
Elg-trNeP'at
illJfuntr,e:;
l]ower Planll
c,rAP:
ATA ;r1 -'i3O
CAN-ANNULIIR
C O I ' I B U S T IC
OH
NA I ' I B E R
;()xi
7 .f/fi,,^n,,y,ft,-C*' kl,)
h,'!,toul:1
1'
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t;'
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,/
FOLDT
1-_1
IFUILMAN
v)at
OIJTLET
CAN-ANflULr\R
COI'1I}USI'I
ON CI{AMBER
I N N E RC A S ; I N G
OUTEF:
CASI i\G
;:
1'&eNepal
Airlines
pnce:ZE
PowerPlant
t.
cxae,[J[
71 - BO
1\NNULAR
COIIBUST
i ON
CHAI'IBER
ffi
N-$;$l\\
Ili\,!\ \"1"i
1Ill
[F]
f,iljljjj
V,tt,jlJtllli
'Wi:,i/
OUTERLINTR
INNTRLINER
Aii nularCombustlon
Chamber
'_this
type
of
%
anrru_tar
in
of
.i@,="sr.e
t
combustior
form-l-ijlfEE-ii
chamber consists
complerely
coriEarrEii in
.tni,"r
a.,
p . r r c vi < : t r s . l . y. e s c r i b c < i ,
tlre clrarrrbcr
.t-lr,rL
l>r:ing open at Lhe front
to t.ire compres_
sor and at- the r.ear to the
turbine
nozzLes.
'l'lre
rnairr.rdvarrtage of tite annular
ch.rm_
ber is t.hac, for the same power
output,
t-lre length of the charnbe.
i o o r ,I y 7 5 p e r :
c c r r t _o f t h . r t o f . a t u r b o _ a n n u l a r
systern
for: an engine of the same di.rmcter,
re_
srrlting in considerably
saving of weiqht
and prodrrction cosE. Another
advafrtage
is tlrat,because interconnecLors
are not
rcquired,
the propagation
of conrbusLion
is improved.
tnct: Z!)
$d
Nep'at
Planl:
Pclurerr
'
cxae,
[Jl,
ANNULAR
ilts]-fort
CHAI'IBER
t;rt('b
'/ -:--- -- Pr e'z'7a
,/
-1
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FIVD
FUIL N CZZ I . I
AfttlS I . JRi L V A I ] I S
-t7-lBO
pnce:go
',W Nepal
xqt
PowerPlant
llirlines
cxne,[J[
r . i , ' l l B U S T i L0 INN E i IC 0 0 L
,;)y,,"%
./
^oo#
coouN6 An
RING
STACKED
urlnrbr.rster
Lirters
'rlr".,'onLaining
walls
and
internal
parts
r - .I
it,:at-resisLing
as
rnat.erials
the
an
wall
inner
insulation
avaj.l.able
of
the
frcm
the
are
continuously
film
which
air
combustion
('rrrers
each rin9
Lhrough closell'spaced
, ' i t - t - r n r rrf. r - c . nt : i a l . h o L o s ;.
'I'lr,'
c r . r t t t l r r t : :i t :- r t t c l r a r r r l r c r l ; r r s t - a l . s o w i l : l t : ; t - . ' r r r i . l( - ' ( ) l - r - r ) si r > r r d u e t o L h e p r o c l t r c l - s o f
r ' ' r r r r l ' r r r i: o; ln: , c r e e p
f ail ure due to tempt-'r . r F l t 1 6u
nj rr . ru; l] ri nl n F, -r u S ,
, , 'i i r r a L i o n a l
-*J
anO
st.resses.
Olle
tO
tl
71 - BO
n(;: ti1
PclwelrPlant,
c*,nr,
[T[
7'1--E\O
I l i t S l r 1 : ' r r . . : ; s u ) : er a l _ i o e n c ; i n r , . s
E.eltd i::)
p r o d u c e r x i l a r r ts s m o k e ; r t . L a k e _ o f
f ::on _
di ti.ons . Ttr:-s i_ndicate:; that ce.rb<::;
particles; are l:eing fot:merj
in ove::__rir:::
regrons c,f the primary zone in
ccr__::i_
tlons of Iovr turbulencet
i
t
t
.
high l_:utprl_.
,
.rat.ure and pre:jsure. Howe\/er,
smcicr
:reprosents ern alm,lst ne,gl:Lgi.cle
lc" s _L:,
t:oncustion erff:icir:ncy cf
- _ e s : st h , a n O . _ ]
I)er cent.
r-ttrrorl
Combust
Ion S,!abl
I lt)/
Cornirustion stal:j_J_j.ty means smooth
t>ur.n_ing a.nC,the abilj.ty
of the f lane t:o
remai-n al_Lght over a wi<le ,rperatinc.
For an.,, ptrrticular
ty,pe of combustl.on
chambe:: ther:
is both. a ri<:h and a we;rk
Iimit,.t:o t:.he air,/fue1 r;Lti<>, .ceyond
which l:he f Iitme is extj-rrgu:-sh,:d.
An
e-xLinct-iorr il; mrtst likely
L o t > g t : L l rr n
flight
durincl a glide or dj.ve wrL.h
the
enqine idlinq,
rvhen there i.s tr h.iqh air_
flow and only 6 small fuel flow,
i.,3. a
very weak rnir:tu::e ,strength.
The range of air:,/fr:el raLic bertween
the
ri-ch and weak. li.mii:s .ls reducerd
with an
increase of air ve.Loc:Lty, and
if the air
ntass flow is incrrease(l b{3yond
a c:ert:ai:r
value,
f larne e.rt j.nctic)n occurs . pl
t.ypical stability
J . o o g >i s i l l - u s t r . a t e r d .
'Ihe
operat_Lng ranger derfined by the
sta_
bility
Loolt must otrvious_Ly,:over th
requirerl a:_r,/fueI ratios
anrl mass flow
of tire <:oml>ustion charrbel .
Art/FUEt. RAlr-to
:rm/r
lr
(i
\T
4\
r0o/t
I
ST/\BLE
I
EbI J
-<,?,i;
t4o
)r
f
t-50
:41
t-!:rc
PowerPlant
cune,
[J[
71 - 80
T
I IiJRBINE
t10/_7.t-t_GUI i]E vAilts
D t Ii v i l l cOf'l l 'l l t5 s0 l 1
IVIN ACCtSSO
II
IIS
thar.
is,
the
nuntirrlr of
compressor
size
accessories,
and a
g
e
a
r
s
i
t
s
r
e
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
if
tlrc
I)r()l)cIlc'r:,rnd
.'rr<1
type.
i nt' is a t.urbo-propel.ler
pnct-;8.i
Nepat
Wl
tfAirijnes
Po'werPlant
cxr,n'1\Jl, 71 -'l3O
INE
SiAG:TJRB
STATOR
NOZZLEGU
VANTS
STATOF
NOZZLE
t10T0R
VANES
.-t
t:=
.-,
>v'.
I
I
--_J
ope::at-e in-
ripnnnrion
, _ . d- tD, "n o n d
l*nr .r -, ^n ^
f l rr
':F
t (fnr:
i-lro
r-actri rF,npc
l-q
bi: conrrect ed
/1na
^
of
:n^fhor
enn i ne
t-ho
f lre
.ln
nr'
. , v
r a r \ ' ,
COWSf
Flro
m:rz
L o c l - r ff e r e n t
anll
fu qrr rv r h i
i na
t r q : r . r I rl Yl ,
l.-"'^
rldvg
s ; l i a l -t . s .
v a r i e s ; w : -t h t h e
compr:ss j-on rat.ic,
Fr.'^
Lwu
high
arrd low
prr:ssitre
lrinlr
l-rr'-rrrcc
r:t-iO
^F - Fr->r.q!(-5,
d
. i v t lr lrgi n n
u rt a
,Cn
cornpress;or,s.
F:n
enOi
nes;
t]faE
lrielr:n,i
Fnrninc
Iar.r nraq.:llra
frinlr.-q1166
F
q q rr t! /rr fr r
r ri - n
J ,r r q
Ott
fhrrq
Sr;ln4
,nlt:81+
ff
Nepat
PowerPlant
ffArnrnes
cunn,
[J[
71 - B0
GASILOIi
STATOR
Pi]TSSURE
TEI'IPTRATU
RE
VELOC
I TY
Gasflorvthroughthe Turblne
/is qases leave the comb.tstion section
'rnd frow Lirrough the turbine,
the follo'"ring events occur' -Pressure
-d-tgp.L
t'-tfiot"
ti'ite
rotptt-1]-j
.g.:j-Lo-
99lS!!lfe
TurbineTypes
The design of the nozzLe guide vane and
turbine
brade passages is based broadry
on aerodynamic consi-derat,ions,
ancl t.o
obtain optimum efficiency
compatible
v.lithcompreSsorandcombustiondesign,
rh. .orrio
q.,ii.
.,r?,.,es
ano turuins
:19:,_:-.cl"lr!=-9ee:11:,,:9,
=?Ti
t l . . : : s - : y - l|:
! 9 . _. ry-g1.qr o
d _ c 1 r5.3y. f l - g _ c r : _ . : . I _ L e '\,
:.1:''.9!..-9;x^L!"aq-!.i"q.L.lr9p^ql1e__b.-o_r*-9n:.9:_..py
o;rch turbine
st.age.
-/
FfowerPlilnt
7'1 - 80
cx,ae'
[][[
Ir i tl rrl r/ unl JrUrI c o
-l-rrrlr
I nrt
ILll
ulllL,
i i r t - . l r t : i r r r r ; u I s c t t r r - - b . i - r r rlth e
i . ' , ) n \ . ' ! ] r - . 1 ' r r t r .E i r , . , :i r t L e l - a : e a
I I ' I P U L SiE
U R Bi I ' I EI I O T S R
nr,:z.zlc is
l;, rrrrjr
beinc
-f nr
!f q: _ L U _
-
i n
rerirrni
'rn
F
.
- .h. e
Lurbi.ne
\\
./,
tr\
't
.. ..
l\
.'i;'
i\tN74ti;
(
- . 11
KtGt-i
/h"/ /uu
ir.t"l-
.| I /-'l
i5
-t
V.t
,. r.\
)'t. tr
- . .11'
i
?LL{
>.
-----t
Reac
t I on Turb l nr:
I n t i r . : r e a c l - i . o n t u , r b i n e t - l . r et c r b i - ; t e
: , - ; : . : . . 1' a ! , r i r r r a r . . yI r' r i r c- i o : r j . s t o c ij r . t t r , . t
l _ l ) r ' r J . l : i C . sc l t t . l r C :p f < t 1 t r : r . , r n 1)1_ r : r r i l t . o _ _ _ t . l r c
t - L r r l , l 1 1 1r9o L c r b _ l a d e s . . , I ' h r : n c z z l e h a . s i a
coltst_ar)t cross-s;ec1:ion f.Low arear
err-d
gases flow t.hrough the rlozzLe wit.h r.el,r_
t-rveIy constant prossrlre-. |:tDpgracur.e,
. - r r r <vi e l o c i t y .
The c:ros;.;-:;ectional flow
d L - c c - oi f t i . r , t r o t c r
i - s s ; r n a - L I e .a
r i the ai:;_
RTACTI O N ST I J RIBN E R O T O I l
l'r""'
t//.
/'/'/:
,4.,'/
/./,,,
:--S=li/i:"
:,,','?,,
,
:---: \,=7',2,,
l/'
,/,//
-l-.\ - -- -__-.
---\t / /r/,/n ,r'l
\\
_
oi--,r.,at'
rilE?;7
Qc .
[m't ,/r I
0 o'/.
t oo
l)n..t(, .*.
'/.
l7ya1ialse
I
I
I
I
_ii,-'oirr/
'-\ - $itV:.1,,
',.'l
rq'd I .
'j';p
,,.
pacE:8 5
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PowerPlant
s:ffiAirlines
cxae'
[J[
YELOCITY
SIArlC PRSSURE
FiESSUiE
- - -- vtocrrY
FROI,I IOOT
71 - B0
DECREAJII
IXCITASEJ
TO TIP
AcRossr.tozzLs
[t*--n
]tffi
i I I xrl
^"o
Jl-r*r,,,rr,
I r I VILOITYUXIFOiH
"''"
i'+Lil"*^"
i llo*ENrERtNc
-_JE &
iii'
L,,z I g'ti \.
!r
("t
o!Rtcnol't
oF frow
oIRECITON
Ot
ROTATION
STAGGERAI9GLE
TvrlstedBi ades
Tip Sprccd
!a1p
\t
/
F'
/\
Hub Speed
:->/UH're
l--_---
.--1------------>y'
t/
+
I
Enginr
Arir
r*ce: EZ
l- -.6. I
$Z
Nepizl
FrowerPlant
crrne'
['f'p,
Errer-!ry'fransfeif'rom(iasFlow
to Turb I net
'l'lrrr t-r.trl,li.nr:
dcPerrds f or it:s ,>F'eraLjon
()tt l-irc [-r';rnl;fe:: oI errer'gy bet-wr:en Lltr:
e o r r r b u : ;r i . c ) n ( l a s r : s . r 1 d L f , e t : u ! l : i n e . l ' h j s
--0tl
t r'-rnr;l:cr.iS
riei,'Ei
1,,er Le:rf br:causr:
rrl. the:rrnodyr:amic and nrechani,:aI Iosses,
but Llre nrorr: Lhoroughly'it:
is accompL i s i r r : r l,
s l , 1 : e l : lr - : r s o , - , r i d r v i ii c i i , d t i . n " . r ; , t t ( l m p e r . r t , ! l r e , i s . a b o l r L 2 , 0 r ) 0 f e e t 5 r e r s e r : o n c .l
Ar-. t-he same t iflle i:he gas f lovr i:; g.Lverr
.r " :1.;,1n* _S! _lt4ri{.1 " tl_!h_q,-_d:._re::_li-er-_cf
r(r! .rtron o_f
_:l1c *r]:,rb14e__bladers. The
roritue or tllljl]:ir-q -poi_{_g-f
-qppf i.e0. -!o Ehe
t ttr-iri t)L: .is.
(lo.V.liorlr::ci--by."-tlte
-,/1-'80
SatrrltI c :
'l'frr
L r ' , s S t : s' . v h i . c h l r r t : v e n t L l r e : u r i t i : - r , :
frcm Lreing 100 pc)r cenL ef f j-c: e:rrt: --tr(,
r i t r c t c , a n u n r b e r c rt ) : e a s o n s . A : - i u : . : , r l .
Lhree- st;rge turbi ne would strf i= r a ) ,',
per cent lo.ss becau:;e cf attr:oi"-':r;rr,:-c
losses in the tur.bine blacle:;- I i:u: t lti.l.
4,5 per c:en.! lossr w<>uIl be j.ncu.rr:e.-ll.r;
aerodynanric losse,s :-n ihe nozr-'ir: c::rcie
vanes, gars Leakage c>ver the rc:r)r. cl;rj..
and exhalrst system l_osses; t:he<i: i:ss;es
a r e o f a p r p r o x i m a t e L l r s r l t l aI
.inq.
5:rrc=r>r.t'Il'rr:l:ota1
l _ r > s s e s r r : s ; u l -t i n a . n = , , t i . . r . t )
: f f i c i r : n c ' y < > L .3 2 p . - , r . c ( 3 n t -
ii
ii
l.
tr,.'
t'-r;r'..1
r-rr: tluv,,: IQpcrl.,l-r.> .*911
;11 t-l.e erj r_,p_Utnp
ing
t :1;tn1-'o1t9
en g c- -of -90, 0 00
|,1g- r ",s:,
iI! __Ll
] g___f
: ; l r . rl l t
horsel>c,wer .
,,;W Nepal
FowerPlant
'esry/4irlines
7.1- BO
,n
TS
c0r'1P0t{[N
_ l.(Ll*Z;:T;3
SIIAFTS
=zDISKS
SEALS.<
BLADES
I NLET N O Z Z L G
E U I D EV A N E S
llt**t.^
TI ru rr r hv r ri r n
o
v
STATORS
q, - 4 v I
HOUSiNG
Function
' l ' lr c t u r b i n e a s s e m . b l y c o n s i s t s o f t u o
I'he Lurbine nozzles have t
.
'i..asic
after
the combustion chamber has
elemenLs, t.he stator and Lhe rotor, oFirst,
introduced
the heat energy into
the
,rc riops thp comoressor unit.
mass airflow
and delivered
it evenly
to the turbine
nozzLes, it becomes the
Or-^+^job of the- nozzles to" prepare.--the-mass
JLdLUI
a i r f I o w f o r d r i v irr-q. -!lr_e-__t*Uf_b
i,n_e.._r_o-!*q
I .
The stator
element _Ls_k3gyq_by_e_ v-er1g_!y T h e s t a t . i o n a r v v a n e s o f E h e t u r b i n e
!i_1aqes, of which turbine noz7\e vq-n-es, n o z z l e s a r e c l . r t o u r e d a n d s e t a s s u c h a n
the most com!9]f1ng*gglqg*rgl*er_jre
angle that they form a number of small
rrrcnly used. The turbi-ne nozzle vanes are nozzles discharging the gas
at extremely
I o c a t e,I d i r e_9!._r.y._g
!.t o -f* ! [e_ .9_qnt*-U*s_!lg
?
high speed : thus,
n9_z*z}_e_e-_o-n_verts_-a-!!e
charnbers and immediately forward of the
varying
p_orJion-of*the
heat and pre,s.ggfg
-"-***-'-'"
f r r r b i f . e , _w h e e l .
4
e-::::?
ncrd\/
n
r.r o l *-n ,
r._ f:y
:
i 1-t/, . I!e-rgy- j{.1}c_n*can-.-then
be conve r ted to_ meqf-4nic-al_e-ge-fgy
t h r-o. . ,u+ q
h the rotor blades.
'
P,rCe89
\
WU Nepizt
Plant
Frcrwer
cunn,
[J[
7'1 '- i0
I U R BI N E S I A G E :
5TAT0R/tioT0R
(F --l-,
:\rr4
\
\
\
\
a'
<('
\
\
rl
ti
I'z-
\\
'-41=.
-'-.4
"[*
Comp
resltor-TurbI ne IIatcfri ng
I f t h e r f , t q y ! l - r r o q S , h- ! h ? n o z z : I e c l u i r : : :
var.es-.is tg,c.-.1ow, t.hen a back pr-ess..:!e
m-qf
r.r1 f 1^:r t 'rart
i^^ j --.
of
the
Lu::bi-wo9ld caltse lhe compresior
Lo -stal.l*,'
'i-.n.,-.i;;..; lil;; ;; ;; ;;l;.',=.,i:5+err'
.surge. A tor: higlr f .Low would c;ruse th_e
rurbir,er,iri. noC;a;Fid,;ii.iii ne,;i_
cornpr:ssor_bo _cJrcrke-,In eithrer c:onrjj. _
efficj.ency.
I f t h e a r e a i s ; t o o r ; l n a- llnl ,o X o
t j-ons a los.s of ef f:_cir:ncy u'ou.Lit vr::-iz
the nc,zzle vril.- h-tve a-Eeid.rtcy to
r-:nidlrr
nn^"a1{_! 9ge__
rri =t T h e f l . o w c h , a r a c t . e r r i : ; t i , : s o f ' t h e t u . r i : i - n r :
ef t.t e.4fr?y*qtd 91 ;9 1111,i''l=
operating
cc)nd.r-ti,rns. tfre t;;:tit.t.-l;;rl; "
must Lre r/ery carrfu.LIy matctred vrj-th
area is defi.necl a.s t.he t.otaI cr()ss.-sectltcse of t.hr' comtr)re!tso.c t.O obt.aj.n Eire
t ional a.ea oi tfu--h"".tlS.*-l**rages
t
n a x i m u , me f f i c i e n c y
trnd performrlrice of
-----------.-.-_lint thrcluqh the
. r t t l r e i r n a r r o v , e s t , p '_--:-----l
Llie engine.
t,urbine nozz,Ie., I L. is caIcuI irte?f-b\Zturc.r:;ur1ng and ardd.irrg t.lre are;rs t:etrveen
individuaL
n o z z z L e c t u l d e v a n e s ;.
'Ilre ar:ea
of
thr=_turbire
n c > z z _ L e si s
the
PAGe:9O
\W Nepal
FowerPlant
{Airlines
cxap'
ATA' 71 - B0
I U I D TV A N I S
I N L E I N O Z Z LG
I N S T A L L A T I O NSTATORVANE
VAIIES
I UIDE
I I I L E TN O Z Z LG
i NSTALLATiON
):'.
'@
->
-\-Z
'4
/-^^
+,'
t^
nn
LUII5LI ULLIUII
' T ' l r ev a n e s o f t h e
LrSSembIed
tg
t@
betWe--
Fl-ro nrrl-or...l
,;t,rouolo; ;dss-rn-iG;,;.r'
Al.Lhough the
acluaI
elements
inne1.
* ffL.
may ,vary
:; I i.ehr ly in q!9rl---cgl!:.99.*,!!el--e"9
::(\v!rl:rr
war'1>i ng
o.ll t-ltc
in to
oos i. t i on .
Scrrne 'lrr'i\rrj
lnu!il'- lf I
Porrver,FEeint
EE
('A:c,l
NoLzL S
r ^JTE:R.s-r4a7
s.AL
lloNcY cogb
\ir,
\N
( Oa)t,NC
uNrtOtO
,,-.---\/id:i t!_:i._.'_-t
tlter:ef c,r:e, e.:,tlr::
shr:ouc ;inq
qzrtf,r arri-q
--:---_:-:-::-,
rir
!_qr,t.iLe_.,aL e.xpansI,>n ;
: : : - - ; . , . r i t t J f i - i r-er : ci -r ,r *: ir, ,,:i_,
j.= ,;-in;;
rririi
-*-:-:,:.*.--l$
Ll lc
s . i t ' r , e , i : :.
Se gtne:r :.:
-r -- F: q q
'I'lre
:r
r.i:
Ft
...-.-ril9
Oi
tl)C
rv
-ro'.,,:. L I i
ui', t-
Vctt1t.S.
j srnrolvnirr
I CIi.I
i I N:;TAI_LAT
-t
l
I
Nepat
yIu)E:92
Powerplant
T''rrrnes
cxae:
{l{
Z1 - 80
S I N G LS
E T A GTI U R B I N T
sltttouoEOTlPs
BEARING.IOURruAI
S I D EP L A T E
\i
Rotor
'fiie
If..f
rotor
element- of
. rhe rE
the
Funct 1on
turbine
section
:A
ffi
F I R T R E ES L O I S
i-
for
the
rhe is!__sases-lserllqs_lh-e*tl:!.]:g
q9z-?-+.g
o
h
r
e..
-Lq
l
r';,
i;'!'j,
rFrne
ffi;=
l i;
".d
"i;Ld
; "".t-;i;;
: r-sg_q.!_r-qoatrn":"1;lrnr"""]=_*i*r=*ssplli_
:_..
;:.;::*"SiL:""iffi
tusar loads o'l--!"9:1rp11",rrg91.,--.9rd
?t-_q"'.'"
lempera_
'+-*rs''r!--E.igE:-.-ryg_##a.
jlffiil;*h
, i.".'g!t,
e-.
*g.t*etre_-T-q_i'e!-S".
;;;.q,en r Jy ,
-t;;;"iJ.u,u,u,.
;;;
:Y":o
be .::7:::,
";':
conrrorrecr
ro il;"-#;iiJ"ji"llir.",
----^"s
within
safe
limi
vl
ts.-.-
PnCe:9')
P'owerP'lant
f
(.1-nnr-
.r J/Atri:
cxre,l{J'[ 71 -'80
Tr
lUl(UIi\l:
r'/i')YJ'-iv
lldL,AJ$.,,fi
ffi/;*'It
't$ry-#r(
2=:-:
i
I
i
C onstruct
lcn
turblne cll sk
i : a n r a < : l t i r . r c fdo r g i n c _ y
slr;rft or w.Lth a f langer
to whj-ch the shaft. may
ber b<>lt,:d- The
dj_sk also has ar,rund its per:irneter
pro_
visi-on for the aLtachment.
of tire.:url:ine
blades.
The disl<: rim :-s
to the hot gases
rn;;;;;;;;=..=i:I!.999d
Jerrrrr9 Ltlroucln t:ite blades and aU:;oriF
-heal:E.
-EF"
c o n.onETde
r a5f e
om
*=i;
" ";=
t rom Che tufbine
h I , r t oc F , , ,
conou9!.ion. Hence, <ilslil-i_m
telnperatu.re:;
nornally
ar,.. hj_gh and r,rei.La.cove Llie
t e r n p e r a t u r e : ; o f t _ l r e r n o r : t :t : e m ( ) t . e
inner
portion ,cf r:he disk. A:i
a re jjult of
Lhese ternpe::ature grad.ient:s,
tlr:rmal
:ttresses ar() a,icel to tllc
rot:JcionlI
t
: i t .r c s s o s
I
@-F
;fi, *r="=r="rojtffi'
'"
,I
UA
-1.
JA.
, \
b.ieel
o j. l_::,:
Another rner:ho,l of
r:el.Leving th,e tiier..:.,1
s - u r e s s e s ;o f U r e d i s k : - s
i-ncidenCill t;:
bI,rde inst;rllation.
A se.:ies cf cyro:..,es
or noiches,
c < : n f , c r n : i . n c rt o t . h e b l ; r c i e
ro<tt Cesigrr , trre broac:heci
i:r t.he -riil cf
t h i : d i s k . T , h e s ; eg r o o v e s
erttitch t.r.e i:L:r_
bi-ne blaCes to the
di.sk, an<l at. the sa:ri:
trnre ripa:e is provi,ied
by, tire ,rotchrrs
for. t.herrnal expansion
of ther d.i.sk. Sui_
f.icient
r:learancer e:<j-sts bet:yet:n
the
clade ro<>L and tl-re
notch to pet:mrt ffic).re_
tnent- crf Lhe turbi.ne
bl,ade wh.en the di s,il
.t.s cold. Du-ring engj_ne
operatic>n, ).yD,ar)_
:;ron c f the disk decreilses
tf,u .f ,r.,.o,r.,"
ilh i s caus;es t.h,eblacle r:oo.t.
to f rt
t-rglrtly in t-ire disk
rinr.
'1iffi
PAaEgt+
Nepal
PowerPlant
ffiEilAirlines
71 - BO
cxee:
[J[
; I I i i I I I N I B L A D EF I R
i i . ] 5I A L L A TI O N
S I I R O U DTTU
DI I I J I NUI L A D T S
-/\
(t
v/\
\ L O C KT A P F I XI N G
D i dUU5
'i'rrr:i>.i.ne
)-.Lades may be
either
forgecl
SHROUDID
TURBINEBLADES
or
c ' . i : ; _ t , ,d e p e n d i n g o n t h e c o m p o s i t i o n
of
r irc .-iIloys. Most !,kides are precious_
SHROUD
KNIFE
in
ho:r.i
nd
^h
+L\^
mL^
L r . r g rr i -r u l s^ ^_^ ^pJe e o . T
h e _t 'r f,r : i- r- - t r!e e ' ,
f ixing
is used in the majority
of gas turbine
, ' r i gi n e s . T h i s t y p e d f f i x i n g i n v o l v e s
!'cry accurat.e machining
to ensure that
ilrt-. Ioading is shared blr aII the ser_
: - - rt i o n s . T h e b l a d e i s f r e e i n t h e d e r _
r.tl_'.ionswhen the turbine
is st,ationary
.rnd is stiffened
in the root by centri_
l - r r r 1 , ' r ij . o a d i n g w h c n t h e t u r b i - n e i s r o t a _
i 'rrr;.
'l'ir('l)1.-rdes
are retained
in their respec_
i i.ve grooves by a variety
R I V E TF I X I N G
of methods;
r : r ) i l r { ,L ) f : t l r t . m o r : e : c o i u r n o n - i j n e a ; f e * l o - k t r l , l : ;l r r c l r i v r : t i n g
l ' i r . - ' s t -t u r b i n e s
a r e d p e - 5 ra_t- ; " "t h" "e" ; o u t e r
l ' r ' r . i n r ( t)- q r o f t . h e b l a d e . r
;
s t . r - - o n c lt y p e c a I I e O
s
h
r
o
u
d
e
d
t
u
r
bine
lttre
-ul-3*9-"*i,]g:^-314J:p:*9*re!--,cre*-+-c-9er-trj:.gs
is somet.imes used.
s
h
r
o
u
d
e
d
t
u
r
bine
ft'i"
I i g h t e : r s t a g q W e _ . i g h t s ;- o n
. and permits
,follL.l b,llrl
lrlades,
in ef fect,
afq-und
-Lhe other
hgng,. ".i t -Hrn-i-ts- t.ur*b:lne_speecl
--'--=**------tllades.
t'lrt'.orrtcr perimirt"t--of= tneI";;i;"
a
n
c
l
r
e
q
u
i
r
*
r
*
o
i
u
'fltis
l-inn
.....'..^..'.__--;*.*64e'G+'*'';
r r l r r . r lL .
l:x"'!i"l} "
irnpr-oves
ef f iciency
.****l,+-j$i.-**
% : . .
drre to'
- .
"r'
\Wl Ne,oa,r
EEEilA irlines
n*et9l)
ProwerPlant
cuan'
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j/1 -,t]{l
rl 'nr) I Arr
I ur\D I l\[
/i
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,<
(.
A.
\i
ta
/J,
\
\
\
l10us i ric,
Slrafts
II
I
Unrcin^
I rv JJ i I I\..t
'&
Nepat
PowerPlant
i r*{Airlines
ir
cxne'[f[ 4-80
l:,, _t'1':,111
ugel! !_o-qces
1,.,I r''it rI r; (_. o f _!_r q I r t_qqp g I q g_r=95,_
!
_L3_{_
r]ntsL ,_()p(a.l-q!
L._c !or;g !-9___!c1llp-q-!qlgrc
:*it-!it,-1!i:relt=q-Lb-a_E--qh.e--!_l-:\le-_s_Ll_el"chesor
'ih j"s condirion
is cumulative,
_::"1?::l:1,.
' 1 , . l - , t t { r( ) [ c r e c . p b e i n g
d e t e r m . i n e r lb y
I ii,'
I ' r ; r . l i r ; t p . i t : . ; c tol n
tirt:
t - u : : bj . n e a n d
: j r , . i r i ; t . l ro f t l i e b l . . r d e , w h i c h i s
: ' ' : : r , r . lb v L h e t - e n p e r a t u r e w i t h i n
Lhe
deter_
the
I 'lli';i;ro.
'i'ir-ir
inc tii:;ks, Iike turbine blades,
' i . t ' l ' , r L t :f o r . r
s.etisfactory
Iength of
r . . , r . r - ! : i i : q1 - i f e w i t l - r o u t r e a c h i n g t h e e n d
L\i til,- r;sefuI cr:eep l.ife of the material
.
, \ t r r , i n { ' t - ( \ , 1 , i (it. n t - r r r - l r i l l ( o, r r L r y t c 6 p c r A _
iur.,.' !nLrst be accolnpanied by appropiate
t r ) , ' r ' { ' (: ;1r . s .j _ n n t a t e r i . a . L L l r i c k n e s s , a n d a n
'.fl'l,.;1-1yn5;q.
oI= t-he cooling
airflow.
