You are on page 1of 20

c02StressAndStrainIntroductionToDesign.

qxd

Steel pin

9/30/10

3:23 PM

Top view
P (Towing load from trailer)

Square tubular
steel hitch
receptacle

V
P

Ball

Page 101

shear stress and average shear strain.) (b) If the shear modulus of elasticity of the rubber is Gr 0.6 MPa, what is the
average shear strain, g, related to the average shear stress t
computed in Part (a)? (c) Based on the average shear strain
determined in Part (b), what is the relative displacement, d,
between the rectangular bar and the C-shaped bracket when
the load P 250 N is applied?
x

A
Solid steel hitch bar

120 mm

Side view

End view

P2.7-10

150 mm

SHEAR STRAIN

P2.7-12

Prob. 2.7-11. A rectangular plate (dashed lines show original configuration) is uniformly deformed into the shape of a
parallelogram (shaded figure) as shown in Fig. P2.7-11. (a)
Determine the average shear strain, call it gxy(A), between
lines in the directions x and y shown in the figure. (b)
Determine the average shear strain, call it gxy (B), between
lines in the directions of x and y shown in the figure. (Hint:
Dont forget that shear strain is a signed quantity, that is, it
can be either positive or negative.)
y

w
P

x
0.10 in.

0.10 in.

(a) Configuration of rubber


load-transfer pads.

(b) Deformed rubber


pad.

P2.7-13 and P2.7-14

8 in.
D

y A

10 in.

P2.7-11
Prob. 2.7-12. Shear stress produces a shear strain gxy (between lines in the x direction and lines in the y direction) of
gxy 1200 (i.e., g 0.0012 m
m ). (a) Determine the horizontal displacement A of point A. (b) Determine the shear
strain gxy between the lines in the x direction and the y
direction, as shown on Fig. P2.7-12.
Prob. 2.7-13. Two identical symmetrically placed rubber
pads transmit load from a rectangular bar to a C-shaped
bracket, as shown in Fig. P2.7-13. (a) Determine the average
shear stress, t, in the rubber pads on planes parallel to the
top and bottom surfaces of the pads if P 250 N and the dimensions of the rubber pads are: b 50 mm, w 80 mm,
and h 25 mm. (Although the load is transmitted predominately by shearing deformation, the pads are not undergoing pure shear. However, you can still calculate the average

Prob. 2.7-14. Two identical, symmetrically placed rubber


pads transmit load from a rectangular bar to a C-shaped
bracket, as shown in Fig. 2.7-14. The dimensions of the rubber pads are: b 3 in., w 4 in., and h 2 in. The shear
modulus of elasticity of the rubber is Gr 100 psi. If the
maximum relative displacement between the bar and the
bracket is max 0.25 in., what is the maximum value of
load P that may be applied? (Use average shear strain and
average shear stress in solving this problem.)
*Prob. 2.7-15. Vibration isolators like the one shown in Fig.
P2.7-15 are used to support sensitive instruments. Each isolator consists of a hollow rubber cylinder of outer diameter D,
inner diameter d, and height h. A steel center post of diameter d is bonded to the inner surface of the rubber cylinder, and
the outer surface of the rubber cylinder is bonded to the inner
surface of a steel-tube base. (a) Derive an expression for the
average shear stress in the rubber as a function of the distance
r from the center of the isolator. (b) Derive an expression relating the load P to the downward displacement of the center
post, using G as the shear modulus of the rubber, and assuming that the steel post and steel tube are rigid (compared with
the rubber). (Hint: Since the shear strain varies with the distance r from the center, an integral is required.)

101

c02StressAndStrainIntroductionToDesign.qxd

9/30/10

3:23 PM

Steel tube
r

Page 102

40 mm

120 mm

PA
A

Steel
post

B
Rubber

a
d

Instrument

PA

A
d

Vibration
isolator

View a a

P2.8-3
D
(a)

(b)

P2.7-15

Prob. 2.8-4. The brass eye-bar in Fig. P2.8-4a has a diameter dr 0.500 in. and is attached to a support bracket by a
brass pin of diameter dp 0.375 in. If the allowable shear
stress in the pin is 12 ksi and the allowable tensile stress in
the bar is 18 ksi, what is the allowable tensile load Pallow.?
P

DESIGN FOR AXIAL LOADS AND DIRECT SHEAR


MDS 2.122.15

(a)

Prob. 2.8-1. A bolted lap joint is used to connect a rectangular bar to a hanger bracket, as shown in Fig. P2.8-1. If the
allowable shear stress in the bolt is 15 ksi, and the allowable
tensile load on the rectangular bar is to be Pallow. 2 kips, what
is the required minimum diameter of the bolt shank in inches?

(b)

dr

A
dp

P2.8-4
D

Prob. 2.8-5. The forestay (cable) on a sailboat is attached


to a tee-bracket on the deck of the boat by a (removable)
stainless steel pin. If the allowable shear stress in the pin is
allow. 11 ksi, and the diameter of the pin is dp 0.25 in.,
what is the allowable tensile force, Tallow., in the stay?

P2.8-1 and P2.8-2


Cable stay

Prob. 2.8-2. A bolted lap joint is used to connect a rectangular bar to a hanger bracket, as shown in Fig. P2.8-2. If the
allowable shear stress in the bolt is 80 MPa, and the diameter of the bolt shank 15 mm, what is the allowable tensile
load on the rectangular bar, Pallow., in kN?
D
Prob. 2.8-3. The pin that holds the two halves of a pair of
pliers together at B has a diameter d 6.35 mm and is made
of steel for which tallow. 75 MPa. What is the allowable
force (PC )allow. (not shown) that can be exerted on the round
rod at C by each jaw, assuming that the corresponding force
PA is applied to the handles at each of the two places marked
A in Fig. P2.8-3?