; r 1 . . t ' r t - : tm c n t i o n o f s o m e o f t h e p o i n t s
t'.-ll.,c consiciered in conneciion
with
t ' r r - i ti _ n e b l . a d e d e s i g n w i l l
give an idea
i > l - 'f - i r e i m p o r t a n c e o f t i - r e t u r b i n e
entry
I,'li[)el-ature of these contponents.f^&e_
- I ' I , l : , . i , ' = _ , _ * y " ! . ! t ol *o9- r i n g r e d - i r o t ,
muse be
, ! f-lrrl,l _er'to*uqh tma
f
1T,ir,,_9ss__t_o_.re-!_ati"il;i:fiil-=pe"eil]
l.,l ;rcirr I els h 1-1js__9rll-y**-Ltto
ou nc e s..--ryay*-e)<
ej I
a"-v-er
-!.wo t,o1.s-e.-t lop *gpe.eq,-1l_q
l.-Lt-'e'J--cf-..
_
i I irrust
L,[,s_tapd.
!L^
, i ' i ; i a h a ' t -n r i t s C - ? r s ob e r e s i s r , a n r . r o c o r -
T
lllr; iol anci c,xidizgg"n
lr) sp i l_e of aIl Lhese demands, Lhe blacles
rnrrsr- be made in q maLeLial*-.th-at*_can_-be
,r c'c rr r,-r t c,I y*_f-O;6mqd_an-el_.ma c h i n e d
..by_,-cg f 5 e n t
i r rr.r r r rl - , 1 ct - u
. r i n g r n t :h - h o c l s
l'/.'{illl'-t}'tt
PowerPlant
cH/\P:
,ATA
T U I TI B
NT I]I.ADI:
C R I E PC I I A t t A I ] I I. ISI tTI (
'ZI -'l3Ct
l r J t i iIJr , l I l ] l - A i r t
CRiTICAA
L RIAS
---
tl***C.
oorttrot
rr^\o*t,
TI,
\ D T O U T L EP
TR t : ; S U R I :
,/i
1=;==
it
-flr|
'';',;:,"
\
I \\
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B L I \ D EI l l L i l P 1 1S: S t I F :
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PowerPlant
71 - BO
orne,[J[
I
\
0r,7rn
2N O.STAG E
VANE
rn
ttJ
nozzl_q -g,u,i<i-e--vanss
t'ir,: iurbine
: . 1 - r , i , . q i ''r r--r e r : n o S e d - - . t o - - t h e m o s t
-e
Y :
-:-jjl
": r . : i : i \ . r r . . 1 t - r l l - r . . -:
:l_'"1:: -,-'.'
f6
nornri
l'
f lro
and
rotgr
sevefe
Frrr[ineS
l-O
in the aclvanced
High pressure turbines
L^^L-.^l
^^,,
k;
^Lr
l-rrrrrrcc
Frrrlrnf:
a I1,_e -[!g!-ne 5/
p_a
g
n__by
s
g
y,
r
r
r
nn
o
ro
Ee c
:*Lqf_Po_!
^u n
n. : r . _
! s6Lr t F q
u r i r h l - - . qi 1 t . Y . , _ , .. Y ! i
f- Lrc) 'm
r )/ .ar ,: r. rtA^. fL sl lr ri -oJs. . .
r'L
in
l.he.
a
! ! rF
^ vt r:ui ' e
re iont
r-ooling
vvv
creaqed
i no
ooeraf
tffmneral-llres
are
en-.
f es qfq
r:i,--f,itocls of
hardware.
tur-'bine
]-T-;--"-^"-"'r__r
c
o
o
l l . nI g- ; " ; F tC ) t { U; 9_ h _ g_g l n _
r il ir.'lrI)' OeSI9n,
pla{e*..q1,qEaI
cg-111-r,tered,
to l-ransfer: r . ) l - , : r L r r r pe a r L s w a s l i m i t e d
r i r r r r c r f _ _ l 1 g 4 r -[ r o r r t . . f r i , g h . ! . e n ] p q J q - t l I e
' r rr l r i n r - r l ) a r ! . j i - t e I o q r t c : m p e r a t u r e p a r t s
i " ' ' ( : , r n ( l u c L L - g > -w
! ! i, r i L c a i r c o o l j - n g w a s
r ig!!-q,i_!_"_.!Igwine
cggl-..?.iI across tlre
Tfti;'
:.r.:.'of t-he turbine iotoi
disk;:
l' .r'o- n t - t - ^
Y.:.-
IorrpI
I'hree 'forms
q..equa!.
of
air
to
coq
.thgSe
O.f,..,-un-
tl.tO:-ld.^An'G.g.
n:lg!y-*S-5.
":$-g.L
dependinq on the level
combinations,
-gE_S.e_=!*e-qtp-9-f-aturesto which they are
'rl,ll:.,,-_q_(1v_qIrc_e_q.!glpifr_"__1i_t*lgglilg_. s u b j e c t e d .
i,.chnol.oqv utili.zes
ltollow
ii.!;rzle vanes and blades.'
turbine
in
lr-
tylcE:,ig
rcoe. r',
Bgtr Nep,al
PoutelrPl;ant:
cuap,
ATA . 171-' i30
A;'."'-.11--,".
o,
il lflI
l,l-
tl
ll:l1lril
!-
l,;1
lll
r"it
iil
.1[r,
_J
lt
lil .
1{r
T
1,1
\l
=::-
TURB
INI:
il
l-,iil1
J-*lll
T=1s,
li/t""
v
(--'
)-,
*;*-
I t 0 T 0 l lB I - A D I S
i;ilir.I
ll i
lr'
ti
T7-*
pAGE:100
@ NePal
rllirlines
PowerPlant
cxae:
[J[
C O O L TTDU R IBI { E
NOZZLT
G i J I D EV A I I I
( a ; u Livct.t,tl
9gfg!_t&!__C_o_o_l1ns
Cooling air flows inside in the turbine
vane or blade t_hrough serpentine paths
.rnd cxj-ts through the bl-ade tip or
through holes in the trailing
edge. This
form of cootring is limlted to blades and
..'anes in the area
of lower gas tempera_
Lures.
I m p l n g e n i eC
no
t otln q ( h " u )
)
Fl lm Cooilnq
is
conc.e_rned
ch
ro4ls--"qgg.
each local
a r e a o f"i t h e
airfoil
is establishcd
by tlre pattern
of Cllo ltolcs.
Filrn cooling
r c _ , r l u c t _ . sp e a k m e t a l
tempera_
cooling
air
over
lrd tmflg
Tfg_sraaien rs*,-CrleicUy
:tft
maKrng ',he use of higheitri6TiE
inter
tc mpel.aEu
p"r siur-e,'nd i;-#ie rp.
r_e .u"9
p r o v i d e f o r g r e a t"rer thrust.-to_r+eiqht
ratios and, ovcrall, more.aircrafi.
efficicncy
from the fuel_to_energy con_
version
process.
,-*Lt
CL*z cf'
t lq 'fii., )-
V" trt t
COOLED
TURBINE
BLADT
7:l - BO
. rnGt:: '101
Wtr Nep,al
trry/4irline:;
Planl:
Florruelr
cxnn,
f\l'[.
C O O L I iT] U RIBN E
NOI:ZLii-G
I DJ E V A N I .
-rl
rl
-1
UR3INS
I LADE
C O O L ET: D
I
+i
-/-{'q-
ll
,l J:t
Il
-.-lt:
tl t
4t
1'-l'-'{3t3
,zr<k
,
#r*l
-zF-
Jal
ill
''$g#'
#y/
=-
I - ( l 0 N V t C T I 0rNt 0 0 L I N G
ffc
? l: :tl!! I NcEI4[NT':'CO0t.l
3 - f : I L i 4C O O L I N G
;tX
pnce:102
,:MlNepat
PowerPlant
*B*Wr4irlines
cxne'[J[
7tl - 80
N O Z Z LG
E U i D EV A N T S
m^rtlNo
IOGE
OIMPtES
I6IH SIACE
A I RI N
l'i.AILING
:v\rC
5tOI5
TURBINTBLADE
CCOLED
s a u E A L r Rr t PH o r E
[lEr
l--,*,..,*c
HOtEs
EDc
sEclroN
A-A
Et/\0t
P L AI F O R M
f------
'z=
s A LI I P
(aorHStDES)
S L A D S N A N K
D O v T At l
SERRAIIONS
ta'
A I R F O I TA I R t N t E I I I O L E S
PJIGiE:10''
lrovuerPlant
cxno,
[Tl\
71 -- 8i0
AFT FAN
AIR ]NLF]' Y
)/
N O Z Z L E ( ; U I O EV A N E S
nvGsTAGt:
,'l
:iINGLE-'iAGi:- J:Ari
T}VO.5T^GI:
H I G H P R E S S U RTEU R B I N
Aft FanConflguratlon
O n a f ; r n e l n gi n e , w h e r . e L h e f a n i s a f t
(rear) rhountr:d, the b'lacles forming thel
fan pre:serrL an ,rddition;rl
t,hermal problem- 'llhis; is btlcduse Lfre <>ut,,:r portic>n
*W Nepal
PowerPlant
4 irlines
cxan,
[J[
71 - B0
tt99.
Exhaus't
Section
'['lrc
,tttt.ttLtJ
^!e!'i!F
)L!uLJ
rnd
center
exhaust
I
Turblne Exhaust
't'lrrrexlraust
cone
exlrtrust qases di
converts
r::::::::TiFffi*1'.'
them into
It consists
of
an inner cone,
a n o u t e r -sf h e l l o r d u c l - ,
ft?u6-"r
our radial
ri-oirowstruts or-ffissary
_.nu
support.ing
the
inner
cone from
ru.Ls in
the outer
\twz Nepal
EEErA irline>s
P'owerPlant
;f'l -'i30
cxae,
l\J[
[.Xl'IAUST
TUREi IN
.1
i-
CXHALJS
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',e8.5
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i,
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pace:1o5
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B-WAirlines
PowerPlant
cxae,
[J[
71 - BO
EXIIAUST
g
(s.5-paoss
U
STRUT
T U R B I NeEx H a u i r
CASE
B E A R I N GH O U S I N G
T U R B I N EE X H A U S T
D U C TA N D F A I R I N G
B@4NePat
4Arrltnes
FowerPlant
I N I : ;xr^Gt
F A NE N G
t x H A ' . J S Tt ' t o z i L t
A-th:---
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fg$fllfqF
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l*.t
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-.*<=-__
S U p p O R TS p C ) K E 5
X E RC H UI ES
(Jll
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lSlllv
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t : u r b o f a n e n g i n e l m ' l sL a c c o n t o d at e : : l > i h
[ h e p r i r n a r y t u : : b i n c c lj - s c h a r r g { ] q ; : ' ( f S ' J I } t l
t-ltc cocl bypass ar rl:l.or^'tltro':tJlr Llrl
r : x h , t u s t . s y s t : e m,
On fronE f,4tr-q.1gf!93, t.hg hoE q='';rt:':i
se:.rraLiilt
air stt:earns -alqJi:hausEed
t:<:'a
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Lirt'
l-,,ro streeunsi to e ject. LtL--C-!rno:9-tL!!'j:L'r
nr:
tur:b'r
tire
airlt l.p-!{,ju-ttl:-9sl-by-p!rss
s-. Tl t t: Lrvo -f !..qws -SSLL''-'
tl i s q hargc:"--g"..t*ae:ornbined by a mix.er. un Lt, !'-hl9!l gllot'r-s
rtt'
gnl-rl g-o-"-Eht: - t il :r-Lr':-EFE*6!F *o,ti
{IF,-!
t'::t
-f-Io!r rI-r a--rnal'}rler----L-!rei
fr {*,l-t;rrs
!:t
sy siE,cn r i r;-p-lo1:1!9:l-
.r i .'Cifigglgcl
s ';i---3!ry[-tl I c f a n 35!rJ]
nri>,:.
-==-
PAGE:103
@ Nepat
PowerPlant
prf,Airlines
cHne'
[J[
c?l^'
71 - BO
DRIVE
GTARBOX
-(i
ACCTSSORY
GEARBOX
l' 6e,-r,rc tw'
t2-1t ,
Accessorles 4. trt*r^^r,.
r\ccessories for ;^tttr{1rfi?
2 { e c +;c.l
6 0r.,...1"
Cl*t'/*rzt
tXFrf"', .un
Accessorles
Alrbleed-Drlven
From gas r.urbines high pressure a:.r is
teadily available
for driving aircrafc
accessories by means of air motors or
air Lurbines.
Compressor discharge air
at high pressure and Eemperature is bleo
from the engine through Ilorts proviclr:d
f.or t.his purpose . The air is ducted as
srre-h.
a Source of porver for operating
hyCrauunits,
items as g:!-conditioning
reverser actuators
lic pumps, and thrust
as--tie.ll' as various mechanical actu.rtors
within
the airplane.
Air for cockpi[ or
fyechanlcal
ly DrlvenAccessorles ;;':1,";;:;T:;'il: ::"i::"":;::::::,.
The other
method of
driving
accessories
^r
aI ^5 tu- .y, ,u, .r^e- ^c^ u r su
r - a- d i r c t , m e c h a n i - c a l
drj.ve operated by gearing-Tioil'tne
T
g ! g I _ F ,g e n e r a t o r s ( a l t . e r n a t o r s )] I E
i-*'-;'-,'
w.r t e.r
[ ) u i l t l _ ) : i,
Tire amount of
air
avai-tlUte
for
driving
t'nut-:'l( t')
Wfg Niepta!
eryAirlines
PovuerPlant
cune,
flJfi
71 - i3O
I;;;ffi;-
'}dFT
cD^'P'{ssca\rnrvr
*#L;-]1
ril}
I
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i
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------l
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;-j"".JJ\
[.,-'=* **oo', \.
,l
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E"*u.;
t(*
it1'r,'10N\,.tt\r''j
'rl_; v ""'TiL!,1"
lI ')44,:1i(-t\S!.\1,,^
------ ,22
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t.l(!Y(ff*\S"l'r'...g*rr
,,.=,
r;#AA,r'
1
r.?r..,.
tze$.$,,
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i
cr'\\=2'::;S;.'.sdI<(J\i,(D
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I lfrT,/r,
I ;i!ti-"\1
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purrap
CE^lrntFUG.AL
o r LF T L T E R
TLTRBTNE
FTEVERSER
M E c H A , N I c . A Lo R l v E
r,Nrr r)Rrvpr'o
I
I
.'_
______J
PowerPlant
cHae,
[J[
71 r BO
Gt-Atiu
0x
(r--cr
e\
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bL {EUUX
CASII'JG
Ar,{ G L t /Il N
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4Cc-crs n V.s z"re 6\'+tcLc-)
hz-z-n-Jec't
h'.fle 4eqt
JJ
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/,'tot
h,
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botc
r\,
REAR
\
COMPRE
sso8
CASE
(2 PLACES}
SUPPORT
LINK
ANGL
GEAREOX
I
I
trncrll1,1
L
r.C,4,-
NmZTlVepail
.:-F
tl
tlEtTAirlines
F=*
o-
PourerPlant
*rn,e'1\J[ 71 - E0
__-__
--l
FATLBE*.NG__--I
\i{ffr(r
fur#sgy11z6nln
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Plant
Frowcil"
4funtles
71 - {30
:Hne:
l\J,[
--\I
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r i rn nt u r ; I N :r;A r-'\
. Lil
I,tI\r)N
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lh*{ll',, I
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i "6s'cr
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o______\5
I
i
r
--*
NMI/'w*Vii/
f
^-llL:.1,j
\*',/
_[
oulenI \
RE_rArNrNG
ni
trt
I
I
/oi*,
I
,
l,,^
<1,-rr'r'"1
J
uEAritNc.rounru,qL
I
r 1 t 1 ' p i c a I b a I l , - o r : , rr o, l I e r
bearing"a.s-e . l
sembly includes : a.,.br:aring suipport ;1hgqrs.rng,'whir:h must lte s;t:r>ngIy const::ucted
(rnd supD()rted in orcier to carr)' tire
radial
and axial
lo;rds of the.'r:apj-dl.y
rotatrng
rotoru.
The - b,nI I or rsJ-iLer.r",..lrcar:in,E.i. s,,.J:i LLed
j.riLor.Lhe bearing . hor,rsing .and.-mary hav,a "
ar'sel.E-a:l-'ig.oing,=fea.t;ure' If a trear-in,;
is self-aIi'lning,
iL i:; u,sually seratr:d
rn a :;phe:ri,:al ring,
tirus allor.'incJ the
slraft. a <:er:ain amount. of radial
srovr:n r c ' r . r rt v- i C h o u r : t r a n s r n i t t i . n g
stress
t.o l:lre
be.rring j.nnt:r race.
Tlre bearj.ng su:rface is usrrally prc,vi<led
by a nrhchrined journal. on the apprcpr:Late
s h n f t . T h L et > e a : : i n g i s u s u a l l . y l o c k e d i n
l ' ( r l ; i l i o n l r y . t : i t . r . r r l : : l r . r p r r : ; i , r rogr, o t . l r t - . r
: ; t ri t - ; r l r l 1 I t > c : k t. ti < 1r l t v i c c .
t'-:-L/
Thr: rctor
s;ha::t ,lIso p,a91ridr"s -_:-e =atchinrJ sarfacer for the oil :;ea.Ls .:: t::-.e
b e a r i ; r g h o u , s i n g . T h e s e m ; r c hi n e d : : u : j i i c e : s
arr: c,alled lands ani f it;;=*;.
;;;=
t o ! h 1 : . q i . f . ._ q p l l , , a l t h c u g t r n r r L = : . : , _ : a _ . 1 _ v
l-ntrchina
^^^,.evvLr4r,
res;ul:.
s.
::li-.jA.L
I ' A G [ : 11 / 1
FowerPlant
bxen:
[J[
{ I 11 ! ] I I ' l GI N S T A L L A T I O N
NOI T
NUI4BERS
REFERTO EXPLODED
VI E I .O
I NT H EL E F TP A GE
71 - B0
V#
lPowerIPilant
Niep,al
Ei9Airlines
r:xae,
fifff
71 '- X)
S e aI s
h'cusingutual'Ly91nta!"1o1'!
rhc trear'iw1
seatii t-o Prgvcnttl'e oi[ Lutt'i4g lrs'mi'W
r r , ) r ' l t , - t J 1 : r ; . r l : l ct l I - l ' I t : t u '
?f
Q, Vr* 4+.{,, -
I { G A i I D SI A L S
F A R I i I GI I C l I JI S
';UI.1P VFIJI
a'L-u.-c M*l
' 4i.r
tc^i
LoiOh.
'lt n t
/ ili
hct. tJ {v-l
Lttca
f.-l
It_
_..---/\
, ^ ' , r' l
1(.
:
\l
\-L
\\','_.
:-!
OIL JEI
-a \ , /
\\ \):
\\\
N).,
:r''-[
)
l1l
)
al
1C,PPt
t"/ !
rxl'
2l
'{,
\::., -i
il ii\l+
{t.i}
t":\
- :"
jit,iil
t_
cAvrTYr)R^ltl
0 8 . , \ l tI
L--f;t
c.
uril-.:-tl .
.\rt\n
Lcl I UUt I
a\^
OC;C I
A r : o t - - l r e rt - y n e o f o i L s e a l u s ; c d c : ; : s { ) : : , { )
o I t i r e ] , . a t -r' f c n q li . t t r : s i . s t i r c l c r r r . i : c ' n s e , l !
' l ' l r e s c s r : ( : r L s< f r e r - l r ; t i ( - r i . l ys ,p' r i - n , : \ o ; - : r . i , : ' )
and arc sirnil.ar: irt nrateria.l. airr! a[:!;1i'-:;.l - . i O n t : O t - _ h , :c a r l ' r - r n l t : - r r S | 1 p s 1 - 1 c , : r i i n e l , : C i :triiI r i c ; , L l r o t , : r : : : . ( l . r r l r o r r s r - ' aI s ; r , : : ; i
":r'-ta
sea-i-e'j
ar srtt'I'a<:e .prr:vi<lt:cl to crcat-e,l
q1roid;
t h ' . t s , t - - h , e< > i I
br:'ari ng cavit-y
i . : ; l r r r : v c r t t - : ' : d f ' r r . r t r t . l e a k j . n 9 4 ; t i t : . ; r l c 1 1 1 ' 7l - l t r '
: ; l r a l " t - i . n l t ' r t ' . l t r : ( . : c ) t r t l ' ' r c i s c l r i , i . r f ) ' . < ' , ut ' r '
f . l , e t r " r r i r i r t , - .s o c t . i o r t .
AW Nepal
flAirlines
prwe:116
PowerPfant
cxae,
[f[
L A B Y R I N ISHE A L
SEAL TOOTH
K N I F EE D G E
CARBONSEAL
h<u rt ef f eolrz.
w d L
\ccersrr4 \e*n %ox'
qvA L)Q^:e. *"*^p Ays V4-,tl V4*1
- f\tsl
urc.t)
C A R B O NS E A L
S E A LR I N G S
B E A R I N GS E A L
SEAT
S E A LR I N GH O L D E R
71 - B0
amEl118
PowerPlant
, 3E Nepal
tu##ryAirlines
^-
!- trl^
tjL;,r\tl\U
crrae,,
fiffi
I NLG
AN
T /I C O O
S E A LP R E : J S U R I ZO
RESSOR
C()I'1P
AIR
Bearlngt-oollng
bearin<J is the mos;t
The extraust turbine
poi.nt in a gas tltrlubr:ic;rting
criticerl
bine engine bectluse of ::he high tenrpe-Enginesjlr
raLure norma:.ly presentcoc>lcoolincl is us;ed in addiLiol't to oil
;;;--t#G;',;;i.hE
rrrY
. 1 - -
u.rr,
!ss5--..)
ep,*t'
--5r'-
-_
th. G-
p_!n_e.
reThe use: of cool.Lng air s;ubr;tantially
t
(
)
t
r
e
c
e
s
s
a
r
y
'
o
j
I
o
f
q
u
t
r
n
t
.
l
t
y
t
t
r
e
duces
provider adequate coolinqJ o.[ t'he bea'rings '
ir,
71 - BO
Nepal
lirlines
PowerPlant
cxan,
[f[
SQUTEZE
FILM BEARING
ro 8tAI|NG
t u E r t c Ar r o N
-
EtArrNc
ourtR rAct
S E AL
A S S E M8 L Y
71 - 80
Squeeze
Fl lm Bearlnq
ftto
UNDERRACECOOLING
P,cEi 11?
PonrerPlant
cxre'flf,fi. 71.- 8Ct
ReclulrenrenIs
for
-[urblne
Englne
I rrFrrl
r.nn{-o
LUUI
IL,dIILJ
ilhcilnno
nF
racinrrrn:f
^i n. r g
nrOtJ.OO
tlte IuLrrir:a[,ion prob]em:; a:re Iess cornpIe:< irr the Eurbine eng l-ne tiran in thet
rtrr-inrnr-.r.-in,r
cnoine.
B{}catlqe
ctF .-c'r-ioror-,ef ino
r r r o l -i o n
qonr-tr
nf
thg
nIuS
tfbt.lre
I /.A
J,;.. o?t -
4'f ,L^d'.sro.
PAGE:12O
{M Nepat
.
PowerPlant
Airlines
qrnp,ATA 71 - BO
i i r t f ' o d U Cl ot n
Oi.l irr a gas Lurbine er)glne serves the
and Iubricating
i - J r . i r p o s eo f c o o l i n g
the
b c a r i n g s . A p r e s s u r e o r I slls.lcrn*ssEr.l gs
trtr-
oi
I
r i i r o evl L
- I uu r I
F^
Fl-l
L r l e_points
vv
where it
i:; nccdcd. Tlrcse are Cire cornliessor
ancl
l ' r r r : i : i . n eb e a r i r r g s a n d U r e a c c e s s o r y d r i v e
:;iraIt, bearings in turbojet
and turbofan
t'ngi.ncs, and, additionally,
the propelIer shaft bearings,
the reduction
gear_
i.ttg,
tl"
t
o
r
q
u
.
t
n
e
t
.
r
i
t
r
turboprop
".nd
"
The fY@totE
-cl)g-r-!e'
gcnerally
used is known as a calibrated
s)'stenr because b_qq\_,bcgdlg_ hai its_oil
The following
component descriptions
in_
clude most of those found in the various
turbojet
lubrication
systems. However,
since engine oiI systems vary somewhat
according
t.o engine model and manufac_
;
turer,
not- all of these components will
necessarj.ly be found in any one sysLem.
,
-,4<---
orifice
which
Lruw ar arr
Fl^"
-f
pr-\'irloc
Fha nr^^ar
engrne operating
-l1
^-^i-
-^L:--
---
oiI
--
speeds.
bTne engines
are
equi
wi
f n e e n q r - n e.
The lubrication
system shown is representative of turbine engines using a
dr-v-sumpsystem. The lubricat,ion systern
is of a self-contained. high-pressure
design. f t consj-strs-of the eress-ure,
'-s c a v e n g e , aa n c ll b rreeaqQl tgl le _ r s u b s y s t e m s .
rfr"E--gr
e'-9v uleqjegplLe
si'g4:!glb-q
rh-E;of r,-----.
r.o-t.he,;;ef;;*
onrIEnp.
rr is
connected to the inlet side of the pressure oil pump and completes the oil
flow
c 1 ' c l e . 4 b r e _ s q h e _ r- s y s t e m i s c o n n e c t i n g
the inclividual
uear:ing -orpEitm-enti,
iir"
-_
oil
tank and the accessory qeaibox.
P/l'GE:121
L ,i.u).
Sgtr NePat
PowerPlant
1i
EFAirline9
GR,r\V
I'Ly_ftLt=-^
7"1- 80
CHAP:
ATA
q l l . Q T YX - I 4 T R
t N G I N i .G I : A R B 0 i
P R E S S U fR: iEL I -
t:iv/rrl
Z.-V.
i::.iA l-llR
P U I ' I Pi N L i : TF i L T I F :
v-'|
i,:rrlil
R II*TELL[R
anrnriie
L-*'
PRES;S
URE
IIEL1TF
PRISSLIRE
PUIIIP;.
(crnnIYPE)
v'
:;iAliltlc:;
OTHER,
FR0l4
'!IALVE'
FILTER
BYPASS
o 1'.k:7v"-t
Q:l l*p
, - : t!:u * k
t
(,acc ri/n-l
ql,lI Tn !
FUEL/O
L1
H T A ]I)ICHANGTR
lreu^t ntn 1-'r"-tn^
0l [' TIll4P.iBU[BJ,
Locu'D;
])-^<.
V { 5 b7 t , * r t.ef;\
P"t--'
Ca7 | Ja-
O IL P R E S S
;
X-MIR
t' t,
<" -
C HI P D I i T E C T t ;
Qnrrrn
Llw
O I L P R I S S5 NI T C I I
.$
BE/\RTNGS
I0 0Tr-rER
BIIARI NGIIOUS
I NG
7l
CafoJP'{1,t'l' ,>
SCAVENGE
PUI'IP
( GEROTOR
TYPE.}
"'dENepat
pAcE:
12a
PowerPlant
E*tAirlines
cxne,
[f[
71- BO
TANK
DEAERA
IOR ASSEMELY
L{OUNTIN6
0l I Tank
mounted on the
tank is usually
Tlre oil
unit or
engine and maY be a seParite
gearbox' In allpart of an external
to allow
=1'=t"*t it must have provision
and drainedl
the st'stem to be filled
t9
@dipsrick
be
t
o
c
o
n
t
e
n
t
s
s
Y
s
t
e
m
a r - r o w6 o i I
-Tiei
t
lre r t he
e
oT
.Ler-cAn
c he cicc'd;-Therfil
type
ing
i
1l
; on
q riliTt:t-;r
Prcssure f
strrire r-'ttgit'tt? s ,
bo t-h t-yptls
are
f i Lted '
'fl're oil
tank is designed to furnish a
bo the eng ine
c ( ) r 1 s t . a l ' l ts u p p t y o f o i I
q
j
.
n
g
any aircraf L atti Lude' -f'hi s i
rir.rr
pqEi!=l.Y-e
a
clonc- by means of barf les and
aPffi
v@allo"s
aisuTe-T-Fositive
Y!-13-:::>-'
AIT-;il-
flow
of
tan!s-,are--prov'ided'-with
oiI
t h e - t o p-u;nttit
-oi
enters
a de-aerathe
E
a
nk by
the
incorporate
a-. a tangent.
Ehe-a-detYPe in which
The air
relea-
located
at
the bohtotn
- lr, *n:rc*
-
!c.^-At
Wa Ltq
?'
tt
to the
-expan-
PAcF-i.12'
W$g Nepal
ffiA!rlnes
PowenPlant
crne'[J[
G R A V I TFYI L L I R
F I L L I RC : A P
A N OD I F S T I C K
.rt.
r+td"
rr_^
.1. a1. u/
-)Y
/
\ -
SCUPPEFI
I]RAIN
DEAREATOR
a
G R A V I r yC H E C K
V,!'LVE
,.r lL,
$r4.f\*t
7t - B0
pAGE:121g
PowerPlant
cHae:
[f[
71 - BO
G E A RT Y P EP U M P
PUI' IP
RELIEFVALVT/
PRESSURE
REGULATOR
GEARTYPEPUMP
0i i Pumps
Tire oil pump is deslgned to supply oil
to Ehe parts of the enunder pressure
Many oil
lubrication.
gine that require
p
r
e
ssure
o
n
l
y
o
f
a
n
o
t
c
c
n
s
i
s
t
s
l)u:rrps
supply element. but scavenge elements
as rvell. However, t.here are some oil
pumps which serve a single function;
supply or scavenge
they either
that. is,
t:hcl oil.
The nuntber of pumping elements,
depend
iror,ir pressur:e and scclvengre, will
o
f
the
m
o
d
e
l
t
h
e
t
y
p
e
a
n
d
o
n
IargeJ.y
e
ngines
a
x
i
a
l
f
l
o
w
cngine. For instance,
w
l
r
i
c
h
n
l
e
a
ns
s
l
r
a
l
"
t
,
Ir.ryo a lorrq rrlt:or
w
i
l
l
be retlraL more beariltgs nornrally
quired for support than on a cenLrifugalthe oil pump
flow engine. Therefore,
elements for both supply and scavenge
must be several in number or of larger
fn aL1 types of pumps, Ehsr
capacity.
rq.ea,:beffipumPr
t
*M@lwicap*ErwtshcPs*surse'},emsr
@wt
\'
O+ING
Ot,TLET
FILIER
ELT},{EN
I
FIL;ER SOvYl'.
tlll Fllters
are art impor tanl: p;rrt of l:he
ion s)'sten:, rsin(:e t-hey renov(l
t h , r t n a y b e i n t h e - o i-l , '
pa::ticles
-ir'rportant
in g",t
par-ei;ulef Ly
as very hi<yh t:ngJ.ne spet:ds arer
turbines,
ty;>es of
and the aniifl:iction
,lttaineC,
ball anC r<>ller bear.!n9:; would becorn<l
r l a r n a q c c lq t r : : t e r a p i d l ' 1 1 ! : I u b r l c a t r : d l r l t l t
( : o r ) c a n l j . n a t < : do i I .
Ai:so. thcrre are ustlal-'
t>r core pa!:sa(res
Iy a nunbet: oti drill,:d
p
o
i
n
t
s of lubr:lcafiortv
a
r
i
o
u
s
Icading to
' l i i n c e t h c s e p a s s . r q J c sa r ( l u s ; u a l J ' y l r a t h e r
s n r .Ir I , e h c ) / a r c e a s i l y c l o g t q c d 'rhere are:;everal
u:;ed
ty;pes of filters
the lu,cri<:ating oil. Thc
tor f iltcr:lng
t:lcments c,:me in a varir:ty of
filEering
r:onfiguratj,ons;. Sinc,: ii: would be imj-nclude ev(lry tyFe, ()nl)/
1>ract-icaI i:o
l:yp:s arc rlisr:ust . l l e m o r e c ( ) n m c ) nf i l t ' - ' r
.ii I Lers
Lubricat
for:eign
'rnG1E
scd.