102

U-bracket
dp
Tee-bracket
Boat deck

P2.8-5

c02StressAndStrainIntroductionToDesign.qxd

9/30/10

3:23 PM

Prob. 2.8-6. A compressor of weight W is suspended from


a sloping ceiling beam by long rods AB and CD of diameters
d1 and d2, respectively, as shown in Fig. P2.8-6a. A typical
bracket is shown in Fig. P2.8-6b. Using the data given below,
determine the allowable compressor weight, Wallow.. (Neglect
the weight of the platform between A and C, and neglect the
weight of the two rods. Also, assume that rod AB and the
pins at A and B are large enough that they do not need to be
considered.)

Page 103

a high-strength steel pin. Assume that the pin at B is adequate to sustain the loading applied to it, and that the designcritical components are the bar BD and the pin at C. The
factor of safety against failure of BD by yielding is FSs 3.0,
and the factor of safety against ultimate shear failure of the
pin at C is FSt 3.3. (a) Determine the required thickness,
t, of the rectangular bar BD, whose width is b. (b) Determine
the required diameter, d, of the pin at C.
P 2400 lb, L 6 ft, h 4 ft

Rod CD: d2 10 mm, sallow. 85 MPa

Bar BD: b 1 in., sY 36 ksi,

Pins at C and D: dp 7 mm, tallow. 100 MPa


a 0.75 m, b 0.50 m

Pin C: tU 60 ksi
D

t = thickness
D
L1

(1)

(2)

L2

L/2

P
A

C
a

Prob. 2.8-9. Solve Prob. 2.8-8 using the following data:


P 10 kN,

P2.8-6
Prob. 2.8-7. An angle bracket ABC is restrained by a highstrength steel wire CD, and it supports a load P at A, as
shown in Fig. P2.8-7. The strength properties of the wire and
the shear pin at B are y 350 MPa (wire), and tU 300
MPa (pin at B). If the wire and pin are to be sized to provide
a factor of safety against yielding of the wire of FSs 3.3
and a factor of safety against ultimate shear failure of the pin
of FSt 3.5, what are the required diameters of the wire (to
the nearest mm) and the pin (to the nearest mm)?
dw

a
B

L 3 m, h 2 m

Bar BD: b 25 mm, sY 250 MPa,

Pin C: tU 400 MPa


D

Prob. 2.8-10. A load W is to be suspended from a cable at


end C of a rigid beam AC, whose length is b 3 m. Beam AC,
in turn, is supported by a steel rod of diameter d 25 mm
and length L 2.5 m. Rod BD is made of steel with a yield
point Y 250 MPa, and modulus of elasticity E 200 GPa.
If the maximum displacement at C is (dC)max 10 mm, and
there is to be a factor of safety with respect to yielding of BD
of FS 3.3 and with respect to displacement of FS 3.0,
what is the allowable weight that can be suspended from the
beam at C?

90 mm

D
dp
L

15
P = 1 kN

View a-a

(b) Typ. bracket

L/2

P2.8-8 and P2.8-9

(a)

a
C

Rigid

100 mm

View a-a of B

P2.8-7

B
b/2

Prob. 2.8-8. Boom AC in Fig. P2.8-8 is supported by a rectangular steel bar BD, and it is attached to a bracket at C by

b/2

P2.8-10 and P2.8-11

103

c02StressAndStrainIntroductionToDesign.qxd

9/30/10

3:23 PM

Page 104

and by a tie-rod AB. Both the tie rod and the pin are to be
sized with a factor of safety of FS 3.0, the tie-rod with respect to tensile yielding and the pin with respect to shear
failure. The strength properties of the rod and pin are: Y
340 MPa and tU 340 MPa; the respective lengths are: L1
1.5 m and L2 L3 2.0 m. (a) If the loading platform is to
be able to handle loads W up to W 8 kN, what is the required diameter, dr, of the tie-rod (to the nearest millimeter)? (b) What is the required diameter, dp, of the shear pin
at C (to the nearest millimeter)?
D
Prob. 2.8-15. A three-bar, pin-jointed, planar truss
supports a single horizontal load P at joint B. Joint C is free to
move horizontally. The allowable stress in tension is (sT)allow.
140 MPa, and the allowable stress in compression is (C)allow.
85 MPa. If the truss is to support a maximum load
Pallow. 50 kN, what are the required cross-sectional areas,
Ai, of the three truss members?

Prob. 2.8-11. A load of W 2 kips is suspended from a


cable at end C of a rigid beam AC, whose length is b 8 ft.
Beam AC, in turn, is supported by a steel rod BD (E 30
103 ksi) of diameter d and length L 12 ft. The rod BD is to
the sized so that there will be a factor of safety with respect
to yielding of FS 4.0 and a factor of safety with respect to
deflection of FS 3.0. The yield strength of rod BD is Y
50 ksi, and the maximum displacement at C is limited to
(dC)max
b. Determine the
(dC)max 0.25 in. ai.e., (dC)allow
FSd
required diameter, d, of rod BD to the nearest 81 in.
D
Prob. 2.8-12. A tension rod is spliced together by a pinand-yoke type connector, as shown in Fig. P2.8-12. The tension
rod is to be designed for an allowable load of Pallow. 3 kips.
If the allowable tensile stress in the rods is allow. 15 ksi,
and the allowable shear stress in the pin is allow. = 12 ksi, determine (to the nearest 161 in.) (a) the smallest diameter, dr, of
rod that can be used, and (b) the smallest diameter, dp, of pin
that can be used.
D

450 mm
dr

dr

600 mm

dp

P
(3)

(2)

C
(1)

P2.8-12

1200 mm
D

Prob. 2.8-13. The L-shaped loading frame in Fig. P2.8-13 is


supported by a high-strength shear pin (dp 0.5 in, U 50 ksi)
and by a tie-rod AB (dr 0.625 in., Y 50 ksi). Both the
tie-rod and the pin are to be sized with a factor of safety of
FS 3.0, the tie-rod with respect to tensile yielding, and the
shear pin with respect to ultimate shear failure. Determine the
allowable platform load, Wallow.. Let L1 3 ft, L2 L3 4 ft.

P2.8-15

COMPUTER-BASED DESIGN FOR AXIAL LOADS


For Problems 2.8-16 through 2.8-18 you are to develop a
computer program to generate the required graph(s) that
will enable you to choose the optimum design. You
may use a spreadsheet program or other mathematical
application program (e.g., TK Solver or Mathcad), or
you may write a program in a computer language (e.g.,
BASIC or FORTRAN).

dp
View a-a of C

dr

L1

a
A

C
L2

L3

P2.8-13 and P2.8-14


D

Prob. 2.8-14. The L-shaped loading-platform frame in Fig.


P2.8-14 is supported by a high-strength steel shear pin at C

104

Prob. 2.8-16. The pin-jointed planar truss shown in Fig.


P2.8-16a is to be made of two steel two-force members and
support a single vertical load P 10 kN at joint B. For the
steel truss members, the allowable stress in tension is (T )allow
150 MPa, the allowable stress in compression is (C)allow
100 MPa, and the weight density is 77.0 kN/m3. You are to
consider truss designs for which joint B can be located at any
point along the vertical line that is 1 m to the right of AC,
with yB varying from yB 0 to yB 2m. (a) Show that, if
each member has the minimum cross-sectional area that
meets the strength criteria stated above, the weight W of the
truss can be expressed as a function of yB, the position of
joint B, by the function that is plotted in Fig. P2.8-16b. (b)
What value of yB gives the minimum-weight truss, and what
is the weight of that truss?

c02StressAndStrainIntroductionToDesign.qxd

9/30/10

3:23 PM

is (C)allow 12 ksi, and the weight density is 0.284 lb/in3.


You are to consider truss designs for which the vertical member AC has lengths varying from L3 18 in. to L3 50 in. (a)
Show that, if each member has the minimum cross-sectional
area that meets the strength criteria stated above, the weight
W of the truss can be expressed as a function of the length
L3 of member AC by a function that is similar to the one
plotted in Fig. P2.8-16b. (Hint: Use the law of cosines to obtain expressions for the angle at joint A and the angle at joint
C.) (b) What value of L3 gives the minimum-weight truss,
and what is the weight of that truss?
C
*Prob. 2.8-18. The pin-jointed planar truss shown in Fig.
P2.8-18 is to be made of two aluminum two-force members
and support a single horizontal load P 50 kN at joint B.
For the aluminum truss members, the allowable stress in tension is (T)allow 200 MPa, the allowable stress in compression is (C)allow 130 MPa, and the weight density is 28.0
kN/m3. You are to consider truss designs for which support C
can be located at any point along the x axis, with xC varying
from xC 1 m to xC 2.4 m. (a) Show that, if each member
has the minimum cross-sectional area that meets the
strength criteria stated above, the weight W of the truss can
be expressed as a function of xC, the position of support C,
by a function that is similar to the one plotted in Fig. 2.8-16b.
(b) What value of xC gives the minimum-weight truss, and
what is the weight of that truss?

1m

(1)
B
2m
P

yB

(2)

C
(a) A two-bar planar truss.
25

W (N)

20
15
10

Wmin = 12.58 N @ yB = 0.80 m

Page 105

0
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 1.40 1.60 1.80 2.00
yB (m)

y
1m

(b) Minimum-weight design for the two-bar planar truss.

P = 50 kN

P2.8-16
1m

*Prob. 2.8-17. The pin-jointed planar truss shown in Fig.


P2.8-17 is to be made of three steel two-force members and
is to support vertical loads PB 2 kips at joint B and PC
3 kips at joint C. The lengths of members AB and BC are L1
30 in. and L2 24 in., respectively. Joint C is free to move
vertically. For the steel truss members, the allowable stress in
tension is (T)allow 20 ksi, the allowable stress in compression

L3
B
PB = 2 kips
C

L2 = 24 in.

PC = 3 kips

P2.8-17

xC

P2.8-18

L1 = 30 in.

STRESSES ON INCLINED PLANES


In Problems 2.9-1 through 2.9-13, use free-body diagrams
and equilibrium equations to solve for the required stresses.
Prob. 2.9-1. The plane NN makes an angle 30 with
respect to the cross section of the prismatic bar shown in
Fig. P2.9-1. The dimensions of the rectangular cross section
P

P
N

P2.9-1

105

c02StressAndStrainIntroductionToDesign.qxd

9/30/10

3:23 PM

of the bar are 1 in. 2 in. Under the action of an axial


tensile load P, the normal stress on the NN plane is n
8 ksi. (a) Determine the value of the axial load P; (b) determine the shear stress nt on the NN plane; and (c) determine the maximum shear stress in the bar. Use free-body
diagrams and equilibrium equations to solve for the required stresses.
Prob. 2.9-2. The prismatic bar in Fig. P2.9-2 is subjected to
an axial compressive load P 70 kips. The cross-sectional
area of the bar is 2.0 in2. Determine the normal stress and
the shear stress on the n face and on the t face of an element
oriented at angle 40. Use free-body diagrams and equilibrium equations to solve for the required stresses.
t

Page 106

Prob. 2.9-6. A brass bar with a square cross section of dimension b is subjected to a compressive load P 10 kips, as
shown in Fig. P2.9-6. If the allowable compressive stress for
the brass is allow. 12 ksi, and the allowable shear stress is
allow. 7 ksi, what is the minimum value of the dimension b,
to the nearest 161 in.?

P
b

P2.9-6

P2.9-2 and P2.9-3


Prob. 2.9-3. A prismatic bar in tension has a cross section
that measures 20 mm 50 mm and supports a tensile load
P 200 kN, as illustrated in Fig. P2.9-3. Determine the normal
and shear stresses on the n and t faces of an element oriented
at angle 30. Use free-body diagrams and equilibrium
equations to solve for the required stresses.
D
Prob. 2.9-4. Determine the allowable tensile load P for the
prismatic bar shown in Fig. P2.9-4 if the allowable tensile
stress is allow 135 MPa and the allowable shear stress is
allow 100 MPa. The cross-sectional dimensions of the bar
are 12.7 mm 50.8 mm.