'flte componr:nt:; of a typ.lcaJ, main r>iI
inc.ludc a housin<;, vrhich h.ls iln
filt.cr
i.ntegral rr:lierf (or.bypilss) valve artrf,
el-ement.
rrf course, the f llterinq
C ) n e c o n u n o nL y p ' e o f o i l : : i l t : e r u s e s a
replaceablel la.minate,l paper elementr'
sysi=:assruch as thr>se used ix l",dr;rulic
Ln another type the fiLi:er element is
made up of a series cf ltpacers and
is macleup of a
sicreens. This f ilter
s;E.acko mt:tsal. disks co'rered si'iEh a
s;crecn and scparated by sp;lcers so thilt.
t:he oiI can fl.ow tllrcugix tire sicreens
pcrt of Ch!strainer
;rnd out th(: outlet
body.
used ats rrainlcil
Another tyl:e of filter,
:;cro lncr cr>nt.alns a f il ter.lng element
vrhich is rnade of stainl,ess steel.
hrypass: valve prr:ventss t}.t- oLI
llhe fllter
li low from ):eing s;copped lf the fll.te-r
elenrent ber:omes clogged- The bypass wal-ve
operis whenrsver a certain
Praes!iu!e dj-fferis
ence across the i.nlet and outlet
.--'hcd.
I f tlris occurs, t;he f ilteri-ng
ol:!
)n is lost:, erllowing unflLcered
--.r:j:i
r pumped to the bearings.
"'
',;:;;: *i:*;r;Lt .
'
, itrp,tt,ffi** r
," i*
Nepat
?{Airlines
PowerPlant
oran:
[J['7,1 - BO
**d/
@
r 4 0M r c R o N
40MtcRoN
15 ftilCRON
rh-LPgs:g:g
ilgg
across eirher
the filter or rir'e syscet is
gg _!V i Oif fu_
rential
pressure switch. gn l"crease
in
E.ne pressure
difference
is shown on the
indicating
system, thus giving advance
warning of a blocked filter.
F I L T E hI N S T A L L A T I O N
blaseha'e'dl'wM9&**fti1mhkp
he
ay
5.
ELEHENT
*yg' Nepal
EtE/A,irlnes
lPowerPllant
c'rrnn,
fiJf\ 71 - 80
i XTC H A N G E I I
FUEL,/HEA
ruttourLtl
ll
------\
/ ,.'t
v-
lYr\
8^tttI
J-----\
[] r.t.r'.r
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O I t T T H P IR A T U T T
TRANltItTTt T
tltt
L'I1
OIL OIJTIFT
.-/
tY
Lrr-l ctcl,rrs
are usetl ir-r the IuL,ric:at.ing
:i',,siL.nts r>f some i-url>i-n,: eng ines; to rt:"-tc, ,-lrrce L.ire tetnperat:urc: o i the oil
a
1j , i z . i f - ? \ ' q l r r - t a b l - e I : o r r e r : i r c u l a t i o n
i ltr-ott'-;it l;ire-' sybternr. 'lhr-' ccolinc'
mCdi.rlln
itilV Dr,) l:lleI or al.r.
lr rJUoL l: r Lt Uot r
v A t\ ' [
Otr Er.pAsS
t\ Yn UnUt o
rIUI
F
irpL/Oi
I L/UtIWLL
' -><.:--1
T h e f u e l , / o : - I h e a t e x c f L a n c J e rc c ' n s : - : : : : o f
a s e r i e s o J : j r : i n e d t . u t r e s w i t h a : : : - - - .l e t a n ' J o u t l e t p o . r t . . T h e o j ,l e n t e l q ' : : - :
inIeL port r ulovr-rS
arcunil tite f ue' :'-''eS,
an,i gocs out :he oiL c,ut--et pc=t.
In ;r
c c l s , o f t - l e a k a g e . .w i t h i r r t h e c o o l e : r , a 1 3 w a ' y s" f u c I , t v r i I . L e n t e r t h e o i I s , y s i L C : a i i J
ber:dtrse :lof.:,h irlhe r p re ss u.l:.'Lhi*xra,trr.,,,be
,;ln irrcreerse i1 oi.i rlga.nti.ti'
inrlicatcd'by
'llrr'
orl
v.r lvo
,t
/-
lJ
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I ,\tn
Sd Nepal
ilI.',,r,rrres
PowerPlant
cxne,
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FUEL/OIL HTATEXCHANGER
OILBYPASS
VALVE
0tL tN
,__-r-- FUEL
7,2'1ur
FUEL/OIL HEATEXCHANGER
f9zry
or L BypAss olL,lN
ffELtEF
vALVE+
--1
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HOLDER
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E/8/Airllnes
Plant
F'cw,er
(:H^P:
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II
FILI'ER
LI\ST CIIANCE
NO17,LT"/
0:+,,c<.v"
.i1
a-..1
1t l t
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Ntrr-zzloq
I
't"iro rri I
llLI/-L1VJ
' _. ;
b o . v c r ;a : : e i u b r i c a t : d t > y , r i I
jet.s. Tire
L r - , r i : .r;r.iil r q . ; e a r r n g s - f n l j g ' : a r s a r e _ s p - - a s n
L r r i , r . c a t - e c l. B c a r i n l t s t t t l - - i r e" h o L " e r t d
-tho-<:nq'iriE
icccive
L h r , -m a x i m u n r o : . 1
ofi
n
a
d
C
i
L
i
on t-o lubricat-ing
f low bcc:au,;c,
a
s:sists itr heat
l - l r t - l ) , ? . 1 r : i n i l S , t - h . eo i l
1 1i : - ; s : - p a t : i o n .
oi L rroz;:lcri".itr Iocated in the pres:tirre
I j . n r : : ; a c i j a r : e n L t o , o r v r . : . t - h j ' n ,t - h e rb e : a r ,e:;<:
i i i l . x N l r r ; r -r
r f n i t - ' i ' l t s- 1 ' l t r : o i I f r o r r t i .-'o
f an
s-E i iu u. i<i-]n-clie-flc.rn
fiU-:=.-e s
an ai-rt";;-,lilGs-ise
"-r.r-,reclE?t.y.
bli
*hi..lt is--prbtlEed
it
[i=l==|,
[ap,p:lng l1ir;]r-p::erssitre bl,eedair frt-:rn the
c < - > n l p r : e s s ; oLro t . h . e o i l n c z z l e c r u t l . r : t '
' I ' h i s n r c l : i . r o , -ils c o n s ;i d t : r e , l a d e c i u a t : e : l o r :
l . , r aIl a r r r . i r , r l l e r
bearrings; ltowervel', 1:lre
sol j.<l o:i-I spray met:ho<l is conside:re<l the
bt.LLef <>f the tu'o ntetlrods.
iel-q
^---:
a r r '- -
c(r5IIy
: -.
^1.'--
UliJq*=\^
-.;
Lg:atu5)
1:i.;=;
corlin Lheli:
tl-re sma'l1 ori-ii,:e
t
r
nv
c
i
;i,ust. be f:er:
tlle oii
st:qur:ntl-y,
n
n
c
;
e
f<>re i-gn par Li.clt:s . I f th,e -.a- t'-c:--.
s.--cr-rl-: b<:cc:ine
nozil.es
in tl'ie oil
f i-|irrrs
of
c I o o r r r r r l. l : o a r i n , . r
a
- . i
E v l . -
f :iIure:
s . L n c , : n o z z 1 e s ; a ; :e n o t
,-l r,.r'r'i..
L.Lsrr..r!r|J
'l'rt
r(J
nrp\rortf
PLEVg,lL.
r r . r , . l Hqr\L'.
drrri nrt
r ] .. r- ll: lt r. tl tul oJ L U
Frnnr
!LLill
:-e:;rtI';s
ur;ual l-'
a c : c e : :s l b L t : f o : :
c- .'. t. t: o -i .n' -e ' : ' .' , ' = : i t . r u I .
\r '- i j v ' r,r r : a = . i
f i 1t.e::s ;are
nr>zzles, nrairt oil
r
:
o
n
t
i.rtilinaitirJn for
f.requently
(l
l.-
ci:e,ckr:C
S,:avenge
S:'stein
t: a I t
A:: t,.rc f t:ed oi.l j.s dist.r:ibr:t':'j
l-he necessarir pilrts cf t:ire 9::!rl'i: 7 11
subst.anLia I ainorrnt of seral.ing a:'-l- m.ixes
Tltc'rew . L t . hi t a r r d i - n c . r e a s c g i L s ' v c L u i n t : f<)re, to Frsqvent ttre f loodirrq c:i t.hr:
b,raring hc,us-Lngs, it is ne'ces;sa.af- ts() u5:
rulre t.han one Pump tc) rel-urli or !ia:avt'ng{:
it t,r the oi.L Lartk. lllri:; is eichieve'C by
using a perck of scavenge PumE)s, e:ach of
which returnr; Che oil- f:rom a pa.ri:i.cular
'l'o prc}te';t: Lhtl
secLion of the engine:.
pump gears;, r:acit return pipe is pr:ovrdeti
with
a str:airrer.
,"& Nepal
FowerPlant
..uffAirlines
7;l - B0
oran;fiffl
1 ' U I r I Ct ' 0l i
lq't
funbr
'iItq
.
UcLccLr"r
rs
';!*"
cHtf otTEcTOl
rl^GNttK
,,AGE:
1JO
f iI-Iurc.
Sonte of
det.ectois
are
cl'-signed so thaL they can be removed for
inspect,ion
without
oiI
Ioss occur.i.ng;
others
may be even connected
t.o a crew
compartment
warnrng
system to give
an
PtuG
in-fliqht
indicaEion.
5TLF5T^I 'NG
V^LVE HO{JSNC
Vent/BreatherSystem
w i rj . c i r e n t e r s
Soa I i no : i r
E\
'
iETUIX
OIL
'ise
buiraup,uiTi'iF-
the'aFliErsure
..irr*t,{e n
a
r.
,^n4.'r*
[n",,,i.,*- t' f
s y s E e m a 5 r d -p e a r i n g
the bearing
seals
Oi I
rv v- unr sr r I . l .
f . r . a k a oY ov
ana oit
oF
across
lenkage
r-nrrrqe -
coulci
/-ause
anv
Qhwu
ctv-L' 4L A:"'
""-.*J l.
r-'!
serious result.
age r,{ere great
enqine fire.
to LhaL a problem woulC
In aCoition
occur. when oiI is mixing with the air
from
fhe
cnoine
whrich is extracted
fof
\%
noror v'vas
q'.rql-om
ttqo
'Io seraraLe
t .
the air
return-
r _ :
irrc
f n
t-he
tank.
L q . r r l ,
dr,-:eref
ino
deviCe
and I Cehtiifugar
incorpo- bi {riet "ai t h d r - a r e
tet;;;
mixrure isriteo.-rhe
in the tank
fed on-to the de-ae#.tor
----------:
wEere parLial
o
ccurs, the
separation
mist*_the! passes. inbo
remaining air,/oil
t-lre-;n-trifugal
t roitn.r
for -f inal sepaimperler
is rocarffitrre?
a.
t-arl
ARAOX
|rqg:l.tgs
iiitro"
of se'.reral result.s,
'n;ould be the use of
^r,T
AII TO
ATIIOS'HEAE
bear i_no
a-r^qq
II'IPTLLER
BRTATHTR
the
Firo
fra,rri
nn
h n r r*. i r n g
-.,___..:scals, is routed to the engine gearbclx
and oiltank.
the scavenge
In addition
oil
carries
air into the tank and vent
syst.en. This air mulL-le---yented.
ot.herhnrrqi.dq
SREATHEi
in
l-l-ro onning
geafbOX
and
iS
dfiven
f r o u r t l r o g e a r L : : c . xg e a r s . T l t c r o t a t i r r . I
vanes of the breather
impeller
centrifuge the oil
from t.he mist and Lhe air
.i:; vcntcd c.,verboard throuctlt the holIow
dr i,re sha f t .
PAGE:1i,I
WZ Nepitl
Elgtlirlin'esi
Power F'lilnt
-CH.AP:
,AJ'A 71 8 O
II
I
I
OII QTY
X-MIR
OI L TAI.IK
Ii
I
I
i
:tlx
()lL PRE:SS
r>UVIP
L____
6iT-in
ollFII.TER
\_rrrrJ
r-]
II
ll
-.rva
t4!
L_Jt
i
-'1
lrl
.*-<f'
.r-
FILTER
EYPASS
swlTcH
orL
COCLE:R
OIL TEt?'tP
BUI-B
orL
PFES:;
X-MTR
L C I WO I L
PF,ESIJS\d
-4$3F
L 0 l , ci : *
tt:
PR t_:;S.
L I I]IiT
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r 12
PowerPlant
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I A N K i N S ' I - A L LIAOTN
71 - B0
OtL QrYX-I4TR
(CAPACIIANP
CR
EOBT)
O I PS T I C KA N O
G B A V I T YF I L I POBT
)tld.,f ttrtr',t
nta,{i",rn
I'IEASURI NG
nF\/rcr
,ttt: ^- ]r
COi'lPENSAT OR
SIGHT
O I LT A N K
uAbc.5
\+
orl QTy
x-r,rrR
TANKINSTALLATION
OILOUANTITY
T A N K U N I TA N D
COMPENSATOR
.fi5
-l
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C*tl1to!:er-a
tu
4+t
ai-t-;<lr,;i,.
1,"r"
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\
'ta
S IN S I N G
PONT
ION
C O M PNES A T I N C
PORTION
;..::..:,..'.n.l.".]Ill.-:.]';.ri'{.l.:i.,.il.,..;:l,ljir...::.i;i
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I
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i-i.,i
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PAGE:1)4
Nepat
PowerPlant
ilfunrns
{:ll(it NI
S K IN
Til'rP.
71 - BO
cxne,
[f[
(J
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cr
400
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LOIYPRESSURE
COMPR
ESSOR
cc
cc
BURHER
v, u't
V) at1
WU
c<E
o- o-!E
(JO
=c)
FFI
U
UJ|E
E
d. i,
otrl
TXHAUST.
0 u c&
T|
utrtF
e
cll
ei
G
o-l=
H O Z Z Li E
*-I
io><
-
-J
tJ
Irrl-rnrl rrnflnn
T IIL
VLJUL
L I \JI I
and
q . . e
near'l
rr:lI
oF
thn
a n n l i n a4 r r y
rir
q f
to the engine.
The large
srrrf;Ius
of air
scrver;
L o c r - l r tL t l r e l t o t . .
: i r . ( : t i ( ) l t : i ( ) 1 . t : l r t . .r , l t ( ,i l t c I u . r c r - r . 1 r l - , r rl ,l l
Leulperat-ures
ranging
frorn
600
co Li00"C.
The figure
illustrates
the approximate
(skin ) tenrl:erat.ur,:s
engine
outer. case
encountered
in a properly
cooled
dual
axial
flow
cornpressor
turbojet,
engineDue to the effecc
of cooling,
t.he tem-
l : l ( . ) t , ti r l ' ( ) u n . l
I l r o l ; r r < . . ( ) r r r ; r r l n l t rr ;l
'r'lrc lrrt:crnal.
coclllrrc; alrflow
i:; al:;c.r
u s c d t - o c o o l t l r c c - r Ii , a r r d t - o p r e s s u r i z c
the rnain bearing
hrtusings and variorrs
drive shaft seals to maintain the efficiency of tlte ItrL;rica t-ion sys[enr lty
l l r ( r v c r r t : l r r r l u J . J . l r ; ; 1 1 , . , r r ..; r :l " . z L . r : r . t t , r Lg t t t l
t1sr1
P'!(iE 11t1
PourenlPflant
I NTE:RNA
L
cxnr':
ffi1\ 7'1-- 10
COOL
I NG
L J ' . C O H P R E : ; 5 O R H . P . C O I I P R E 5 5 O R BY.PA55
OUCT
H.P.TUREIt.IE
L'.
UAEINE
\1
il
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-:(
AIR II'JLET
il
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t\1,i
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i Fr,i
(.P CO|IPRI55OR
I:RONT BE/,RING
[l
ut. .'.
LP, ':OHPRESSOR
iE,\R 8tAntN,3
H ''. COIIPRE:JOR
fRONI EEARtNG
rjr $S x.r.tr.
ffil " t.intcrmrdirr
8 E AR I N G S
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8E,\RIN(;
Ll'--llriErr{
!ti,\r,iNCi
'lhe
W Nepat
PowerPlant
&ryAirlines
*rap,ATA 71 - 80
. X T I R N A LE N G I N E
COOL
I NG
,7,.../r
tt1
l1
lP"*
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\/
/\
,':[;
>=-\
fu*av
Lvv,
D n c -a - .-
usa4y
b
2Zat
21+
fE ro
4 er oJl^c{ |
At i i c^."h i. i*"+
'tl
Cl I
ExternalcoolingandVentllation
Tite engine bay or pod is usually cooled
b y a t r n o s p h e r i c a i r b c i n g p a s s e < . 1a r c u n r l
the engine and t.iren vented overboard.
Convection cooling during ground run_
ning rnay be provideci by using an inter_
nerl cool.j.ng outlet
ven; as an ejecto).
sysjtem. r1n irnporEant flrnction of the
j-s to purge any
c<;oIing airflorv
inflarn_
r n a b - l - ev a D o u r s f r o r n E l r c e n g i n c c o n t p a r L _
a fireproof
bulkhead
is
provirled
t o s e p a r a t e t h e , ' c o o l , , a r" reIas < .o: r
zone of
the engine, which contains the fuel,
oj.l"
hydraulic
and electri ca I s),strjms, f rom
t-lr': ".lrol_" arr:.ra surrcltrrtrij.rtg
Llrc cornLltts_
tion,
turbine and exhaust- sections
of
the engine. Different-iaL pressures
can
be created in the tivo zones by
cali_
bration
of tire inlet. and outlet
aper_
tures to prevent. the spread of
fire
f rorn the hot zone.
The figure
shows a cooling and verrtj-lat.ion system used on a fan engine- Coolj-ng air is induced from the
int.al:e duct
and also delivered
from the fan fo nrovide multi-zone cooling, each zone having
iLs own calibr:ated cooling fIow..I'he ilIustration
does not define t.ire zones,
but indicates
the general flow paggg6n.
/a
Accessory
CoolI n g
A considerable
amount of heat is prociuc_
e d b y s o r r r r :o f t l r e e n g i n c a c c e s s o r i e s ,
<_lt
rvhich Lhe electrical
generator is an
example, and these may often requlre
t.lreir own cooling ci::cuit.
Air is some_
times ducted frorn intake louvres in t.he
engine cowlings
or it may be taken from
a st.age of the compressor.
GasTurbI rreFueLs
l ' r r t .l s l r t r a i r r : r ; r f f : g ; u ; t u r b i r r c e n q i r r e s
m r - t s ; tc o r r f o r n r L o s t r : i c l : r r : q u i r e m e n t s t o
g i . r . r eo p 1 : i . r n r r renn q t i n e p e r : f ( ) r r n a n c e , e c c ) n o " nf r saf <:ty and ove.r'haul Lif e - FucIs art:
r - - l a s s e d u n ' C e r t - . w of r e a r l i . n < ; s , k e r o s i n c l l - y p e f u 1 1I a n r J w i d e - c u I g a s o l i n e - c v p r
fueI.
In gr:ns116]., a ga.s t:urtlinr:
fuel
shoul.d
have thc: f,)l lorvitlg guailities:
- l)e "punrl),lble"
c1nir fl-ow easily
under
aL[ oper:,tLing conditions
st.artj.ng on all
grou.nd.
1 . r r : ; : n r i t e: n g i n e
cc'nrj i t:iorrs ,and give
sal:is f act.ory
F I i.ctltt-rr:J,i.,:lrti.ng c!-rar;rct,sristics
- . r Ji r . r t t < r f I i , c i . r . - ' n
t c o m b u r s ; tj - o n a t a l 1 c o n _
ti i t; is1-1s
- ll.r\'r- ;rs lrj-glr .r cal.or.ifj_c,,ral,le
as
por;sil-)Ie
i . - . r c > c i r - r crer i n . i - n r a l h a r n i f r r j . e : 3 f e r : t s o n t f r e
corlbus tion
r;ystenl or ttre Lurbinrl
lt -,l.
arde s
- produce
nrin-Lmal corrosi.ve
effects
on
l--he,fuel
sys;tem
ccmponer)ti;
- p r c ' v i d e a d e c l u at e
lubric,at j-on fo:: the
i
nlcv ing p:resr o f t.,he f ue l s;ystem
- reduce f i.re hazar,ls
to a nin:murnThe,pumping qr,tal.Ltir:s of. the fuel depend
lrporr j,t-s viscosil-y
()r tllickrress;, rvhich
.[l: r't]l,rt-ed to fu<:I ,:eulircratLlre. Ftrr:l
t n L l s l _b 1 l s a t " i s I a c l : o r , / d , r w n t c , a p p r c > x i _
n r at - - , e l y - 5 0 d e g . C . l \ s b . h e f u e I t e n r p e . r a _
ture faILs,
ice r:ryr;tals may fcrrm to
cause blockage of the fuel fi_lt.er or the
ori.fi,:es in the fuel_ s.lstem. FueI heat_
ing -r.rd anti-icirrg
; r c i c l . L t . i v e sa r e ; r v a . L l _ .
aLrLr' Lo allr'viatc'
l_fris pr,cblem.
'l'lre
rod kinetic
he;rt j.ncr c-ui: r_c:
- Lhe volat-i-Iir:y of t-ire,fuel;
thaL is,
fo::ward spered. when boil:ng
<1ces c.ccr:r,
its abilj-t:y t;e vaporize ea:;iI.y, esF)ethr: v,apour loss :an be, \'or1, hiqh , esl)e _
cial.Iy at, lorv tempera Lur:es
-ia-[Iy with wi<]e-,:ut, fueIs,
,anC tiri s rnaT j
- tlrr.' dogr:ec: oll
atomizat,ion, whi.ch
c a t l S e v a p o u r r . L o c . k i n g ' A r i t . l rc , r n s r : ; t r , n t
ricpehti-s uPon the vi-sca5 j.gy of the f rre_i.
, m a . Lf u n c t i o n
ol. t.ie eng:ine f uel srrs;te,rn
tlre fucJ. prre:;surc appliclcl , anrl the
a r r c l f r , r eI n r c . t r r ri 1 1 , ; t , q r t i p n t t : n t .
ck:sign of thcl atomizer
PowerPlant
cHne,
[f[
'l'rr
1r[lyl..rLrt or
rrf
71 - BO
t:cr!1._
irg,
it is usual to pressurize
the fuel
tanks. This involves maintaining
an ab_
solute
pressure
above the fuel in excess
of its vapour pressure at any specific
temperature.
l.'ur:I can bc nralnLalrrcd.[rr rlootl ccxrtllt_l.on
by weJ-I-planned storage and by naking
routine
aircraft
tank drain checks; the
use of suitable
filters
and fuel/water
separators
and select.ed additives wiII
restrict
the cont.rmination level, - .
9
free wat.er and solid mat,ter, t,o a prac_
tical
minimum. Keeping the fuel free of
undissolved
water will prevent serious
icing problems, reduce the microbiolo_
gical
growth, and minimize corrosionReducing t.he solid matter will prevent.
undue wear in the fuel pumps, reduce
corrosion,
an_d lessen the possibility
of blockage occuring within
the fuel
sys tem.
Introductlon
Tlre funclions
of the fuel syst.em are t.o
provide
the engine with fuel in a form
suil-able for contbustion and to control
t-he florv to the required quantity
neces_
sal:y fo:: e.rsy starting,
c fc c e l e r a t i o n
and
: ; t : , r l r l t . r r . r r t r rr..ir r, - 1. r t : . r l I c r r t ; i l r r : o p e r a L i n g
ccrnrli't.ions. 1'o do t.his, fuel pumps are
r.rsed to deliver
the fuel to tte burners
(spray nozzLes), which inject
it into
t lrr. corubusLion system in t.he form of
an
atornized spray. Becanse the flow rate
mu.st vary accor:ding tc t-.he amount of
air
[ ) ,l s ; s i n r . 1 l : l t r : o u c , J ]tr. l t t - .e r r g i n c t _ o n r a i n t a i n a
c o r r : i l - a n t _s e l e c t - e d c n g i n e s p e e d o r p r e s _
srrrc r.tt_io, the cont_roiling devices
are
f t r l . l y a u t o r r r at . i c w i L h t . h e e x c e p t i o n
of
enqine power sc-Iect-ion, which is achj.ev_
eti b1, a nranual throt.l,Ie or power lever.
A fuel shutoff
valve (cock) control
.Lever is al_so used to stop Ehe engine,
also necessary to
have.luromaCic
il:-is
isafety
control.s tlrat, prevent
the engine
gas cetnperaLure,
cotnpressor delivery
pressllre,
and the rot-ntjncl as::ertrlrlt.
i t is usual to interconnecL
f n o a r . I r o r - f. ,
-Lever (tnd [)r()pcll<:r cont-rotter
unr t,
by so doing the correcl relationshio f or
frrel f,Iow and airfl""
i;-;;;r_
l.fru:"
tained at all engine speeds
ancl the pi_
lot is givr_,nsingle_Iever
control of
the engine, Altlrough the
maxinrumspeeci
of the engine is normally
determinecl by
the propeller
speed cont.roller,
over_
speeding is ultinr.rtely
prevented by a
governor in the fuel svstem.
.tt'
en64
\eUl Nepeil
PowerPletnt
EiEIYAIriines
71 - B0
cHn,e,
/\J[
>
-.i llll.((tllll.r(r
^':)')
(^r(
'
l A !
P RI S S U RZiI N I G l-l,r*-
'-.,r i! f {
f .r '
VAI-VI
T
| -/;,-:./r;., J
'
S' E E D
SiGNAL
0R
cOt'lPRtss
DI SCHARC
E
P RE S U
S RE
SI G N A L
n,
;ir;i;ib];
FLIELFLl]l^l
I ilIDI CAT{]R
I'lETER
FIJEL
/OI L
C O OELR
-9 !*. r l- Je,o.,."r f.n*-* c.
r LEVER
ril THRUS
V
.ff"i;"])l
^,, ^,
l-ffi=n
tVALVEI
fffAm rrtlEl
Lrt-
F"
{,I-.
rrr
r r) f l u l U f f I - - - f
) i UI{AL
.a1,r
(-a^.
.\r't."'Pt
I INLTIT___
CONTROL
:r.i.,FIJEL
--!
,k{l}^
.V'(D(: t1-
Eu[L.PUMP-,_.
," ,
PRESSURE'"STA'GE:
J : N G I NDER i V E : N
FUEI-PUI'IP
'i
FUELFII.TEIl
,L,
tclf{c
PTDES'IAL
,":, ,
SI,JI
TCH
L'2, I uq
fu't
Yltvt
lar,Nilt
GEARBOX
nn
TItr
1. 4.i4,
'ta'j.r/-
U K I VE .
& 1 1) , ^ ; 3
0il0
,#\*
.,qy
t'."ora '-
ott
. ,:e Nepat
iniryzAirlines
PAGE:111Q
PowerPlant
71 - B0
cuan:
[f[
DRIVENFUEL.PUI'IP
l l a l r rF u e l P u ; r r i(; E
s rrglne-Drl
l.l.rrn fuei
strpgrly of
turbojet
engirres
are
ge-
n e r I l, y__p-o1i _u_!
y q-it_i. Oq.1a'."
I e a r o r
1
p i : ; t o n f y n e s . 1 ' l r r :l : e r n r " p o s i t i v e d i s jffq.
r!i!_ eeq 5 br p i s ron
ntaaemery1--fn_c;1111
9 l i l l s u J : p l y a _ f i _ X e . rql r r a n t . i t V p f . _ f U _ t l _ _ C o
elrc :e n g r ne f o r e ve !1 -,r,_e_yg
l,q-!--o-a,g f _the
p uhrp, 9 r-.a r s- -9 r ._.fq 4_1,.Ec Ir-_s--t_97
i! g _9 f-_C_ite_.
pi:iLon,
ENGINEORIVENFUEL PUTlPGEAR
TYPT
lNtt I
POrr
H r G HP r t s l U c t
ntutf vaLvt
II
,';"^tt "tut"
o ' s + r o r cr o r t
ltL f, t '"'
I
tNcrN[coNrrot
O R r l t5 P U N E
ORIVE
S E^ L
DRAIN
B O C S TS T A G E
r-Type Pulnps
Gea
Gear-:t.ype pumps..have approximate.Ly
charactetrisLics,
straight
line"flow
whereas fuel requirernent.s flucLuate with
f l i g l r c o r a r n b i r : n t -a i r c o r r d i L l o n s . l l c t t c c ,
r pump of adoquate capacity at all engine operating conditions will have excess capacity over most of the range of
olrerat ion. Thi.s is the characteristic
which rcquircs the use of a pressttre
rel. icf valve for disposirrg of cxcess
f u e l - A t - y pj . c a l . c o n s t a n t d i s p l a c c t n e n t
\,Er\K
)IH\JE
'n
gear-type pumpis illustrated.
peller,
whiclr
is
driven
on
The im-
a greclter
speed
elcnreni-s,
than the high-pressure
pressrJre f rom l'j .!,oinr:rcascs
the fucl
45 p.s.i.,
depending upon engine bpecd.
r_t@
locking
The fuel
is discavitation.
-the
( impel cltarged
Erom
bo<jJE-element
gear e I.ements.
ler ) t:o tho lr igh-pr:essure
p;.5g1 1ll1
P'owerP'larrt
vwl:v:r:':
!trHY/lirtlines
'Z'1-'
130
cH,re:
,[J[
-l
-{ * vrrr : :'!.1-:-1"---:el-.'il
t''
DRIVEN FUEL PUI'1P
ENGINE
) *.t. *^',
De-p*y",
9n,'l)t,,rs *
(";
P I S T O IT{ Y P I
7/
{;+or:/rn<..*,
qd
[t,e ( Pr
tl
\)
]'n tl,,.O
5 E F . V OP I S T O N
l'/tr (l
Ll bl
,
U L a . 't . ' . - - '
rl!
+
t.
I
t----:t
-::'1u
.f,
\{
t\
I
I
fUtL
Tlr=:
ir?
/,/\f=--{
PIJ11PCTRIVE
l;
?')'
OUI
[f
\Ff..
E'f;|
.".
prarrc
dcrirery(FLP.rwi)
Scnc
petun
\.VIt
-t YV
Ulrrl./U
FiFf^/-l
L!LLsu
q
J ee . . r e r : l
a:i-
r rr nr \nJpLr rqJ i ,
pn rl u
tL , .r lr s:
a l- i rrn
rnnl-
i nrr
tn
of
the 1>Lungers is
a-ngI'3 o.: inAIin.'trc,"
l_ rcr
de:errnined
;f
by_the
t h " - c a m p f a t c .-l,y
ql_rrrr
rtrrqi tirn
i c
oF
:ttlr-ine
Fae
ree.e_v_v:
or-i-t.ltt-' :;lrt.'itrtl
s i,lt:
1i ! t , . l , o +
I
P I c J ' n r r - T v n r : P rr r t t r r q
ThC
qr!rrr,a
- . . - _ r - . _n* r: g. 5 l l r e
{uel
."*
RCIOs
r..j1
1'r,,1\tru(''tt
*{ 1: tt
encr:142
E'{a# NePal
'-F"-
l_
FgAirlines'
rLIC
PowerPlant
T I I LUI 5
is inst.rlleci
A i r i , , l i r - [ . r r . - e s r j u r cf u e l f i l t - e r
tp
r.lfg,j::f
u
t
e^ f u e _I qo_gL,e r rv,re n
? d- -!.1--r
_p
t:r-ol t:r) prol-(:cl Llrc fucl .cqnl-roI from
iiiirL,rnrLnants.
' l : l r , - t l l r ( r c n r ( ^ *t ; c o n t m o n t y p e s o f f i l t e r s
j r r u s e a r e E h e m 1 ! g r - o n f. i l ! g r - , . t h e w a f e r .
s ( : r e e n _ f _ i t. e1 r , a n d . t h e p l a i n s c r e e n m e s h
'Iirc' individual
use of each of
fTLt.t r.
is dictated by the filt.eri r i . t . . s of i l t e r s
I r r c r f . r t . 1t r n e nf r e q u i r e d a L a p a r L i c u l a r
l . ' t - . r ' : i.- , r t t .
' i ' : : r . i r rt ( ' r ' ( r n f i I t t ' t : l t ; t s t : l l e g r c a t e : i t
! ' i L L r : r : i n e . ;. r c L i o n o f a l l y P r e s e n t d a y f i I t-,:r i.,rpe and, as the name imPlies is
1 - . 1 t . , . ,i ip r n i c r o 6 s . ( A r n i c r o n i s t h e
' . i r r - . u s . i n t i t - i pt a r t o f I m i l l i m e t e r )
. The
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
tly
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
c
e
l
l
u
l
o
s
e
i:,)r-ous
f
i
l
t
e
r
caro
f
t
h
e
c
o
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
o
n
i
n
u::e.i
t-rL,}cjes is capable of remoVing foreign
nrali-er measuring from l0 xo 25 microns.
The min,.rte openings make this tyPe of
suscept,ible Eo clogging; Lherefrlter
fore, a bypass valve is a necessary
s;l f !'t)' f actor is the 200Tiie rnost rvidely used filter
irre 35-mesh micron filtersr,ii^a
Thei. are used in fuel pumps, fuel conand between the fuel PumP and.
trol:;,
l - t r l 'i r - ' L )[n' ] - c I w i r e r e r e t t r o v a l o f m i c r o n i c is needed- These filters,
si;:e particles
,lr:u.rl11' made of fine-mesh steel wire,
are a series of laYers of wire.
has a
The wafer screen type of filter
m
a
de of
w
h
i
c
h
i
s
e
l
e
m
e
n
t
,
repJ-aceable
brass,
o
f
b
r
o
n
z
e
,
d
i
s
k
s
Iayers of screen
t
y
pe of
T
h
i
s
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
.
r ; t - c r I: , o r s i m i l a r
m
i
c
r
o
n
icr
e
m
c
v
i
n
g
o
f
f i-lLer is capable
h
a
s
t
h
e
s
t
r
e
n
gth
t
a
l
s
o
f
s i z r - -p a r L i c l e s .
to withstand high Pressur?-
cxnn,
[J[
71 * 80
M I C R OFNI L T I R
F I L T E RT L E M E N I
I l'ILET* *
-i +
FI LTER1NG
OUTLET
BYPASSIiIG
RYPASS
VALV
E
hl
rr^
SLAL KI I\U
is the most
The plain screen mesh filter
conrmcn type ' I L, has long been used in
Lypes for fuel and oil
engi-rres of all
I
n
sLrainers.
Present.-day turbojet
used in units r+here fili
s
i
t
engines
- The
is not so critical
.
r
c
t
i
o
n
r
r
c
;
i
tr:r
varj.cs
r u r e s l 'sr i z e o f L l r i s L y p e o f f i l r e r
to the purpose for
according
greatly
which iL is used-
FI L T E R
ELEI'IENT
Fi L T E R
BOl.lL
\
SEALRING
er,GE:,1L3
lPolverlPllant
cHan,
fiJft 71 -'ECt
I.JAFE
R S C R E EFNI I - T E R
iiLTIFI
SPACTR
FILTER
I"IEAD
O-RiNCi
I
!o**
F ] L I E Ri N S T A L L A T I O N
o
tr-+)
Ir
- I ti'!)
t . o R , { r Nc o c K / \ '
2 . S E C : U R l l l G 0 r f , L Tr \ N O W A S H E R ( 4 O r : F )
I CO\/R
r FIL-I'R
ELEMENI
5 SETL RII.IG
6 tMEN.r Rl'AlNl:R
7 AOrI
-8 ''
pAGE:144
I
i
l
I
Nepat
PowerPlant
Jarrrr,eJ
cnnp,
ATA 71 - B0
FUEL
PUMP
FUEL
T ll
I I\
i C I N GF I L T E R
A
T
t{
N GS l . J I T C H
GE^FBOtr
ofltv
,'UL
ECI
HAI
DG2
t|J
;*@f@
-,@..,@
:@:@
FUEL
HEATER
I lr.rjar
FUEL
HEATER
YALVI
x rr{clr
COI'lPRESSOR
AIR
r - U IC H e at e r
Gas turbine engine fuel systems are very
sr-rsceptible to tlie formation of j_ce in
r-lre f ueI f i-lLers. t{hen the fuel in Lhe
a ircr:af t fuel tanks cools to OoC, or
I;elow, residual water in the fuel tends
fo J'reozq when it contacts the filter
A fuel heater operates as a heat. ext - - l t . - r n c 1 rl:-ro 1 , ' a r m t h e f u e 1 . T h e h e a c c r
c.rn use eng ine bleed air or engi-ne 1uL r r - ti : r t i r r r l o i I a s a s o u r c e o f h e a t - ' f h e
forttt.:r 11,pp is caIIed an air-t.o-l iorrirl
tl;FiiiilT6ill-il6il6ve::,
on
In some installations
the fuel filter
is
fitt,ed with a pressure-drop
warning
slitch,
which illunrinates
a warning
Iight on the cockpit instrument panel.
If ice begins to collect
on the filLer
surface, the pressllte across thc fiLt-er
wj-lI slowly decrease. When the pressure
reaches a predetermined value, the
warning Liglit. f lashes on.
FueI deicing systems are designed to be
, L ' h ec o n L r : c t L
trscd int-ernrittently.
o.f. Lhe
system may be manual, by a switch in
Lhe cockpit,
or .rul:omatic, u.sing a ther:rnostat,ic sensing element. in t.he fuel
heater to open or close the air or oil
shrrtof f valve .'
F U E LH T A T E JSlY S T E M
VAI-VE
FUII- HEATER
\\
,:]
ir
_-_=_.
L
rL
,ryi
Eli
k*t
E{
F L I E LH E A T - J ]
4?
5u:
IIJEL I:ILTT,R
OIFFEf]NTIAL
PFIESSI.'RE
syjt Tcll
VALVE CPEN
E N ( ; I N EI
FU I i t
;rl\T
CLOI
L--r
6 3'-tr'f
Mrrcx
-rc
r-nt\
9-&-lr.r
^ a-..ltr.
op
FI,L XAT
T l i / l O t L A Y S W If C H
P n G Er:4 6 :
E*frFNepat
,iEF@Airlines
PowerPlant
FUELHEATER
F U E L/ A I R
AIR
OUT
c,ine,
[J[
71 - B0
pnc;a:1412
rp Nep,al
WAirline:;
PclvretrF)lant
crrnn,
fi-ffl 7'1'- EiO
S F { R O U D EFCT,J EN
L OZZLEFEEDEF
I T! J f i E
ffSh,
'\i:p
V<"'\
SH R O U D EM
D A N IF O L DA' ! i S E r V B L Y
F T J ES
L H R O U DA # \ N I F CL D A S S E I , A B L . Y
Fur.l SpraytJozz:les
ilncl
Fuei l"lantfolds
irf irrou'liliuel
spr;Ly tloz:zles are an in.le_
..n-,1I
[ . , t r L o f f _ l i e { :r - r c i _s , 1 s t e m , t l - r e i r . d r : _
:i r,.jn it; c:-ittsr-l_y rc:Lrt:,:d Lo the
t.yper o.t
( i)illt)Ll .-1 IL)n
C l l . - l ! t l b ( : _l .
itt
r.,hi.c:f
L.hey
ar.e
r r r : : t , l l 1 , . , i , , 1 ' ! t t . l , r r r , l r r c r ; : ; i . L c si n j c c t
lltrr:1.
r n l ( ) i l t c t : e . r n : t u s t - i < : , t.t: r, c ; i i t - t a h i g h l y
r . l l , , . r 1 r 1 i ' : q . ip, r r l C i S e l y
F,att:erned Spray. S()
t)r,rt. [1116i.nq is ccmplet.c:d r:venly
and :-n
tirr,sl.rc,.rte'st. possibJ.e tj.me an,l in
tlre
: i i l r , l i l , ' : i t l r L l t : : ; i l ) 1 . r l.: l ) , 1 ( _ - ( .I .l _ i S V r : r y
Ifll_
i _ - ' i ) r ' i r t n tl _ i r a L t t r , : f u c l
Lrc evenly
clistr:j._
l ) u t { ' ( - i ( : nr ( l r v e , L I r : e n t e r e c l i n L h r l
flame
area within
t:he liners.
Th:.s is Lo pre:_
r:lrrtir- flrt' fcrl-nraiiorr of any hor: spots
i.n
t : l r t ' c o r r r i > r r s t j c > r r< : l r a n r b e r s a n c l t < > p r e v e n t .
f ll{' I'l;rrnr. b'rrning
through
the I i.ner.
.W Nepal
'WAirlines
pAcE:t4g
PowerPlant
7l - B0
cxne,
[J[
I'IANIFOLD
ANDNOZZLE
SPRAY.TYPE
NOZZLE
MULTIPLE
INTERNAL
ENGINE
FTJEL
ASSEMgLY
NOZZLE
FUEL
CLUST|:R
NTANIFOLO
FUELNOZZLESPRAYPATTERN
At lr
fucl p.qtua
| @ntlnu@t film of fucl tr
fomcdLrcvrrtr
lulllE
u
At hrjh
tllrp
lucl jmvrc
thonc6t
torrrdr
ort6<c ud lorru r
FIXELY ATOI{IIEO
At rnrcrmcdrlc fucl
p.crtu.s thc film lrtrkr uprt thc cdlo to lorn r TULII
thr
rhc
3?i.AY
ri-I
B@7Nepatr
@rAirhne's
sf!
!441'
PourerFlant
,rHAP:
f\T/\
i'-:'r'i;ilt
:r
"!'ir'';i
71 - I'O
F U E LN O Z Z L . E
II'iPLTX
A;r llow ro lrc'cnt
fom:oon of <rrbon
or<r or,fitt
T A r ' r c t N r t A t -H o t 5
,h,,.J,ll.
flLI11
s W r R l .c H A f l E E R
f . !uetf [*.t
J
9etotda-
ffi
Cmpm<r
prrurt
Lif
Prcrruririn! vrlvr optnr
r! Prct!urc {n(ralra!
Prinrry burncr
ffi
tgrntr
E TH
D I J P L EFXU I L N O Z Z L I,I1
P R I S S U I i I Z ] :V
NA
GL V E
tr
l{ri -. burrtr
cr,r:rrarl
Conrpraror dtlivcry
a ring
-T6
t.hrnrrn}.
around
lUmbel
t.he ,:enter
b a-
Ol:
O::ifi<:eS
o r : i f . L c e-
I c - , 1 au) y , 4 ; y
t',1^tN
l^acaxAcryt
r h..<r'1
frITtR
PRIFART ORIfICE
7bcn,,dr,rl
ftret Ft^a
4E3FF
t:.
pnce,150
-W
Nepal
-Atnrnes
FowerPlant
.i
71 - BO
cxae'
[J[
""'il
0 LE
F' JELI{.'llli
DUPLEX
PRIMARY
{Ft,*d"iu<d-e.7
SECONOARY
t- l--}
-l'
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It
tv.
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I
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PRIINARY
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F I lLT e RJ
S E C O N D A.IR Y
NOZZLENUT
ryk
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ffi
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II '
l--\ *=r'#F
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-
EX FUELNOZZLEl , l l T HF L 0 l ' lD I V I D E R
DUPL
flrTEF-
o,
\t
it\
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l-l stcor"rorrYrtow
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f" *5,..
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SPIN cH^^{0tl
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Pr\dE'1 :i1
Btr Neptal
PowrsrlPllant
E=Airli'nes
pfffl 71 -:$Ct
cxar,,
F L J EP
L R]:SSURIZING
VALVEI N GI NE : J T AITC
,f
PREIiSU
ll lzl:'i 13
\/A L'y'E:
DUll,lP
VALVE
i:',..I
nr^^,-"2.{
:{n,r
rLlui
rlcs:)UI
lLLll.J
' l ' i r r ' [ , - r c 1p r e s s u r i . z i n g
t - , - ri i l i ' - r " l
on
enc
i fres
1/^lr,^^
ViJiVeS
valve
i n,:Ornor:i-
is
Finr'r O
lrrl,.lr:r
ulYtJUl
rlvrr
usually
- rrn
r]rr:r1ov
i r irra
ruEof'f
.L'hiS
^r.rr
cut.oFf,
vuL.vLr
nr-o_
Pj_s
v e r r t - s f u e :I t i r o r n d r i t r b l : L n g j - n t o t h e r m a n i I c r[ ' , i ; i n d t - l r : : o u ' 3 h t l r c : f r r e l n o z z l e s , e . L i r ni r r , rt - L n g t o a r n aj o r d e r ; r e , : a f t e r - f , i r r : s
;rnrl c;trboni:zation of tire fuel nozzllel;.
Carboniz.:,ti<:n ilccursi br:carrse cc,rnburst.Lon
(:ltaillil(tr t.ent1>er,ttures,ar:e Lowered and th,e
fu,:i. j.s r,ot cornplet.cly burned.
a
A j:lor.r divider
pr:rf cr:nts essetnt i-;rII',' ii.rt
s a r r e - 5 u n : L i o n a s a . : l t : e s . s u r i : : i n , l v a L - , - eIt is useci, asi tire ilarne imp--ie:;, tr-- cevide :iIo;v to Lhe du:Iex fue.:- nr:::zIr::r.
I
L
FcwerPlant
^n.. _l
Hgtr Nepal
EAIrunes
CHAP:
ATA 71 B0
F U E LP R E S S U R I Z I N G
r r n t \Yt LF -
V/1L
-r,^ttrT
LI\bII{L
nT
11I
Inl F
IULL
P RE S S UN I Z I N G
VALVE
'ln
.4
ER
F U E LP R E S S U R I Z I N G
V A LTVT N G I NO
EP E R A T i N G
AT HIGHPOI^JER
SECONDARY
PRTMARY
too la _
?4o*",g
^nr:
Z ao (6
-
-.
{-tca,"lpt,-S
\./
'-.- pnessuRtzlNc
VALVE
16;.t
pnee:153i
BF'htepai
frE'Airlines
lPllant
lPorvrer
yj_.s;1?_ret.e by
r ()s s u r e -di f f e rq-1r.r_!Ll-.-g r
lla
i t: r ra1, bt: sc: te1191ilq12g_r.1Fgd-r
'['he
c,uar,'
f,Jf\
71 - B C)
PowerPlant
\,i J wepal
ffiffillirlines
71 - 80
cxae,
[J[
l,JAl', i NJECTI0N
I^IATER
QTY X-MTR
t^lATER
DRAII\!
VALVE
I.JATER
TANK
I pness ll
ll
laNcr
wATEt n MP
P R E s sl t P R E s sI
rxcr ll NG. I
X;"i{'D
D R A T NV A T V E
,-\'o7
:-5
I^IATER
PUMP
=41, _.) ,=
\
{J
WATEN\
.--.ffffra'
'TIAILK
s.0.v.
PRESS
Sl,liTCH
I.IATER
FLOl^l
R [ GU L .
(w +"kr aFt-
THRUST
LIVER
-Cr-erlc d^Dc- h-
(t
Lt),..l-a. Wlt-q,-l
HfTqg _
Ur. )
l4aterlnJectlon
engines to
of turbine
The sensitivity
in
results
compressor inleE temperature
t
h
r
u
s
t'
loss of available
an appreciable
t
u
r
b
o
P
r
o
P
a
or power in the case of
engine, on a hot daY. It is sometimes
output' '
necessary to augment the thrust
i
n
c
reasing
o
f
is a means
water injectj-on
s
e
c
tion
It reduces hot
engine thrust.
ternperacures, fuel flow can be increased
Lhereby obLained'
thrust
and greater
p
arLicuJ arly desiri
s
.'thrrr:;t- incrct.tse
engine
an aircraft
w
t
r
t
:
n
L
a
k
e
o
f
f
able aL
o
uEpuE
g
r
e
a
t
e
s
c
t
h
e
f
o
r
is called upon
i
n
j
e
ction
w
a
t
e
r
E
h
e
of power, Eherefore
o
n
l
y at
systern is designed co function
h,Q
c ia
lrr
lfr+ d^
s
p
u
l
n
p
r
a
b
y
t
a
n
k
storage
s
;lrul:w
a
L
(
:
r
t
h
e
t
o
v
a
l
v
e
s
a
n
c
l
r;t'-raincrs
p
l
a
c
ed
i
s
t
h
r
o
t
t
l
e
W
h
e
n
.
L
h
e
off valve.
L
h
e
ina
n
d
p
o
s
i
t
i
o
n
p
r
e
d
e
t
e
r
m
i
n
e
d
in a
o
f
a
n
b
y
.
m
e
a
n
s
a
r
m
e
d
jection
system is
o
P
e
ns
Lhe morlor actuaLor
arming switch,
t
'
o
w
a
L
e
r
permitting
valve,
the shutoff
florv Lo the water regulator - The reguprovides a constant pressure head
lator
orif ice, whj-ch, in turn, ensures
a
n
to
waLer flow to the engine.' The
c
o
n
s
t
ant
a
water then passes on to the engine water
through a
where it is injected
inlets
jnlt:lst)ray ring int.o the compressor aj'r
or through nozzles inEo the engine dif-
..-
,i.ijt
-.
.l
or
sectionr
fuser
.:;.:-.-.'*.\-r".
t
a
^-
-;-
boEh-
'
r:.;
--'a'
li.
'
r
i
1
NgiE/ttepal
EEEflA irl.ines
PAcE:1-'D
PowerPlant
cuae'l\J,[
i/il .- t0
CONTIlOL
UNIT
I
I
t
I
EXCES;S
I VE
FUELRETUR]\
TO
TNGII\IE
DRIVEN
FUELPUM P
INLEl'
ME T T R E
FD
UEL
TO FUELNOZZL[S
FUIL INI.-ETFROM
E N G I NDER I V E N
FUELPUFIP
CONTROL
'l'lrc f ue
I con Lr:oI syr;tenr is one of the
rnore comple:x erspect,:; of the gar; turbine
engine. It mus;t be possible
to inc:re,ase
or decre.lse tfre porvr:r at will
to <>bt,tin
ti:e t:hrust. recluir:ed for any operrat:inr;
ccrnrlil_ion- fn tur:bine-:cowered ;rir<:ra:Et
this
cont.rol is llrorridr:d by var.ying the
f Low of fuel to t:he cornbustion chermbr:rs.
liorvt:ver, Turbcprop airr:raf t- als;o urse
variable -pitch pr.ope:llr:rs; thus
, t:he
sel-ccLion, of thruLst is sh,ared b,y lwo
cttrrtr,:llabIe
variabl.es,, frrel f l_ow anci
prope Lle:: blade ansl.e.
116
These var:iables
etffr:ct the ;morrnt .c:f
,
f u e l f l o w . R e g a r d l - e s : ; o f t . h e ' t y p e r , a J .l
;
fuel cronl:roIs accomplish ess;enti.al.Ly.
the same functiorrs.
but som)srlnse nlorl r
engine vari,lbles
than others;.
,C)
z {-'
-U
F\
' olrc->-
qJ,(/
\f.J
PACEIS
PowerPlant
Nepal
E,,,+F
E&:#A irlines
cHan:
[JL
71- 80
LNIT
F U [ L I O N I ' I I OU
I
I
!
ENG
I NI
THRUST
LEVER
SIGNAL
COM PRESSOR
PRESSURE
DISCHARGE
Si GNAL
sPErD
SIGNAL
I
I
a,T
E N iGN E
D RI V E N
FUEL
PUIlP
lONS
COI'iNECT
E N IGN I
STARTLEVTR
INPUI
I NG
COMPUT
SECT
I ON
M ETERED
FUEL
I N L E lT. >
FUELl l r
FF,(lr'f
SHUTO
,:F
VALVE\ . /
<.
RETURN
I>
he l"v'cr-f
l/< {".1 .
i,wrri.hw^t
(iy.;t"
411, txt;",)
W',l^g)
levers
cockpit.
The power lever
are
frovlded
ln
the
(the
lever
rrom
is a carry-over
term throttle
a
o
b
v
i
o
usly
i
s
a
n
d
d
a
y
s
engi-ne
piston
j
e
L
e
n
g
i
n
e
t
o
rnisnomer when applied
with which the engine
powered aircrafL)
The power
can be selected'
performance
direct
p
i
l
o
t
t
h
e
does not give
i"tut
valve in
m
e
t
e
r
i
h
g
over the fuel
control
lever
t
h
e
By placing
the fuel control.
tells
the pilot
position,
into a certain
how much thrusL he dethe fuel control
then monitors
The fuel control
sires.
suffip
r
o
vides
a
n
d
s
e
n
s
e
s
e
n
g
i
n
e
the
.
t
h
e
engine'
t
o
r
a
t
e
a
a
t
i
u
e
t
f
l
o
w
ci-ent
obtainb
e
w
i
l
l
t
h
r
u
s
t
s
e
l
e
c
t
e
d
t
h
e
thaL
l
i
m
its
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
n
g
t
h
e
e
n
g
i
n
e
w
i
t
r
h
i
n
ed
d
e
c
e
l
e
r
a
tion
o
r
a
c
c
e
l
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
t
h
e
during
period
or t h r u s t
la
\#
Ne'pat
IlEtEAinines
rr,et:157
PowerPlant
'l'lrru:;t:
cHne:
fiffl
71 - Bt)
rcl;rrI:s
f.ronl Ilrc acr-.cI,:)rattiolt itn_
A . : r r : > i l r e r r c s p o n s . L b i J . i t y c rf L h e l : u c L c o n _
[ ] . 1r I . r ' r l t : o I l ] ( ) u t a s l g o t ' a j - r j : l o , , v i n , l
Lrol
is Lhe pre'renLion
c,f coml?res::or
i - l t r o r r , ; 1 . .t l r r : t _ . n g i r i e- C o n s ; e g r r r : n l _ J - y ,
ctnt
sur9,-, to wl'ri.ch reference
has;rlrr::icly
v , r r j , r I i < ; t r i r r ; r i r - t l r . , n : , ; i 1 . 1l :, ] r r : u r ' 1 r Jcllrr , r r r r ; t , : ;
l r r , ' r ' 1 1 1 1 ; 1 g 1(1i r' ._ r r g r : i s a c c r r d j . i t _ r > r r o I u r r _
L n l ) r c $ s u l - c ( ) r t - e r n g r e r . r t - _ r r rw
: ei L I
,rffect
stab.le
a ir f low Lhrr:ugh the cornprres=ror,.
l-irr'{-hrrrst. tlrre La t:he cltancJe in rnass
t < > w l r i c h t . h e e n c yi n r : i s m o r e , s r . r s ; c e 1 : i : i . b ) - e
,tirl'l.ttw. Jn't:hr: railcle oI engine
<tpera_
aL lrigh fliqht
;rlti-tuCes.
It
- L s rn c . : e s _
l. r.)n f ronr sc,-r l,tve L to aILi.tu<le,
atlnos_
s,y_a Lo--1inri t*acce Leratjg5; f ur:J*Lk:ul , l r ' : r :i r : [ ) r c s s u ) e v a . r i a t i o n s
harze a
s c h e <i-uI e g* Ll*g rtleg--lp- -.evp-r-d**rrg
9,. A r
tll.i.,r t rrl: e f f c.c't- r:rr a.i-r densi.ty
t_han L.he
cc:r:t;ij.n conpress;or sp,=eds and inle::. aj.r
( l l t . r i n c J ( ) sr n a n r b i < : n l - t : e ; n p e r a t . u r : e .
For any
t - e r r n p e : r a t : u r e s ,c a . l : e m u . s t b e t a f : e n n c ,t t . o
..;tL'.r(ly state
condil:j-o:.r of eng:.ne op{?ra_
i r : ,[ . r o d u < : e f u e l i n t c > t i r e b u r n e r - s r = < : : i , o r i
( l{rtl (trr,-t:;a
: ri r [ . ] o w t l r r o r r r l l l t : l r t , lr : r r g . i r r c
j n s r , r r - ' lar n t . : u , l n o rt - l r a h
a crjtic:a-IIi,
hir;tr
1;orr:;t-.tn[), a <]t,.Lin:_tearrtcunt of f:ue.L
is
p r 4 s s i u r e w i - I l b c p r - o d r : c e , Jb e f c r r e r - i - n ,
t t c t ' , i . ' r . lr . t t ) ( 1, L l t e r e . l . o r r : ,
L h e f r - l e I , z , aj - . r :
airfl.ow, and air pr.es:;ure increa:ir sr:f.
r.rt'i.,>rvill
be consr:an[.
f icientJ.y Lo t.ake c:aro of the siLu,at.i_cn.
' l ' 1 r , ., 1 r r , r n f
i.f1' of fuc:I :;uppl jccj mrrst be
U r r r l e r : s r . r c i r c o ; r r . il t : j c r n s , t h e t l c v t r > f . .a i r
, r r i l l r r l : c t l . r i r t . o r n a t , j - c _I I-\l/r L , J c o r r c c L .
fcrr
L h r o u g l r t l l ( l c o l n p r c l :s o r : s L o w s c o w n , a l r d
cirarirles ir.r ambie,nt tertperature
or. pr:es._
t
he comprressor blaces stall
caus:-ns l:he .
s:;Llre. 'l'lre nandling
of thr= engine out:inr7
eng]-ne t.o s;urqe. The i:ue.L f low schedule
strrai.iy-ritate
coridit.ions
i-s only part: o.i
of the Iue.:- control
is; dt:si,Jnei to guarcl
thc,' t.-cs[)on;i-bility
of
the fuel
ccntr:oL
agaj-nst- ti.rj.s conCiticrr .
l ' i i l F . ' nL i l c e r - r g i _ n e i s a c c e L r : r a t e d ,
ener.gy
i l i r r : : l - _b e s r . r l t p l i e d t o t f r e j : u r c i n e
in erx_
- - ' - ' : : : io f L h , r l _ t r e c e s - s a r ) . t . < > m , r i n t a i n
a,
( : c r t 1 : .;1i n l . r r ) i n . I l o w e v e r ,
if
the fuel
f l_ovr
-Ls iircreas;rd
l-oo rapiciJ-y, an o.verrrch
r i i i r : L l , r - r - :n t a v b c l p r o d u c c d
r,rhic:h rneans tira.t
l - . l r , rq ' - r . r n l : j . t _ 1<2> f f r _ r e l b o c c ) m e s
e:<cessive
i r r r . ' , ,L- , r t - i t : 1 , L c ) i l l , i s s . r i r : f L o w t . h . : o u r ] l _ r
the
cr-r,irre, tirc Ii.nri-:i.nr; t-cnrperert-u,;:e
of t.ire
t - r n - l ;i n r : i t l a i i r : s ; c a n l t e e x c e e c i e c . i
, o.r it
r . . , rI i i ' r - o . ' l l r c c . c , o l n l ) r e : j l . j ( r r : s l - a l . I
;rnd a con_
c l i . f _i o n r e f e r r e r l
l:o ;is ,,rich blowout,,.
l i i r ' i r l r l r t r ^ r o tLr c c c r t r : s w l r , " l n t - l r c ,
antourr{-of
oi:r./g{)n rn Lhe air: stip_cLy is insuffic.ient
r.() srlr)p()iaL cotitbu:;ticln,rnd
when ther m.i-x_
I,ul-,.t i,s <:or:l.ed bcllou Lire
c o m b u s ;t i o n
r:em_
I.,'rat',r,rrc b)r the e:xcerss fuel.
('(\n\'",':;{'
l ' , l - ( . ( l u ( - i n ( - ll . l r r . f r r r . l f I o u , t - c t O
tlrrit:h Ly,.luring
dt:ccJr,r,lti(:)n ntay rcsu_t-li r r l t . , r r r c l. ie . - c u t - , r , l t i - c . l i r ) ( ! i l f tj l
f uel quanti._
I i, I .; rr.,'rlr_:(_.rld
1>rcpor t-_i.onaL 11, belor". tfre
. r i r q r r n n t . i t - ' 1 . , f h i s c a n h a 1 _ - p e nb e c a u s e :
i.:
r s; p.o:;sil_rlc to reduce
t,he f u,:I f low ;rt_ a
fastetra.te th,rn t_he re.te a1- which ttre
c o n u r r e t s s c , r r u j .l . L r e d u c e a j . r : f l r > r v
to tirer
i-rr.rrners. Tlict f ueI control
rnu.st mainta.in
.,
P^GE:1,8
JE Nepal
PowerPlant
&*i,ffA irlines
cHne'
[f[
71 - B0
r
r
\w2tex:4ri
,,-
ta
-.',re
i du,
t"
8t dab
STEADY
STATE
- LINE
{n t'"
Q;ct 91"" o*
'--.}
ACCIL.
fc 7't,ur/
-,)
t'.;
A , ^ r l , ( . L , | . r . . , al ,- u a | *
n F { ^F I
Cro,n
t
I
t-z
I'IAX
POI^JER
IDLE
G^"1 6h
ENGINE
STARTUP
P0|^JER
LEVERSELECTI0N /'
/ -,
tz"'vvt
l^"*t
"
ut*t
ENGINI
[/, seero
5'-, ,
\./
( LIMITED)
t-+
E X C E S S IV
FE
U E LF ORACCELTBALi*ON
4 - 5 ACCELERATION
LINE (CUP'"-=-'.-rN,rriLD
, i.
5 - 6 DR00PLINE (RPMC0NTR-OIffiF-;rrct L,.s 1^ttntucr (ttt'"
6-7
P OI,IELR
EVER
S E L ECTI
ON
6 - B REDUCID
FUEL FqE-D-EEE-LE.RAT
I ON
- I NF U E LA D J ).
B - 9 D E C E L T R A T I O N -(.LLIIM
NIET,Ti DM
(R
P
t't,.CONTROLLED
9 - 2 D R 0 0 PLI N E
)
'
to.-&l
!or"
/t-t
",+/
(n1'Jv""
t-c-| c-:>>
g,,1\t1pi'l)9
PoulerFlant
*rne:flf,fl
s i t'tPL
I
t:tjIt_c ]NTR0L.
7lt - 80
POh,ER
LEVER
slcitAL
n.
t4v
i-_---1
;
l
S P E E iG] O V E R I i O R
'
E__,
._
_---__ Spitiifln
'=*-.=:,_.+
spRtnci
(-=
cr=3
-t'l-)''
'1
--m
"-F
-|
FLyl,lflGHT
lz |
",F+=
3,lrl$
l,-_| 't'/
)ll tl ( ":o'
:lF-A*:
I'1TTIR
I ]IG V A L V E
PLU N G I R
i--5-
rl.ltii
H I G HP nr s ( : i l n : . . .