Prob. 2.9-7. A 6-in.-diameter concrete test cylinder is subjected to a compressive load P 110 kips, as shown in Fig.
P2.9-7. The cylinder fails along a plane that makes an angle
of 62 to the horizontal. (a) Determine the (compressive)
axial stress in the cylinder when it reaches the failure load.
(b) Determine the normal stress, , and shear stress, , on the
failure plane at failure.
P = 110 kips

62

P2.9-7

P2.9-4
Prob. 2.9-5. A bar with rectangular cross section is subjected
to an axial tensile load P, as shown in Fig. P2.9-5. (a) Determine
the angle, call it na, of the plane NN on which nt 2n, that
is, the plane on which the magnitude of the shear stress is
twice the magnitude of the normal stress. (b) Determine the
angle, call it nb, of the plane on which n 2nt. (Hint: You
can get approximate answers from Fig. 2.34.)

Prob. 2.9-8. A wood cube that has dimension b on each


edge is tested in compression, as illustrated in Fig. P2.9-8.
The direction of the grain of the wood is shown in the figure.
Determine the normal stress n and shear stress nt on planes
that are parallel to the grain of the wood.
P 5 kN,

b 150 mm, a 55
P

P
N

P2.9-5

106

P2.9-8

c02StressAndStrainIntroductionToDesign.qxd

9/30/10

3:23 PM

Page 107

*Prob. 2.9-9. Either a finger-joint splice, Fig. P2.9-9a, or a


diagonal lap-joint splice, Fig. P2.9-9b, may be used to glue
two wood strips together to form a longer tension member.
Determine the ratio of allowable loads, (Pf)allow./(Pd)allow. for
the following two glue-strength cases: (a) the glue is twice as
strong in tension as it is in shear, that is allow. 0.5allow., and
(b) the glue is twice as strong in shear as it is in tension, that
is allow. 2allow.. (Hint: For each of the above cases, determine
Pallow. in terms of allow., using the given glue strength ratios.)

O
y

b/2 b/2

Fx

yR

(a)

Pf

yR

2O
Pf

(b)

P2.12-1
Prob. 2.12-2 The normal stress on the rectangular cross section ABCD in Fig. P2.12-2 varies linearly with respect to the
y coordinate. That is, x has the form x a by, varying linearly from xb at the bottom edge of the cross section to xt
at the top edge of the cross section. (a) Show that My 0 for
this symmetrical normal-stress distribution. (b) Determine
an expression for the axial force Fx in terms of the stresses
xb and xt and the dimensions of the cross section, width b
and height h. (c) Determine an expression for the corresponding value of the bending moment Mz.

(a)

Pd

Pd
30

(b)

P2.9-9
Prob. 2.9-10. At room temperature (70F) and with no axial
load (P 0) the extensional strain of the prismatic bar (Fig.
P2.9-10) in the axial direction is zero, that is, x 0.
Subsequently, the bar is heated to 120F and a tensile load
P is applied. The material properties for the bar are: E
10 103 ksi and 13 106/F, and the cross-sectional
area of the bar is 1.8 in2. For the latter load-temperature condition, the extensional strain is found to be x 900 106 in.
in. .
(a) Determine the value of the axial tensile load P. (b) Determine the normal stress and the shear stress on the oblique
plane NN. (Note: The total strain is the sum of strain associated with normal stress x (Eq. 2.14) and the strain due to
change of temperature T (Eq. 2.8).)

My

b
2

xt

b
2
C

B
h
2

z
z

Mz

Fx

h
2
A

xb
(a)

(b)

P2.12-2
P

Prob. 2.12-3. The normal stress on the rectangular cross


section ABCD in Fig. P2.12-3 varies linearly with respect to

N
25
Gage measures
extensional
strain x

y
x

C
B

P2.9-10

My

STRESS RESULTANTS
Prob. 2.12-1. The normal stress, x, over the top half of the
cross section of the rectangular bar in Fig. P2.12-1 is 0, while
the normal stress acting on the bottom half of the cross section is 20. (a) Determine the value of the resultant axial
force, Fx. (b) Locate the point R in the cross section through
which the resultant axial force, Fx, acts.

xC = 12 ksi
xB = 8 ksi

2 in. 2 in.
C

B
dA

4 in.
z

Mz

Fx
A

4 in.
A

xA = 12 ksi

(a)

(b)

P2.12-3

107

c02StressAndStrainIntroductionToDesign.qxd

9/30/10

3:23 PM

position (y, z) in the cross section. That is, x has the form
x a by cz. The values of x at corners A, B, and C are:
xA 12 ksi, xB 8 ksi, and xC 12 ksi. (a) Determine the
value of xD, the normal stress at corner D. (b) Determine
the axial force, Fx. (c) Determine the bending moment My.
Prob. 2.12-4. The stress distribution on the cross section
shown in Fig. P2.12-4a is given by

Page 108

y
Vy

20 mm 20 mm

50 mm

h
sx a by ; txy c c a b y2 d
2

; txz 0
max = xy (y = 0)

Determine expressions for the resultant forces Fx and Vy and


the bending moment Mz in terms of stress-related quantities
a, b, and c and the dimensions d and h of the cross section.
(See Example 2.13.)

h/2

xy
x

xz

(a)

(b)

P2.12-5
Prob. 2.12-6. On the cross section of a circular rod, the shear
stress at a point acts in the circumferential direction at that
point, as illustrated in Fig. P2.12-6. The shear stress magnitude varies linearly with distance from the center of the cross
tmaxr
section, that is, t
. Using the ring-shaped area in Fig.
r
P2.12-6b, determine the formula that relates max and the
resultant torque, T.

50 mm

h/2
x

()
d

d/2

d/2

(a) The stresses on cross section x.

dA = 2d
Vy

(a)

My

(b)

P2.12-6
F

Mz
T

Vz

(b) The stress resultants at x.

P2.12-4

Prob. 2.12-7. Determine the relationship between max and


T if, instead of acting on a solid circular bar, as in Fig. P2.12-6,
tmax r
the shear stress distribution t
acts on a tubular
ro
cylinder with outer radius ro and inner radius ri. (The crosssectional dimensions are shown in Fig. P2.12-7. See Prob.
2.12-6 for an illustration of the shear stress distribution on a
circular cross section and for the definitions of T and .)