-J/
FUEL n t r a n
L
Fi_0tJ
ADJusntENT
II
II
I
_ . . ' : ?
L-
('
,,.S
FUE:L :'
SHLITOFF' I
*Y\j
4'
PUMP
RELi EF
VALVE
i'
(t
W*
ENhINiSPEFN
:Ji GNAL
l/At 1ftr
I NL
I-\'r-
"\ - / ' i
''
F ' ;; E L
il.-
\,r\
.t
/1
I_J
-l
/ )-.
1 L L _L )
DI F.:ERTNTI AL
P R E I J S U Ri I
f { I LI I F V A L V I
^/-l
CDP
u\[-
1!!-f
l,!.\
r/.-r; ir.- ,t
3- D- cAi.l
>'
C0 t ' l P R t : ) S 0DRI S C H A R G E
PR E r i s u (Rcro e ;si G N A [ _
V,
COI'IPRES:;OR
I|iILEIT E M P E R A T U( R
CE
II)
Si I3NAL
,58 Nepat
PowerPlant
sffiAirlines
Inl:cductlon
cxap,
ATA 7tr- BO
conLrol Port in t
1s the area of
meterj ng va lve
'fhis valve
does not repltrce the higlr
pressure relief
valve since it does lrot:
sense absolute pressure.
Thqr-dif ferentLal - relief
valve survcs..
purpose in t_bg!_-i-E k(:(:t)s
gl!g,L-!gr useful
F h g _ _ l U g h p i e s s u r e - p .u.m
: ..i .5- w o r k i n g o n l y _ a s
neld--g.F-feqq
i.r.ed--lt I ni nri z i n g powe r I os s
arrd heating of the fue1
SlmpleFuel Control
SpeedGovernor
'i na
'ilie
r::
a nearly"'constanL
drop'artrire pressure
by t-he sett Ing of
yal,-ue, as de termineci
The f lov" t-hrouqh an openr-nq
spring.
iis
ciepencis otr two Par.rttre Le r:j
- opcning
widr.lt
- di f ierent.ial
[)rc:ts;rlr(J
tlrt: rliffc'renLiaI
If
Ltre operting.
across
is kept aL a coltsLatrL veilue, Lhc
pressure
Lhen
r-he flow
t-o corlLrol
varrlable
only
Frrrrl
elCmenL,
tending
LO nrg,lr.:
_+I_l;-.-o_f_: o t a t i o n wire tt
9_uty q q_Q"f r_qi!__!be._
L h e s :--,-,-,--.,
es., This force is norp e e d i n c r e a s --L--"--m : I I r r 'i- n. ' . -h : I : n c s w i t , h t h e S p r i n g
f orce ,
wLrich is set for a Certain speea',-and
t-he fueL valve is stationary at some
9i
I rro
aanl'ri
wod
nnon
i nry
T F
t-he
enni
np
I r ' s
qnepd
v r !
oneq
PACE:,1,5'j
I hleltal
'Aiirlines
:'
PowerlPllant
from the
o s.ecrlrrr maximurn sr:nsitivity
'
'
r
a
I
v
e
sleevcl arrci
.rrlvr)rn()r. the fur:I
to one
r
e
l
a
t
i
v
e
r
c
r
t
a
L
e
d
lrIung"t,are
another,, This exped.Lent almc,st contplr:tefr<>m
ly c+linri::rates th(l sr:atic frictj.on
the valva elelnenl:13lrd result.s
practical.Iy
accuraLe govbrnor,
from dealband-
i.n a vr:ry
free
veI.y
^--.'F!'
uJI'Lilu-L
^ rr -qtLs L- ', rr
vn y^ q
l'^
'-rrn
th,=
en-
g ine witholtL ()ne or more of these gadgr-ts. Anobher componer,t vrhlch is 'cnly
slighrt.ly lclss essentia.l j-s an accelera-'
L i o l r I i n r i L . e : r . S i n c e t f r e ) n $i n e s a r e i n tern;iI Ly a:-r r:ooled errgines , much of Ltre
a i . r : g r u m p , e db y t h e c o m p r e s ; s o : r i s u s e d t c r
cool Lher cc>mbr:stion gerser; to the point
withcut'
wllLrrcr tl:.ey can run the turbine
t
o
accelernclti-ng the bLades. In o::der
rale ther etrgi:re, the f:ue.L f low is increas;ed, but only to the point wherer the
i.s rea':hed. As thtl
tt:mp':rature
limit-inc'
engine a,ccr:le.rates anci incr'eases the
airf l-ow, more fuel can be a'lded- Thi.s
funct:iorr ctrn .5e perfor.me<l by the opera'tor, but i:l it must. be dr>ne often it: can
by an autom;rtlt:
prob;rbl1' br: dcne better
d e v i < : e.
L e r m p e : r a L u r ev l e r e t l t e
If Lurbj.ne inlet
s e : n sonly enqlinr: limi tat.iort, ,l control
ing Lhis; tr:mperaLure can be used. Irt
most cas;es we are erlso f,aced uith the
nece:;sit:y r:f avcidi.ng thr: comF'ressoll
Si.nct-'a good incip:-enEsurge and staII.
s t . . o ] .i d c L e r : l - o r h . a s n o L y r 3 t b e e n c i e v t l l o . p L r (7
1 .LL i-s trecessar)' L() s,:hedufe t.he acceler:at:-ng fuel in accor'lance wit;h t;ome
enqine r)ar,tmeter or- combinaEion of
g>ar,rmeters. Wht:n the shortest
i ungitre
iposs.Lble a,:celeratj-on tine is important'
t-he r:onl-rol become:; r;rther involrted.
proTllis is Lhe prinrar)t ri3ason aircraft
are so compulsi-on gas turtrin) controls
prlic;rteci. For stlraller engines wil:h less
c r i t i c a - L c f , t n P r e s i s o l : s' o r f c r e r p p l i c r l tionr; where Ehe co:;t , nd simpJ-icj-ty of
than opthe r:on1:rol are mo::e important
L i n r u r np t : r f c r m a n c e , a s i m p l e r c o n t r o l
is' used gi'. ing erqutrll'y ef fe,ctj-ve engine
prot".ction
but vlith a longerr accr:leral: i.on t itne .
*HAP:
ATA 7't - i0
prce:t62
PowerPlant
71 - B0
cnne,
ffifi
)l'i.rLU
ilfr
Tn
DROOP
GOVERNOR
H I G HP R E S S U R E
R E L I FV A L V E
TO
COMBUSTION
CHAI,,IBER
F U EL
ATOMIZER
SPEEO
GOVERNOR
--o{
.4.
RPI,l
ADJUST[lElJT
O R I V E. I N P U T
FROM
A C C E S S O RC
YA S E
Speed
Droop
Returnj-ng now to 3he operation
of the
oo!'err)or-engine svsterl , assume that ttre
,engine is running at rated speed, unicaoed, so that the metering valve is
onl-r' far enough open to supply the small
r-uei flow requlred.
If _!he load on the
g ng_i1.e__1 s__i. n g_4'.e*a
s e d, $r s_ : p_e_e_d__!i
Il d e crease.
This causes_t[e_f]yweights
to
move in undei the urging of t.he speeder
spring,
and the fuel valve is opened
',vider to admit more fuel.
I.Iith the
additional
fuet the engine picks up
speed again, and as t.he set speed is
reached the flyweights
rnove the fuel
valve in the closing
direction
until
t.he
proper steady state fuel is reached.
t,lot.e, however, that since the engine now
requ.i-res more fuel , steady state,
to
carry
the load,
tlg_f3-e-"1- nlu-!q.f+"9 va-I.ve
must be farther
open than it. was at no
Ioad. To accomplish this,
1t_.is necesg3ry, that t.he engine.runs_ at a lower
speed.because this catrses thei flyweight.s
tso move slightly
in and relax
the
spe'eder spring
thus opening the fuel
gressively
decrease. If speed versus
Ioad j-s plotted
we ge! a droopj-ng line
as shown in the figure.
This charactefiStiC
iS
portional
Called
d''ncrn"
" qe Pn_ e -ev Y e
_ g -d
wg__:j
nr
"nrn-
control".
The droop ghgrac!95-1.s!i.c is.common to
aII mechanical- governors. It is a good
thing frorn the standpoint
that it renders the engine-governor
system stable,
but. it. does mean Lh?t the engine is
either
running bel-ow rat.ed i;peed when
loaded or above raEed speed when unIoaded. This is not a serious disadvantage in many cases, and the control is
simple
pdcic: I,i:
\ry1 tYe,pal
ElEifA'irtines
l,lrrr<.
l-n
r\dy)
,'\r{irrnl-
LU ttuJu>L
FrowerF lant
F
I tUt P
U l, ! fLnUnIfIrLnI l \ J I
I)rnnn
LJtuup
'l
o:;s
n\f
m
. . , i. 'l ,r' ^ ^ i. : r r o
l-lro
.*,^p,
A'lA 71 - 8,0
m o t g- qo! rrl ir n
Y n
n^rF
I / \ / l L
wj.der radiaIIy,
tlier f--ow range j-s oitt a i n = d l v i t . r a s r r a l . l . e r a x . L a l m o v e r n e n t :o t
t h e : I u i : g e r a n d t h e r e i : o r r - ' a ; a i n a s n r a LL e r
c h . r r r r ; c - - n s p r i n g . f cr c e r. I r i n , : I I y ,
ther
s e t l - . r - r . t go f t h , : d i f t e r e r n t : i a I
valve cern.lte
incrr:aserd,',,'hiclr will
force the reqtrired
F r r e l f l r r - o r r r r h, t q m : l l e r r r r i : -l ^_nr e. n l n c r o _ :
tire l:uel- valvr:, wirich ag;rin results
in
Iess drocp.
"l- trlrriel-
llnltr.
UIII Li)
f rtr-Frn':n
: nr d
q
tu
=.,^.i..^=:lulllc:
are:quipped
wi1:ir,a fuel
cc)ntr()l
::rj.t
w,ric.r aut.cmatic;rlly
sati.sfj-es
t : i ' et : = ) qlir-.mrrnts
oi: the ..-ngine - /rItn<:uc,':. t.he
h,rqi,-
roarr
: l L rl
q
.r jro-Jr
i r.,16'1 f S
lL -Ut Lr !rr l- rr ti gn o
*a!n' Yn l v^ r
--_
--,^-t
h r ' /\rgvtrj.rulAl"lt-cl
i
rlr
- eIe:ct.ronic.
Tite e:1er:trcni"i i ue.r- c{rntrol, ir: a ,::::,bi--.
n a r ti < > n r > f t . h e t v r o l t a s i c g r c , u p r : . l . i r 3 ; ; ;
ftrel corrtrcls in us;e today are th'=:cm-.
p J . e L . e r I yh y i r c m e c h a n i c , r l
LyFe.'
J t t L f u e L c c n t r o l . s a r e e . x t r e m e _ i _ ; 'c r : r - _ c LL - .
c ; r C e c i d r : v i c e s . T l h e h y r l r o m e c , h a n _ i . c ai : i r 1 ; es
aI:e c:oml)osed of spr:ed governol:s; , :=::rv()
s 1 ' s t e r n r s ,s l e e v e a n d p i _ I o t v a l ' . ' r . s , : . s e r l - .
A s a , - w . r r , ' s ,t h t : r e a r e l . i m i . L a r : i o n s o n t h r : s e
oodges. Thr: Ilmitation
on the speederr
spring con(:s.:rom the nec:esl;it'y for
havino o st:ab-Le flyrveighL-s1:ring
conLlcinabion. Thet I:i-rnitation orr tire .,ridth of
the r.'alve g;ori-'is establi.shr:d .by the
d i a n r e tre r o j : t h e s l e e v e . T l h e : : e i s a l i r n . j - t . vh r- -, un ,L\ - v^ -! !Fv^r rlw lw^u, ,L, ., - .
d)Vir:eS,
and
;:e:i::-:n(]
to tl-re numller of holes wl-rich c,in .ce
s ) ' s t ) n l s, I l a d d i L i c > n, e l e c t r o l : j c . i . _ : :i
t l r i l l c - d a r o u n c i t l : e s l c e v e , w i _ t h o u t w e a k r : n - (L-La, ,rlrl Lt YL 'vr rt :l ). : i - r , - n - n r ' r : t - o
;. r- r. n
t.lLUr;JL__.-_
. .n: l^ ^i ^ fa vi .o- '*-,=
::_=flncing i t. 'fh) I imi Lation or:, the r:n bhe d j.f - cc)uDl.es,
r,,.Iays, eJ_ec,:rica1 set'ro :,-.-s.f e r e r : L i a l c r r e ss; u . r e r e l i e f
v;rIvr: sr:t.tinq1
terns, s''rit.r:hes, anci sc>lenoi-ds..
i - s e s t - a b I i s ; l t e c i b . 1 b l r r e m a x i r n r r mp r e : s s u r e
r a t i n g o f t i t e p u r n p.
PnGE:1fli
B# Nepat
EAtntnes
PowerPlant
CHAP:ATA
n-80
EHGINEFUEL
NOZZLES
S+ Lzu-ct
lutl tr,ltr
f r t 9 50 l o l
F u t r /- o t L
HIAT
EX C H A N G IR
I NGll'.lt
D RI V E N
PUI,1P
UNIT
pur.:'+v'fl,,**-b.
I
fL-'-t;
il[il
?r<)t:,|(tJ
Plant
Flornrerr
cp,np,
ATA. 1'1- t30
AIiD
FUEI.Fi-OI,I
FUTIU
. :;ED
IOR
I N D] : C A
TRANS;I'lITTEII
['*-t
f"r*t
Y1i J
v?
FIJEL FL.C)Y/
x t0o0
(1,4{JC3
FRIfM
FUEL U:JEO
FUEL
CONTROL.
U I TI T
2
I
I
-E
F L I EL F L O I VT F I A N I S M I T I R
E
t urcr a
. tl
E
n lr l'
i l rLl lrI^Lad+L' li u
I lllunrri. i Ir n
aF
\ I
SUpf
fr.rel flcw
t r d: n rt i- L
i r l{- v
!e \i
}
If
ed
t:O
is
m c : se ut : : e d i n s t e ' a d
^t
^
l r o eL a
a rur e->s_L
o
f il':
lrr,
''.lnlalllnF
I lY r-._YJ.
rJL.j].'lj.: jf.l-r- u . _v L--tr
j.g
^^nla,'cti rrn
crrcr96
1-he
proIr()rt-iortal
Fo mass anil n,:l- Lo quc.ntL"a -q,iILorr
o:: I j-Lre ofl
f .,'. 't'lrt' irrii:;s oT
I r r c I v a r - i c : s r v i - t i t t - - e r r r 1 : , eLr :u; :l : e o f t h c r f r . r eL
and changcls <>f t-enrpc'r:attrre otherwis;e
inclic;rfor
would haver tr: be conside:retl
Liorr. "
i,-
lt
trans'1nil:t,er
is
l.octlte'l
i.n the
f ue l- s rrp*pl_y,
:!L.ia * 9 5-_-lI,9 *l-:*P tl:
_l,i_1_u*ge
j
::: l-he
. "iL can be: insta-ll a
-!r1o-11_._s.119_,!1or:r
<
;
:
.
i
;
:
:, fuel
s
e
:
c
t
.
l
o
n
p
r
r
:
s
s
u
r
e
l - o ' , +o r h i g h
:
.
r
a
.
:
jr:.:L
h
e
s ; j ' s i : e n r .F u e l . f - L o r vt t t r o t r g h
---"
f
;
.
:
t:er causesi'cCiit:"on -i a-::oEo'::i,fgrn"fll byscein to a-pos;it.lon i::."ttl.;it)-Thr: ro:.:r
;.::re {lg,! _!o_ f ge.l_f 1o11 r?te.
j
:
i
:
h
=
r:atr:s a three-phase cur:retrt
: ; t a j : o r r v h i c l ' r f L o w s t h r c > u q l . ' tt . i r ' : s : 1 1 - - - t
<>f ':he j-ndic:aL()r. The nag:reti,: : Le--: Lhru=
r r r n r l r r c e d r p . - r r - l - , ;w i t h t . h e f i e l , i
cf '::e
::ot-or in the inclicat.or anrl cil'l:ies --:. Ic)
;rqqumr)
,l'1a:;e,rI
A f-.eg
no!: i t- I on
ccrrr(:Sp'3ndi..:tg
to
:.he
pos i-Lion of th'e rotc,r :Ln the t::e.ns:-: tl:er, which again dri.vet; Lhe inl: j.ca:::r
lrper'l'lc
ti-+'rohw
--^"j--
JllUwf.rlY
&r-^
LllE
t"--
!u=--
f'-:'"'
, , a C , =o r , t . l - r e i n s t r u m e r n t s c a l e c : : i . i - : : : a . t e c i
ca i:he
.Ln Ibs/lir or ktr/hr. Por;itionir:::
ac::i e'ri
:
;
rot()r wi-t.hin Lhe tr;rnsrnitLer
a;::i a
i
m
p
e
l
l
e
r
:
ed )cy a e,c-rnot'3r dri-ve.tr
j:urbine qonnecLed to t.lee rot.or ' wi'1'=:'e
merji um'
.fueI iJ t.fre energy t:ransferrint:
(
i
ri'i'trn
t
o
b
e
h
,
a
s
llec,ause t.he impel ler:
r^rit-n a cclnsl:ant speed ir fuel. fj-ow lpower
: s u p p l y u t r i L i s i n . s t e r l l r : d , w l ' irc i r c o l n t : r o . L s
Ei 16{'
PowerPlant
cxne,
[J[
71 - BO
i-*
I
l
F U E LU S E DI N O I C A T O R S
F L O TR
V A T EI N O I C A T O I I S
SWITCH
RSET
E N 6 I H EF U E LF L O \ ^ '
S
T R A N S M I TR
TE
N0.1
LECTRONI C
M OO UL E
N 0 .3
H 0 .2
the
r.lri
electrical
power for
the
impeller
rra
In addit.ion
to the f.l-ow rate i.ndicator
a "fuel used gage" may i-.e j-nstalled
shovring the amoune of fuel burnt wit.hin a certain
time perioo.
This gage can
llzornaAll
F,o
hrr
.,teans o: a reset switch.
^4
F.ta(jE: -.arl
l'-Y
\t#l l{e1tal
Prowti'Plarnt
EisrAirlines
F
l rurtor Il
FueI
nake
pump
low_
_f
rI rl lrlltc; :Li t
rDl r 1; )t ti r. 'Ur rl r nt r
Tnr{lnnilnrr
IlltlILdLIUll
Crrn
rutrt
-t"[e-_-{i-!!=qy!.-tv
-t9_L9.el..e--F"!q-,_s,sLq5_c1e""e,f
otriclclw.
l!:::-rr*J
ir
orderr
t.o <letr=rmine
"tiLtf'tei
t r o u t r l e h a s d c v e ,l o p r e d i n t h e e n g
j-ne or
irt tlrc air:raft
fuell:;ysE.ern, so thaL
n t - o m f ) i . r\ -.u-Lr r pL e. uf L ! \ g i . ^
t-rrLrrrJL
T^
Iil
a,lli.-;^cl(IC'II-LO-1
tsL6
Lns
-.^,;^^
cLLu,LUll
rrol
't .u -a ,J ,
nrrrnn
t-^
L'c
.in1o
-,^4-'c
t:akrln.
pf
t3S-
^v t ^t
J'nmnnral-rrra
*ree,f\J,[
tgliluurdt-ut
h
^^* L,
ut9-
q__!
L.L
qt
c *L . t . h e
Tnr{{
nn!
iz-[ ; ](l
l ar-
1|lurLdLrull
fur: i
pnoe'.1(fr
\gZ Nepat
gAlntnes
PowenPlant
cxae:
[f[
7l - 80
EF'GE:169
Ne,pa'l
\#
MlArnrnes
PowerPlant
71 - B0
cxne,
fiffi
RIVTRSTR
FAN
(!*
CO\^/L
/--
).+
RTliSER
ll
,\
o
\y--<(
\
,l i 1
t,
a11
:J
.\ tt l.-
(r
j*_-_
!3c't-'t'.6:c
Art.:?"-
FtnE sEAt
- c c ) ' Y v Ls U P e 6 n T p 1 1 g
o
.-e/
(--/
?k>n=
E\ G [ ' l E C O w r - P : x E l c { ) u / L p A r ; EL
N O S EC o w L
Ll"
;;& Nepal
PowerPlant
sryryrAirlines
.:l I
cxae'[J[
OPENINGS
NE COI,JL
VENTITATION
AIR INLT.
GEARAOXBREATHCR
- OUIIT
- 'FrBE
AqCEES DOOR
U lr s Ht tn
F I R E X TIIN Gi u
r N T LL S I s PA
AOTTLES ACCEs
I TTTTR Ei X
J HA
AU S T
5I r A R
I ILF
FITTE
ANO
T E ROO
o lR
c E s s Io o O
ACCE
O . I LF I L L R A C C E S S O O O N
OVERBOAROORAINS
O U T L E TM A S T
OVERPRSSURE
8l.ow.oFF 000R
FIFEACCESS,OOOR
fUCL DNAINS VHT
S T A F T EN V A T V E
ACCSS PANEL
tt
71 - BO
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l'71
\tU Niepsl
EiWAirlines
lPowenlPllant
7'1 .- 80
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S I . I DI I A N I ] L I N GP O I N T S i
N E I ' l O U N TA
A F TF T I G ' I T
A,{) TJNI
r-rol5T
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Fwc) FU13llT
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Pclfii
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ilITlr.{G
GRifUNOHANO[ING
& S H I P P i N GP O I } { I 9
\/ibra'iicrnIsoiertors
T ' l r e _ _ v i l r r a L . i o ni s o _ - a t . o r s c c n s : l s t s c i a
1-es j- I i r:n t mat e r i a l--_p1=.r affg
;seC
in er nrr:te1l-qase-. l\s itn eng "_t_lg_er-"
ine: v i;:: a:,as;
t h e r e s ; i 1 i - e n t n a t e r r i i t l , C e f o r m s s . - i . g : l. * 1 y ,
therebl' dampeni.nEi the vibraticrs
t:ei::r.e
tirerv' re:acir the air-pJ_itne structuril
.
pAGEi172
,' .E Nepal
irlines
& f&ryA
PowerPlant
cune,
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pacelZ4
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ryAirlines
cxae,
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71 - BO
STRUT
FITTIN
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RAOIUS
FILLER
S A FE T Y
6OLT
ENGINE
FLAI.JG
T H R U SLTU b S
FITTITIG
LIHXS
'THNUST
FEAI,IE
S A R B E LN U T
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c'rne,
["f[
['rn
i 'r,r
Li lU lllrJ
'aa
. vv
71 -- i0
Q
u ,i f vC, -l v- p, ,t 1t t
'l'i)
condit-jcns,r"wlrcn
t.he rpm is hicrh
stat,ic
' l ' l l r ' : i L l r ; t , i " r J rr rr . . : : u L t : s ; r r r , r d r o p
ir. t.lrr:
si'st:ern.
'l'lrr:
anl:i-icc
ccnLroL valvcs
a r e : , . r - : : ; -l I, ' , '
- p l n r - l - r i ' - a l l ' . ' r r r r tn r . - o n . r . r t e r l s i - - . : C : : :
vatlves ()r
- r , I e c f r i r - - aI I ' . ' s o l . e n ( ) i d - c o n t . r o l _ - : . i
;:.:.i
.- r... r. :
lir.,ri.IU
LJL,js:julf-
I lrt ottt'lr
l-lrn
of-
l-lro
,--D'nrf.'.:qrtr
,r i r
.
r - _ .*c s. l n q
irr I ol-
.i
r u -_ r_
guj.de
e.t t.ile
cnerrtr-ng
qnnr'.
jc
on
-rrr,l
Lhe grournd,
or aL low air.-h
. 1u
, rlng
s- . u, . C
I l '- f -s q
,-Y'l rprnI
h i ah
t : , t f : r ' r , r lf ,
:Lce Inay f ornr irt t)re con:preSSC)r
i . n L r . l , . : v i r r r t . h o u g h t : l ' r c i t r r r bj . e r r t c e m p , - . r i r t-ur'' i:; apprrci.rbly
ebo'.'c Ireezirrg.
T]re
.rircrl:
IrLi;lrt
:rrrl
:,.-
o:curt-ho
protc'ct.Lon
ilg
againsiat _[[9_.[r_9_D!__q-[
I o a - i i rn.nr r Y
sa uA q- o
c
Of
thef
ino.qFerl
hrr
t_- ^h,,_:
CCmpfeS_
sor.
An
i-cc prct-cc:tion
systen ntllst effecLive li' prevent
rvithin
:rce formation
the
oper.l i:iona I rcquir,:ments
of: tire partit:rrI,tr: aircra{.t.
'I'ltr.t-r:
ctrC iwCr l;15ir: svstenrS; O.i i:e
t.urLro-jcL enc.;irres generllly
Frot.dct ion;
usc n hot air
supply
ar:d trrrb<>-propel1r:r engines
lrse electrical
por,rer or a
r ; o n r i -i rn a t . i o n
of c)Ie(ltri-caI
p , 6 r , v a : r, 1 n d h o t
a I r - The lroL ait'
sr/str:m .i'sr.generillg_,/
L ; : ; r - . r .l1- o
.. pr(:v(:nt- thc
frtr:maLion.' oF"ric,:. nnrl
.l'lre
isr krrtlrvn a:; .an-ttnt-i.--it:l'ii?
:sysLonl.
e.Jet;bri
p r l e u l l a C L C a I - L y - o F ) er i i C e , f
r r q u . l - at ( ) r
preS Su ::=
valves; .
'fltey
an aircref t ice
\,/alves ncrmarlllr
detect jon
syste:.
T--_:
are clc)secl alld a..trn:l
<;nIy when ntce:isary.
'['ltere
i sJ ua tI . rivcr ir rL t _i n- - f h r , e o n ] r . r- i_f , I : : : t r
4
: l l I " r m i n a t e s w h e n t h e a r . t i - i c r _ , . .c r - ; r i ' : : .
rral,res are c)pen a.itd thu,s j.nd.Lca:,::;:.:.ett
l-ite
svsl,orn
i q
one rr l-i ne
..@ Nepal
*wWAirlines
pnce:
rfG
PowerPlant
71 - BO
orae,[J[
A N T I I C T S Y S T [ I -, I O P E R A T i IIIIG
OT
sYSlil.l
^il r - r c t
r\
v
lF_11
ftn
'!
\".\\
!: i
l,l\
,,iiii
.1 /',;,)
G.
lt^;r.
q
lsl/.1
L....ir.f.f ,
>c*_9
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i..(
Lt: --ri.;;L"-Ln
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ia.l
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l ' l c , - - .^h
1,1,
a="
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/,tl
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-tt
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^
@ i r r r E N G r {AEN T r - r cvEA L V E
r N G n lA
EN T r - r cvEA L V r
@orGHT
@ r r o s rc o t , JAl N T r - r cvEA. L V E
@ r H e n r , r o s r Af fToroc u l ni Nr Gv A L v E
cToR
@ nrsrnr
$ r l r e r l l r r N L I Tc A S r
cowr
@ruose
@ cor,renissoRINTERMEDIATE
STAGE
nesso
R@ coun
LASI STAGE
\+UUCI
uepar
tElTl/Airlines
r^$ri77
PowerPletnrt
rot
h*'.rtirta
ltys -eilr_pr=-o-v-id9:;-sifrf,rfe
air
^ rr-u- 'I-t FL
n t r i n e a l . tul l/-\/< t lr- -l1Y'1
I ) o i ' -: -r-' t,
o f - t- l t-r - -'' r:- iiY-.
l:'l: -ili
l r i g l t ? _ " . - l q q_1 , 9 , ] i k e I y
e.i n.lr Ls arc tl)r' ertr i ne i nl'rkr'. tlte irt:-rkr- crrriclc virr)t-a:;, tltc- nose cone, tlre
Icacling edge oi l-h= nosc cowl an,l , sonreti:ne s,
Tlie
hot air
f:or thr3 anti-j-c;incl
s'ystenr is
u:;ua.L11'taken
fr:om the last
si:ag,: of the
cr)illDr:essor arrd extilrnally
tir:ougir
anti- icr: cr:ntrol
i-'rrf-.r
rocrri
ri
no
:n-
ciuct:ed,
varlve:s,
to
t.he
i-icinn
L-.
,nW Nepal
*WAirlines
PowerPlant
*rnn,[f[
7,1- BO
A N T I . T C I NVGA L V E
ANDACTUATON
il"l,
ttSr..1,
i\
PRT.SlURT
R T G U T A T I N GV ^ L V E
9va'at +^'ALd-1
pe<',E.
17')
*ygl Ne1tal
Pow,erPlarnt
EtlEtAjrltneis
cxne,
f\f1{
AIIT - I C i N G A I R R E G U L P . T O R
t, t.,s')
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VIEIV
NOTATEO
900
O P E NP O S I T I O N
S O PA I I OF , A I L I J N E
I T J O I t : A T IP
OIN
N
,il R F _3tiJ
cL0sE0
P-STO
h.)
f ,v
HOTARY
PLATE
fil9
,3ALL
1]EARING
ROTOR
P 0s r T tH
0
r iPRn tG
STtIP--
-BI MITAL
I lI :
T E ME
PR A T U
-.DALL
S H N S I T IC
VO
E IL
BE,qRIi\G
h r
\==
.\n arrLi-.icing
Pri:ssure
incorl:or;rted
in
irat-ic,:.Ll-.2 varies
air- rt:gulat.or
is sorret-irnes
t-he s1':tem, whj.ch auboti.re: qrlaniity
of t-ite
vrrth l-he chan,Ting
.tnti-icirrg
air
ce;sive
f 1e:v rrl
t - r : r n o ea a t u r e
vi(:e
engirr,:.'lhe
a n t - j - i r - -i n o
and
l-r:ss air
of
tlre
air
bled
fronr
re3ulator
a:rti-.ic:-ng
a irf LCrv whetr the
air
[he
rr\Ju
J V
r:ed'_rces
i <i h(rr
!r,
\('
BEARING
J L E l l t a
i rn i
n f r l C4 C
-r
J ' J L
r \
'I
^,-^
!v.)J
at
F
srr\TrtlNAaY PLATE
rocrt
ia F i no
rr; l'.rr>q
-- r" ' -
r a r o- \' / r r-r" r i-
l:-
h i' :a. .l -- r- o r
tlte
i nn
f lrrrc
; rll
air
o- .- ^- - i- .^ . ( )
offta.ke
nratroni-
ir 'n' ra:
n o r f n '! -v m
:nno
- - . ' . g r r v v .
r v r
wrll.
tirerr:fore
be reclui.red
e : n gj - n r - r i n I e t .
r',nti.-i,:ing
the
tc an'::-:ice
sl,'s t.enrs cause
sonre r:edrrction
irr the
Lirrusl: pr:odr:ccd L,y trhe en'3ine a.ndz'or
scine -Lncr:ease in ther engine
spercil: ic
f ue I <:on:;umption vrhetn :he syste.m j-s
( - [ . , r r a 1 :i n < t b r c a u s e
L;rki;rg cleed
a i r : f . r o m.
insi,lr:
the engine, is; t.lre same drs cXpo,{er.