Prob. 2.12-5. On a particular cross section of the rectangular bar shown in Fig. 2.12-5 there is shear stress whose distribution has the form
txy tmax c 1 a

y 2
b d
50

where y is measured in mm from the centroid of the cross


section (Fig. P2.12-5b). If the shear stress xy may not exceed
allow. 50 MPa, what is the maximum shear force Vy that
may be applied to the bar at this cross section?

108

ri

P2.12-7

ro

c02StressAndStrainIntroductionToDesign.qxd

9/30/10

3:23 PM

*Prob. 2.12-8. If the magnitude of the shear stress on a solid,


circular rod of radius r varies with radial position as shown
in Fig. P2.12-8, determine the formula that relates the resultant torque T to the maximum shear stress Y. (See Prob. 2.12-6
for an illustration of the shear stress distribution on the cross
section and for the definitions of T and , and use the area
shown in Fig. 2.12-6b.)

1.2 Y
Y

r/2

Page 109

so that it is elongated by an amount . Determine an expression for the (uniform) extensional strain n of the diagonal
AC. Express your answer in terms of , L, and the angle .
Assume that d V L and see Appendix A.2 for relevant
approximations.
Prob. 2.12-11. A rectangular plate ABCD with base b and
height h is uniformly stretched an amount x in the x direction
and y in the y direction to become the enlarged rectangle
AB*C*D* shown in Fig. P2.12-11. Determine an expression
for the (uniform) extensional strain n of the diagonal AC.
Express your answer in terms of x, y, L, and , where
L 2b2 h2 and tan h/b. Base your calculations on the
small-displacement assumptions, that is, assume that dx V L
and dy V L. (See Appendix A.2 for relevant approximations.)
y

B*

P2.12-8

STRAIN-DEFORMATION EQUATIONS

Prob. 2.12-9. (a) Using Figs. P2.12-9 and the definition of


extensional strain given in Eq. 2.35, show that the change
in length, L, of a thin wire whose original length is L is
given by L 0Lx(x) dx, where x(x) is the extensional
strain of the wire at x. (b) Determine the elongation of a
2-m-long wire if it has a coefficient of thermal expansion
20 106/C, and if the change in temperature along
the wire is given by T 10x2 (C).
x

C
L

D*

D
b

P2.12-11
Prob. 2.12-12. A thin, square plate ABCD undergoes deformation in which no point in the plate moves in the y direction. Every horizontal line (except the bottom edge) is
uniformly stretched as edge CD remains straight and rotates
clockwise about D. Using the definition of extensional strain in
Eq. 2.35, determine an expression for the extensional strain
in the x direction, x(x, y).

dx

L
(a) Before deformation.
dx(1 + x)

C*

(b) After deformation.

0.1a
C*

P2.12-9

P*

Prob. 2.12-10. The thin, rectangular plate ABCD shown in


Fig. P2.12-10a undergoes uniform stretching in the x direction,

n
B*

C*

L
A

a
(a) Undeformed plate.

A*

D*

(b) Deformed plate.

P2.12-12 and P2.12-13

A*

(a) Undeformed plate.

D*
(b) Deformed plate.

P2.12-10

*Prob. 2.12-13. Using the definition of shear strain, Eq. 2.36,


and using the undeformed plate and deformed plate
sketches in Fig. P2.12-13, determine an expression for the shear
strain xy as a function of position in the plate, that is, xy(x, y).

109

c02StressAndStrainIntroductionToDesign.qxd

9/30/10

3:23 PM

Prob. 2.12-14. A thin, square plate ABCD undergoes deformation such that a typical point P with coordinates (x, y)
moves horizontally an amount
y 2
1
u(x, y) PP*
(a x) a b
100
a
The undeformed and deformed plates are shown in Figs.
P2.12-14a and P2.12-14b, respectively. Using the definition
extensional strain in Eq. 2.35, determine an expression for
x(x, y), the extensional strain in the x direction.
y
B

x
B*

C
R
P

Page 110

HOOKES LAW FOR ISOTROPIC MATERIALS;


DILATATION
Prob. 2.13-1. When thin sheets of material, like the top
skin of the airplane wing in Fig. P2.13-1, are subjected to
stress, they are said to be in a state of plane stress, with z
txz yz 0. Starting with Eqs. 2.38, with T 0, show that
for the case of plane stress Hookes Law can be written as
sx

E
(x vy),
1 n2

sy

E
(y vx)
1 n2

u
C*

P P*
a

x
y

z
A

A*

D*

a
(a) Before deformation.

(b) After deformation.

P2.13-1

P2.12-14 and P2.12-15


*Prob. 2.12-15. Using the definition of shear strain, Eq. 2.36,
and using the before deformation and after deformation
sketches in Fig. P2.12-15, determine an expression for the
shear strain xy as a function of position in the plate, that is,
determine xy(x, y).
*Prob. 2.12-16. A typical point P at coordinates (x, y) in a
flat plate moves through small displacements u(x, y) and v(x, y)
in the x direction and the y direction, respectively. Using the
definition of extensional strain, Eq. 2.35, and using the before deformation and after deformation sketches in Fig.
P2.12-16, show that the formula for the extensional strain in
the x direction, x(x, y), is the partial differential equation

Prob. 2.13-2. Figure P2.13-2 shows a small portion of a thin


aluminum-alloy plate in plane stress (z txz yz 0).
At a particular point in the plate x 600, y 200, and
xy 200. For the aluminum alloy, E 10 103 ksi and n
0.33. Determine the stresses x, y, and xy at this point in the
plate. (Note: Start with Eqs. 2.38, not with Eqs. 2.40.)

z
x

0u
0x
P2.13-2

u(x + x, y)
v(x + x, y)
v(x, y)
Q*
P*

u(x, y)

Prob. 2.13-3. Determine the state of strain that corresponds


to the following three-dimensional state of stress at a certain
point in a steel machine component:
sx 60 MPa,

sy 20 MPa,

sz 30 MPa

txy 20 MPa, txz 15 MPa, tyz 10 MPa


(a) Before deformation.

(b) After deformation.

P2.12-16

110

Use E 210 GPa and n 0.30 for the steel.


Prob. 2.13-4. The flat-bar plastic test specimen shown in
Fig. P2.13-4 has a reduced-area test section that measures

c02StressAndStrainIntroductionToDesign.qxd

9/30/10

3:23 PM

Page 111

0.5 in. 1.0 in. Within the test section a strain gage oriented
in the axial direction measures x 0.002 in.
in., while a strain gage
mounted in the transverse direction measures y 0.0008 in.
in.,
when the load on the specimen is P 300 lb. (a) Determine
the values of the modulus of elasticity, E, and Poissons ratio,
n. (b) Determine the value of the dilatation, V, within the
test section.

P2.13-6
y
P

1 in.

(1)

(1) x gage
(2) y gage

y
P

(2)
Electrical
leads

Prob. 2.13-7. A block of linearly elastic material (E, n) is


compressed between two rigid, perfectly smooth surfaces by
an applied stress x 0, as depicted in Fig. P2.13-7.The only
other nonzero stress is the stress y induced by the restraining
surfaces at y 0 and y b. (a) Determine the value of the restraining stress y . (b) Determine a, the change in the x dimension of the block. (c) Determine the change t in the
thickness t in the z direction.

0.5

P2.13-4

Prob. 2.13-5. A titanium-alloy bar has the following original


dimensions: a 10 in., b 4 in., and c 2 in. The bar is subjected to stresses x 14 ksi and y 6 ksi, as indicated
in Fig. P2.13-5. The remaining stressesz, xy, txz, and tyz
are all zero. Let E 16 103 ksi and n 0.33 for the
titanium alloy. (a) Determine the changes in the lengths: a,
b, and c, where a* a a, etc. (b) Determine the
dilatation, V.

0
b

x
a

P2.13-7

c*

Prob. 2.13-8. A thin, rectangular plate is subjected to a uniform biaxial state of stress (x, y). All other components of
stress are zero.The initial dimensions of the plate are Lx 4 in.
and Ly 2 in., but after the loading is applied, the dimensions are L*x 4.00176 in., and L*y 2.00344 in. If it is
known that x 10 ksi and E 10 103 ksi, (a) what is the
value of Poissons ratio? (b) What is the value of y?

b*

x
a*

6 ksi

14 ksi

y = ?
x = 10 ksi

P2.13-5
Ly*

Prob. 2.13-6. An aluminum-alloy plate is subjected to a biaxial state of stress, as illustrated in Fig. P2.13-6 (z xz
yz xy 0). For the aluminum alloy, E 72 GPa and
n 0.33. Determine the stresses x and y if x 200, and
y 140. (Note: Start with Eqs. 2.38, not with Eqs. 2.40.)

Lx*

P2.13-8

111

c02StressAndStrainIntroductionToDesign.qxd

9/30/10

3:23 PM

Prob. 2.13-9. At a point in a thin steel plate in plane stress


(z xz yz 0), x 800, y 400, and xy 200.
For the steel plate, E 200 GPa and n 0.30. (a) Determine
the extensional strain z at this point. (b) Determine the
stresses x, y and xy at this point. (c) Determine the dilatation, V, at this point.

P2.13-9
*Prob. 2.13-10. A block of linearly elastic material (E, n) is
placed under hydrostatic pressure: x y z p;
xy xz yz 0, as shown in Fig. P2.13-10. (a) Determine
an expression for the extensional strain x ( y z). (b)
Determine an expression for the dilatation, V. (c) The bulk
z

x
(Stresses on hidden faces not shown.)

P2.13-10

112

modulus, kb, of a material is defined as the ratio of the hydrostatic pressure, p, to the magnitude of the volume change
per unit volume, V, that is,
kb

p
V

Determine an expression for the bulk modulus of this


block of linearly elastic material. Express your answer in
terms of E and n.

z
y

Page 112

Prob. 2.14-1. You are to evaluate a new concept for an environmentally friendly building product, a laminated composite
floor panel. This composite panel will use a new material consisting of a recycled polymer filled with recycled wood particles. This recycled material has an elastic modulus of 6 GPa
and is produced in sheets 2 mm thick. These are laminated
with thin, 0.5-mm-thick sheets of aluminum, EA1 70 GPa.
The two different materials are firmly bonded by a strong adhesive to create the laminated composite panel.The final laminated composite panel contains 10 sheets of aluminum and
11 sheets of the recycled material in alternating layers.
Use the techniques discussed in Section 2.14 to calculate
approximate values of elastic modulus in the plane of the laminated panel and through the thickness of the laminated panel.
Before you begin your calculations, be sure to draw a simple
schematic of the laminated composite structure, and use this to
help you determine the volume fractions of each material.
Prob. 2.14-2. Consider a polymer matrix having Em 2.8 GPa,
which is reinforced with Vf 0.2 volume fraction of randomly oriented, short glass fibers having Ef 72 GPa.
(a) Calculate an approximate elastic modulus, Ec, for this
composite material. (b) Would you expect the actual elastic
modulus to be higher, or lower, than your approximation?

c02StressAndStrainIntroductionToDesign.qxd

C H A P T E R

9/30/10

3:23 PM

Page 113

R E V I E W S T R E S S A N D S T R A I N;
I N T R O D U C T I O N T O
D E S I G N
Suggested
Review
Problems

Section

2.1

2.2

Section 2.1 points out the need for definitions of stress and strain in order to explain
how force is distributed throughout a deformable body under load and how the
body deforms point by point.
Section 2.2 defines stress as Force divided
by Area. Normal stress is normal i.e., perpendicular to the plane on which it acts,
and it is denoted by the Greek symbol
sigma (). Figure 2.2 and Eqs. 2.1 and 2.2
define:

You should familiarize yourself with this material.

Normal Stress
s(x, y, z) lim a

F
b
A

AS0

F
A

savg

Normal stress at a point (y, z) on cross


section x.