E,y redt:cing
the: a j,rb Leed
tract.Lng
f l-ow rvherl Lie air
is; vr:ry lrot,
L . h e ra : - r t i - icino
r o c r r r l -l t "o- -r
rI ' r , r n t i t : ; a r F i - i c i n c t
tt> be
. l ( : c o m l ) I i s ; h e l w i L h . a r n i l l i m . r mI o s s j . n .
t h r u s t : a r t d r n r i n i n r u n rp , l n a l t y i r : s p e c l t i c
f u e l < : o n : ; u m l t i o n . O L r v i < t r r s I y , t . l - r e. r n L . i _ nsys;t-ern
icing
shoulcl be us'lcl only vrlrer-r
nece s!;ar]r .
G+6ffiGFF;-SqFISRS
Sj)eeO i
frr:rn
rq rnr
a1-
tl-iei ::';;r-
o'l-rrc:=
_.t
Nepal
lirlines
wll
PowerPlant
cgae,
[J[
LICTRIC L ELIHEHT5
Codslf
l^mibrit
Electrlcal System
system of ice protection
The electrical
used for turbo-propeller
is generally
as this form of
enqine installations,
n
u
c
e
:
i
:
;
i
l
l
:
y for Llrt: propel!
s
L)r'L)LccLiorr
Iers- -fhe surfaces E.h;rtrt:quirc eleclu-! r i InUaq li rl )v,
nnul'i
uvwrrrrY
nn
rhr p
u q: lu -r ir n
. Yn
nf
v!
is hr res
a rr! p
q
fhe
e
v ^n
. :r: r. .i ! n
, a.
:jr
F
E . l. re o
intake
rtronelleI.
r-vr
lnerd
lsrrd
dm
Jem
71'- BO
pncag,l
lPowerPllant
71 -- I'C)
c,xar'
fiJfl
E N G I N IC O N T R OSIY. S T E M
.'/
a''
a
I nl
enr'lt
rr. |
IIILIUUUL.LlUI
The
i c
cttrcose
tn
nr-arr
{ nn
of
i llo
enrine
r
glagnS
, ^ n n t r n vi . L
bV
Vihir;h
q'.rq.l-.mq
J
t.lf e
frrq
mlr cl-
h{.
-:C1l:'
i nc.
in
:h'lo
e e r . .
crrnt- r-l
qvqf
ene
:nri
oFFoerirro
rt:-.
-'
ro,:rrrileqc
piIot,
cooiJ.ot,, or fliqht
enr;in,:er can
control
the enc;in,: and enqint-' a{--cessories from the: pilot-'s
contpartrnent or
tlrc flight
c ' n g t - n c e r ' s s t , c r t . i r - l n .' f h e
r n o d e r n a i r p l . a n e : e . e g i n e i r a s , n t . r n y c o . ' r L r : oI
mechani.sms. If al L t.irese nrechan.i-srns
^a"l,i
fro
nncr:i.o6l
dirpr-flr'.
q + ! g u g l J ,
t- r^,tOUId be.
a n i d e a l s i t u a t - i o r r , c u t i t i : ; a 1 > p rae n t
Lh,rt they must be controlled
at a rfi:;tc-rocc froln thei.r .Loc,rtion.
E a c l ' r p a r t o r u r r i t o f t h e c n c - y _ i _w
n eh i c h i s ;
subjecd t,f, cont:ro.L arrd each eng-Lne acc e s s o r y m u s t b e r c o n t . . r o l l e d . n c l t < > n I . ga s
an indivirlual
urniE brrt also i.n con:;ider-.
ation of its ef'fe<:t <>naIl thre othrlr
p a r L s , u r ri t s , a " n d a c r : e s s o r i e s i . ' [ ' h e . c e of r e r ,
the: crrntrollet:
's
j-n l:he pilot
trnoineer's
:;r::.
::clni:.,
:;:.ati::
,'4M Nepat
ryAirlines
PlutC'.1?t?
PowerPlant
r ' i S l l - P Ul l l { 0 0 S
'l':t,: rods used to transmit. control
lever
! : r r , v o l l etns a r e g e n e r a l l y c a l l e d p u s h p ' ; I J - r c d s . T i r e a m o u n t o f f o .r c e t o _ . Q g
, ' r , . . r . ' t ' r .or jn a 1 ' l r r s l r - p r r I lr o d d c t e n n i . r r e s
i l s c li a r n c l - e r . a r r c i i L s w a L I [ ] r i - c k n e s s i f
a ho I l otr tuire
(li:i.rlcs arc oft-cn provicleci for Lhe rods
| { i l - r } - c v e l r t :l - l o x i r t g a t t t l t o g i v e t } t r : l : r
in,-cll,ln.Lcal support witerc needed. 1'lie
rc:i must sl1de through t.he guides
especials::e-,-thIy and rvitirout f riction,
1.,' rihere Lhe rods or tubing are long.
' l ' , : i :l r r j ] i l ) c r k e s a i l r : x c e I I c n t
9uid9 !ecau;.e
c l i .{ - - s . - \ I r n o rt: c o n r p l e l - e f r e e d o m f r o n t
f : .i c L r r - ' n .
Cl-e'.'is rod ends may be screwed on iire
joint
and Iocked with
t ' , r l - r eo r f l e x i b l e
a , i a i - nn u t . A c l e v i s p i n , w a s h e r , a n d
coLter pin may be useci to fasten the roo
arm or bel-lcrank.
t-r:,1to the control
the length
p
e
r
m
i
t
a
djusting
e
n
d
s
SLjr?\i
or out.
i
n
i
t
s
c
r
e
t
v
i
t
r
g
of the t.ube be
71 - 80
*rae'[J[
Dgl
lLt
dilKJ
A bellcrank
is a double lever or crank
arm in whicii Lltere are t\,/o cranks
apprbximat-ely at right angles to each
is to
oLlier. I'hc purpose of a bellcrank
provide. a meaiiE- <i?:cniilging
ctrJ olrec-'
trt6n of "motiort'. In Lhis nanner, j-L is
possible
l-o obt.ain the desired relatir.'e
n l o v e m e nt b e t ' ; r e e n t h e e n g i n e c o n t r o l
I e v e r j . n l - l r e p i l . o L ' s c o m p a r t m e nt o r . rt
the flight
engineer's station and the
engine unit which iL controls.
If the ?rms of a bellcrank
are of equal
length, the change of movement is ac,.^-^l
i^l-.-.1
L\-l|IJt!>lluu
.,;Fl.arrl-
i nl l vl
u
wtLlluuL
n . r i rnr r
Yq
vo rr
fl
9g5
f-ft
nnnl-rnl
mrrr
nrndrreo
rol-rl_itrolrr
iho
nri
r Yar r' .i u n
!
ru ieor rqYi r r a n
n
v !
.l-he
h o !l r uI r eu r ri lar n
t l.
11^Fi^el-'^
IS
ri LF rn e 'w- ' a- . j' / Ii CI
ri -rr rF rr L
qrrq-:vrl7
a- - nA O E
-ir:rtpd
tn
l-ho enrinc
rrnil-q.
Reoafciless
of
of
the transriission
m 1 rc f
he
st:ooorted
frv
movemenL, iL
l-re:ri noq
f hat
will
to a minimum. BalI
re.luce the f riction
bearings are generally used for this
pLl rDOSe .
P^G":1e)J
Plant
Pc,vlre,r
CHAP:
All'A 71 -. 8'0
SY:iTEi\l
CCNTFiOL
PUSII- I'ULt. R0D / tlELt-CR,qNK
THFIUST
C O N T R O ]C- A B L E
S I ' A R TC O N T R O LC A E L E
U P P E RT H R O T T I - EO I i U M
SU PPLEI-l EN Tl\ L E I I 6 I N E
V'.LVE
FUEI..SHI.JTOFF
L P P E f tT H I t U S TB O C i
1',(,.]
C' 5i,q 7 -
I
\ :_.7
;*, i Pc
S T A F i TR O O
S T A R TR O O
NUU
R . E I J GN E EE L L I : R A N K
LO\VE
F U E L - C O N I N OUI .N I T
I-OWE
N T [ I N U S TR C D
ROO
ta
.T
P U S H - P L ' L LI : O N T R O L R O D
CLEVISROO ENT)
L K I T . I GB E A f u I
LOCK TJUT
O
n
r,
.
/Y'(D'frt t\vazd,
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1., /Y('
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LLCRAAIK
E A L L - . B E A , R I N GR { f i J i : N O
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I T I S P E C T I O NH O L E
r*t-.<rym
nacE:.19r1
'=W NePal
Power Plant
. ffiAirlines
CHAP:
ATA 71 - BO
C a b I e - a n d - PI euyI C o n I r 0 IS y s t e r t s
wht':e!, usuaIIl'
is cssenLialll'a
A lrullcy
q r o o v e d , m r > u nt . c d i n a f r a r n e o r b l o c k
so
tl\ats
l l - l l cP
' u s l r - PIu lC o n t r o l s
l.l
p t t : ; h - n 1 1 1 1c o n t r o l s
irioxjlrlc
arc uscd
i(\r' .l v.-rric'l-y c>f rL'lrrol,()-co,rtrol siLual -i c i r s i n . r i . r c r a f t , w l r e r e t h e d i s t a n c e
:irrcugh
wiricn
JU
9ru'rL
ihe control
rnust oper,-rte
' tu s,rr l a E l . r i c L i o n
beccnrcs a
i;:ob Icr:r.
'llrc actuaE.ing tievicc
i-Lrrrrgcr int-b wlrich a
i c
sr:e 'rro,l
'l'lro
is nt.tacheC to a
sLet'I spritro wire
i s
:lrrnt:nr
r r r r
Y 4 s . i >
i nqoll-p(l
tntO
holo
f he
in
nonnf
i nd
f : vtsrrre
eoi
or
tl)c control
cni
wire
The
ral
caqino
orririqg
to
or . r v u ttt
^F
vL
--r
.YL
of the
in pcsi:ion
tr.e ope:ated lever
its full rangc.
PULLIY
/1,SStl'iBL
i n
n! r/ \c k
r re
Yvq
el-
f he
frr l.I
its
n-rrr
r oL- qr A
v !i lr U
i
tst ut rr r' rr
rv tFn v6r nr
Fivorl
the
Iorcc
applied.
Tlre installacion
of cable and pulley
aircraft
is
sl,sLcnrs in a multi-engilre
oi'ren a eornnli cato6l r;g69edure.
'l'he cables are usually
sEeeI,
of f lexible
atcaclrcd to the ouEer edges of certaln
pulleys
guided
ntrror
nrrirtort
-uufuEJ
in Ehe systern,
aL some points
at
and suppor'ued by fairleads
nninl-c
: nr d
o
rJ
in
f- h- .a J
^-.---5/ >L(l'lr
k,,
uv
rc ur rPnr rv ar ru Fc ru i
^!h^'
uullur
--.-:
dlru
-1^^
o!rv
^"11..'PurfI5
of
which may also change the direction
the cable mcvement.
the
In some powerpJ-ant installations,
levers
cabies extend from the control
to the engine uniLs; buc in other installatj-ons the cables extend only from
levers to the fire wall of
Che control
each engine nacelle and are there conrods Ehat
control
nected to push-pull
t r J n s m i E t , l t e t n o v e m e n CE o L h c e n g i n e
units.
various devices are used for adjusting
t.he tension and the length of the cables
such as turnbuc)..les adjustable pulley
and adjusting l1nks. The manuclusters,
i-nstruction for each instalfacturer's
lation prescribe how the cables will be
adjust.ed so that the control handles
compartment reach their
in the pilot's
stops just after the stops
fore-and-aft
j.n the engine sections are reached.
Thus springback is provided to assure
rLl rr roL - L
nU
n n" 'nyl r s p ' -u co
rr t qn roroY L
nF
e ,rrrFrnl
anorat
iOll
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?,tu-;E..
PowerPletnrt
WtE'Atepal
EiW'A:rlines
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cHae'
l\J,[
C O I \ T R 3SLY S T E M
C A B L E/ P I . J S H - P UCLALS L E
-'-OUAORANT INTERLOCK
MECHI\NISM
.----/-
-'
'--lr
ttl
lrl
T:{ RTJST
CtlNl-RC,L
PTJSH.PU\L
c,q8L,E
rl
rl
I
I
I
'll
Il
ttl
ttl
I
I
ltl
ll rlrl
i
tl
ql__L
ENGTNE
ill
T_II_
i:l
lrl
I' tt
ttl
rll
lll
ill
(---^"
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f
l,t
FUEL COI!DITICIN
AC'IUI\TC}R
I DL E
CFiANKS
II
II
lvlAll'l
ENGINI:
COT.ITROL
r**
r u)fl - l't LL
CABLEC0f,iTFlOL
(-
e
/-s:EE\
S I ' E E LC A S I N C
\
P L L I N GR
E
.
KEY:D T{)PR:VET{T
F I \ C MT U N N I N G
r-
i:r-=fnrnnrmrp'
turul.rLJ_.-g
ffim-'
Vry'SECTION A-A
\\
s r e e t - S P F t N Gw t R t :
tl
,\
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Nepal
Fower Plant
*NAirlines
cHae'
[f[
71- BO
u . . , i T R OSLI A N T )
REVERS.THNUST
L E V E N( 4 P L A C E S I
FORWABO-THRUST
L E V E R( 4 P L A C E S I
F RI C T I O N .
ERAKE
HAf.JOLE
E N GN
I T A NT
fit
.q
tm
t t rutr iufriLer rt Yr l, rr. isn
l ir i l : r/ !nc lr :r nr Eo
q
i , ' 1 r , , . r - s, 1c - m e o f t . h e e n g i n e c o n t r o l s
are
c o l u r , r r - ' l t : c l .T l r e ' c o r r t r o l p e c i e s t a l s u p p o r t s
irn(' ()r- irrorc cont-roI quatrclraltt'-s.
'l'itt' i.',11-i
quadra't
meanS a f ourLh part,
u3'iai ii' the fourth part of a circle,
or
9C". The engine control quadrant. in an
, r i r - r l. , . r r r c i s t r s u a l l y a c o n t . r o l I e v e r
r . . ' i t i r - - 1i l > i . v o t : sb a c k . e n d f o r t h o v e , r a b a s e
t l r r - c , r r q lar 9 ( ) " a r c , b r r L i t n r a l ' a l s o r e f e r
l-,o l-irc'base on which Eire l-er.er is mounbeC.
A prcblem encounLered in the operation
oi ,r ccnt roL quacirant is the tendency
crI lirr-. conl-r:o].s t-o crcep out of L]re
p r . r :i ; l -i o t t i n w l r i c h t l r c 1 , a r c : J ) l c t c e d . T h i s
i : ; p ; t y 1 .I y o v e r c . ) t l t o i ; y J r 1 . a .lr, y< i i n g a r e a : i ( . ) n , 1 l , l ea m o u r r t - o f f r i c t i o r r i - r r l - l r e q u a , l r - a r r t : . r s s c r n l r . l l 'b, u t i t i s a l s o m e L b y
nir.(:lrilnical- IOc!:i-ng clr:vjces, wirj-ch Eemr r , ) r . r ri -I t r h n l c l t - l r e c o l t t r o l s
in the oosit - i . c - n sr . r h e r e l - l r e 1 , a : : e p l a c e d b y t h e
e t ) er . r f . o r .
Lever
Tlrrust Lever/Povler
1'he tirrust Iever is connected Lo a drutnand=shaft assembly. From there the movement of the thrusL lever is transmitted
and rod linkthrough cables, bellcranks
ages to Lhe fuel-control.
lever is advanced from
thrust
As eitirer
p
o
s
i
t
i
o
n
,
the control link
tlre idle
drum and the
rocaEes the Lirrrrst-qontrol
via all control
nrovement i-s transmiftea
unit to
rfevi-ces to the fuel-control
idle
i-ncrease t-hrust. The forward thrust
position
is against an idle sLop on the
forward thrust is
qtradrant, and full
obtained l>efore Llte lever is aII tttc way
fo rwa rd
assembly
of the Lhrust-lever
nctuation
fuel flow in the fuel-control
regulates
subject to Lhe automatic limiting
unit,
in the unit ' .
feat-ures. irtcorpoiaterl
\#
tYepal
EETAinines
7:
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P'owerPlant
(s)
71 - lBCl
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*.11
A1l - FCrFtw,{Ft
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l;rll*
LEVEFI
LJ ll
str
iIH''ia$N
EN*
Cr3t.lTRrlg_
5t{AF T
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VI
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REVERSE-,THTIUS]'
L E V E R L O C K E . OO I J T
F O R I , ! ' A RO - T F I R U I ; T
L E V E R L C ) C K [ OO U T
R E \ / E R SE - T H R U S T
LE!'EFI
FORWhRD-THFIUST
LE'VER
Reve
rse Thrust Levr:
r
The reve.rse ttrru:;t. Lever not:ma__ly is
part of the ti:Lru:;t. .Lever ass;enrt>ly, An
interlocl<
mech.anjsm prevent.s; sj-mu,_ta.neous a:t.uittion
of tlte f(srwari and rev,3rse
thrusL. I<:vers to en:;urr: positi,",e l:orrrard
or re'yer:;e thrust
control.
T,tre abj.lity
of ea,ih i[ev,er to morre riepends crn the
posit..Lon of the other
-Lev,er. trn{r,hlocdqr_
witr&u*rltB6ritlesHqt*ft
a**qanfu ck e#ri{l{
.poaiueilon,
th.e*rev:eds|ed:1.!ctr.s|&e&,evs.r,wifnnotmbe*rnoued.
.However, if the .tlevJfstn
.i^
J,
SgE NePat
dAirlines
PowerPlant
cxae'
[l[
71 - BO
- ELECTRICALLY
! , I A R TL E V E R
SYSTTM
S T A R TL E V E R
ASSEMBLY
S T A R TL E V E R
ASSEMBLY
START LEVE,R
(4 PLACES)
TW
wY
e
Z- \...
CONTROL
STAND
ELECTRICAL
PLUGS
Start Lever
'fhe fuel system incorporates
a high
w
i
t
irin the
c
o
c
k
s
h
u
t
o
f
f
pressure fuel
me.ansof
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
a
t
o
u
n
i
L
fuel control
c
r
^
n
n
i
n
a
t
h
e
e
n
q
i
n
e
e
ngine
d
u
r
i
n
g
o
r
e"Y
u..L
.-LJl'l,rrrY
t
o
d
etermine
sLartup give a possibility
f
I
o
w is
t h e r n o t n e n t .a t w i r i c i r t h e f u e l
iniLiated.
rl'lr,i s. . f u e I-' s h u tof Pe'coeku.i s'.'con tro l led -''b)p
Llle . eng i nsr:5 f3 ;f;''l ever Crr soutr)oia.t'.1 ft Llre sL.rrt: Icver qives
i ty eo---eesalso an add j.tio-graI possibil
s
h
r
r
E
o
f
f valve in
LIoI the enqine fuel
s
y
stem.
u
r
r
l
t
f
ciiE-pr imary aircraf
l'he starL lever also rnay oPeraLe switches
r . ' it - h i n t h e e n q i n e i g n i t i o n s y s t e r n .
levers is transi'lovement of the start
a
ctuaLed comporniLted to t.he various
p
edestal
Ehrough
ncnEs front the control
r
o
d
s
c
bc.
rlrrtms, c.rblos, bellcranks,
FUEL CONDITION
ACTUATOR
I DLE
.CRANK
TO
MAIN
ENGINE
CONTROL
pt\cE:lijgl
PrcwerFlant
\r
cuae,
[f,\
71 - 80
STAFITLEVIR IiYSII}IMECI-IANICAL.LY/
E L E C TI C
RA L L Y
NEVRSE
TITNIJST
1-EVtX
110
[0 Rvl,A
T H R U SLTE v E N
v.
T H S U SO
T R U I-I
' T A f l TL E V E S
(IOHTBOL
STANI]
ernQT--[t*e,)t
' L1 C rt^
a^
aN
IGilITION
S 1 V I T CCHA M
tGHriloN
__
S1YITCH
-\
'lq
\\
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Azr\
/z>\
fi/,,rfv
ffi:lMD)nu
\rs
svV( \',)'rJ
SI,J
I TCH AI]TUATI NG,
,f,,
----f-4,
cAt'rs
////
r17l
I
l_Jtl {/ r*::r
l/l
|ilr
---1tr-
/;/
(r'
// /-
,gi'hl
'$rtwt
,/,,,N
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,/i\,,1'r /,fNU'
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I G N I TION SI.,lI
tunc:)\i/*
7a.
Ir.\
\A
-i\\'F/
'e(,/,/\
\'2,
F U E LV A L V ES H U J ' O F I :
SI,J
ITCH
_ _ F , : J [ L S H U T 0 FS
Fh'iTCH
c,qM
I : U E LS I " I I J T [ I F I :
VALVE SfiITCit
Pace:190
Nepat
PowerPlant
{Airiines
cxae'
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- TLSI N I A R D I A L
i : I ] G I N EI N S T R U T I E N
t
oooo
.-n
NI
:rrfI
:}ra:
-lt
:'f :.
'-'f ;.
:lJ--l a)
:f; I .i'
:- ri-l{
*Tt
- l -
-n -1-
rl
-' - {r - l
lrj
^uro
/-
rrs
tg_riJl
:U:
-n-
lllocalt't
F A NT A C } I
--t-;:::_\
;o*l-.
1ruenr,l-o
coupiel;-o"' " 1"-:.
'r
6jJ------.--1
,-'_
C O R ET A C H
bv.1t^-r.; :
Errgirie
Indlcailon
introductlon
AJLlrough eng.ine .inst-alLations nray difI r ' r ' , c l c p c ' r - r d i n gu p o n t - l r o l _ y p c o f b o t - l r
L i r t : . r i r c r a f t a n r l L . l r e e r , gi - n e , g a s t . u r b j . n e
c:nr;ine control
will
usrrally be obt-ained
ll)' t-lre usc of thc foI l.owing instrunrenLaLion.
n L L inst.rurrren t-s for c,rrrJine power ntonr_
t-ori-ng normally
are located on the
Iri lr.t-'s ccntor nallcl .
l ' l r r ti_, l; r c s y s j t c l l r ; r n o r r i L o r i . r r t . ;j r r s L r u r r u : r r t . s
are locaLed normally
on the flight
engineer's
panel. With two flight. crewmembers only t.hose instruments
are
locaLed on the pilot,s
ccnter and overhr,:ad pane ls.
D;cL or7
71 - BO
pnce:11)'l
\EE Neptsl
ElEAiriines
lPowerlllant
cxan,
fl.Tf\ 71 - BCt
N S' R U 1 4 E N-T SR A D i A LD I A L
ENGII,IE
IL-
x,ffil Nepal
6iryAirlines
PA9E:192
Power Plant
.,
orae,[f[
t?&
6r
F, fI'*e I fL^.,
E t ' t G l NNE0 .1 .
,..
2.
3.
4.
71 - B0
PrCIe19i
\
\EZ Nepat
E/Attiriines;
F'owerPlant
cHAP:
A1'A 71* 8'O
$[I)
zffiD\-'
$fil/
bre,(L^r
Jto*t
E F r C i l HNI0 . t
;:1,
'W Nepat
":.flAirlines
PowerPlant
crne,[l[
./'-
[ r r Ul r r c [ ) r ' c s s r r r c i j - , 'i'
Railo Inrjlcailon t:
r<- :
'fllrs
i n s f . r l l n l e n t s i n d i c , r c e : i t : h c c ' r r gi r r c
l ) l ' c : i 1 i u t ' L rl : . r t :l ( ) ( l i l , l , l ) . r : i J l | t ( ] i l : ; r r r c( r l
Llle t-hrusL being developcd by tlre
cngine. This is{the."ratioioft"Ehelcurbine
d j. scha rcre.; to ta l':: press ure.! t o; .t.hrg].e(ru lvtti,
len g. .of .,.che,,compr.essor.inl.e L. co ta I pressttre. VaIues for compressor inlct press u r c f l t u s L .b e c o r r c c t e d f o r i n l c c d u c t
Ioss on t-he engine prcssurc ratio curves
or charts by t.he aircraf t manufact.urer.
(i.e. takeTherefore, both for static
off) and fIj-qhc use, t,he actua! value
for compressor inlet pressure will
vary
among different. aircrafc
types and
models because of installation
effects.
of compressor at
l l o r v e r , , c r ,t h e r e l a t i o n
t.hc engine face t.o bot.h Pam for static
condicions and for Por plus P. (thc
pressure due to ram) in flight
is deeermined during carIy, aircraft
flighc
testing for each aircrafL model, and ls
used Ehereafter as the reference presbarosure for EPR. The crue (field)
nrnvray
mecric Pressure on the takeoff
i.s P66r and Pu,nplus P. is equivalent
pressure at, or near, the comto total
when airborne.
pressor inlet
Because it
to instrument. the comis inadvisable
pressor inletr direcEfy for Pg2r chc Pg2
indicacor
sense for the pressure ratio
on
nay be placed at some other location
preferably
as near t.he
the aircraft,
engine air inIer. as possibJ.e. wl'renthe
have been made
corrcctions
appropriaie
f ^ i h a i n F ' li o h r c h a r t s i n t h e a i r c r a f t .
Fl:ghe or Opcration lilanual , any raced
Ehrusc , or percen t. of ra C.ed thrus t , in
may be
terms of engine pressure latio
throttle
as a
sec witrh t.he aircrafE
function of the toLal compressor inlet
tohnorr
PAGE:194
fl
( tl^c e.r' it
,hv \
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7{- BO
Pt( h
/
--6-:-ry
( r7-.
---#__._**"*
I IiOI CATOR
3a
?5 pnEssune
T T I R E I NDEI S C H A R G E
P R E S S U iRI {ED I C A T O R
FAILURE
F L AG
P0slTr0 rl
I TTER
EPR-TRANSI'I
Frtro
clcvclopcd by thc
Becausc tlre'tltrust
by the pressure
engine is indicated
ratio bcttreen Lhc pressure at the engine
air inlec and che discharge pressul:c at
the jet nozzlc, trrrbi.ne dischar:gc prcs:irrrr., l11' ll.:r'l l, :llrorrlrl rtrrl 1,,, ru;'.,1
as an.lccrlrirt:c
indicarti.Jn ()r:
dircctly
Cornprcs5or
inlctthc eng j.nc output.
I ) r ' c 1 ; 1 ; t l r c n t t j ; t : l r t r l ; r k r ' 1 1 1 1 r 1 , 6, l ( : c o u n t . o l l
curr/c5 or clr;rrl-:; wlrr:ltt.vcr Lurlrirrt: tlisitl<,)rrc, i s in:;Lrtnrrcrttc,r-l
c l t . - r fg c [ ) r c . s : j t l r c ,
thc aircraf
L. For st,atic
enginc
o1:cthis
will
be accomplishusually
ration,
pressure,
baromcLric
ed by showing
corfor
rathcr
inlcL
ducL loss,
than
rectcd
values
prcssure
inlet
on tlre
comprcssor
a;t
on
curves
cir chlrts
OUTLETPRESSURE
I N L E TP R E S S U R E
I I T D I CtAl 0 N
S P E I D lPl'l
llZ
Nl RPM
)^^^
. 7*.^p. dy,:.)
't-t1,t,purt
Cnanrl
JPCCU
i;nninp
I nA
1r
a--
IIUILd-IL'I
rnFor
| r,n
rrm
r1.a\r
l_ro
c o n rqrcJ ,Ld u
l^ r/ r' Ir
:r
mo-
, - i : , r ni c r J I ' , r - d 6 i v e n t a t - - h o n e t e r g e r r e r a t o r ,
n i e c h a n i c aI l y - d r i v c : n I : e r n a n e n t m i t g n e L I
- r a p . . r l s , - -p i c k - u p v r l r i c h s e n s ; e s p a : ; s i n g
c c ) i r D r L l s s o : :o r f a r t b l ; r d e s o r p a s $ i n q
( - 1 er. 1 t e c t - l ' r - T h e o u t p u t
rr siqtna-- f::om
clni' af Lhr: above s;en:if,rs is flirected
to
'rn approp.:iate inclic,r -or in t.he cockp.i.t-,
t:he in,iic;rtor
being (ralibratrd to r:eaC
r i i r r . t : t - 1 1 , i - t t l t r t r : c c . r r t t : f , l n . D r - r a l .a x i a - [ f l o w
L\/ilr[-, L L->JU._
L ' l l V ri .nr or g. :
rr_o
rurr cu rar! ii l. t
lrr
rrrarrirlor'l
lrr v v rusu
purpose
of tlte Lac-horneter: iri_
r ) o n i .t : o i : [ r t > m d u r i n r r
a.] cncri.ne start
rl.r,;*r:*l#bri
W Nepat
{Airiines
l:;{l{AUST
GASTEI.tPERATURE
iiiDICATi0N
SySTEI,t
CONSTANTAN
I E^IPENAIUN
I
I
I
SPRING
ARMAIURE
ALUMEL
1
-l
SPNTNG
7 c ,:"" -!-*1 i-
1i
Exlraust
GasTenperature
i ncllcatI on
Turbine engines may be instrurnentetl
for
exhaust gas temperature indicat,ion
at
Iocat.ions before,
beEtveen, or behind the
turbine
slages. Exhausi gas temperature
is an engine operating limit,
and is
use.j 1:o monitor
Lhe mechanical
integrit.y
of the turbines,
as well as to check
cllgl.ne' operating
conciitions.
Actually,
the t.entperature at the turbine
inlet. is
the important considerat.ion,
this being
the rnost crit.ical
of all
of the engine
variables.
Howeverr &s has been pointed
crrt, tt is impractical
to measure turbine inlet
temperature
in most engines.
Corrscqucntly,
thermocorrples are inserted
;rt: t:lrc.t-urbirru. discli;rrc(l or bctween hic;lr
and lorv pressure turbine - Although temperatures
at these points
are considerably lower than at the j.nlet due to
cncrgy extraction
by the turbine
upstream, the l-emperat.ure is related
to
the critical
high pressure turbine inlet
temperature,
because the temperature
drop across the turbine
varies
in a
knorvn matter- The EGT enables the operator to rnaintain
surveillance
over t,ire
cngine intcrnal'- operat_ing con<iitions.
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NAirlines
PowerPlant
t
crran,
[J[
71 - BO
\ ri b r a t l o n I n dl c a t .l o r r
A l - r l r - l ) o -j e t r - : r r c y . i . r hr r,:. r s i l r r r ) . \ t _ r e r r r ,y- , )
J-,rw
r i b r . r h - i o n I e v e I , . r n d a c l r . r r r t _ ;cer f v - i b r a _
h .i o n c i u e t o a n i . m p e n c i i n g o r p a r t i a l
t . ai l u r e m a y p c l s s w i L h o u t _ b e i n g n o t i c e r l
.
iiinl' engines are t-ltcrr:fore fiited
v r jt : l r
,;iirratjon indicators
f-hat continrrally
r r r r r n i . t o rh h c v i b r a t i o r r
level oi tlro
r-lnq;ine. '\_ilrd-icaLor
i
- - - - s u s u a l l y a n r iI _
1 i - a m n l e c . e rc . n a t r e c e r , r e s s i o n a l s
L
i l l . rL t e r s .
A vibration
transmitte_f_iS__UqqnLed on
:---._--:.-..--.-].::_.*..
ccn_
f . i r e _ l n E l n g _ - . c q s l n ga n r l e l e c t r i c a l l y
i . , i . c t - e d t o L i i e . e n r p L i fi e r - - t n d i l i c l i c a t o r .