(2.1)

(2.2)
y

Average normal stress on cross section x.

zR
R

F(x)

yR

(a) Distributed normal


stress on a cross section.

(b) Resultant of distributed


normal stress in (a).

Normal force on a cross section (Fig. 2.2).


The sign convention for normal stress is:

Axial Stress

Positive normal stress is called tensile


stress.

si

Negative normal stress is called compressive stress.

Fi
Ai

(2.5)

The normal stress on cross sections of an


axially loaded member is called axial stress.
The resultant normal force on the cross
section must act through the centroid.

2.2-3
2.2-9
2.2-15

Fi

F(x) = Fi

Normal force through centroid (Fig. 2.4b).


Extensional Strain

2.3

Section 2.3 defines extensional strain, the


strain that goes with normal stress.

A
B

D
F

L
(a) The undeformed bar.

L
L

(2.7)

L*
L

A*
B*

C*

E*

D*

2.3-7
2.3-11

F*

(b) The deformed bar.

Extensional strain (Fig. 2.5).

113

c02StressAndStrainIntroductionToDesign.qxd

9/30/10

3:23 PM

Page 114

Suggested
Review
Problems

Section
Section 2.3 also defines thermal strain,
the strain that is produced by a change
in temperature.

aT
where is the coefficient of thermal expansion and
T is the change in temperature from the reference
temperature.

2.3-15

L0

2.4

Section 2.4 discusses stressstrain diagrams


and the mechanical properties of materials
that are obtained from testing tension specimens and compression specimens.

(a) Undeformed specimen.


P

P
L*
(b) Deformed specimen.

A typical tension-test specimen (Fig. 2.10).


Stress-Strain Diagrams

True fracture stress

Ft

Gt

True stress
true strain
F

U
(YP)u

F
C D

(YP)l
PL

A stress-strain diagram is a graph of the results of a tension test (or compression test):
stress ( P/A versus strain ( (L)/L.

Elastic
region

the modulus of elasticity of the material,


the yield point of the material, and
the ultimate strength of the material.

Yielding

Elastic
behavior

From the stress-strain diagram you should


be able to determine directly (or calculate)
the following mechanical properties:
the proportional limit of the material,

A
Strain
hardening

Necking

Plastic behavior
(a)

2.4-3

(ksi)
U = 63

60
50

F = 47
(YP)u = 38
(YP)l = 36
PL = 35

40
30
20
10

0.10
0.001

0.20
0.002

0.30
0.003

0.40
0.004

(in./in.)

(b)

Stress-strain diagrams for structural steel in


tension (Fig. 2.11).

114

c02StressAndStrainIntroductionToDesign.qxd

9/30/10

3:23 PM

Page 115

Suggested
Review
Problems

Section
The principal design properties of materials
are the following:
Strength
Stiffness, and
Ductility.

Define each of these design-related properties; discuss how each is determined from stress-strain diagrams; and discuss how each design property
differs from the others.
Define the following terms and indicate how each
is determined:

2.5

Section 2.5 discusses the differences between elastic behavior and plastic behavior
of materials.

Elastic behavior of a material,


Plastic behavior of a material,
Linearly elastic behavior of a material, and
Permanent set.
Hookes Law
sx Ex

(2.14)

where E is the modulus of elasticity, also called


Youngs modulus.
Poissons Ratio

2.6

Section 2.6 discusses linearly elastic behavior. The discussion is restricted to the case
of uniaxial stress applied to homogeneous,
isotropic materials.

y z nx

(2.15)
2.6-1
2.6-7

where n is called Poissons ratio.

Define these two terms.

Original specimen
x
z
y
x

Linearly elastic behavior (Fig. 2.25).

115

c02StressAndStrainIntroductionToDesign.qxd

9/30/10

3:23 PM

Page 116

Suggested
Review
Problems

Section
Shear Stress
t lim a
AS0

V
b
A

(2.17)

Average Shear Stress


tavg

2.7

Until now, Chapter 2 has discussed only


normal stress, the stress that results in a
force perpendicular to the surface on which
the normal stress acts. Section 2.7 introduces the second form of stress, shear
stress, whose resultant is parallel to the surface on which the shear stress acts.

V
As

(2.19)

where As is the area on which the shear force V


acts.
2.7-1
2.7-7

V
V

(a) The distribution of shear


force on a sectioning plane.

(b) The resultant shear force


on the sectioning plane.

Shear stress and its resultant shear force


(Fig. 2.27).
Shear Strain
g

p
u*
2

(2.21)

where and * are defined in the figure below.


In Section 2.7 an equilibrium argument
shows that the shear stress on perpendicular faces is required to be equal. Section 2.7
also gives the definition of shear strain.

2.7
You should be able to prove that the shear
stresses on perpendicular faces must be
equal to each other, as shown in Fig. 2.31b.

Ls

2.7-11

*
A*

(b) Pure shear


deformation.

Definition of shear strain (Fig. 2.31b).


Hookes Law for Shear
Section 2.7 concludes with the material
properties in shear.

t Gg

(2.23)

where G is the shear modulus of elasticity, which is


discussed further in Section 2.11.

116

2.7-13

c02StressAndStrainIntroductionToDesign.qxd

9/30/10

3:23 PM

Page 117

Suggested
Review
Problems

Section

2.8

Section 2.8 is an Introduction to Design.


There are two ways in which design information is used in engineering practice:
To evaluate an existing structure, or to
evaluate a proposed design.
To design a new structure.
Although Allowable-Stress Design is
emphasized in this textbook, Load and
Resistance Design is mentioned briefly.

Factor of Safety

For allowable-stress design, the allowable


stress in axial deformation is based on the
tensile, or compressive, yield strength of
the material; in direct shear, the allowable
stress is based on the shear yield strength.

Allowable Stress

FS

sallow.

Failure Load
Allowable Load

(2.26)

sY
tY
, or tallow.
FS
FS

(2.28)

2.8-1
2.8-7
2.8-13

Review Example 2.11, which illustrates the


process of optimal design of a minimumweight structure.