' l ' iF
it-ii.iaion- aclrsing eJ.ernent rs usrral J-y
"
L . r a n g . c l t r c e rt h a L c 9 1 @Lic
''l'
jllg .1.-u__qeLtEEt
Eil r="."._
t - h e s c c"._E
ause the inrli-
1-ll:a!-$-!I-gll.;,n0
! ' . 1t - . o t : p c i n t - e r f - o i n o v e p r o p o r t i o r r a l
Lo
iire vi-bration
le','ei. A ',,'ar;ring lamp cn
l-he instrunent
panel is incorporated
in the system to :varn the pilot
if an
nnaccepterble level of vil_rration j.s
.ri..nroaclred, errab.l,ing the cngine to l:c
sllut. down and so reciuce the risk of
..ianr.rge.
'lire vibration
le.veI recorde,l on the
claule is the sum toLal o.f vibration
felt
a L t-he pick-up.
A rnore accurate methrtcl
dif ferentiat.es
bet'"veen the frequency
ranges of each rotating
assenr.irly and so
r : r r a L ' r l e st h e s o u r c e o f v i b r a t i o n
to be
j . s c . l I a t . c '-d T h i s i s p a r t i c u l a r l v
important, on multi-spool
t:ngines.
;l--EySla
s i.ving
I :tJpi
ierllirJ;];,n."non
gQ-r,
of
I
v r U ! c r L r ."-'noi"
L r r r rlrr r- -. r s b
een detleloped for use on
rnulti-spool
enqines. A si,sgs* 6;- f iltor=
in the electrical
circuit.
Lo the gauge
rnakes j_t possible
to compare the vibra_
Lion obtaj.ned against a knorvn frequency
range and so locate
Lhe vibration
sourcc. A mult.iple-selector
switch err_
abLes t.lie pi.lot to selcct
a specif i.c
area to obtain
a reading of the levcl of
vibrat ion .
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PowerPlant
E/EITArnrnes
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p-WAirlines
I . l t i 0 u Ii N D I 0 A T 0 t i
P ct'(}{}
PowenPlant
l
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cHae:
ffifl
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71 - BO
'[Lrrbop
Torcluenre
te r (
rop Englr]r:s)
llecaust'. only a surall part, of the prc;pri,Lsive force- i:roduced by a turboprop is
c l t t c t - o j e L t l r r r r s t , n e . i L h e r t u r t r i n r _ . c li s *
,:irarge pressurc r)or engine pressure
r a t . i o i s u s e d t o i n d i c a t e t h e p o ! . ' er bcing pro(luced by tl:e engine. Instc.-r.i,
a f o r ( l u e r n rL
: er i s ernployed to neasrrro
t-lrr: Ic.yel oL power that t.he engine i de'.reloping both on the ground and i.n
f J-ight. As the method of measuring
torquc varies,
the engine l"laint.enance
ilanual should be consulted for a descript.ion
of t.he manner in which a pariiCrrl
ar
tnr1-1t)emef
qvqt-cm
or
Frrnnt-i961c.
Aivoal-1'.t
PowenPlant
Introductloll'
' 1 " . { os c P . r r a L c : y s l - r - ' l l l : j ' l r c r c c . t l i t ' c ( l t o t : ! l surr: Lhat a gcrs r;,prilinc cngiric wil-l
prcn'ls j orr
sta):t satis facto::i l'1- .Qlz@tgralil],-Lqrrnust be made I:or th': c-ornpres;s-o-r:
tt-!ttpuud
;ota-t,td-gp-ao
ne
u'i-ne-to
-q
irtto
air
wiiTcfrEgglEtc:
Passcs;
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uel
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bc possiblt: t<>
wiLhout ignit.i-on for mairltenance checkr;,
sys tell)
a n L l t : o c ) p e i : a L r 3o n J - y t f r e - L g ni t i c n
for t.eIi.ghr:in,; Curing fI:lqht' l ' 1 r , . 1 : r . u r c : t - i , r t n i : :ot qf b t l t l r l l i / : ; t - { ! l n s i s c o t r r ' r 'il- r r ; r [ . r - , r -. l1t t r : i t t , : l; - r s l j a l r t i - r l q c i ' c 1 ' . - a l i d
ti'rei:: op>eraLicn is aut:omi:.ticaIIy control.Led after the initi-a'iion of the
c i ' c 1 . , : L r 1 '; l : r e l e c L r j c a , - c i ' r c u j - t .
The rstar:ti:1g prc'ceiiure fr:r al1 .jet
engines is basicall.y Lhe .sarne, but <:an
be ar:hie:ve,J by v'ari.ou:; m'ethods- T'he tyoe
var:ies
and ltowt:r source for 1:he starter
r
c
raf t
a
i
a
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d
e
n
<
Y
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+
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L
h
in a,:cot:darce
povier,
e
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J
.
S c ) i n eu s ( l
relluirer0ents.
F
'
o
r
p
r
e
s
s
u
r
.
oflie:rs use gas c)r ctir
a.Lrcraf t requ.irt:s
exarnple,, a miIit.arl'
Lhe ,:ng:Lne to be st:arLed in the min:rtttuln
L i m e a n c l, ' Fh e n ! . ) o s si ;b . L e , t c b e c c ' m p - ! e t e ly indepen,Jent of :xternal equ,j-pntenl:- A
i:owever, rec;ult:es
conmr3rc:Lal aircraft.,
t h e i 3 n g . L n et o b e s t : a r L e d w i t h t h e : m : L n i rnurn,lisl:uroatlce to thtl passcncrers; and by
the rnosl: economi.cal. mt:dtrs. !^lhi.che:ve::
is; of: p::ime
system:Ls used, reJ-iallility
ilnDorLance-
for a Typica,i
Set.iuerttce
Starl:lr:rg
'[u
Gas rb I ne EttgI ne
't'ir,r etler:g'7 fot tile starrt.Lrtg si'stcln l:!i"
bc. suppl j-':ci bl/ an cnbc>arr1 au:rl-1ia::;''
( A P U ), a g r : o u i r d a : - : : s u 1 : 1 > ! " ' ,
1;ower un it
r)r an oF,erati:rg eng incl on the ;r!rr::-aii..'
C c n t r o , ie , f l dI n d l c a t i n g S ! ' s ; i - ' l i i
'l'lre cont:ro.L and inilic;rtinq
s;:;:-cla t)rosEi-:ier:;llrttt
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h e ! : n e u : : r " l Lt :
v;hich cc>nt:rols
of f vahre,
ihi:
i
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c
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.
c
a::r
to Lhe start:er,
supply
v
a:ve'
s
h
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c
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;
:
pcsit.ion
of the sttlrirsr
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- vn r- !- c. f-
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iS
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slruLo:::
o;rercit j-,:n of the-' s f arter
i
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Tlre r;witch is;
afig-,tti?tauq l,'ul-','. "rhich is a e1-'c::r-Lcal-- I
L i , - s c >l e n o i d c : o r r 1 : r oI I e d e i n d p n ? ' j : . " l , i rrcr : a ) L f i
Iur:;; i': ;---' tu
. The valiie
oP9-L.l-!*et]--vab,'e
:
c o n t : : o I t h e l .I o r v o f c o m l l r e : s e 1 : . fj - r [ c
Opt:ning of th': v'a:-J'|a.l Icr:s
the r;tarter.
:rnm
a -- - tr. - ! v r r r
@
lL-r hr Ee
nnrrrrn)Al-i
.1.,'ql-orr,
:-!)
df
f t e
t h e : s t a r t e r n t o t o r a n d v j - a E h e e : t c li n ' :
gr:arirox the high presrsul:e 'coni::r'=5tsor arc,
tire,:ngine a(:ce:lsori,s.
'fhe opening of :he ve,lvt: is i--::ica t'eil
b:f
- de':rease, in dr:ct pres:;ure cln ther prtettcluct p;:essur:e g;lc'e
riiiilc-*a.iJ:ol,l
- il Iuminr:.ti-on ,lf th-cl s':ar:tet: va.[!'e
rrnqiFinr,
I iolrl-. (if
in:stalleti.)-
r. {'i
--. , .'!
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4
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P Ge*:2o2
=-1&Nepal
PowerPlant
flAirlines
igl li
A
71 - BO
cxae:
[J[
+
j.:
A 1 i : i ( ) o l t ( - l : ;t l r c s L i t r t r : r I t a s a c c e l e r a t . e c l
to est.ablislr
t-ire compressor sufficient.Iy
.
|
h
c
e
n
g
i
n
e
,
t
}te ignition
a j r f l < : r . rt h r o u g h
i:; l-irrncd on, ancl tllen the fuel by advancing the engine sl-art lever. This
bc deLernrined by observing
uronrentwill
The engine lightthelN2-rpm ihcJication.
r 1 . i : . ' , r ' rI r 1 ' 1 - l 1 r l - o g - t - ro. dt t l - l r t : l l G T i n r l i c a t - - o r
t-eml.erat-ure rise is not.ice\vltL're a
to this the fuel fl-ow
able. In addition
cutout is accomplished by
The starter
valve, thus preventthe starter
closing
i r r q l ' r r r ; t . h , c rp. n a r r m a t i c a l r P r e s s u r e d r i t r -
,PJrt'.i'@{-r-
e,:-9_@
for
rimit
.rc.t"..-e",ll*::-lot]rE1t"f
)Lqr\^n
..
A c t r r a t i o n o f t h i s s w i t c h _ m a yo c c r l r m e witcri.j-L
cartj-cally througir flyweighcs,
i
n
Lite
l
o
c
a
t
e
d
switch
a centrifuqal
e
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
a
llT
o
r
drive shaft
starter
through the N2 indicator.
cutout may be obser-ve;d
The start-er
t
,r-i]rougn cne ouct pre_ssure- gag?' witere
If a
is visibleincrease in iii6isure
sLareer valve posiLion ligirc is instal
to indicaEe t
extinquish
ed, this will
valve
'
P*u v,*
?nnt< Lz^--t - T Dt
,4
t{ Q b i l N c c s u * T 7 | ^ ' *
is
aqain.
closed
ENGINESTARTINGSEQUENCE
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fcT
?E X lt^rvTlf{c
utrrt-..5-:,lg-+
'.eihc-(.'
,l
an eng-ne
rralue
but
r^;irich the engine lj.ghLs up ngrmally,
---:.--.
to
t'trat
increasi-ng
Lhan
Lir::. rpm,*.I1thr9r_
ntotor.
i - r . r gt l r e g a l t e r
IrcIC.^TES
TJCKT-UF
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Power Planl[
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PNIUMA
IC
T SYSTTI'I
GROUND
CART
DUliT,
PRI:;SIJRi:
9r-,inl L>"aq*.-quo
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pnr;E:2ott
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Nepat
-Hntnes
Qrir-ipr
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LUI
PowerPlant
cxne'[J[
f4n1-ofS
IIVLJI
(Pneumatic)
71 - BO
A1r TurblneStarters
i nt roductI on
stareers are designed to
The air turbine
torque from a
provide high,rstarting'
source- TLe-Jy{tGI
lightweight
small,
p
l
ecas much as an
fourLh' to one-half
ng-JheI-t i.s capable of develooing
same enqine.
the electric
tott
t".f,
t"i".
"t '
sLgg!-s!'
'tfr6-typical
consisEs
starter
air turbine
which
t
u
r
b
i
n
e
flow
or radial
of an axial
shaft through a reductj-on I
turns a drive
clutch mechaand a starter
gear train
nism.
is roLaLed by air
turbine
I'lre sLarter
ground
pressure taken frotn an external
power unit
supply, from an auxiliary
or
(A-P.u.) carried in the aircraft,
n
o
i
n
c
l
'
l
h
en
frnm :n p
r
u
n
n
i
n
g
.
i
s
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a
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is
w
h
i
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,
airbleed
f rom anotirer
e
n
g
i
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e
t
h
e
u
s
e
d
,
i
s
alrea<ly operating,
a
i
.
r
fre i no emnl ovr-,d as a compressor
over fast enough
supply must be turning
Lo ensure adequate air pressure to the
of tire engine being started'
starter
t
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!nEorcrrofr
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GEAR
T R ANI
Itt,
ltru]l
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sl ,J I- i i ,i ] iIi
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T U RiIN
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li,lH[[L
T U I{B I|\E
I i'lc
HOUS
I,IAGNETIC
CHI p
DETECTOR
'l
fv Hl nU e
r r fJ L t V tI l n n
r
The figure
shc)ws a (:utaway yierr of an
The starter
:Ls opcair: turbine
st.arter.
r:l-pd
tut:n,
l-rv i ntr.,drrr.i
nr:
: i r
nF
<rri:f i1;ig11 t
but
O.iseng,fges
a.s
s;ootl
aS
t:hg
i
i
i
rrotr)diraPtd,[1"ctr1|ren i
dr.Lve coupling."turns
re,lche:;
th('l',fiiecii'':'ildeL l.]hen t.he stilrte:r
E.3:
t.ir-Lsrtverru.n:;pee<l , thr trct.ion,:f
i
clutch allows th,3 gear t::ain to coasl: tol
I
a halt.. The outp'ut sherft as:semb.l1'anti
dr.Lve coupl.in<J c,3ntinrie to Eurn as Long :
as th'a gntinC is runni.ng,
PowerPlant
crrae'
ffifl .71 - 80
S T A I I T I RI ' I O T O -t I A I R
I Nt:
INLITIIOUSING
P I N I O NCEAR
IIOZZLE
OAOCLA[!P
ROTOF
TUNBIIIE
Jnu
crwn
EXHAUST
pl\-1
\ (.v cr
.\!rv
NNr
tflDE!. ,r|li
\ \r-
\Q
T L E C T N I CCAOL N I { E C T I O H
hr :c.<v;e^i
\ioanEn
il0usti,ic
4^-J- 19 !-
PLUG
r,,1AG
r{ETIC O N A I N
0UTpUC
T 0Uptilr6
| n; -
/;y, i u1.:'Lrn
Pr,e*r,.* i.1
/ - ^ - . ^ a n n n l - n
L u ' l l l J U lI C II L )
I'ire t.urbine housing conta ins the turbine
the
r.rii,:rl and the nozzLes rhich direct
'l'llt:
i r i i r , t - ; r . i r a c _ ;ii.'nt r ; l - L l t c t : ( ) L o r b l a r - i r : s .
I ' : r - i ' rri r e l r o r r s 'ni c r i n r - o r n o r n f e s a t u r b i n e
, r ' -
r , v s J f ' . Y
rc:Lot: containmetiL
s i n;tl-o f hp enero'v
J r i / q u ,
to disdes:gned
ring
nf lrl ado FraomenLS
. - i r r . Jd r r e c t t . h e i r d i s c h a r g e a t l o w e l l e r g y
r,hrough the e:.:haust.rluct i.n the evenf
r-ot:or failr.rrc: clue t-o excessive
if
j
i u r l - r in ' : o v c r s p r : c c l .
' l ' l r , ' t : r : a r u ; r i rsi r ; i o n l t o t t : r i r t ( l c o l l t a i r r s
t:lre
1 , ' r i r r r : t i-..( \ r ) ( _ l ( . a l l - 5 ,L . , l t t c' l t t t . < : l t c o r l J ) ( ) t l ( ' l l [ . : ; ,
'I'he Lransltriss.i,,-rtt
arrrl tlrc dr j.ve coupling.
housing
for
also provides
a reservoir
t-lrt. Iui:ricat.ing
is added t.o
oi. l.
Oil
t : l r , ' t - r a n s ; n r i - s si;. o r r t r o t r s i n g s u n t p t h r o u g l r
por t at the top of the st.arr-er. This
,tt
Laining
:;rttltll tO
bc-
n-rl.
c:n
ho
e lo.--)
vrlllt.rrtl
t.tl
during
ltormal f'IigirL,
of
drrrino
oil
[.lttl AItl]Qsii\llr)It'
irrrrorl-ed
f l -i o
- )h1t . "
The
nreOrrnf
i1-
1)--'i"
^l".'
i"
tr\.)
hOUS-
hol-es,
quanti Lt-;tttS-
, . r l ' | YJ . l r ., .,, , t r : t it r l g a t L r a c t { ,
r : . i u : i [ i a r t - i c L e s v r l ri c l r r t l a y ] r r : i t t t : t r r l r . - l I. i .
, , ,i , . -
i ^,,
.t,--
i,,
11116=-'2')'l
F'owerPlant
cHoe,
frl'ft 71 8'C)
STARTERI'1OTOR t r r l RT U R B I \ E
R(fTATINC'A S,SEI'{BLY
GEIIR
C:ARIIIERA5:;EMI]LY
I N T E R N i TS, LP U RG E l \ R
A I RC U T
t N L E r - 5 T / . T OA5SEf,lELY
'1
DRIVESl{AF'f A!;5E}'lBLY
4r
OUT?UT:i't'r'F|
(4t
AIR iN
\\s-$
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EEi)
ll
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A:;STPtBLY
I
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T U R B I NW
EH C E L
C O h / P R E S S Er 'D' I R
A M 3 I E NA
TIR
S P U RG E A R S H A F T
{P
ii
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t
3E,A'RFiOU:)lNe'ASSEf'{BLY
A I F |O U T
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MATCHEDS P I J R( 3 E A RS E T
E X H A T J SHTO U S I N GI . S S E M B L Y
I
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I
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I
l , A ( ) L . . s r. . ,
FowerPlant
cunn'[J[
S T , , r i ' i i . i l' 1 0 T 0 R CL'L:iCit
DRIVE-SHAFT PAWL
PA$/LORIVE
ST"\llTEil OlllVE
S HA F T
DtllVE-SHr\FTP i . \ . J LS P f ] I N G
O U T P U TS H A F T
71,- 80
v . , .
! r ^ Y
an'j
installation
starter
To facilibate
removal a mounting flange is pro';i'Jed
to sLuds on the engine gearwhich fits
box or a mounting adapter is bolteC tc
the mounting pad on the engine' Quickto Lhr:
detach clamps join the starter
Thus'
d
u
c
t
'
i
n
l
e
t
a
n
d
mounting adapter
t n ar n f
o
r
r
e
m
o
v
e
d
is easily
the st.erter
e
l
e
c
t
r
ic;rl
the
Lcnatrce by disconnecting
c
a
r
oIoosening the clamps, and
line,
fuIIy disengaging Lhe drive coupLing
frorn the eligj.ne sLart-er drive as the
sLarter
i-s wit.hdrawn.
rACeT-(f.,
$fZ' htepat'
PIamt
Frc\fir,eti
=Et'Atrlines
c()rrlrtl:;l.li)ll
..,..\r r
r'':--, , ,
til
gr^P:
l\TA 7'il- i]0
,tr I (ll':;
:;!.lt
,,r.:lr',rt
jj:jj:-
t-(.'l
i:;
C ( - .1;
t : : ; : - ; " t t t -i . l i
t.ilrl)trrr'
);'
.r
,_.rtriirrr'.
; d v ; t t t L a t - i r : : ;, l r ( ' ' l u i r l ! - i ! ! - , l l t : i ,
il:5 clticf
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t][Eru--sr-oi
l)ro(luc(:(l ,
f
a
:
L t : l r . r t . L l 1 , 16' r r r r r i r l r . t - .:cj L ; r r L l n !
,trrcj LlrC
: ; \ ' : ; 1 , ( : nt lt r . t ! 'b r : c ; r t t i r : , 1 ; t l l r . r , t t - rt l, l l ( ) i ) i r r:::,rl.L-'t'llI5 t,!'t)c oI sc.ll-tcr obr:aitts iL:;
j t l . l g , - l : ; r - - 5q c t l c r . l t : l)orv()r f r:orn ltot: cxP;trt,:l
( . - l ) ( lc o l r i l ) l l : ;L i t l t t t , ' l t ; l t r l l r - - t(1) t t l l , l
ccl wi tltin
b y b u r t t i n g a c o l i d ) u s Lj b L e n r i x :jcartcr
l : r l r ( : l s l l i c ! ) I I t : t . , 'b c c ' l l - h c ' r ' t r r c ) . . l n d a i r < > r ; r s p c c i , r ) . I y c o n : i > o , , t r : d c ' cs io l i < l o r :
as a
. : i q u i d s I o ' r - i : u L r n j - t t o r : u b s i;a n c c : ; u c l t
r r o r r o p r o i t c ) . L a r tt . - _
,1,rirr',1. ()rrlltl.rll
c'f fucl
or
l l l o l l o D r o D e l l.a n c
i t r L s s .
'illr.
aI:;o
JL
!ronr
f tc;ln
wi.ll
Ldl
;\
it:; a
f urrctiiftl
Plr.',,1
sCarL,lr.
a^-+-t.l^^
Daa,'nraf
i n
Cf
ir'
.irlridc:o-nn.'rrn;rf
.\-f
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LI IllLrC-fllCUlrldtlL
,if irf
Pr
is
s;i laI.-
rr)
t.haE opcr.lte:;
s tar':er
.r corrbus tion
mean:; of a rnon,f,pr()pcl.Ian.c conc,lina:d in
; r . - ' i r ) ' L r i i i , r i : . P r i a r r - L a ' ' - ; t : r r : ' . i l : ; , f . l : . - '. r LLic,.:u conL.l.rll!ll9 Liti: ttlctlopr.ooriLi.illL i.inscr:cec in th'3 s':ari.er muclt a:: a p3r -r
wogld
Ioad
ra^rr]
rr r- i rr vl \ri L: o
:p.':rd of tlre
r . p o n t - l r , : s c rl f - s t r : : - r i r r i n g
Tlic: sclf-:;ust-aining
spc:ed, tlren,
cngine.
to a Larc'c e):ce:rt. the
ciecermincs,
amollnc <:f iuel or morropro-DeLIar,t re-
:;or.irc(',
ou[:;jr]r-',.tlr
urrj u or
r;rorrrid
1;L.lr.l,
alr:aci1"
.r:loLl cr: cttcyittc r.'iri.ch is
j-:; (-'c)lllrccl:(-'(i t:() Ellc s Lilrt.c!'.
tllc
collr-
s:n
at,.t rl^
, l [ ) c . ' r lr i
1 . , . , ( -: lr L , l t - t : ; .
m,lCic
rrr
t,'tll- [11"]
l:c' car't-l()(l
l:rr:;Lion'1;L.rrLcr
'i'l)e quanti':y
: rtl I it
l)',
t : i ( J n o t ) : - o i ) c 1 1 , 1 1 1 qt r i I L
a cun.
ts i^n
st,f ri-or
i s
.1s in
c:i
Fi ro.l
rlnr
thr: c;,s,: oi
,\
plo-rr;6;l
a:
--
l 7 l;';
s T A i l li l , t I ' i 0 T 0 R
: A I iI I i I L G E
coRotTt
4zS
Ixl^UlI
foAr
I
I
@ Nepat
I
I
*#=Airlines
t,ncE:21
o
FowerFlant
cHne:
fiJfl
r.ti:CTRICA
SL
TARTTRi" l 0 T 0 sP.YS T i t,l
71 - BO
START
ACCTSSORY
GEARBOX
STARTTR
t'10T0R
tL-
CLUTCH
lectrlc
Elect-ric
starting
is used on some turboand aur:iliary
porver uirits.
L.)jr-1-r
' l ' l r r . s t" a, ,rnt ienre s
is usua,lll' o direct
- l J Ec iur rer e n- t
(D.C. ) electric
'noc6i-coupled
gno ine tirrorrgir-Fr6O""rion
cdaT J"O
\-----_=--.--.-.=--__-__----:_-.
r a L c l l e t n r e c i ' r a n i s mo r c L u t c i r , w h i - c h a u t o *rrr-lTLc-a@
cT-Etrne
- rtt t tg
i'
%tr:
"l-
"l.t*-.i
'
I'lte elect-rical
high voltage,
;)
.;riqtcrn
nf
ro
;rnrl
rcc
i <f ;rnqgg
f-o
cvclc
is
j r..
rrl
5l-art-_Cd Or
cornoletecl .
wlten
t-trr: t j.rrrr:
PrrGE:211l
lvepa,t
E/7Ainines
Plant
Flowe,r
CHAP:
ATA 71 - 8C)
. ' ^I , ]
/.
ER'r-d
B,\T'f
z\
c
^-rcnTTn
)IAKILI\
l'10T0R
AUXILIARY
POIilER
I r A r TT
ull l I
i itG
START
I'i
CI RC,U
r'. S-IAUT
ToN
''
oFF
G.
l*
Bol
lr--
ll;lliro
ll
ll
ll
*r'r+',ffi,
-,
ll
rr'|orc^ro'
\''ll
;M(fiWO ll
tl
Ny
pAcK,NG%
\:'--------!a1
ll
Ii
it
rl
II
R
t;--FtLrEB
--z*<i>
pAcKrNG
E*j**.
v'-dfi *12-"'"'
v'd"/;
I i
ll
lr
,
Ii
I I
Ir i
L---:li'i,o
I I
ll
fi- ---'-lc!)nc
PLUG
J!'-'-"F'LrER
;--''
(J
\-ir
#-{1
/ ))
-*diiii{
l,
\--'z{>l
-*-*\(;-/i
/:
II
I I
II
ll
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s o L E N-r-o- > .Y { L .
||
vtlvE/
I I
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scREtY
r".^r
I I
(ive-'i'1'1.
| |
ll
til
i-
I Strr,ter\iaive
I
[
t,r= starter
..,,. ajrfiow
I
I
I
:;:::::::;;"=$:::':r::'llii;.T?l' " b
| :: ::'=,:H.il;':":,.:;i';1.;rr-sorerroi<r
the solenoid
be openeo ancl interrupt
!
!
!
I
i
and pneunra-.icalli'operateC
;.,.,a;"tled
The ,-,o*or pos:.tion is spring:;ir;.
l-cadcd closed.
t h e e n g i i r e s t a r t s e q u e n c eI
;;-rniar-oa"
has to be oirened, proviclecl
.Ur= r.t".
I
I
I
I
;::'::'i!l';;"'[:::ffi::.::,ll-,']l''I l:l:'::;ll:'i,,.1'i.3li;;"i",1;,,'l;li'lijl;.'
|
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I
I
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I
I
I
I
I
I
=torLer motorspeed
nrao, the enginc self-sustaining
t-o t'lrc
t
h
e
a
i
r
:
l
l
l
o
w
e
s
t
a
b
l
i
s
l
l
e
d
,
,
,
r
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a
n
d the
t
e
r
r
n
i
n
a
L
c
d
b
e
m
o
t
o
r
c
a
n
starter
occut
w
i
l
l
T
h
i
s
c
l
o
s
e
.
v
a
l
v
e
c
a
n
st;rrter
cuts
t
a
r
t
e
r
a
o
f
m
e
a
n
s
b
y
arrr-ornatically
yI L*_-
- _--.,
- _
|
-_--__**_r
IIAGE:21J
\1
E/E/7Airlin'=s
r . * ; ; ; -I r-l(--l/-al-\tt-+l!\ti
I svsrei't
lz
I|
I
iI
I
I
|i
II
I
II
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---l
:\:.
lii(.,Ji*t1t;: 11 |
li.\i.u'",;';i.
'\'\J
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3=z/,/'
-\---:rz
5 f ' JtlL H
,{r. rrAL;iLt
.^^,,.,
-------J'
L-{liVl]
ri4:iiFacn,cf,,n,n
r
i:
yAL'/r
:;TARTTR
*r,r'rc,RrFr:E. ry!.-E--
-\#.',i,:'7-------:ti
5 . l ir : - s E A L
/Aivq
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iftlf,,'srlEt'o'o
=! &i:Y^",sn,rTci
rR
ll
'.'#dtl
lf
ii
,(i<=truir,
i
qi)'
t'
)x
il
ll
ft"
I
-
:;TARTER
r:,t]iil!l
tl_l
t_f!
t_J
--
/,-
i o',t'-'
ff_
,"r ,
lo
'
I r,lr)Ton |
llv-ai
:itTil
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tl
Lr.,
I t L---+-^:
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-T-fi;tlm-l
,elrciNE t.i
cHnn,
,{J[
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ll
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ll tj 2 ,o
Il tI '''g---J=:if
3;;_1
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| ti'rtr.qfl
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tll \leJ
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I I L . 1 { $ ,l l i c l 0 s :
lrll-*-...=
__=__5=u'[L___
' I:';;;;:R
;:ilsil;
l$U1---1:r*T''?, o_:=:--=::::rrI_i
I
I FRor4
-\
9lg:F
f I l.$
*..-.-'--\J-T---
fn case,:f an open:;Larter
\.alrze:;o1enoid cir,:uiL,
e. g. rlue to arr ol)err sL.r.rter cuLorlt swi t.cit, .Lt is not. .poss.LbIe
to sLclrt the eng:ine in the r,orrlaI way.
'l'o overc()rne tlris prtrltlrtill .t irr,rnrra.L
override rnechanisr i:; inst,alled
wh:-ch en',
ablcs the ground cri:w to open t-he sEarter v,elvr: directl.v.
On sonre aircraft
a stilrt-r
val-ve ;;,:si-t i < - ' n L i g h t i s i n s t a l I r : d ; r h i - c h i l L r - : i: : nat:es whenever the start..-r val,ve i-=
open. Thj-s Iirllrt. is cr>ntroLleci bi'-:
y,1l-'.:q r,r1po:;iL.ion srdit(-h on t.i'ir: starter:
by a pressurre switch,
locat.eri dornrn=fr:arn
of thr: start,er valve.
.r
PAGE:214
@ nepar
I U,.
I Fower
eowerPlant
it t Wnirlines I
orne'
[f[
71- BO
I
II Iqir;i ron System
engittes can be
I atr.nough aIl conrbust.ion
utttir:r idcal conq
r
r
i
t
e
e
a
s
i
l
y
i
t
c
c
i
i
9
n
I
|
,t it
i()ns,
o1>r:rat:c
where conditions
for
I ac high alLitudes
the event of a
i
n
r
e
J
.
i
g
h
t
e
n
g
i
n
e
a
n
I
The Low
I fla'reouL are far from ideal.
cncounterecl at high aLtrt
e
n
r
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
s
I
a decrease in fuel volatiliI tuOe cause
to ignite
m
a!:es it dif f icult
w
h
i
c
h
I tj'.
n
e
c
e
s
s
a
ry to have
I
L
.
"
i
s
c
h
a
r
g
e
.
I tnn fuel
j
u
m
p
wide j-ga
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
'
t
o
'
I o uery-.high
a1so, a-high
I nicer plug.spark'gap;'and
spark. The hiqh energy capai intensity
sysl-ern has been geignibion
L
y
P
e
c
i
t
o
r
I
gas Lurbine engines
f
o
r
a
c
c
e
p
L
e
c
l
l,r".,,LIy
b
o
L
h .r higir voltage
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
s
i
t
| . rn."
h
ot spark which
I ancl an exceptionally
area. E.rceIl-etlt chances
| ..ru.-r'arlarge
l . ' t - r t t r r i . L ' . i r t rt j- l t c f r r e ) / a i . t t t t i x t u r e a r e
I . , . . . ' , r - , : r la l - r e ' . r s o n a h ) y h i q h a J r : i L u c e s .
system conLhe t1'pi-cal dual ignicion
power source, two
sisl:s of an electrical
units
separate ignition
iqrr i i--or plugs,
plug and
for each ignitor
o:: exciLers
rne associated wiring harnesses and higlt
uniL serves
L c r r r : i - o t rI e a d s . T l l e i g n i L i o n
D
C low volo
r
A
C
a
n
e
i
b
h
e
r
to convert
t
o Lhe igd
e
l
i
v
e
r
y
f
o
r
trge potential
t
u
r
b
ine
niter plug. NormallY, Qds
igniter
w
i
t
h
t
'
r
"
o
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
d
engines are
spark
t
o
a
s
plug's, sometimes referred
In the case of can-type and
igniters.
burner cirarnbers, the
can-antrular-Lype
located in separate
p
l
u
g
s
a
r
e
igniLer
charnbers.
units are designed to give outIgnition
puts which maY vary acco::ding to requlrements. A high value outpuL (e.gis necessary to ensure
t.rvelve joule)
obEai-n a satisr-hir- Fhe r.noirre will
and
at high altitudes
relight
factory
is sometimes necessary for startj-ngconditions,
fligth
Fiowever. under certain
in heavy rain
such as icing or take-off
or snow, it maY be necessarY to have
operatsystem qontinuously
the ignition
should
ing to give an automaLic relight
occur. For this condiflame extinction
a low value outpuE (e.9. l-hree to
tion,
j
o
u
le)
because it
is favourable
six
of the igniter
l
i
f
e
a
l
o
n
g
e
r
i
n
rcsults
0peratlori
To avoid the danger of an internal
e.vplosiop during engine starting,
proper
procedure dicLabes that the engine
should fj-rst. be motored by the start,er
and pe::mil-iecl to attain
sufficient
speed
t.o purge itself
of combustibles present.,
before
is turned on. The
the ignition
ignition
is always turned on befg!ilfue]
is sprayed into the engine. The ignition
cycle ta-kea place several
Limes per second, and continues
to operate as long
as tire ignit,ion
switch is on. The ignithe
tion switch will
close or interrupt
power supply circuit
for Lhe igni.tion
unit.
Sometimes, there are several ignition
switches in series which allow
systo operaEe the different
ignition
lems individually.
Ignition
switches normally are located
at the pilot's
overhead panel in the
cockpii.
Often it is Lhe same switclr as
t.he engine start
switch. Additional
ignition
switches may be operateci by the
'lor
orroino
cf irl.
--.rer syscem.
Ignition
used for
systems arezig!j!Iy
-engine starliq_g but also for ignition
the
standby protection.
to relight
engine in t.he evenL of an inflighE
flameout when operaEing under potentially
unstable
cohdiLions such as
fli-qht
during icinq,
air turbulence, all takeoffs,
Iow approaEhesr eo-arounds and
ranorngs,.
P,.GE:21:;
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cll{(.ulT
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lu ll rl l r i iL,/ / FL v, ^l l
.'---.- ----,-."'
-_:_
ira'clir: curre.l-t_(+-.1l*)ano operaued by a
'-r:anslormer.
unit,
a
an
typi.cal-
D.C.
inductlon
Lrernbler-oPcrate'.,i
coiI,
oPcrated
bY
iire
capaci
i,,:c aI ao;fr-Ti1T;T1-.r.
i5
Lor
cqua I
;ETfffi-al
L - o_ i i r c
sc';,r r s;-
'.J,.1''
TTG ijde
oi
r . i r c - i g n i t e - r : .t., J - ! - s - A c h o k e
of tlrc
i:; fi.ti-cci Eo oi:Cell.l tllc clrrration
i.5
resist()l:
, . l i : ; c l r a L ' 9 r - '. r t r d a . c l i s c l t , : r g ( r
cnercjT
t-o cnstlt-^c l:lrat- ani'sl-ored
f.rLtcd
within
in Llrc capttcj.t:or is dissipated
onr': rninut'..1 of
otf . A l;.rfcLy
alri-e
t-lrc uni L
r . r l r r : r r t ' . l t c - 'l l i c ; l r
nr-'r:t'.r:cl lncl
Zi
ItA.rltOAEIl
(66i66(16)
fl vPl f
!.'itirifi
r(!truo'^
crrecttor
I
I
i\;.LJ i ,,,..,,,1,.,,"*
I
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iL i vi lnl l l
Il iI
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l,uri
o!!cx^tct rtsrlro{1
-'rM--\.,'!\-
lt,al1
)r
-i'.i, ll
.:.q;i'i-tio;r
Cperation of Lire LransisLorizeo
to tirat of the D.C'
urrit is simiiar
c:<cept tl-ral- t-irc
t::crirl:Ier-operaLcd unit,
is r,:placed ):y a Lrart: i :;L r c r n | ; L r - ' ru n i i
A t;'picaL trensistcr chopper circuitt-orited unit has inany advantages ov{:r
unit bccause tt
l-irc t.renirler-op':ratcd
a
n
d gives a rnu:rt
p
a
r
t
s
h;:s no moving
The size of tire
longer operating life.
urlit is reduced ano i-is
transistorizcd
v t oi q h t i s l c s s l - l r a n t - h aL o f t i r c L r t : n l t l r ' : r
)'
- . ) D er a l - c d u n i L .
FIRGI:212
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PovuerPlant
Ei!9 .{irlines
t G N I -l 0 N
cltAP:
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t;1Et)
TRAilSI STC|R
cAtAclTci
CHOK
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,ry,MNepal
Airlines
PowerPlant
CO F i P O i I I N T S
I LliJ
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HIGI]
TEI{Si ON
riiLtii
TENSIOIi
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e L-clle
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ilnitron
caliv
sealecl
,..'14,,^,-F;..,\
r. -l1j-UilU(-l-Ull,
thc
c o r r L a i r r e c l i n h e r n r e t :i bo:<es
In tlre evenL or a
iF
IL
IS
t l c c r _ 1 : ; : . ; a rtyo r o n l . r e o
unit-,s are
cnLir,:
r-rnit-
h i nlr
tlr,'
ri o
v rnr: r u rFv ir(r] n
Fonc
i np
!U
u rnri! u 5
IeadS
af e COr)il,jCt
..j LL
,.L^
;^".iLCf
wlLlt
Lll=
l\-]il
ine
p I u g s . T.i-rp.y.*.;1r-e,":.s
h ie Idefl r.,lsr pro iec b'
.-ahd
'againstdAbfaft6rf
"ign it ion, sysrem'
r.{.adissrin ee.r f e rence :
*r<ie:2:.1')
WP Nep'al
ElI9Ai'lines
PovverPlant
l0li Lt-AtJ:j
C00LIDlllGll TENS
IN PUI
I lti vc)LI
.{ff) l'{r
I G I . . I I ] : EP
RL U G
cune'
fiJl\
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ffitAirlines
,,A()ci ?.2()
Power Plant
cNne,
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- INSTAI"I.ATION
i i I i I I T I : I iP I - U G
Inrrifnr-
71 - BO
nl',^
l:Jrrr Ltrt
r I uu
'l'lr.'
ic;nil'"r
l r l r r r j r r r o : ; { -o-f l t - } r c l - . i r r r c t : ; ( l
: ; r t 1f q q ' 1 .r l l : : t : l t ; r 1 ' r 1 1
r '' l q 1 r 1 ,r , ' l irr . l r l u , , . u l , ' I I r . r l
I i r r r e n r ' r ' ( l y r l r r . . 3 r r o t . l r ; r v , t t o j r r n r p . - r r r. r i r
g;lJ-r.'i'he etrd of l-lre irrstrl.rLor is frLrnrri,l
i r i , a p e L l e t . : , c o v r : r c , , l w j .t l r a s c n r i - c o l r tlrrctir.'o irrateri,rl,
w i r i c l t p e r r n i t s a n r .l , - ' c t - r i c a t r J . c - a l ' . a g , :l :r o r n l - l r e c c n t ) : a J . l r i , ; i r
1 . , ' t r : . ;oi r t c r l e c L r r t r . l r , l : r . > L l r r : l s < - t < J vy t l t , t n t . i r r r
'Iiris ionizes
systom is operat-ing.
the
sr.trf ace oi f he ne l I ef f o nrovi rie a Io..;
rosi
qi-anro
n.r l-h
Far
F
lro
u r . ' -
e n o r - . rj l
s r r v !
Sf-Of C'j
,::
'i'lte
igniLer
plugs
incclrporaau
Ir
materials
satisfacto provide
tem?eret-.lre:
tirne under extreme
r - ' r t n d i .l - i < . l r r : ,-; ' l ' l r , : r . l r t s i ! n
,r i r
includc:;
cnrrl i ncJ ho1.':s arr.l
w
h
i
c
h
r^,),\('^
Fa::l';aoes
; , i r r g l - c t t t 1 . r , : t . . l t - u r( !. -: :, j l ) r t ( - . i . , , r 1.1r t7. l i r , ' j .
Perat-ure
i-orj' life
51.;ir ir,:;:-
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EtEAtnites
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PowerPlant
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l..)^,r^r-
f '.
,-^r,,^ + { ^^
liI'. IUUULLIUII
'flrr, use
of high-performance jet-engined
.i i.rcra f t has cre.:t.ed an urgent need for
n e i , , r n e L i r o c l so f q u i c k l y
slowing dor*n the
'lcinding.
e i rcr:af t on
This is necessary
5 s r i i r a t - t - - l r ca i r c r a f t . c a n b e b r o u g h t L o
r-,:si- wi t:hin the avai IabIe Iengtir cf
''s i:rilrE runh,avs, without the excessive
rrse of v;irceI brakes.
i r . i i i l u r l r : , r r r r i t t f f r : c t -i,v c . t v a y l - o r e d u c e t l r e
-r'.r:crafL I.rnding run is tL) reverse tire
cij rect j-on of t.ire exhaust. gas stream,
Llt;i:; rising engin,e Lrgi;s1 as a dece.l-era1 j , r i ' , I ' o r c e . T l r r s n i e t - i r o do f t h r u s t r e \ , ' . r : : , 1I c a n a l s o b e u s e d t o r e d u c e a i {
:;i..c,.'iin f 1ight,
ther:ebi' allowing..a,r'
i
: , r . L r :i r - a{ - e o i d e s c e n t .
:- ! :
-it
.,;,.-
; . . r 1 ; ; 1 ; ;r - r 1 . L l l r u s t
r - , - ) ! : u Is c r s
have
beeti
ron
oi
tito
enclino
n6qgilg.
I r r c r . ' c l e r t o s a t - i s f y t i r c m i . n i m u mb r a k i n g
l.ccrrirements after a Lanciing, a t.hrus-u
reverser
should be able to produce in
revr,rse at leasL..-40 percent of the, fulI.
f o r r + a r d , t h r u s t . o f , .w h i c h , , t i r e " . e n g i n e i s
capablt: 'l'lrrr::t
r e v c r s e r s o f a l .I t y p e . s a r c n r o s L
; ' l ' t i ' r ' r i v r ' ; r t I t i t l l t f o r v r , r r : . 1s l r r - . c .c l F o r
I l r i : ; r - t t ; r s o l ri - u r d t . o p r c v c n L { - i r e i n g e s t i o r r
ol'rr,.circulating
hct exhausL gases and
t.lre ingestion
of foreign
objects by the
t : r r r il n c r t : ( : 1 V o F S r ss h o r r l d b e u s e d o n l y
,lnr i rrr; i-lrc l'.i.r:;t:part o f t-he larrdi.ng
rol l- As a genc'ral rule,
Ehe use of
l lrr"rr:;t .:'everscrs below a forrvard soeed
of approxirnatel_y 60 knots
mended-
is
no[
rect-rnt-
Reverser
DrlvesandControls
Tlre moving parts of t.he thrusL reverser
are driven by actuators
and linkages or
drive units with flexible
driveshafts,
gears and _iackscrevrs.
The driving
power can be pneumat.ic or
hydraulic pressure. The reverser control
is achieved by a directional
val,,'e
vrhich dir:ects tiie actuators
or driv't-'
u;rits t.o open or close t.he reverser.
rI
r.,-.'i a
Operation
A reverse thrust
lever in the cockpiL is
used to select reverse thrusE. This
Iever cannot be moved to the reverse
thrust
posit.i-on unless the forward
thrust lever is in the idle posieion,
t.hus preventing
Lhe reverser
to be
opened with t.he engine runni-ng in high
power. Initial
movement of Lhe revel:se
thrust lever controls the directionaL
valve ano driving
power is appliei
to
ntove the reverser
into Lhe deployed
posit.ion.
To move the reverser
to t.he
reverse position,
of aII mechanifirst
cal locks have to be opened. These
Iocks prevent an inadvertent opening of
tire reverser,
when forward t.hrust configuration
is selected. The engine pov/er
sltould not be increased until
the reverser is in Lhe full
reverse positionFor Lhis reason an interlock
mechanism
j-s j-nstalled
which 1#events to raise
the reverse thrust
lever above reverse
j.dle position.
will be
This interlock
c1eactivat-ed by .r fecdback mcclrarrj.srn
wlr.i-clr i:; opcrat-r:11 rii-rectly
frorn thr-:
operring rcverser doors.
Operatj-on of t.he thrust
reverser
systern
is indicat.ed in the crew compartmenr- by
a nurnbcr of liglrts.'Lhese
f.ighIs rrornralj.s not in
ly indicaEe that- the reverser
the forward and locked position.
't^J=E.12?a
\tgEll{epal
Planrt
Po'nrer
E=TA|rlines
71 - tSll
CHAP:
l\TA
)':fEiltit-ll
_tL_
II
i i i ( u - , Ti ' u , l l i 0 i ,
CLAIlSHJ-LL
i}CORS
rrb
ts1li
F I X E DC A S C I \ D E
TIJP,N
I NG VANES
REVTRS
E R U SPI O iST I i ] N
TH
*.
l-l{
'4:2
C A S C A DVTA I { t SO P t N
CIa*..5L*(|
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XW Nepat
WAirlines
tAAr?.;:(,
PowerPlant
*rne,[f[
71 - BO
EX I I A U SNTO Z Z L R
EI V I R S I R
, C A S C A DTEU R B I NE
rLoc(ft
crooR
DOOR LINK
C E N T I TI O D Y
ANO
sALL SCREW
F N U L { TI C
LAICH ACruAIOR
II}{G CQ dI
TT.ANSLA
DTFLECTOR
A55EMI(Y
a ^
^ ^
^/.1^
l'Jnr
rn
L a S C a O e I T C V CSI e f
T1o;.rs_qq9n t_ypr _o f _rei'_cr59 r emp I sy g
p vaet -ri-r
l t u n t e r o u s t u r n i n g v a n e s i n t - l r c' i igr a s- r e
t-o ieveisA-The qa;-iror.l;n
o f l : ' ti : t : y p e . O n e
r : r . r . - sa r e l C n c r a l l y
t : y 1 ' t ' o' f f a n r e v e r s e r u L i l j ; e : ; a s l c c v e
i:o r:over tlre ilan casca<lr: ilrrri lrq forwarcl
I l r r r r r ; L c ) l ) L ' r J L l o r t . l t t t l r r ' l - ( l ! ' ( ) L ' 5 ct l t r t r l ; L
rnode, bLocker cloors seal of f the fan
c:<i l'-, an<l tirc sleevc tnoves Lo expose tltc
tire fan air.
cascade vanes whi-ch redirect
t.hc c.escade turnIn some installat.ions.
j.rrg vanes arc used in conjuction
wil-h a
exltaust
clanrshell to reverse the turbine
gases. Both the cascade and the clamshell are located forward of the turbine
exlrarrsL nozzLe. The clanrshell covers t.he
t-rrr:l.rine cascadc during for:ward thrust
oper:ation . For reverse EhrusL ' i,he clam-
1 t-'
T,*o"'
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EEIAttirlines
F'owerPlant
71 - 8'0
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.iHRUST
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ACTU/\TORS
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V,qLVE
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PowerPlant
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71 - BO
STOl,lEDTHRUST
FORHARD
P OiST I O N
'i{
t\
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RrR Or ^tRce^FI x^cELLt
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C L A I ' I S H ED
LO
L ORS
EXTENDEDPOSI T i O N
RTVERSE
a
I Reverser
Clarrstiel
ar(l ofLi:n usecl at,,ll,rr:lsi-icll reversers
oJ' tht-: engi-ne ' In
exhaust
:-irt turi-.ine
' .i i e f o r i v a r d
or stot'ted positi-on
thrust
<loors are fortni nr;
I ire t-irrusL revcrser
no;:zItr ' Nlovi-ng Lo
e
:
'
.
i
r
a
u
s
L
L
l
r
c
i.'rr t. of
or cltlPloyeo position
thrust'
t:lt,-i reverse
doors open and Eorm a clatnLhe reverser
one noz'z'le diarnet'er
approximat-eIy
slrr.lI
nozzle'
e
ngirle exh'rust
t
h
e
o
f
r
e
a
r
to Llre
b'1r't'lrc clamshell
doors arc a Lurninq
g
a
s
cs
rir-'r in ttrc path of thc exhaust-
in a
a r - r c ls ' e r v e t o d j . r e c t t i r e g a s s E r e a n r
j
e
t
L
hrusi
t
h
e
E
h
a
t
so
forward direction
I
d
e
a
l
l
y
'
motion'
oPposes tlre aircrafL
in a cornpler-e
qo= should be directed
til
noL 5"'l:';sib1':
i
s
I
L
ly forvrarrl clirecti-on'
m
a
inly for
t
h
i
s
'
lrowever, to actrieve
PtlcE 22t\
l]ower Plant
i 4 t - . 1 - l i cod1s' I i L l t r p r e si sn g N o ls e
'l'lt,:
i-na
-r'imlr.r"F
F^1
1-.!'.i'.-
t h c : n < > i s e, a s h e i l r d f r o m - , h i : g : : : r r n i , r : a j .
b e r e r i u c e d e v e r n r n o r e . T i ' r e rn r > i s = - - e ' . - = . t _
p r o o u < : e d b i r a r r f i i n - t . y p e e : n g : i _ n e: s i : : ; s ,
chj.ef--y cecaus;e i:he e:<hauts-u
ga= \:eilc : - i , j . e : ; e j e c t e c i a L t n e e x i l a u : ; t - = : - - 2 1e c :
tht, b;rsi: engi.ne are slo'n'er th=:
th,:,:;e
f or a turbo jeL o:l c,rmpare.ci\/e =:::e . I:a:,
e t r c irn e l s r e c i u i r e i 1 l t r g e r
tu::bi:-_.: tc 5>r:victe ;rddit-ian.'L pow,3r to dr:Lr.'e :;re :cri",.
l . ' h e ,l a r g , : L u r L r i n e : , , a h i c h u s u a l : - r h a s a : .
adciit.:-on,:l
rvr u
a lanu^ u
;
i _ \ _ .t s/ ,. ,
^F
oL
turbine
FL^
cr.e
stage,
(. -l -a^S^ ^, f S
--;
anC.
rt:du:.=s;
!l-^--
CIfef
t.::r:
=:a)f
y1y1s;2?9
1W Nepal
e+ffiAirlines
PowerPlant
cnae'[J[
- Nots,
C O R R T J G A I DN O Z Z t . E - t { , ! h n i l x r ^ Ur r r e .
71 - BO
"&l Ne,pal
IEtYAlirllines
Fow'erPlant
cn,re:,['f'[ 71 - BC]
S ( J U NI )
sr/f,l rn E
sstrl r,r
1\
{+
//'
-{_l
*-1J
f-t
hrn-#
uIilli
\{rj
L;
SOUND
SUPPBETSSIOT\l
neiser sllpg1-1,;ine
; r v - E9:1 . : , j . g , iJ.1r a h r q i t b ; - p c t s s
rat.io
i : : l r ' , - L i t c r r . l s e o f n c r i s e a . l s o r - b i n g r n aj : e r i;rl in cert ain are,as of Lhe e,ngi.ne, The
1 1 , ; , ; 1 1 - i - ' r 3I ;i .1nt i - n g n c ' r ' r r ; r L l y ' c o n s i s t . s < t f a
DE T{A\IILIA.NDAIRCMITT LII'TITED
S!:RVICE TRAININ(; SCH()OI.
CO}.1PR['SSOR
S:IAL,L
Compresso:: s;calI is a m:Lxture of many comple>rand dlfflcult-ro-'urndereE&Did
to explerl.n. 8ofine
phenomerna. Howelrer, lE 1s Ehe lnCent of' tlnls u'rlte-up
o f r h e p h , e n o m e n al n , n o n - t . e c h n l c a l . c e r m s . l ! { e e d l . e s s E o 8 a y , r h e e r l n p l L flcaEions arrd an,r'i."gies enrployr:d musE nc,c'be lnEerpreEedl aB Ehe flnel
explanartir:n, buE should be used 6s e Btepptngst.one Eo rtore comprl.ex
and exE.ct e):planirtlons
In orderr rto prodrrce hlgh-output
englnea wlch surperLor fuiel consturipcl-on arrd::aprid ar:celeraLlon chetrscterlstlcs,
le le necessary tcr
o p e r a E e r 8 1 3c l o s e E c E h e s t a l l
r:eg;lon a8 pogsJlbl.e.
: c : s u s e r Jb y . c o r n p r e s s o r s t a l l
on' tlne me.chani-cal partlt I'arLeg
lTTchoen s i ddear an ba lg) ,' w
lth
dlffer:enc engln,e deslgns.
Th,erefore, lt ls fe,lt
Ehac a dlsctrsslon of cornpressor stall
at. clhis t.lme te needed to
relleve
anxi.eEl-errthac cnay develop when chLe ph,enor[nonle experlenced
b y f i e l . d p e r s o n n r r l b e c a u s e e : n g l - n e d a r r u r g eL e v e r y u n l l l l e l y
to occur,
when proper corrr:ctive actlo:n i-s taken
c , f 4 1 1 . , l e E u s ' u n c l e r s t , a n c tt h a L s C a l l , s u r g e , o r p u l e a L : L o n ,
First
a s i c l s s l s ; o c a . L l e $ , l r i n o t a p h , e n o m e n o np e g : u l . l a r L o a n y o n e
p a r E l c u l a : : b r r a n d o f ' e : r g J - n eo ' r e n g l n e E y p e . o n E h e c o n E r a r y , i t :
nay occur on any englne lf crcoclltione are rtght
for lC.
Even the
coimpressore used for I carEtn.g Ehel large englne fr:eclurencl;y
888 turbine
encounter scell as th,ey accelerate
up co operat.tng npered. In che
, PaBt, aca.Ll hae been encounLererd on tleo-sErrge or Eu::bo-superchcrrged
plsron engirree, 8o rhere lg no need to lool< upon lc ae some rny6rterLorun
product o:[ t.he currenE j er alge.
8r e rarlllla::
v)lEn l)ac:ktrrLng of ::eclprocactng
l'r..r,"nrcs
englrreS: wher,e
.'-:ny nunrber: c,f mechani,:al. defrects such ee brrd spark pltrgs,
lean car-
b u r e t l o n , o r s c i c k l n g v a l v e s c r n r e s u l l t i n e r r g i n e b a c k f l r l ' n g . , S f u o l - l i alr.:y
for Eurbine en,ginea, nal.nEen,ilnce
and liteld conditions ean lnf luence
c ! . c o r n P ! e s s o r s t a l l p r o b l e m a p , p r e c l a t r l y . T f r e c o n d : L r l . o na i n d. a i i J u a t i l r g n t l
o f s u c h c o m p o D e n t Ba s t h e ' f u , e l c o n t : r o l , o v e r t r o a r d a l r b l e e d e , , e t c . , : [ o
o f v t t a l J . m p o r t a n c ei r r n u t n E r a i n i n g s t a l l - f : : e e r o p e r a E L o n .
I n g e n e r a J , , E h e t e h a s b e r e nl e s s s c a l l
of htgLr intensity
on centrifu;3ri,i.
tyPes than axl,gl cyperr. The::e are se\/eral reraBons :[or chle, burE
p r o b a b l y t h e o r n e h a v i n g E h e B r , a C e s Et r e a r l n g l e c h e f a c E t f t a t t . h e
j eE englnes operat aE much lower preBsure raElos t.han
centrlfugal
| 'the axlal
cypes.
The conatanc demand for more t,h:ruot, ape,clflce,
C) |
rL
htgher air: spe,eda, and altlcudes
has trroadened t.he range over u'hLch
:':
Fhe engl-ne rrusE operalle and, consequenEly, rnade chem more vulnerable
co scaII.
Therr, coo, tbre fact, thaE cencrlfugal
cype englnee uauaLly
ere fed fr:om' a p).enum chambcr h,elpa oyercome-alrciaf,t
ducC ahortco,q!rr",:
The fnllor.rlng d{acues.:Lons 'wltl be cpn!:lned co Ehe ax{*i,l" type
;-a,+i:
Jrt
#2
C O M P R E S S O RS T A L L
,l
s e c t l o n l s r n a d eu p o f t w o v a r l a b l e e :
The trlangle beslde the alrfoll
o
c
c
u
r
s
A
l
o
ng the axle of the englne; and rpm
w
h
i
c
h
that is alr flow
a blade velocicy acEing perpendlcu.lar co the axla
whlch repreeents
F
o
r a glven alr flow and rpm, there can be only onc
of Che englne.
resulEant whlch le flxed ln both amount and dLrectlon, and rhereby
definee .the effecELve 8n81e of attack.
q r a x t n u i oa n g l e o f a E E a c k t c w t l l
le llmlced
to.'i
Ever! airfoll
W tr en chte angle of
E o l e r a E e u n d e r a g l ve n o p ra tlng condl' tton.
gEalle. Aa wlCh Ehe wlng etall
aEgack ls .exceeded, Ehe alrfoll
the alr beparacea from che alrfotl
experlenced ln ine alrcraft,
secElon. Wlth Chle eeparaElon, the Itfc 1r greatly reduced on
t he w - L n g .
A l rI l o r
..$'
erl o
(;
?
l'-
Dlrccllon Of Air
F o l r t n gT h r o u g h
Thr Englnr
Flg,
"l
^,^t
i - v
ar.1
! \ ' \ /
Pane a
\-,-
RPM
( E f f r c to ?
R o i o t l o no f
T h r B l o d r)
0lrcctlon
ot'
Ro l o l l o n
Cornprceeor Bla.da
CIOMPRI'SSORSTAL,L
ht3
f Low f or
a gI-v'en
D u r l n g a c c e l . e r a c : L o n ,c o m p r e E s o r s C a l l m a y b e e n c b u n t e r e d d u e E o
F' or l- nstance, llf the :Eue l l .
f u e r l sch e cl u l tn l g to th e tlur ner .
fr , pt oi"r
l s t o o h l g h , re mp e :ra E u re ancl pr essr Jr er l- n Ehe bur ner : br comtr l - g;her
?f t "
t h a n t h a E f g r w h : L c i r ' c h ed r : s i g n e r s p , l a n n e d , t h e : r e b y c a u s : L n ga; b n o r s r e r l .
b a c k p r e s s u r e o n C t r e c o m P r : e e e o r . I ' h t s d e c r 8 8 , P 8E h e a t : : f : l o w , f o r : a
g l v e n r p n r ( i . l l u s E r a t e d l n F l g u r " f ! ) w h r l c h l - n c r e a s e a E l ' l ee f f i c r t - r ' e r
:
i n g t e o i a r r a c k 6 e y o n d E h r : a . I r f o I l ' e c r l t J - c a l a r g ;l e ' o f s E c a c k - a n d
f low
csuses Ehe alr fotl secElon t.o stall. wtth the result tha E erlr
r e v e r s e s f o r 8 . n l n s t a n E i n t h e c o m p r e g S o ra n d P r e s s u r e S 8 r ' e S r e s t l - ) ' '
f lou""
r e d u c e d . H o w e r v e r ,l C . 1 s n e C : e s s a r y E h a t t h e a c c e . [ e i a t l o n f u e l
Le malntalnr:d as htgh, as Posislble l-n ofder: that the'beeL englne
I
Lcceleration ratet iuy be obtalned., Ther*:fore, ehere m'u8f be
ttite
c : o m p r o m l s i be e C w e e na c c e l e r a t i o n r a t e a n d c o m p r e s i s o r s t a l l "
cono
p
e
r
a
t
i
r
r
g
r e q u l r e s E h s E a r r a r g i . n b e p l ' o v i d e d b e E w e e n" " t t ' t l
scherJr:l:-:Lng.
c l i t i o n s e r n d s c a l l r ^ , h j . c hc , a n b e d o n e b y m e a n s o f f u e l c o n E r o l
A i r fl o r
Dlrrclloa
of
Il o a
Roto
np[r
0 l r o c fl o n C ) lA l r
------lrP o s s i n gT h r o u g h
The En,Sinc
, Fl-g.
1I
S i c h e m a t l - e D 1 8 { q I ' a ' l r lo f
, \ x 1 . a I C(fmpre I I or BL ade
,1
C O M P R E S S OSRT A L L
r yr y trnn
$ g ; 1 r . , : vvi il r
onr,,i:iporclonof
oll"r
\t,:,"t r: w
: :":s1- ""- -: . : : : r : t : :
1 lnvolves
)f
8n
enElf
1 ""q:1,? lliti:.i:::'::;n:::'*o"n-o'-'ilr'"
:.::::'"I":ioir::
:'"!l:':"'
:lil*te
i:::i.lii':::l$,;*;l:::"lll}
ill;;:"ii.'
:"*l::.^l'::;I"!t:!'l?::l:':l::li{:
,'
"."o*iliffi;;-"I
".,it|
;:'l::i
*:;";:':::::::":::li:
i:llt::F:::ii::t.ki.f i::":::i':'
i:*
rt:::;":;:.:'i:'l':::r:l:t,":ll,F
;::l":n:i
o
*:"*x::1""::::":?
{
-;;-"""'''
"
";ii::::,:x::1:}"::i""::':;
:
::
.lo
ii
inlec' ""'
C O f $ 1 ; '' $ $ O ! '
I: n c l p i e n c
gEarr
rtrdv Y! vveY
lnd) ;
e.c '
condl"tionat
theae atell
che-nadure of some of
s
e
e
n
h
a
v
e
w
e
i
n
C
h
a
E
che tenstcy of
Non
io to avold or dtntnl-ah
AlwayaEreaEthepowerleverwlthresPecE.Noerretl'c@VBr:|8.
of at'all?" '
"Hoet do I gec ouE
The nexc questlon'
(-
SlovlyrecardthePowerLeverunEllIDLEPor,erLeverPosi.clon
le sEtalned
Never allfir
noEed' stopcock-the englne'
eclll
l
s
s
c
a
l
l
of the
lf compressor
ouc by che-manuiacturer
c
a
l
l
e
d
r
h
o
e
e
e
x
c
e
e
d
rhg englne.
E . e r n p e r a E u r " " -a o
off che fuer eupply Eo
po"rilie-shuE
w
h
e
n
A
r
w
a
y
s
englne.
la very
conpressor blade erall
in the beginning,
o
u
c
w
a
s
.
b
r
o
u
g
h
c
As
alrplane stall sltuac'on can
rtre
simLlar to alrplane wlng "c.It.
excePt that in 8ome cs8e8
r
h
e
.
"
;
;
;
;
;
"
o
r
E
o
a
p
p
t
t
e
d
b
e
also
coEPreasor
o v e r l o" b: 1dlet d 8 0 a 3 c o . c a u s e
che coqpressor blade, "".-L.
turblne
o r c a u s e c e m P e r s E u r e gl n ^ E h e
f
a
l
l
u
r
e
'
s
E
r
u
c
c
u
r
a
l
blade
."r, teeult ln b.urned curbtne ParEs'
seccion co ;;-;;"eeded
"nfcf,
whlch
T h e e n g l n e r e a c E l o n c o o v e r l o a d l n g o a y b e f l a m e - oEuht a
t eors a l b l l l c y
efp
However'
tay U"-tt"otplished'
reltghc
celDPeraturlng.i."-engl-neduringchescalledcondlelonts
accion-14 noE caken'
tf correctlve
- 3 C ; -J r
'i.e 1l
of Ov!-
poaelble