Transformation of Stresses
sn (sx/2)(1 cos 2u)
f
tnt (sx/2) sin 2u

2.9

Section 2.9 introduces you to the fact that


normal stress and shear stress depend on
the orientation of the plane on which the
stresses act. This topic is greatly expanded
in Chapter 8.

(2.30)
Derive
Eqs. 2.30.

n
P

2.9-1
2.9-7

P
(a)

Inclined plane of axial-deformation member.


(Fig. 2.33a)

2.10

Section 2.10 introduces you to SaintVenants Principle.

2.11

Section 2.11 shows how Youngs Modulus,


E, and the Shear Modulus of Elasticity, G,
are related.

2.12
2.13
2.14

Sections 2.12 through 2.14 discuss more


advanced topics in stress and strain, and
more advanced topics in the mechanical
behavior of materials. These optional
sections discuss: General Definitions of
Stress and Strain Section 2.12, Cartesian
Components of Stress: Generalized
Hookes law for Isotropic Materials
Section 2.13, Mechanical Properties of
Composite Materials Section 2.14.

State Saint-Venants Principle, and discuss why it


is an important principle in structural analysis
(i.e., the analysis of components of machines and
structures).
G

E
2(1 n)

(2.24)

Derive
Eq. 2.24.

There is no Chapter Review Problem for these


optional sections.

117

c03AxialDeformation.qxd

8/31/10

7:22 PM

Page 118

AXIAL DEFORMATION

3.1

INTRODUCTION

In Chapter 2 the topic of uniform axial deformation was used to introduce the concepts
of normal stress and extensional strain and to describe the experiments required to determine the stress-strain behavior of materials. In this chapter we will pursue the topic
of axial deformation in greater detail. We begin with a definition of axial deformation.
A structural member having a straight longitudinal axis is said to undergo axial
deformation if, when loads are applied to the member or it is subjected to temperature
change: (1) the axis of the member remains straight, and (2) cross sections of the member remain plane, remain perpendicular to the axis, and do not rotate about the axis as
the member deforms.

There are many examples of axial-deformation members: columns in buildings,


hoist cables, and truss members in space structures, to name just a few. The picture
in Fig. 3.1 illustrates several stages in the construction of columns (piers) for a highway interchange. On the left is an example of the steel reinforcement for a column,
and on the right is a completed column with reinforcement protruding from the top
of the column. The columns of bridges like the one in the background in Fig. 3.1 act
primarily as axial-deformation members.

3.2

BASIC THEORY OF AXIAL DEFORMATION

Let us now develop the theory of axial deformation by applying the three types of
equations that are fundamental to all of deformable-body mechanics: equilibrium,
geometry of deformation, and material behavior. We begin by considering the geometry of deformation.

Geometry of Deformation; Strain-Displacement Analysis. The theory


of axial deformation applies to a straight, slender member with cross section that is
either constant or that changes slowly along the length of the member. Figure 3.2
shows such a member before and after it has undergone axial deformation caused
by axial loading or temperature change.

118

c03AxialDeformation.qxd

10/1/10

8:15 PM

Page 119

119
Basic Theory of Axial
Deformation

FIGURE 3.1 Some reinforced concrete columns for


highway interchange bridges.
(Courtesy Roy Craig)

Axial deformation, as defined in Section 3.1, is characterized by two fundamental kinematic assumptions:
1. The axis of the member remains straight.
2. Cross sections, which are plane and are perpendicular to the axis before deformation, remain plane and remain perpendicular to the axis after deformation.
And, the cross sections do not rotate about the axis.
These assumptions are illustrated in Fig. 3.2, where A and B designate cross sections
at x and (x x) prior to deformation, and where A* and B* designate these same
cross sections after deformation.
The distance that a cross section moves in the axial direction is called its axial
displacement. The displacement of cross section A is labeled u(x), while the neighboring section B displaces an amount u(x x). The displacement u(x) is taken to
be positive in the x direction. We can derive a strain-displacement expression that
relates the axial strain to this axial displacement u by considering the fundamental definition of extensional strain:

Final length Initial length


Initial length

L
(a) Before Deformation

B
x

u(x + x)

u(x)
(b) After Deformation

A*

B*
x*

FIGURE 3.2

The geometry of axial deformation.

c03AxialDeformation.qxd

8/31/10

7:22 PM

Page 120

The axial strain of any fiber1 of infinitesimal length x that is parallel to the x axis
and extends from section A to section B of the undeformed member may be determined from the fundamental definition of extensional strain at a point. By letting the
initial length of a typical fiber be x, and then letting x approach zero, we can write
the following expression for the axial strain (Eq. 2.35):

120
Axial Deformation

x (x)  lim a
xS0

u(x  x)  u(x)
x*  x
du
b  lim c
d 
x
xS0
x
dx

Therefore, the axial strain at section x is the derivative (with respect to x) of the
axial displacement, or

(x)
y
z

x
x

FIGURE 3.3 Extensional


strain distribution for a
member undergoing axial
deformation.

StrainDisplacement
Equation

du(x)
dx

(x) 

(3.1)

This equation relating axial strain to axial displacement is called the straindisplacement equation for axial deformation. The two fundamental kinematic assumptions stated above imply that the axial strain  may be a function of x, but that
it is not a function of position in the cross section, that is, of y or z. To emphasize this
point, a plot of the strain distribution at an arbitrary cross section at x is shown in
Fig. 3.3 superimposed on a sketch of a portion of the member. To reiterate, axial
deformation is characterized by extensional strain that is not a function of position
in the cross section.
As indicated in Fig. 3.4, the total elongation of the member is the difference
between the displacements of its two ends, that is,
e  u(L)  u(0)

(3.2)

By summing up the changes in length of increments dx over the entire length of the
member, we get the following equation for the elongation of an axial-deformation
member of initial length L:
e

Elongation
Formula

(x)dx

L
C

Before Deformation

u(0)

u(x)

A*

u(L)
B*

C*

After Deformation

(L + e)
e = u(L) u(0)

FIGURE 3.4

Definition of the total elongation e.

The word fiber is used to signify a line of material particles.

(3.3)

You might also like